1.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
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Attica
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Attica is a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece. The historical region is centered on the Attic peninsula, which projects into the Aegean Sea, the modern administrative region of Attica is more extensive than the historical region and includes the Saronic Islands, Cythera, and the municipality of Troizinia on the Peloponnesian mainland. The history of Attica is tightly linked with that of Athens, Attica is a triangular peninsula jutting into the Aegean Sea. It is naturally divided to the north from Boeotia by the 10 mi long Cithaeron mountain range, to the west, it is bordered by the sea and the canal of Corinth. The Saronic Gulf lies to the south, and the island of Euboea lies off the north, mountains separate the peninsula into the plains of Pedias, Mesogaia, and Thriasion. The mountains of Attica are the Hymettus, the portion of the Geraneia, the Parnitha, the Aigaleo. Four mountains—Aigaleo, Parnitha, Penteli and Hymettus —delineate the hilly plain on which the Athens-Piraeus metroplex now spreads, Athens water reservoir, Lake Marathon, is an artificial lake created by damming in 1920. Pine and fir forests cover the area around Parnitha, Hymettus, Penteli, Myrrhinous and Laurium are forested with pine trees, whereas the rest are covered by shrubbery. The Kifisos is the longest river of Attica, according to Plato, Atticas ancient boundaries were fixed by the Isthmus, and, toward the continent, they extended as far as the heights of Cithaeron and Parnes. The boundary line came down toward the sea, bounded by the district of Oropus on the right, during antiquity, the Athenians boasted about being autochthonic, which is to say that they were the original inhabitants of the area and had not moved to Attica from another place. The traditions current in the classical period recounted that, during the Greek Dark Ages, Attica had become the refuge of the Ionians, who belonged to a tribe from the northern Peloponnese. Supposedly, the Ionians had been forced out of their homeland by the Achaeans, supposedly, the Ionians integrated with the ancient Atticans, who, afterward, considered themselves part of the Ionian tribe and spoke the Ionian dialect. Many Ionians later left Attica to colonize the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, during the Mycenaean period, the Atticans lived in autonomous agricultural societies. The main places where prehistoric remains were found are Marathon, Rafina, Nea Makri, Brauron, Thorikos, Agios Kosmas, Eleusis, Menidi, Markopoulo, Spata, Aphidnae, all of these settlements flourished during the Mycenaean period. According to tradition, Attica comprised twelve small communities during the reign of Cecrops, strabo assigns these the names of Cecropia, Tetrapolis, Epacria, Decelea, Eleusis, Aphidna, Thoricus, Brauron, Cytherus, Sphettus, Cephisia, and possibly Phaleron. These were said to have been incorporated in an Athenian state during the reign of Theseus. Modern historians consider it likely that the communities were progressively incorporated into an Athenian state during the 8th. Until the 6th century BC, aristocratic families lived independent lives in the suburbs, only after Peisistratoss tyranny and the reforms implemented by Cleisthenes did the local communities lose their independence and succumb to the central government in Athens
3.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
4.
