1.
Elizabethan era
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The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Historians often depict it as the age in English history. In terms of the century, the historian John Guy argues that England was economically healthier, more expansive. This golden age represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music, the era is most famous for theatre, as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of Englands past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home and it was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. The Elizabethan Age may be viewed especially highly when considered in light of the failings of the periods preceding Elizabeths reign, the Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula, France was embroiled in its own religious battles due to significant Spanish intervention, that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. The one great rival was Spain, which England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 and this drained both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeths prudent guidance. English commercial and territorial expansion would be limited until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeths death, economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade, persistent theft of Spanish treasure, and the African slave trade. The Victorian era and the early 20th century idealised the Elizabethan era, the Encyclopædia Britannica maintains that he long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, was Englands Golden Age. Merry England, in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture and this idealising tendency was shared by Britain and an Anglophilic America. In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn, in response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers have tended to take a more dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period, having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Her fiscal restraint cleared the regime of debt by 1574, and this general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that Golden Age advocates have stressed. The Elizabethan Age was also an age of plots and conspiracies, frequently political in nature, high officials in Madrid, Paris and Rome sought to kill Elizabeth, a Protestant, and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic. That would be a prelude to the recovery of England for Catholicism. In 1570, the Ridolfi plot was thwarted, in 1584, the Throckmorton Plot was discovered, after Francis Throckmorton confessed his involvement in a plot to overthrow the Queen and restore the Catholic Church in England
2.
Geoffrey Rush
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Geoffrey Roy Rush AC is an Australian actor and film producer. Rush is the youngest amongst the few people who have won the Triple Crown of Acting, the Academy Award, the Primetime Emmy Award, and the Tony Award. He has won one Academy Award for acting, three British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, Rush is the founding President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year. Rush was born in Toowoomba, Queensland, the son of Merle, a department store sales assistant, and Roy Baden Rush and his father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent. His parents divorced when he was five, and his mother took him to live with her parents in suburban Brisbane. Before he began his career, Rush attended Everton Park State High School. While at university, he was talent-spotted by Queensland Theatre Company in Brisbane, Rush began his career with QTC in 1971, appearing in 17 productions. In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at LÉcole Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, in 1979, he shared an apartment with actor Mel Gibson for four months while they co-starred in a stage production of Waiting for Godot. Rush made his debut in the QTCs production of Wrong Side of the Moon. He worked with the QTC for four years, appearing in roles ranging across classical plays and pantomime, from Juno, following these, Rush left for Paris where he studied further. Rushs acting credits include Shakespeares plays, The Winters Tale and Troilus and he also appeared in an ongoing production of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest as John Worthing. In September 1998, Rush played the role in the Beaumarchais play The Marriage of Figaro for the QTC. This was the production of the Optus Playhouse at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre at South Bank in Brisbane. A pun on Rushs name was used in the prologue of the play with the comment that the Optus Playhouse was opening with a Rush. Rush has appeared on stage for the Brisbane Arts Theatre and in other theatre venues. He has also worked as a theatre director, in 2007, he starred as King Berenger in a production of Eugène Ionescos Exit the King at the Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne and Company B in Sydney, directed by Neil Armfield. For this performance, he received a Helpmann Award nomination for best male actor in a play, Rush made his Broadway debut in a re-staging of Exit the King under Malthouse Theatres touring moniker Malthouse Melbourne and Company B Belvoir. This re-staging featured a new American cast including Susan Sarandon, the show opened on 26 March 2009 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre
3.
Shakespeare in Love
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For the theatre adaptation, see Shakespeare in Love. Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman, the film depicts an imaginary love affair involving Viola de Lesseps and playwright William Shakespeare while he was writing Romeo and Juliet. Several characters are based on figures, and many of the characters, lines. Shakespeare in Love won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress, in 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlains Men and poor playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Shakespeare is working on a new comedy, Romeo and Ethel, suffering from writers block, he has barely begun the play, but starts auditioning players. Viola de Lesseps, the daughter of a merchant, who has seen Shakespeares plays at court, disguises herself as Thomas Kent to audition. Shakespeare pursues Kent to Violas house and leaves a note with the nurse and he sneaks into the house with the minstrels playing that night at the ball, where her parents are arranging her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an impoverished aristocrat. While dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless, and after being ejected by Wessex. Wessex also asks Wills name, to which he replies that he is Christopher Marlowe, when he discovers her true identity, they begin a secret affair. Inspired by her, Shakespeare writes quickly, with help from his friend and rival playwright Christopher Kit Marlowe, completely transforming the play into what will become Romeo, then, Viola is summoned to court to receive approval for her proposed marriage to Lord Wessex. Shakespeare accompanies her, disguised as her female cousin, there, he persuades Wessex to wager £50 that a play can capture the true nature of love, the exact amount Shakespeare requires to buy a share in the Chamberlains Men. Queen Elizabeth I declares that she will judge the matter when the occasion arises. When Richard Burbage, owner of the Curtain, finds out that Shakespeare has cheated him out of money and the play, he goes to the Rose Theatre with his Curtain Theatre Company. The Rose Theatre company drives Burbage and his out and then celebrate at the local pub. Viola is appalled when she learns Shakespeare is married, albeit separated from his wife, will discovers that Marlowe is dead, and thinks he is to blame. Lord Wessex suspects an affair between Shakespeare and his bride-to-be, because Wessex thinks that Will is Kit Marlowe, he approves of Kits death, and tells Viola the news. It is later learned that Marlowe had been killed in an accident, Viola finds out that Will is still alive, and declares her love for him. When Edmund Tilney, the Master of the Revels, is informed there is a player at The Rose
4.
Lindfield, West Sussex
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Lindfield is a village and civil parish in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. The parish lies to the north-east of Haywards Heath, of which the village is a part of the built-up area and it stands on the upper reaches of the River Ouse. The name Lindfield means open land with lime trees, the parish Church, All Saints, stands at the top of the High Street and its history goes back to 1098. One of the oldest houses in the village is Church House, formerly known as The Tiger and it is classified as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The village stands on high ground above the upper reaches of the River Ouse and it is situated close to both the natural beauty of the High Weald and to Haywards Heath with its amenities and station on the main London-Brighton railway line. Lindfield has a historic and architectural heritage. The ancient High Street, lined with trees, has over forty medieval and post medieval timber-framed houses. At the bottom of the High Street is a natural spring-fed pond with fish, ducks, beyond lies the Common which, over the centuries, has witnessed many events – fairs, festivals, bonfire celebrations and sporting activities, cricket has been played there since 1747. Today, it is central to village celebrations and leisure activities. In addition to the Common there is Pickers Green, providing pitches for cricket, football, stoolball and a childrens play area. The High Street follows an ancient north-south track that has existed for thousands of years, long before the Romans built a road, the London to Brighton Way. Lindfield first appeared as Lindefeldia, open land with trees, in a Saxon charter of 765 AD. When the Domesday Book was compiled the lands were held by the Archbishop of Canterbury, King Edward III recognised the importance of medieval Lindfield and in 1343 granted the town a royal charter to hold a market every Thursday and two annual eight-day fairs. For centuries the fairs continued each April and August with the summer fair becoming one of the largest sheep sales in Sussex, Lindfield was once part of the thriving Wealden iron industry. As early as 1539, William Levett of Buxted, a county curate with a sideline in iron. Later the Henslowe family of Lindfield were actively engaged in the milling business in association with Ralph Hogge, parson Levetts former servant. In 1841 the London-Brighton railway opened, passing to the west of the parish with a Station for Cuckfield and Lindfield Towns on open land that was to become the town of Haywards Heath. The construction of the Ouse Valley branch line reached Lindfield in 1866 with a station to the north of All Saints Church
5.