Threshing floor
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Threshing was originally. to tramp or stamp heavily with the feet. And was later applied to the act of separating out grain by the feet of people or oxen, animal and steam powered threshing machines from the nineteenth century onward made threshing floors obsolete. The outdoor threshing floor was either owned by the village or by a single family. Outdoor threshing floors are located near a farm or farmhouse. They are usually paved with material that may be of various kinds, for example round stone cobbles about the size of a fist, slate, tile, unpaved earthen threshing floors are also sometimes found. The floors usually have a slope, to avoid water standing on them after rain. To overcome possible unevenness, and isolate them from running off after rain so helping to preserve them. The construction was often in a place, to take advantage of soft and steady winds to facilitate the work of winnowing, separating the grain from the chaff. The central bay of a barn was the location of the threshing floor. Some large barns have two or even three threshing floors, the floors in barns may be packed dirt, stone, or a tightly fitted wood. Threshing in barns was mostly done by hand with a flail until threshing machines became available in the 19th century, the harvest could be stored in the barn and threshed during the winter. Barns may have a room or a separate granary building may have been used to store the threshed crop. The farm family could use the barn to their advantage in winnowing by standing in a doorway where a slight breeze is magnified by the passing around the building. Some barns had smaller winnowing doors to the rear of the floor to concentrate the breeze even more than the big barn doors. Sheaves of grain would be opened up and the stalks spread across the threshing floor, after this threshing process, the broken stalks and grain were collected and then thrown up into the air with a wooden winnowing fork or a winnowing fan. The chaff would be blown away by the wind, the short straw would fall some distance away. The grain could then be cleansed by sieving. Media related to Threshing floors at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Athens Metro
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The Athens Metro is a rapid-transit system in Greece which serves the Athens conurbation and parts of East Attica. It incorporates the former Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways, which opened as a steam railway in 1869. Beginning in 1991, Attiko Metro constructed and extended Lines 2 and 3, the metro network merged in 2011 when the Greek government created the Urban Rail Transport Company, a subsidiary of the Athens Urban Transport Organisation. First Chairman and CEO of the company became Kostas Vassiliadis. The system is noted for being modern and efficient, in its own right and it has drastically changed Athens by providing a much-needed solution to the citys traffic and air pollution problem, as well as revitalising many of the areas it serves. An extension of Line 3 is under construction towards Piraeus and also extensions of existing lines. The Athens Metro is actively connected with the means of public transport, such as buses, trolleys, the Athens Tram. The Athens Metro is hailed for its modernity and many of its stations feature works of art, exhibitions, until 28 January 2000, Line 1 was the only rapid-transit line in Athens and Piraeus. The Athens and Piraeus Railway Company opened the line on 27 February 1869 as a railway between Piraeus and Thiseio. It was electrified in 1904, and extended in stages to Kifisia in 1957, from 1976 to 16 June 2011, the Athens-Piraeus Electric Railway Company operated Line 1 independently from the rest of the metro and tram networks. Unlike Lines 2 and 3, it runs almost entirely above ground, since the current Line 1 opened the government has proposed many expansions to the subway network, including a 1963 plan for a fourteen-line subway network. Construction of Lines 2 and 3 began in November 1992 to decrease traffic congestion, Lines 2 and 3, built by Attiko Metro and operated until 2011 by Attiko Metro Operations Company, are known respectively as the red and blue lines and were inaugurated in January 2000. Line 3 was extended to the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport in summer 2004, the Greek government attempted to absorb ISAP into Attiko Metro under Law 2669/1998 so the latter would be responsible for the whole network, but this initiative failed. Athens Metro operations were consolidated when the Greek government enacted Law 3920/2011, replacing AMEL, ISAP and Athens Tram with Urban Rail Transport, the modern incarnation of Line 1 is 25. 6-kilometre long, and serves 24 stations. Together, Lines 2 and 3 are 58. 9-kilometre long, the three-line Athens Metro network serves 61 stations. It owns and operates 57 of them, and OSE owns the remainder on the airport section, the network has four metro interchanges, enabling the lines to interchange with each other at least once. Line 2 and the Attiko Metro portion of Line 3 is entirely underground, Line 1 is primarily in the open, with a tunnel section in central Athens. The airport section of Line 3, east of the tunnel portal near Doukissis Plakentias, is open, in the tunnel sections up and down lines share a common tunnel, except for approaches to stations with an island platform
6.
Thiseio
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Thiseio or Thissio is the name of a traditional neighbourhood in downtown Athens, Greece, northwest of the Acropolis,1.5 km southwest of downtown. The area has many cafés and cultural meeting points, Thiseio is served by the nearby Thissio ISAP station or Thiseio metro station. Here is a list of streets in the Thiseio area, Thiseio is surrounded by hills, heights. The panoramic views of them and their surroundings from the Areopagus height are spectacular. The historical churches of Agia Marina, the church of Agii Assomati, beautifully restored neoclassical homes and many architectural landmarks make Thiseio a cultural, picturesque, distinguished and peaceful neighbourhood. Due to Thiseio’s position, adjacently to other neighbourhoods, pedestrian-only streets join them. Therefore, Athenians go off for a walk around Thissio and enjoy cultural events. Apostolou Pavlou is a street which meets Dionysiou Areopagitou Street to form the main pedestrian zone around the archaeological site of Agora from Thiseio to the Acropolis. There are numerous small and friendly boutique shops, restaurants, cafés where people readily are welcomed and invited to socialize at leisure, as one of the many entertainment centers of the city of Athens, Thiseio is rich in history and culture. It has Museums, Art Galleries, a Synagogue, exhibition centers and open-air theatres from which an amazing view of the lush surroundings can be enjoyed
7.
Kallithea
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Kallithea is the 8th largest municipality in Greece and the 4th biggest in the Athens urban area. Additionally, it is the most densely populated municipality in Greece, the municipality has an area of 4.749 km2. Actual the community reports a number of close to 200.000 inhabitants, the center of Kallithea lies at a distance of 3 km to the south of the Athens city center and 3 km to the north-east of the Piraeus. Kallithea extends from the Filopappou and Sikelia hills in the north to Phaleron Bay in the south, its two other sides consist of Syngrou Avenue to the east, and the Ilisos River to the west. The site on which the city was developed covers the biggest part of the area to the south of Athens, protected in ancient times by the Long Walls to the west, somewhere within this area the ancient town of Xypete lay. The town and its citizens are mentioned, among other places, the plans for the establishment of the new city of Kallithea were officially approved in December 1884. On the longitudinal axis of the town, the Athens to Phaleron tramway once ran, from the beginning to, between the first modern games and the recent Olympic Games in the city, Kallithea grew significantly. Initially the tramway depot and workshop were built here in 1910, followed by the Harokopios Graduate School, in the 1920s the town was flooded by thousands of refugees following the Greco-Turkish War, the Asia Minor Catastrophe, and the Treaty of Lausanne. Black Sea immigrants of Greek origin also settled in Kallithea in the 1930s, after its evacuation the building bound with the shooting range served as a school, until the Nazi Occupation of 1941, when it was converted to a prison. The prison of Kallithea was demolished in 1966, among others, fighters of the Greek Resistance and victims of the Greek Civil War had been jailed there, south Kallithea, is associated with the development of Greek folk music, particularly rebetiko and later laïkó). An even notable school in Kallithea is Sivitanidios School, one of the oldest technical school in Greece, until 2004, south Kallithea housed the only horse track in Greece, which later moved to Markopoulon, near Eleftherios Venizelos Airport. Kallithea had another important club, Esperides Kallithea with many titles in women basketball and this club merged to Ikaros Kallithea in 2012. The main roads of Kallithea are Andrea Syngrou Avenue towards eastern Athens and Poseidonos Avenue towards Piraeus, harokopio University Panteion University Municipal Gallery, housed in the Laskaridou building, one of the first dwellings in the city. Aghia Eleousa church of the late Byzantine period, Kallithea monument, a 4th-century BC family tomb, one of the most impressive exhibits of the Piraeus Archaeological Museum. Argonauts-Comnenus fraternity of the Pontus Greeks, aiming at the study and preservation of the history, monument in memory of the Pontus Greeks in the center of the city. Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex on Kallithea beach from the Sports Pavilion to the Olympic Beach Volleyball Center, grigoris Lambrakis Stadium, home to Kallithea FC since 1972
8.