Sussex
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Sussex, from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Brighton and Hove was created as an authority in 1997. Until then, Chichester was Sussexs only city, Sussex has three main geographic sub-regions, each oriented approximately east to west. In the south-west is the fertile and densely populated coastal plain, North of this are the rolling chalk hills of the South Downs, beyond which is the well-wooded Sussex Weald. The name derives from the Kingdom of Sussex, which was founded, according to legend, in 825, it was absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex and subsequently into the kingdom of England. It was the home of some of Europes earliest hominids, whose remains have been found at Boxgrove, in 1974, the Lord-Lieutenant of Sussex was replaced with one each for East and West Sussex, which became separate ceremonial counties. Sussex continues to be recognised as a territory and cultural region. It has had a police force since 1968 and its name is in common use in the media. In 2007, Sussex Day was created to celebrate the rich culture. Based on the emblem of Sussex, a blue shield with six gold martlets. In 2013, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles formally recognised and acknowledged the existence of Englands 39 historic counties. The name Sussex is derived from the Middle English Suth-sæxe, which is in turn derived from the Old English Suth-Seaxe which means of the South Saxons, the South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The earliest known usage of the term South Saxons is in a charter of 689 which names them and their king, Noðhelm. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong, the New Latin word Suthsexia was used for Sussex by Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in his 1645 map. Three United States counties, and a former division of Western Australia, are named after Sussex. The flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets, or heraldic swallows, on a background, blazoned as Azure. Officially recognised by the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the shield of Sussex. The first known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons
6.
Devon
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Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
7.
Ashdown Forest
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Ashdown Forest is an ancient area of tranquil open heathland occupying the highest sandy ridge-top of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is situated some 30 miles south of London in the county of East Sussex, Ashdown Forests origins lie as a medieval hunting forest created soon after the Norman conquest of England. By 1283 the forest was fenced in by a 23 miles pale enclosing an area of some 20 square miles, Ashdown Forest has a rich archaeological heritage. It contains much evidence of human activity, with the earliest evidence of human occupation dating back to 50,000 years ago. There are important Bronze Age, Iron Age and Romano-British remains, in 1693 more than half the forest was taken into private hands, with the remainder set aside as common land. The latter today covers 9.5 square miles and is the largest area with public access in South East England. It is part of the European Natura 2000 network as it hosts some of Europes most threatened species and habitats. Ashdown Forest is famous as the setting for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories written by A. A. Milne, the artist E. H. Shepard drew on the landscapes of Ashdown Forest as inspiration for many of the illustrations he provided for the Pooh books. Ashdown Forest notably lacks any significant settlements within the boundary defined by its medieval pale. There are however a number of villages situated on the edge of the forest adjacent to the pale or close to it and these include Nutley, Fairwarp, Danehill and Maresfield to the south and Forest Row and Hartfield to the north. The town of Crowborough abuts the forest on its side while the town of East Grinstead lies 3 miles to the north-west. Ashdown Forest does not seem to have existed as a distinct entity before the Norman Conquest of 1066 AD, Ashdown Forest consists of words from two different languages. The first word, Ashdown, is of Anglo-Saxon origin and it is probably derived from the personal name of an individual or people called Aesca, combined with dún, Old English for hill or down, hence Aescas dún—the hill of Aesca. It has no connection with ash trees, which have never been given the soil conditions. Note that forest does not have the meaning of heavily wooded. Ashdown Forest is shaped, roughly speaking, like a triangle, some 7 miles from east to west. The boundary of the forest can be defined in various ways, but the most important is given by the line of the medieval pale. The pale, first referred to in a document of 1283, consisted of a ditch,23 miles in length, it enclosed an area of some 20.5 square miles
8.
Ralf Hogge
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Ralf Hogge was an English iron-master and gun founder to the king. Working with French-born cannon-maker Pierre Baude and for his employer, parson William Levett, Hogge succeeded in casting the first iron cannon in England, after Levetts death, Hogge went into business for himself, producing cannons with the process he had helped perfect. The revolution in English ironfounding had brought a humble tradesman to the status of country squire and this event was immortalised in verse as, Master Huggett and his man John they did cast the first cannon. In the village of Buxted, East Sussex, Hogge is assumed to have built Hogge House in 1583 and recorded his name, ralf Hogge married Margaret Henslowe, sister of Philip Henslowe, an Elizabethan theatrical entrepreneur and impresario. Philip Henslowe diaries between 1592 and 1609 survive, as well as providing an insight into Elizabethan theatre of that period, they were written on the reverse of Hogges ironworks accounts for the period 1576 to 1581. They give a look into the business and casting methods of an early ironmaster
9.
Worshipful Company of Dyers
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The Worshipful Company of Dyers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The Dyers Guild existed in the century, it received a Royal Charter in 1471. It originated as an association for members of the dyeing industry but is now mainly a charitable institution. Each year the company participates in the ceremony of Swan Upping along the River Thames, the Dyers Company ranks thirteenth in the order of precedence of Livery Companies. The companys motto is Da Gloriam Deo, Latin for Give Glory to God, the activities of the company are focused on the development of dyeing techniques and the support of various charitable causes. The Dyers are associated with organisations, including the Society of Dyers and Colourists. The company also maintains the Dyers Almshouses, a group of 28 almshouses built between 1939 and 1971, in the Northgate area of Crawley, West Sussex, the hall of the Dyers was originally located west of London Bridge, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The current hall, designed by Charles Dyer and constructed in 1839-40, is at 11-13 Dowgate Hill in the City of London, the blazon for the coat of arms is, Sable a chevron engrailed argent between three bags of madder of the last, corded Or. Crest, three sprigs of the graintree erect Vert, fructed Gules, supporters, two leopards rampant guardant Argent spotted with various colours, fire issuing from their ears and mouths Proper, both ducally crowned Or
10.
Bailiff
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A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian, a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly, another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the vogt, see Vogt and Vogt. In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann, Bailiff was the term used by the Normans for what the Saxons had called a reeve, the officer responsible for executing the decisions of a court. The duty of the bailiff would thus include serving summonses and orders, the district within which the bailiff operated was called his bailiwick, even to the present day. Bailiffs were outsiders and free men, that is, they were not usually from the bailiwick they were responsible for. Throughout Norman England, the Saxon and Norman populations gradually mixed, primarily then, bailiff referred to the officer executing the decisions of manorial courts, and the hundred courts. Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the officer of a barony. With the introduction of Justices of the Peace, magistrates courts acquired their own bailiffs, historically, courts were not always concerned with legal matters, and often decided administrative matters for the area within their jurisdiction. A bailiff of a manor, therefore, would oversee the manors lands and buildings, collect its rents, manage its accounts. In the 19th century, the functions of courts were mostly replaced by the creation of elected local authorities. Nevertheless, the bailiff is retained as a title by the chief officers of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster. In Scotland, bailie now refers to an officer corresponding to an English alderman. The high court acquired the sheriffs, the county court the bailiffs, to avoid confusion with their underlings, the County Courts Act 1888 renamed bailifs as High Bailiffs. This act also formally acknowledged the High Bailiffs right to appoint under-bailiffs as he wished, the High Bailiff gradually became a purely ceremonial role, the courts clerk liaising with under-bailiffs directly. The Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 enacts that no person may act as an under-bailiff to levy any distress for rent, unless he is authorized by a county court judge to act as an under-bailiff. The County Courts Act 1888 restricted the hours an under-bailiff could execute a possession warrant and it also limited the ability to bring a legal complaint against a bailiff, six days notice now had to be given. In the Channel Islands the bailiff is the first civil officer in each of the two bailiwicks and he is appointed by the Crown, and holds office until retirement. He presides as a judge in the court, and takes the opinions of the jurats, he also presides over the states
11.
Viscount Montagu
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Viscount Montagu was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created on 2 September 1554 for Anthony Browne and it became extinct on the death of the ninth Viscount in 1797. The title Viscount Montagu was chosen from line of descent from John Neville and his daughter Lucy Neville was the mother of Anthony Browne. He was made a Viscount to correlate to the wealth of the Browne family, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu Hon
12.