Ampelokipoi, Athens
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Ampelokipoi or Ampelokipi is a large, central district of the city of Athens. Ampelokipoi is in the centre of Athens, near Zografou, Goudi, Psychiko, the area is famous for hosting Panathinaikoss home ground since it was inaugurated in 1922. Two metro stations are located in the district, ambelokipi station Panormou station Before the Greek independence, at the beginning of 19th century Ampelokipoi was a village few kilometers north-east of Athens. The village Ampelokipoi is noted in the maps of this period, at the late of 19th century the village still remains outside the boundaries of Athens agglomeration. Then some cottages of rich Athenian were built in this area, due to its healthy climate, many hospitals were built in Ampelokipoi in the late of 19th century and the beginning of 20th. Today in this there are the hospitals Erythros Stavros Hospital, Errikos Dynan Hospital, Ippokrateio Hospital, Elpis Hospital. The population explosion in Ampelokipoi happened after the Asia Minor Disaster, in 1922, for the residence of the refugees, the government had originally chosen the area of the stadium of Panathinaikos that had been built in the same period. So a conflict broke out between refugees and Panathinaikos fans and finally the government changed the place for the settling of refugees, the new district was named Kountouriotika and was located around of Panathinaikos stadium. Few years later the government built a new neighbourhood for the refugees opposite of Panathinaikos stadium and these houses were built between 1933 and 1935 and today some of them have proclaimed monuments of historical heritage. Ampelokipoi is where Panathinaikos ground lies today and it as also the home to Ampelokipoi B. C. a basketball club founded in 1929. O. Stadium Athens Tower Apollo Tower - the tallest residential tower in Greece and it is 80m tall and consists of 25 floors. Most of these are named after geographic locations
9.
Kerameikos
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The area took its name from the city square or dēmos of the Kerameis, which in turn derived its name from the word κέραμος. The cemetery was also where the Ηiera Hodos began, along which the moved for the Eleusinian Mysteries. The quarter was located there because of the abundance of clay mud carried over by the Eridanos River, the area has undergone a number of archaeological excavations in recent years, though the excavated area covers only a small portion of the ancient dēmos. It was originally an area of marshland along the banks of the Eridanos river which was used as a cemetery as long ago as the 3rd millennium BC. It became the site of a cemetery from about 1200 BC, numerous cist graves. Houses were constructed on the drier ground to the south. During the Archaic period increasingly large and complex grave mounds and monuments were built along the bank of the Eridanos. The building of the new city wall in 478 BC, following the Persian sack of Athens in 480 BC, at the suggestion of Themistocles, all of the funerary sculptures were built into the city wall and two large city gates facing north-west were erected in the Kerameikos. The Sacred Way ran through the Sacred Gate, on the southern side, on the northern side a wide road, the Dromos, ran through the double-arched Dipylon Gate and on to the Platonic Academy a few miles away. State graves were built on side of the Dipylon Gate, for the interment of prominent personages such as notable warriors and statesmen. The construction of such lavish mausolea was banned by decree in 317 BC, the Roman occupation of Athens led to a resurgence of monument-building, although little is left of them today. During the Classical period an important public building, the Pompeion and this served a key function in the procession in honour of Athena during the Panathenaic Festival. It consisted of a courtyard surrounded by columns and banquet rooms. During the 2nd century AD, a storehouse was constructed on the site of the Pompeion, the ruins became the site of potters workshops until about 500 AD, when two parallel colonnades were built behind the city gates, overrunning the old city walls. A new Festival Gate was constructed to the east with three entrances leading into the city and this was in turn destroyed in raids by the invading Avars and Slavs at the end of the 6th century, and the Kerameikos fell into obscurity. It was not rediscovered until a Greek worker dug up a stele in April 1863, Archaeological excavations in the Kerameikos began in 1870 under the auspices of the Greek Archaeological Society. They have continued from 1913 to the present day under the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, during the construction of Kerameikos station for the expanded Athens Metro, a plague pit and approximately 1,000 tombs from the 4th and 5th centuries BC were discovered. The Greek archaeologist Efi Baziotopoulou-Valavani, who excavated the site, has dated the grave to between 430 and 426 BC, thucydides described the panic caused by the plague, possibly an epidemic of typhoid which struck the besieged city in 430 BC
10.