Cowdray House
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Cowdray House consists of the ruins of one of Englands great Tudor houses, architecturally comparable to many of the great palaces and country houses of that time. It is situated in the Parish of Easebourne, just east of Midhurst, West Sussex standing on the bank of the River Rother. It was largely destroyed by fire on 24 September 1793, the original fortified manor house was built between 1273 and 1284 by Sir John Bohun across the river from the town of Midhurst. He named it Coudreye, the Norman word for the nearby hazel woods, in 1529, Sir Owens son, Henry, sold the estate of Cowdray to Sir William Fitzwilliam. In 1533 Henry VIII granted a licence to Fitzwilliams trustees to inpark 600 acres of meadow, pasture and wood and build fortifications at Cowdry. It is rumoured that a monk from Battle cursed the family and house by fire and water, thy line shall come to an end. Henry VIII made three visits to the house during his reign, in August 1538, July 1539 and August 1545, the house was later visited by his son, Edward VI in July 1552 and by his daughter Elizabeth I in August 1591. Mary of Guise, widow of James V of Scotland stayed a night at Cowdray in October 1551, in November 1538, the last surviving member of the House of Plantagenet, Lady Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury was imprisoned at Cowdray until September 1539. She was the niece of Richard III, last Plantagenet King who died at Bosworth Field in 1485 and she was removed to the Tower of London. And was executed in May 1541, in 1548 Anthony Brownes son, Sir Anthony Browne inherited Cowdray, he was later ennobled as the 1st Viscount Montague upon the marriage of Queen Mary to King Philip of Spain. In 1592 the 1st Viscounts grandson Anthony-Maria Browne inherited Cowdray, in the mid-1630s Robert May was employed as a cook at Cowdray House. During the English Civil War two thirds of the Cowdray estate were sequestered from Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu and the house was garrisoned by Parliamentary forces. There are marks on the walls of the courtyard of the house thought to be from musketballs fired by soldiers during this time. In 1770, under the ownership of the 7th Viscount Montague, during the restoration work the familys furniture and treasures had also been stored in the North Gallery to make re-decorating easier. From the collection only three paintings and a few pieces of furniture were saved, the rest including artefacts from Battle Abbey being devoured by flames. These two events marked the conclusion of the supposed curse set upon the family 250 years earlier, the estate was inherited by the 8th Viscounts sister and by marriage William Stephen Poyntz. During the early 19th century the house was left to ruin, it was colonised by plants, most notably ivy. Small alterations were made to the surviving Kitchen Tower such as a floor being put in above the kitchens, however it was not inhabited
13.
Battle Abbey
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Battle Abbey is a partially ruined Benedictine abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England. The abbey was built on the site of the Battle of Hastings, the visitor centre includes a childrens discovery room and a café, and there is an outdoor themed playground. In 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England and he started building it, dedicating it to St. Martin, sometimes known as the Apostle of the Gauls, though William died before it was completed. Its church was finished in about 1094 and consecrated during the reign of his son William known as Rufus, William I had ruled that the church of St Martin of Battle was to be exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction, putting it on the level of Canterbury. It was remodelled in the late 13th century but virtually destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 under King Henry VIII and it was sold in 1721 by Brownes descendant, Anthony Browne, 6th Earl of Montagu, to Sir Thomas Webster, MP and baronet. Sir Thomas had married the heiress Jane Cheek, granddaughter of a merchant, Henry Whistler. Webster was succeeded by his son, Sir Whistler Webster, 2nd Baronet, Battle Abbey remained in the Webster family until 1858, when it was sold by the sixth baronet, who died in 1853, to Lord Harry Vane, later Duke of Cleveland. On the death of the Duchess of Cleveland in 1901, the estate was bought back by Sir Augustus Webster, Sir Augustus was born in 1864 and succeeded his father as 8th baronet in 1886. In 1895, he married the daughter of Henry Crossley of Aldborough Hall. Sir Augustus was formerly a captain in the Coldstream Guards, the descendants of Sir Augustus Webster, 8th baronet who brought the extinction, finally sold Battle Abbey to the British government in 1976 and it is now in the care of English Heritage. It was a boarding school when Canadian troops were stationed there in the Second World War. All that is left of the church itself today is its outline on the ground, but parts of some of the abbeys buildings are still standing. These are still in use as the independent Battle Abbey School, visitors to the abbey usually are not allowed inside the school buildings, although during the schools summer holidays, access to the abbots hall is often allowed. The churchs high altar reputedly stood on the spot where Harold died and this is now marked by a plaque on the ground, and nearby is a monument to Harold erected by the people of Normandy in 1903. The ruins of the abbey, with the adjacent battlefield, are a popular tourist attraction, with events such as the Battle of Hastings reenactments
14.
Southwark
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Southwark is a district of Central London and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated 1.5 miles east of Charing Cross, it one of the oldest parts of London. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, as an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the late-19th and early-20th centuries. It is now at a stage of regeneration and is the county town of Greater London which is the location of the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority. Southwark had a population of 30,119 in 2011, Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca. The name means southern defensive work and is formed from the Old English sūth, the southern location is in reference to the City of London to the north, Southwark being at the southern end of London Bridge. The ancient borough of Southwark was also simply as The Borough—or Borough—and this name. Southwark was also referred to as the Ward of Bridge Without when administered by the City. Southwark is on a marshy area south of the River Thames. Recent excavation has revealed prehistoric activity including evidence of ploughing, burial mounds. The area was originally a series of islands in the River Thames and this formed the best place to bridge the Thames and the area became an important part of Londinium owing its importance to its position as the endpoint of the Roman London Bridge. Two Roman roads, Stane Street and Watling Street, met at Southwark in what is now Borough High Street, archaeological work at Tabard Street in 2004 discovered a plaque with the earliest reference to London from the Roman period on it. Londinium was abandoned at the end of the Roman occupation in the fifth century. Archaeologically, evidence of settlement is replaced by a largely featureless soil called the Dark Earth which probably represents an urban area abandoned, Southwark appears to recover only during the time of King Alfred and his successors. Sometime about 886 AD, the burh of Southwark was created and it was probably fortified to defend the bridge and hence the re-emerging City of London to the north. He failed to force the bridge during the Norman conquest of England, Southwark appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by several Surrey manors. Southwarks value to the King was £16, much of Southwark was originally owned by the church—the greatest reminder of monastic London is Southwark Cathedral, originally the priory of St Mary Overie. During the early Middle Ages, Southwark developed and was one of the four Surrey towns which returned Members of Parliament for the first commons assembly in 1295
15.
The Clink
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The Clink was a prison in Southwark, England which functioned from the 12th century until 1780 either deriving its name from, or bestowing it on, the local manor, the Clink Liberty. The manor and prison were owned by the Bishop of Winchester, the Clink was possibly the oldest mens prison and probably the oldest womens prison in England. The name has become slang as a term for prison or a jail cell. There has been a prison owned by the Bishop of Winchester in one form or another since the year 860, by 1076 an archbishop had listed the types of punishment allowed, scourging with rods, solitary confinement, and bread and water in silence. The building of a chapel and mansion at Southwark by the Bishop of Winchester, the prison was any number of structures within the mansions area whereby the local miscreants were kept to await trial. The prisoners were ill treated although those with money and friends on the outside were able to pay the gaolers to make their time better, as the gaolers were very poorly paid, they found other ways to supplement their income. They hired out rooms, beds, bedding, candles and fuel to those who could afford it, food and drink were charged at twice the outside price. They accepted payments for fitting lighter irons and for removing them completely, for a fee, prisoners would be allowed outside to beg or even to work. Madams were allowed to keep a brothel going, with going to the gaolers. Poorer prisoners had to beg at the grates that led up to level and sell anything they had with them, including their clothes. Winchester House was raided by rioters protesting the Statute of Labourers in 1450, classing clerics as tax collectors, they murdered them and released prisoners from the Clink before burning it down. The rebellion was put down and Winchester House was rebuilt and extended, including a new prison. Originally, most of the prisoners had been those who had broken the rules of the Liberty, John Bradford and John Hooper were amongst the inmates. In later years it was mainly a debtors prison, in 1649 Winchester House was sold to a property developer and was divided into shops, tenements and dye houses. The Cage was removed temporarily as taxpayers had complained about the cost of upkeep, by 1707 both of these and the stocks were all unused because of the cost of upkeep, and by 1732 there were only two registered inmates. In 1745 a temporary prison was used, as the Clink was too decayed to use although, by 1776 and it was burnt down in 1780 by Gordon rioters, and was never rebuilt. The Clink Prison Museum exhibition is located on Clink Street part of the site at Bankside. The Clink Prison Museum tries to recreate the conditions of the original prison, Father John Gerard, S. J. ~1595 Father George Blackwell ~1607–1613 Matthew Wilson, alias Edward Knott, Jesuit author
16.
Overseer of the Poor
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An overseer of the poor was an official who administered poor relief such as money, food, and clothing in England and various other countries which derived their law from England. In England, Overseers of the Poor administered poor relief such as money, food, the position was created by the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1597. Overseers of the Poor were often reluctant appointees who were unpaid, the law required two Overseers to be elected every Easter, and churchwardens or landowners were often selected. The new system of poor relief reinforced a sense of social hierarchy, Overseers of the Poor were replaced in the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, and replaced with Boards of Guardians, although Overseers remained in some places as a method of collecting the poor rate. Overseers had four duties, Estimate how much poor relief money was needed in order to set the poor rate accordingly, Collect the poor rate, Distribute poor relief, and Supervise the poorhouse. Overseers of the Poor in the US state of Vermont were often reluctant but elected, towns were sometimes so small in population that a few applicants for aid could overwhelm the budget. Sometimes the latter predominated, putting a burden on able-bodied residents. Relief was obtained when the took over welfare in 1968
17.
Elizabeth I of England
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Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeths birth. Annes marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate, edwards will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Marys reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels, in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, one of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England and it was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir to continue the Tudor line. She never did, despite numerous courtships, as she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, in government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One of her mottoes was video et taceo, in religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, by the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. Englands defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history, Elizabeths reign is known as the Elizabethan era. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Such was the case with Elizabeths rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, after the short reigns of Elizabeths half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after both her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard and she was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henrys second wife, Anne Boleyn, at birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the throne of England. She was baptised on 10 September, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of Norfolk, Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragons death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession, eleven days after Anne Boleyns execution, Henry married Jane Seymour, who died shortly after the birth of their son, Prince Edward, in 1537
18.
James VI and I
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James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, in 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617 and he was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began, at 57 years and 246 days, Jamess reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James himself was a scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie, The True Law of Free Monarchies. He sponsored the translation of the Bible that would later be named after him, Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed the wisest fool in Christendom, an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise Jamess reputation and treat him as a serious, James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Marys rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and he was baptised Charles James or James Charles on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England, Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a pocky priest, spit in the childs mouth, as was then the custom. The subsequent entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, Jamess father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzios death. James inherited his fathers titles of Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross, Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle and she was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought in the security of Stirling Castle
19.
History of the English fiscal system
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The history of the English fiscal system affords the best known example of continuous financial development in terms of both institutions and methods. Although periods of great upheaval occurred from the time of the Norman Conquest to the beginning of the 20th century, the line of connection is almost entirely unbroken. Perhaps the most revolutionary changes occurred in the 17th century as a result of the Civil War and, later, the primitive financial institutions of early England centred round the kings household. In other words, the royal preceded the national economy in importance, there is, however, little or no evidence of what modern governments recognise as financial organisation until the 11th century. The influence exercised from Normandy, which so affected the English rulers at this time. With the union of England and Normandy under William the Conqueror, but even before this, the Domesday Book, now recognized as having a purely fiscal object, shows the movement towards careful observation of all sources of revenue. It is clear that William I of England initiated a policy which was followed by his successors despite the difficulties during the anarchy that subsisted during Stephens reign. Indeed, its importance lies in the manner in which the institution held together, focussing as it did on the revenues and it is, in fact, through the description of financial institutions that it is possible to ascertain the forms of revenue held by the crown. The history of the English fiscal system affords the best known example of continuous development in terms of both institutions and methods. Although periods of great upheaval occurred from the time of the Norman Conquest to the beginning of the 20th century, the line of connection is almost entirely unbroken. Perhaps the most revolutionary changes occurred in the 17th century as a result of the Civil War and, later, in order to understand the character of English finance in the Middle Ages, it is essential to constantly bear in mind the identification of the king with the state. First, the property of the crown was better administered as each royal manor became subject to the new system of accounting. Broadly, the sources of revenue fall under the heads, The royal demesne. Over fourteen hundred manors appear as royal demesne in the Domesday Book, the royal forests, placed under special forest laws, yielded little revenue except in the form of offender penalties. Rural tenants who held by socage at first paid rent in the form of produce from the land, as the royal demesne was favourable to the growth of towns, the rents derived from urban tenants became a valuable part of the demesnes yield. The revenues of the towns were frequently farmed-out which resulted in the crown receiving from the firma burgi a fixed, the yields from these sources varied with the power of the king and were kept within bounds by the resistance of tenants as shown in the demands of Magna Carta. The administration of justice was a prerogative of the crown. Suitors had to pay not only for the hearing of their cases, additionally, amercements and compositions increased receipts from this source
20.
Pawnbroker
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A pawnbroker is an individual or business that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral. The items having been pawned to the broker are themselves called pledges or pawns, if an item is pawned for a loan, within a certain contractual period of time the pawner may redeem it for the amount of the loan plus some agreed-upon amount for interest. The amount of time, and rate of interest, is governed by law or by the pawnbrokers policies, if the loan is not paid within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale to other customers by the pawnbroker. The pawnbroker also sells items that have been sold outright to them by customers, some pawnshops are willing to trade items in their shop for items brought to them by customers. The pawning process begins when a customer brings an item into a pawn shop, common items pawned by customers include jewelry, electronics, collectibles, musical instruments, tools, and firearms. Gold, silver, and platinum are popular items—which are often purchased, metal can still be sold in bulk to a bullion dealer or smelter for the value by weight of the component metals. Similarly, jewelry that contains genuine gemstones, even if broken or missing pieces, have value, the pawnbroker assumes the risk that an item might have been stolen. However, laws in many jurisdictions protect both the community and broker from unknowingly handling stolen goods and these laws often require that the pawnbroker establish positive identification of the seller through photo identification, as well as a holding period placed on an item purchased by a pawnbroker. In some jurisdictions, pawnshops must give a list of all newly pawned items and any associated serial number to police, many police departments advise burglary or robbery victims to visit local pawnshops to see if they can locate stolen items. Some pawnshops set up their own screening criteria to avoid buying stolen property, the pawnbroker assesses an item for its condition and marketability by testing the item and examining it for flaws, scratches or other damage. Another aspect that affects marketability is the supply and demand for the item in the community or region, in some markets, the used goods market is so flooded with used stereos and car stereos, for example, that pawnshops will only accept the higher-quality brand names. Alternatively, a customer may offer to pawn an item that is difficult to sell, such as a surfboard in an inland region, the pawnshop owner either turns down hard-to-sell items, or offers a low price. While some items never get outdated, such as hammers and hand saws, electronics and computer items quickly become obsolete, Pawnshop owners must learn about different makes and models of computers, software, and other electronic equipment, so they can value objects accurately. To assess value of different items, pawnbrokers use guidebooks, catalogs, Internet search engines, some pawnbrokers have trained in identification of gems, or employ a specialist to assess jewelry. One of the risks of accepting secondhand goods is that the item may be counterfeit, if the item is counterfeit, such as a fake Rolex watch, it may have only a fraction of the value of the genuine item. Once the pawnbroker determines the item is genuine and not likely stolen, and that it is marketable, the customer can either sell the item outright if the pawnbroker is also a licensed secondhand dealer, or offer the item as collateral on a loan. Most pawnshops are willing to negotiate the amount of the loan with the client, to determine the amount of the loan, the pawnshop owner needs to take into account several factors. A key factor is the resale value of the item
21.
East Grinstead
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East Grinstead is a town and civil parish in the northeastern corner of Mid Sussex district of West Sussex in England near the East Sussex, Surrey, and Kent borders. It lies 27 miles south of London,21 miles north northeast of Brighton, the civil parish covers an area of 2,443.45 hectares and had a population of 23,942 persons in the 2001 census. The population of the town at the 2011 Census was 26,383, nearby towns include Crawley and Horley to the west, Tunbridge Wells to the east and Redhill and Reigate to the northwest. The town is contiguous with the village of Felbridge to the northwest, until 1974 East Grinstead was the centre for local government - East Grinstead Urban District Council - and was located in the county of East Sussex. The town has historic buildings and is located on the Greenwich Meridian. It is located in the Weald and Ashdown Forest lies to the south-east of the town, the High Street contains one of the longest continuous runs of 14th-century timber-framed buildings in England. Other notable buildings in the town include Sackville College, the sandstone built in 1609 where the Christmas carol Good King Wenceslas was written by John Mason Neale. The college has sweeping views towards Ashdown Forest, in the churchyard are commemorated the East Grinstead Martyrs, and in the south-east corner is the grave of John Mason Neale. The Greenwich Meridian runs through the grounds of the historic 1769 East Court mansion, home of the Town Council, the mansion stands in a parkland setting. In 1968 the East Grinstead Society was founded as an independent body both to protect the important buildings of East Grinstead and to improve the amenities for future generations. On the outskirts of the town is Standen, a house belonging to the National Trust, containing one of the best collections of arts and crafts movement furnishings. Off the A264 to Tunbridge Wells, there is a 1792 historic house called Hammerwood Park which is open to the twice a week in summer. East Grinstead House is the headquarters of the Caravan Club, local attractions include Ashdown Forest and the Bluebell Railway, a preserved heritage line with steam locomotives. The town is also the site of Queen Victoria Hospital, where famed plastic surgeon Archibald McIndoe treated burns victims of World War II and formed the Guinea Pig Club. A statue of Sir Archibald McIndoe caring for an airman was erected in June 2014 outside Sackville College and was unveiled by HRH The Princess Anne. The town is located to visit Chartwell the country home of Sir Winston Churchill, Hever Castle home of Henry VIIIs second wife Anne Boleyn. Kidbrooke Park, a home of the Hambro family, was restored by the noted Sussex architect and antiquarian, Walter Godfrey, during the Second World War, the town became a secondary target for German bombers which failed to make their primary target elsewhere. On the afternoon of Friday 9 July 1943, a Luftwaffe bomber became separated from its squadron, followed the railway line and circled the town twice
22.