Kolonaki
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Kolonaki, literally Little Column, is a neighborhood in central Athens, Greece. It is located on the slopes of Lycabettus hill. Its name derives from the two column that defined the area even before a single house had been built there. Kolonaki is a wealthy and upmarket district, as one of the capitals leading shopping areas, it includes a number of high-end boutiques from young adult to casual fashion to prestigious haute couture from Greek and international designers. One of its shopping streets, Voukourestiou Street, is now known for its jewellery. Museums and galleries also abound in Kolonaki, the Benaki Museum, inside a preserved neoclassical manor house, and the Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art and are two of the finest private collections in the country. Two smaller museums to be found in Kolonaki are the Museum of the History of Greek Costume, a walk across the street from Vasilissis Sofias Avenue are the Byzantine Museum, and the War Museum of Athens. There is a plethora of options for nightlife, including bars, ouzeries. Outdoor seating on pedestrian walks is typical, creating an atmosphere at night. The main Kolonaki Square is surrounded by cafes and restaurants, the Lycabettus Funicular, a funicular railway, links Kolonaki to the summit of Lycabettus hill. Kolonaki also hosts two metro stations, Evengelismos and Megaro Mousikis
11.
Kypseli, Athens
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Kypseli is a neighbourhood in central Athens, Greece. It occupies much of the 6th municipal department of the City of Athens, the boundaries of Kypseli are set by Patission Street at the west, by Tourkovounia hill at the east, by the Municipality of Galatsi at the north and by Pedion Areos park at the south. Extensions of Kypseli are Nea Kypseli which ends at Gyzi neighbourhood and Ano Kypseli which borders with Attiko Park, Papandreou neighbourhood, until 1908, when the county engineer Athanasios Georgiadis first bounded and planned Kypseli, Kypseli was a rural area with estates and country houses. In such a house Constantine Kanaris, fighter of the Greek revolution and later minister of Greece. A clearly urban development of Kypseli began in the 1930s with the construction of family houses, the development of apartment buildings was contemporary with Kolonaki and other central neighbourhoods. In 1937 the municipal market of Kypseli on Fokionos Negri Street, moreover, the shops on the street level made Kypseli a shopping area. Shopping districts were Kypselis Square, Patission Street, Kypselis Street, Fokionos Negri Street, during the 1960s Kypseli also had a vibrant nightlife with many theatres and cinemas, restaurants and cafés, bars and clubs. Consequently, the value of real estate decreased even if high apartments on Fokionos Negri Street can be sold more expensively in comparison to the rest of the district, several areas have remained commercial such as Patission and Fokionos Negri Streets. The popular chillwave duo Keep Shelly In Athens is named after a pun on Kypseli, Kypseli is the seat of Panellinios G. S. which was founded in 1891. Other sport clubs based in Kypseli include Athinaida F. C. a football club founded in 1938 Modern architecture in Athens
12.
Mount Lycabettus
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Mount Lycabettus, also known as Lycabettos, Lykabettos or Lykavittos, is a Cretaceous limestone hill in Athens, Greece at 300 meters above sea level. Pine trees cover its base, and at its two peaks are the 19th century Chapel of St. George, a theatre, and a restaurant. The hill is a tourist destination and can be ascended by the Lycabettus Funicular, popular stories suggest it was once the refuge of wolves, which is possibly the origin of its name. The hill has a large open-air amphitheatre at the top, which has housed many Greek, among the artists who have performed at the Lycabettus theatre included Ray Charles, Joan Baez, B. B. List of contemporary amphitheatres Boguslawski, Alexander, Lycabettus Hill Website Media related to Lycabettus at Wikimedia Commons
Petralona