Buxted
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Buxted is a village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex in England. The parish is situated on the Weald, north of Uckfield, at one time its importance lay in the Wealden iron industry, and later it became commercially important in the poultry and egg industry. The village has road and rail links to Uckfield and to London via Oxted. The origin of the name Buxted comes from the Saxon Bochs stede, the iron-making industry became a major part of Buxteds early prosperity. The first standard blast furnace was called Queenstock and was built in Buxted parish in about 1491, the cannon-making industry in the Weald started at a furnace on the stream at Hoggets Farm lying to the north between Buxted and Hadlow Down. Levett was removed as Buxteds vicar in 1545 by Thomas Cranmer, but thanks to friends in high places, Levett was quickly reinstated. The family is of Norman descent and one of the oldest in Sussex, William and John Levett were the sons of a large landowner in the Hollington area of Hastings, Sussex. In his lengthy will, parson William Levett left large charitable bequests which he directed be supervised by his friend Anthony Browne, richard Woodman, an ironmaster was born here, but he was burnt as a Protestant martyr in 1557. The manor house, known as Buxted Park, was purchased by the then Prime Minister and he set about extending the park surrounding the house, and eventually coerced the villagers to vacate their own houses to enable him to do so. The village was cleared away and the village then took up its present location, by 1836 the entire original village centre was no more, having been relocated to the site it occupies today. Some of the outlying houses pre-date this move, such as Britts, a 17th-century farmhouse, the original manor house was built further down the hill next to the railway where Queen Victoria once visited – the house being the Chequers of its day. The original house burnt down in the part of the 19th century and was rebuilt in its present location. Buxted is part of electoral ward called Buxted and Maresfield, the population of this ward as taken in the census 2011 was 5,534. The parish of Buxted lies partly within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, tributaries of both the Rivers Rother and Cuckmere flow through the parish, and were used by the iron industry for power. It is largely a rural parish, although the original Britts farmland is now covered by modern houses along Britts Farm Road. The parish contains an area of Site of Special Scientific Interest—Buxted Park, Buxted Park is now a country house hotel, owned by Hand Picked Hotels around which there are some lovely walks. The wholesale Buxted Chickens had a factory in Buxted as well as one in Five Ash Down, Buxted Chickens was founded by Antony Fisher, who also founded the Institute of Economic Affairs. The Buxted brand, formerly owned by the Grampian Country Foods, is now owned by 2 Sisters Food Group, the Buxted site closed down in the 1980s, and is now owned by the Woodland Trust
23.
Landlord
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A landlord is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, land or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant. When a juristic person is in position, the term landlord is used. Other terms include lessor and owner, the term landlady may be used for women owners, and lessor applies to both genders. The medieval system ultimately continues the system of villas and latifundia of the Roman Empire, in modern times, landlords provide housing for persons who cannot afford or dont want to own their own homes. This can be both a lucrative and challenging occupation, the term slumlord is sometimes used to describe landlords in those circumstances. In Minneapolis, such landlords rose up against city officials and, in the 2001 election, succeeded in defeating the incumbent mayor, but such situations are quite unusual. Many owners hire a property management company to care of all the details of renting their property out to a tenant. In the United States, residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by state law regarding property, state law and, in some places, city law or county law, sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Some cities, counties, and States have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation, and related eviction. There is also an implied warranty of habitability, whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements such as smoke detectors, in the Canada, residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by provincial law regarding property and contracts. Provincial law sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant, generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation, there is also an implied warranty of habitability, whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements. A landlord can also decide to collect a security deposit or move-in fee which can also be a consideration for the tenant, many factors including city/state regulations can drive the landlord to choose one over the other. In a more formal situations, the term used is licensed victualler or simply licensee, a female landlord can either be called a landlady or simply landlord. The charity also runs three schools in Ascot and Reading in Berkshire and Sayers Common in Sussex. As well as having normal full fee paying students, Licensed Victuallers School in Ascot provides discounted education prices for the children of landlords, there are significant associations of landlords in Australia
24.
Brothel
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A brothel or bordello is a place where people may come to engage in sexual activity with a prostitute, sometimes referred to as a sex worker. Technically, any premises where prostitution takes place qualifies as a brothel. However, for legal or cultural reasons, establishments sometimes describe themselves as massage parlors, bars, strip clubs, body rub parlours, studios, sex work in a brothel is considered safer than street prostitution. Under English criminal law, a brothel is commonly referred to as a disorderly house, attitudes around the world to prostitution and how it should be regulated vary considerably, and have varied over time. Part of the impacts on whether the operation of brothels should be legal. On 2 December 1949, the United Nations General Assembly approved the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons, the Convention came into effect on 25 July 1951 and as at December 2013 has been ratified by 82 states. The Convention seeks to combat prostitution, which it regards as incompatible with the dignity, parties to the Convention agreed to abolish regulation of individual prostitutes, and to ban brothels and procuring. Some countries not parties to the Convention also ban prostitution or the operation of brothels, various United Nations commissions, however, have differing positions on the issue. In the European Union, there is no policy and no consensus on the issue. The European Womens Lobby condemns prostitution as a form of male violence. In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a resolution, in favor of the Swedish Model of criminalizing the buying. Prostitution and the operation of brothels is illegal in many countries, such situations exist in many parts of the world, but the region most often associated with these policies is Asia. When brothels are illegal they may operate in the guise of a legitimate business, such as massage parlors. In other places, prostitution itself may be legal, but many activities which surround it are illegal and this is the situation, for example, in the United Kingdom, Italy and France. In a few countries, prostitution and operating a brothel is legal, the degree of regulation varies widely by country. Most of these countries allow brothels, at least in theory, in parts of Australia, for example, brothels are legal and regulated. Regulation includes planning controls and licensing and registration requirements, and there may be other restrictions, however, the existence of licensed brothels does not stop illegal brothels from operating. The Netherlands has one of the most liberal prostitution policies in the world, amsterdam is well known for its red-light district and is a destination for sex tourism
25.
The Rose (theatre)
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The Rose was an Elizabethan theatre. The Rose was built in 1587 by Philip Henslowe and by a grocer named John Cholmley and it was the first purpose-built playhouse to ever stage a production of any of Shakespeares plays. The theatre was built on a called the Little Rose. The Rose was the first of several theatres to be situated in Bankside, the area was known for its leisure attractions such as bear/bull-baitings, gaming dens and brothels. It was located in the Liberty of Clink, a liberty outside the jurisdiction of the City of Londons civic authorities, the Rose contained substantial rose gardens and two buildings, Cholmley used one as a storehouse, while Henslowe appears to have leased the other as a brothel. North of London, professional playhouses like the Curtain Theatre and The Theatre had already been open for over a decade, however, Henslowe recognized the ease at which audiences could ferry across the River of Thames and established a playhouse in this particular location. The theatre was built by the carpenter John Griggs, the new building was of timber, with a lath and plaster exterior and thatch roof. In shape it was a polygon, of about 72 feet in external diameter. The inner space was also a polygon, about 47 feet wide. Henslowes documentation of the Rose Theatre has survived, and was placed in the library of Dulwich College by its founder, Edward Alleyn, Alleyn was the principal actor of the Lord Admirals Men. In May 1591, The Lord Admirals Men split off from the Lord Chamberlains Men and their repertoire included plays by Robert Greene and especially Christopher Marlowe, who became the theatres main playwright. Edward Alleyn married Henslowes step-daughter in 1592, and the two became partners, the plague took nearly 11,000 Londoners. The companies were forced to tour to survive, and some, like Pembrokes Men, from 1592 to 1593, the Lord Stranges Men performed on the Rose Stage. From 1593 to 1594, the Sussexs Men performed in its place, by the summer of 1594 the plague had abated, and the companies re-organized themselves. The Queens Men performed in 1594 and the Lord Admirals Men, still led by Alleyn, at their height, they performed three-hundred times, nearly thirty-six plays, twenty of which were new. The Lord Admirals Men resided at The Rose for seven years, Henslowe enlarged the theatre for The Lord Admirals Men, moving the stage further back to make room for perhaps 500 extra spectators. Henslowe paid all the costs himself, indicating that Cholmley was no longer involved – either deceased or bought out, the renovation gave the theatre, formerly a regular polygon, a distorted egg shape, a bulging tulip or distorted ovoid floor plan. However, the Roses success encouraged other companies to set up roots in the Bankside
26.
Bankside
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Bankside is a district of London, England, and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Bankside is located on the bank of the River Thames,1. It is part of an improvement district known as Better Bankside. The banke was reclaimed by the Bishop of Winchester who owned the manor of the Clink of which this is part, there is a map plan in the Duchy of Lancaster archive showing the way to the banke. The name is recorded in 1554 as the Banke syde and means street along the bank of the Thames and it is formed from Middle English banke and side. In 1860 Southwark Street was created to connect the Blackfriars and London bridge crossings here, Bankside is the riverside of the former liberties of the Clink and Paris Garden. It has experienced regeneration in recent decades, becoming a significant tourist destination, the skyline of Bankside is dominated by the former Bankside Power Station, which now houses the Tate Modern. A major new development in the area is the Bankside 1/2/3 complex on Southwark Street, together, these three building house about 5,000 employees. Bankside 1, also known as the Blue Fin Building, was built-for and partially-occupied-by IPC Media, the architect for the buildings was Allies and Morrison. It is part of the Borough and Bankside Community Council which corresponds to the Southwark electoral wards of Cathedrals and they are part of the Bermondsey and Old Southwark Parliament constituency and the Member of Parliament is Labours Neil Coyle. It is within the Lambeth and Southwark London Assembly constituency and the London European Parliament constituency, since 1754 the Blackfriars Bridge formed a connection to the north and in 1819 Southwark Bridge has connected the area into the City. London Bridge and Southwark are the stations closest to Bankside, located to the east. It is served by bus routes 381 and RV1 which are hydrogen powered, Bankside page on London SE1 community website Better Bankside - official Business Improvement District website Bankside Mix - local promotion and tourism website
27.
The Theatre
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The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch, just outside the City of London. It was the permanent theatre ever built in England, after the Red Lion. Built by actor-manager James Burbage, near the home in Holywell Street. The Theatres history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlains Men, after a dispute with the landlord, the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside. The Mayor and Corporation of London banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague, in 1575 they formally expelled all players from the city. The Theatre was constructed in 1576 by James Burbage in partnership with his brother-in-law, one John Brayne, Brayne had advanced Burbage the money needed to build The Theatre, and in return, Brayne received a portion of the profits and owned some of the property. The Theatre was in Shoreditch, beyond the boundary of the City of London and outside the jurisdiction of civil authorities. This area in the suburbs of sin was notorious for licentious behaviour, brothels, a year later the Curtain Theatre was built nearby, making the area Londons first theatrical and entertainment district. Throughout the building of The Theatre, Burbage and Brayne continually became indebted to each other, to fix this they constructed schemes to keep the building of The Theatre going. One of their schemes was to put on plays in The Theatre while it was still being built, although Burbages son later claimed the Theatre as the first permanent playhouse in the London conurbation, it may not have been the first permanent theatre to serve Londoners. The Newington Butts playhouse may have built as early as 1575, certainly actor Jerome Savage renewed a lease on the site on 25 March 1576. The design of The Theatre was possibly adapted from the inn-yards that had served as playing spaces for actors and/or bear baiting pits, the building was a polygonal wooden building with three galleries surrounding an open yard. From one side of the polygon extended a thrust stage, the Theatre is said to have cost £700 to construct, which is a considerable sum for the age. The open yard in front of the stage was cobbled and provided standing room for those who paid a penny, for another penny, the attendees were allowed into the galleries where they could either stand or, for a third penny, procure a stool. One of the galleries, though sources do not state which, was divided into compartments that could be used by the wealthy. The playhouse was a building with a tile roof, other materials used to construct the Theatre were brick, sand, lime, lead. Owing to a lack of paperwork not much is known about the Theatre’s appearance. The Theatre opened in the autumn of 1576, possibly as a venue for Leicesters Men, in the 1580s the Admirals Men, of which James Burbages son, Richard was a member, took up residence
28.
James Burbage
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James Burbage was an English actor, theatre impresario, joiner, and theatre builder in the English Renaissance theatre. He built The Theatre, the first permanent dedicated theatre built in England since Roman times, James Burbage was born about 1531, probably in Bromley in Kent. Burbage took up acting and was the leader of Leicesters Men by 1572, Burbage had various talents, e. g. an actor, builder, and theatre owner, he was heavily involved in groups concerning theater. He was said to be a professional who bridged the gap between late-medieval drama in England and the flowering of the great Elizabethan Theatre. Burbage was described as handsome in appearance, charming in manner, honest, tactful, another professional acquaintance depicted James as more motivated by commerce than by art because of his dependency on financial success. Burbage married Ellen Brayne, the daughter of Thomas Brayne, a London tailor and sister of his business partner John Brayne. They were settled in St. Leonards parish in Shoreditch by 1576, Burbages son Richard Burbage became one of the most celebrated actors of his era. Cuthbert Burbage, Richards elder brother, followed in his fathers footsteps as a theatre manager, James Burbage was buried in Shoreditch on 2 February 1597. Having previously given his Blackfriars property to his son Richard and his property to his grandson Cuthbert. In 1576, Burbage and his partner John Brayne decided to create a new and it was one of the first permanent theatres to be built in London since the time of the Romans. Brayne was Burbages brother-in-law and was considered a wealthy man and it was his investment that allowed The Theatre to be built, with the two sharing the profits equally. Financial difficulties led Burbage and Brayne to stage plays in the building construction was complete. Despite partnering with John Brayne, the lease of The Theatres site was signed by Burbage alone on 13 April 1576, since Burbage owned the lease, he also received rent money for properties on the site. Under this lease, he paid roughly £14 a year, the exact builder of The Theatre is unknown, though a likely candidate is James Burbages brother Robert, who was a carpenter. In 1594, a Privy Council order created the Lord Chamberlains Men, Burbage was very confident that spectators would come to The Theatre, even if they had to go through open fields to get there. One contemporary of the referred to people streaming out of the city to see the plays there. The Theatre was considered a classical name. It was made mostly of wood, with ironwork scattered throughout, there was a tiring house for the players, and galleries and luxury seats providing better viewing and privacy
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Edward Alleyn
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Edward Ned Alleyn was an English actor who was a major figure of the Elizabethan theatre and founder of Dulwich College and Alleyns School. Alleyn was born on September 1,1566 in Bishopsgate, London, Alleyn does record his birth date in a diary several times but never distinctly identifies his birthplace as Bishopsgate. In the St. Botolph parish registers it is recorded that he was baptized on the day after his birth and he was born a younger son of Edward Alleyn with three brothers named John, William, and Edward. His father was an innkeeper and porter to the queen, and his mother and his mothers link to the Lancashire Townley family is somewhat of a mystery. Alleyn said she was the daughter of John Townley of Townley, regardless of this, the road that passes Alleyns School was named after her in 1884. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate and he was known to contemporaries as Ned, his surname is variously spelled Allen or Alleyne. Edward Alleyn was four years old when his father died and his mother remarried an actor named Brown. Alleyn, growing up in the home of an actor was believed to have raised in the theatre culture. It is not known at what date he began to act and he was rated by common consent as the foremost actor of his time, his only close rival was Richard Burbage. He played the roles in three of Christopher Marlowes major plays, Faustus, Tamburlaine, and Barabas in The Jew of Malta. He created the parts, which were written especially for him. The evidence for his career is otherwise fragmentary. Other parts thought to be associated with Alleyn are Orlando in Robert Greenes Orlando Furioso, other works, some now lost, are thought to have had Alleyn in leading roles, including plays by George Peele such as The Battle of Alcazar. In a private letter, he mocked himself as a fustian king and this tour consisted of players from Lord Stranges Men and the Admirals Men with which he was associated. The tour extended to Bristol, Shrewsbury, Chester, and York, Alleyn retired at the height of his fame around 1598, and it is said that Queen Elizabeth requested his return to the stage, which he did in 1604, the year after her death. Ben Jonson bestowed praise on Alleyns acting, Thomas Fuller in his Worthies later wrote of Alleyns reputation of so acting to the life that he made any part to become him. Although Alleyn had obtained a good amount of his due to his marriage, he also made much of it from his acting career. Alleyn went into business with his father-in-law Philip Henslowe and became wealthy and he was part-owner in Henslowes ventures, and in the end sole proprietor of several profitable playhouses, bear-pits and brothels
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Lord Chamberlain's Men
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The Lord Chamberlains Men was a company of actors, or a playing company as it would have been known, for which Shakespeare wrote for most of his career. Richard Burbage played most of the roles, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear. Formed at the end of a period of flux in the world of London, it had become, by 1603. It was founded during the reign of Elizabeth I of England in 1594 under the patronage of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon, then the Lord Chamberlain, who was in charge of court entertainments. After Careys death on 23 July 1596, the company came under the patronage of his son, George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, when George Carey in turn became Lord Chamberlain on 17 March 1597, it reverted to its previous name. The company became the Kings Men in 1603 when King James ascended the throne, the company held exclusive rights to perform Shakespeares plays. From 1594 the players performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, problems with the landlord caused the company to move to the nearby Curtain Theatre in 1597. On the night of 29 December 1598, The Theatre was dismantled by the Burbage brothers, along with William Smith, their financial backer, Peter Street, a carpenter, and ten to twelve workmen. The beams were then carried south of the river to Southwark to form part of their new playhouse, built in 1599, this theatre was destroyed in a fire on 29 June 1613. The Globe was rebuilt by June 1614 and finally closed in 1642, the company also toured Britain, and visited France and Belgium. A modern reconstruction of the original Globe, named Shakespeares Globe, the initial form of the Chamberlains men arose largely from the departure of Edward Alleyn from Lord Stranges Men and the subsequent death of Lord Strange himself, in the spring of 1594. Yet the ultimate success of the company was determined by the Burbage family. James Burbage was the impresario who assembled the company and directed its activities until his death in 1597, his sons Richard and Cuthbert were members of the company, though Cuthbert did not act. This connection with the Burbages makes the Chamberlains Men the central link in a chain that extends from the beginning of theatre in Renaissance London to its end. The original sharers in the Chamberlains were eight, probably the most famous in the mid-1590s was William Kempe, who had been in the company of the Earl of Leicester in the 1580s, and had later joined the Kings Men. Kempe has traditionally viewed as the object of Hamlets complaint about extemporising clowns, whether this association is right or wrong. Another two sharers from Stranges Men had an association with Kempe. Thomas Pope, another Leicesters veteran, retired in 1600 and died in 1603, both Bryan and Pope came to the company from Lord Stranges Men
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Globe Theatre
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The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. A second Globe Theatre was built on the site by June 1614. A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet from the site of the original theatre, from 1909, the current Gielgud Theatre was called Globe Theatre, until it was renamed in 1994. The shape of the foundations is now replicated on the surface, as the majority of the foundations lies beneath 67—70 Anchor Terrace, a listed building, no further excavations have been permitted. The Globe was owned by actors who were shareholders in the Lord Chamberlains Men. 5%. These initial proportions changed over time as new sharers were added, Shakespeares share diminished from 1/8 to 1/14, or roughly 7%, over the course of his career. The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from a theatre, The Theatre. The Burbages originally had a 21-year lease of the site on which the theatre was built, however, the landlord, Giles Allen, claimed that the building had become his with the expiry of the lease. While only a hundred yards from the shore of the Thames. The new theatre was larger than the building it replaced, with the older timbers being reused as part of the new structure and he suggests that a Swiss tourists account of a performance of Julius Caesar witnessed on 21 September 1599 describes the more likely first production. The first performance for which a record remains was Jonsons Every Man out of His Humour—with its first scene welcoming the gracious. On 29 June 1613 the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII, a theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no-one was severely injured in the event. It was rebuilt in the following year, like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642. It was pulled down in 1644-45, the cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as a probable forgery—to make room for tenements. A modern reconstruction of the theatre, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 and it is an academic approximation of the original design, based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings, and is located approximately 750 feet from the site of the original theatre. The Globes actual dimensions are unknown, but its shape and size can be approximated from scholarly inquiry over the last two centuries, the evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators. The Globe is shown as round on Wenceslas Hollars sketch of the building, however, in 1988–89, the uncovering of a small part of the Globes foundation suggested that it was a polygon of 20 sides
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Fortune Playhouse
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The Fortune Playhouse was an historic theatre in London. It was located between Whitecross Street and the modern Golden Lane, just outside the City of London and it was founded about 1600, and suppressed by the Puritan Parliament in 1642. Between 1600 and 1642, it was among the venues for drama in London. The Fortune was erected as the half of a substantial realignment of Londons chief acting companies. In 1597, the Lord Chamberlains Men had left, or rather been ejected, from The Theatre, they abandoned Shoreditch and in 1599 constructed a new theatre, the Admirals Men, then playing in the nearby and aging Rose Theatre, suddenly faced stiff competition for Bankside audiences. They paid £240 for a lease on a plot of land between tenements on Golding and Whitecross Lane. They hired Peter Street, who had just finished building the Globe, Street was paid £440 for the construction job, with another £80 spent for painting and incidental expenses, the cost of the physical building was £520. The total expenses for the project, including the securing of property rights and clearances of previous leases, maintaining the theatre cost about £120 per year in the first decade of its existence. Because the contract for the construction was preserved among Alleyns papers, the plot of land on which the theatre sat was approximately square,127 feet across and 129 feet deep. The theatre was built on a foundation of lime and brick, square-shaped, each wall measured eighty feet outside, the building was three stories tall, the first-floor galleries were twelve feet high, those on the second floor eleven, those on the third, nine. Each row of galleries was twelve feet deep, Henslowe and Alleyn specified that the Fortune outdo the Globe in every point for scantlings, they also provided, in accordance with common practice, for two-penny rooms and gentlemens rooms. The building was constructed of lath and plaster, with wood floors in the galleries, the stage, and tiring-house, were thrust forward into the middle of the square. The tiring-house had glazed windows, the manner of its attachment to the stage is unknown, the stage was forty-three feet across, it was covered with tile. Henslowe and Alleyns plans met with opposition from the neighbourhood. With the aid of their patron, Charles Howard, the Lord Admiral, Henslowe seems also to have soothed his neighbors worries by pledging substantial amounts to charity in the parish. The theatre housed the Admirals Men by late 1600, as revealed by correspondence of the Venetian ambassador in London, upon Henslowes death, Alleyn assumed full control of the property. Originally described as the fairest play-house in the town, the Fortune suffered a decline in reputation over the decades. In 1612, the theatre was mentioned by name in a city order suppressing the post-performance jigs and that this belief had some merit is suggested by a case the next year, in which a country farmer stabbed a city gentleman
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John Taylor (poet)
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John Taylor was an English poet who dubbed himself The Water Poet. He was born in Gloucester,24 August 1578, after his waterman apprenticeship he served in Essexs fleet, and was present at Flores in 1597 and at the siege of Cadiz. He details the uprisings in the pamphlets Iohn Taylors Manifestation. and in John Taylors Last Voyage and Adventure of 1641. Taylor discusses the watermens disputes with the companies in The True Cause of the Watermens Suit Concerning Players. An Arrant Thief says, All sorts of men, work all the means they can, To make a Thief of every waterman, And as it were in one consent they join, To trot by land i th dirt, and save their coin. When Queen Elizabeth came to the crown, A coach in England then was known, Then twas as rare to see one. Taylor was also the first poet to mention the deaths of William Shakespeare and Francis Beaumont in print, in his 1620 poem, both had died four years earlier. In paper, many a poet now survives Or else their lines had perishd with their lives. Old Chaucer, Gower, and Sir Thomas More, Sir Philip Sidney, who the laurel wore, Spenser, sylvester, Beaumont, Sir John Harrington, Forgetfulness their works would over run But that in paper they immortally Do live in spite of death, and cannot die. He was a prolific, if rough-hewn writer, with one hundred. Many were gathered into the compilation All the Workes of John Taylor the Water Poet, not included in the Folio edition of 1630. Although his work was not sophisticated, he was an observer of people and styles in the seventeenth century. An example is his 1621 work Taylors Motto, which included a list of then-current card games, from his journey to Scotland in 1618, on which he took no money, Taylor published his Pennyless Pilgrimage. Taylor is one of the few credited early authors of a palindrome, in 1614, he wrote Lewd did I live and he wrote a poem about Thomas Parr, a man who supposedly lived to the age of 152. He was also the author of a language called Barmoodan. Many of Taylors works were published by subscription, i. e. he would propose a book, ask for contributors, and write it when he had enough subscribers to undertake the printing costs. Those who defaulted on the subscription were chided the following year in a brochure entitled A Kicksey Winsey, or, A Lerry Come-Twang. By wondrous accident perchance one may Grope out a needle in a load of hay, And though a white crow be exceedingly rare, A blind man may, by fortune, catch a hare
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Company of Watermen and Lightermen
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The Company of Watermen and Lightermen is a City Guild without Grant of Livery who historically licensed Thames Watermen. Watermen are river workers who transfer passengers across and along city centre rivers and estuaries in Britain and its former colonies. Most notable are those on the River Thames and River Medway, Lightermen were workers who transferred goods between ships and quays, aboard flat-bottomed barges called lighters in the Port of London. Its ancient apprenticeship index is a resource to genealogical research however despite its medieval guild roots it is an active lobbying force today. Working alongside The Passenger Boat Association, it consults and negotiates with national and local government, in 2003 funds were made available via CWL using government grants, to assist apprentices from the riverside east London boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. The Doggetts Coat and Badge, which was first raced in 1715, is the oldest continuously run race and is now claimed to be the oldest continually staged annual sporting event in the world. In 1975 a charity called Transport On Water was founded by watermen and lightermen and it aims to maintain the Thames and other waterways, including the river Medway, as working rivers. TOW has organised The Thames Barge Driving Race which has taken place annually in June, Livery Company Free Watermen and Lightermens Almshouses Company website
35.
The Swan (theatre)
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The Swan was a theatre in Southwark, London, England, built in 1595 on top of a previously standing structure, during the first half of William Shakespeares career. It was the fifth in the series of large public playhouses of London, after James Burbages The Theatre and Curtain, the Newington Butts Theatre and Philip Henslowes Rose. The Swan Theatre was located in the Manor of Paris Gardens, on the west end of the Bankside district of Southwark, across the River Thames from the City of London. It was at the northeast corner of the Paris Garden estate nearest to London Bridge that Francis Langley had purchased in May 1589, four hundred, playgoers could arrive also by water landing at The Paris Garden Stairs or The Falcon Stairs, both short walking distances from the theatre. The structure originally belonged to the Monastery of Bermondsey, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, it became royal property and passed through several hands before being sold to Langley for £850. The Mayor of London opposed Langleys permit to open a theatre, but his protests held no ground as the property had belonged to the crown. Langley had the theatre built almost certainly in 1595–96, when it was new, the Swan was the most visually impressive of the existing London theatres. Johannes De Witt, a Dutchman who visited London around 1596, left a description of the Swan in a manuscript titled Observationes Londiniensis, translated from the Latin, his description identifies the Swan as the finest and biggest of the London amphitheatres, with a capacity for 3000 spectators. When Henslowe built the new Hope Theatre in 1613, he had his carpenter copy the Swan, rather than his own theatre, the Rose. In 1597, the Swan housed the acting company Pembrokes Men, actors Richard Jones, Thomas Downtown, and leader Edward Alleyn joined the troupe after leaving their positions in Lord Admirals Men at the rival playhouse The Rose. Jonson was imprisoned, along with Gabriel Spenser, an actor in the play and this order may have been directed at Langley alone, the other companies, the Lord Chamberlains Men and the Admirals Men, had been authorised to return to the stage by October. They were granted licenses to perform, the Swan continued to operate without a license until 19 February 1598, when the two licensed companies called attention to them. Following the scandal, the Swan only held sporadic performances, another scandal rocked the Swan in 1602, when Richard Vennar advertised a new play, Englands Joy, to be performed at the Swan on 6 November. Vennar claimed the play was a story in honour of Queen Elizabeth. However, the play was never performed, the townspeople were enraged and vandalised the theatre, and the theatre never seemed to recover its former popularity. Along with The Isle of Dogs, the most famous play to premiere there was Thomas Middletons A Chaste Maid in Cheapside, the theatre offered other popular entertainments, such as swashbuckling competitions and bear-baiting. For the next eight years, the building was used occasionally for special entertainment, after 1615 the Swan was deserted for five years, but used again in 1621 by some actors who are unknown. They did not stay for long, the building grew decrepit over the next two decades
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Beargarden
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The Beargarden was a round or polygonal open structure, comparable to the public theatres built in and around London starting in 1576. Contemporaneous illustrated maps of the city show a substantial building that resembles the theatres nearby. It was located in the Bankside, across from the City of London on the bank of the River Thames in Southwark, but its exact location is unclear. Documentary sources from the middle 16th century refer to the rink as being in Paris Garden. The names of the facility and its location were merged in usage, John Stow, writing in 1583, calls it The Beare-garden. The building could have moved from its original location, much as The Theatre was moved. The date of the Beargardens construction is unknown, it was in existence by the 1560s, yet one main bear-baiting facility, the Paris Garden, stood out in the public mind. Ambassadors and travellers were often shown the Beargarden, The prominent French nobleman the Duke of Biron was escorted there by Sir Walter Raleigh on September 7,1601. On Sunday, January 13,1583, eight people were killed, puritan commentators, hostile to animal baiting as they were to other sports and pastimes, attributed the accident to Gods displeasure. The Beargarden closed for a time, but reopened a few months later, the English monarchy had had an official bearward, an officer in charge of its bears, bulls, and mastiff dogs, at least from the reign of Richard III. In 1573 a Ralph Bowes was appointed Queen Elizabeths Master of Her Majestys Game at Paris Garden, Henslowe bought out Alleyns share in 1611, for £580. In 1613, Henslowe and new partner Jacob Meade tore down the Beargarden, the Hope was equipped as a dual-purpose venue, hosting both stage plays and animal sports. Gradually, though, fewer plays were staged there, and the Hope was generally called the Beargarden after its primary use, samuel Pepys, in an entry in his famous Diary, describes a visit he and his wife paid to the Hope/Beargarden on August 14,1666. Surviving descriptions of the entertainment offered at the Beargarden have a ring to a modern ear. The crowds were amused at the whipping of the old blind bear Harry Hunks until the blood ran down his shoulders, there are extant descriptions of horses with apes tied to their backs set upon by dogs. Pepys describes a bull tossing a dog into a spectators box, others mention the bulls tossing dogs into the air and then catching the falling dogs on their horns again. On a few occasions, lions were baited. The shows at the Beargarden had surprising aspects, according to accounts, music and fireworks were used
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Dog-baiting
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Dog-baiting is the setting of game dogs against a chained or confined animal for sport. The dogs bite and tear to subdue the opposing animal by incapacitating or killing it and it is illegal in most countries with varying levels of enforcement. Baiting is illegal under section 445 of the code in Canada. Baiting is also illegal in the United States of America 7 USCA §2156, animal baiting Dog fighting Hog-dog rodeo Fleig, D. A Complete History of Fighting Dogs
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Hope Theatre
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Construction was slow, taking over a year. Also, the Hope was likely a complex construction job. So, the Hope would have required facilities for keeping animals that the Globe did not need, because Henslowes original contract with Katherens survives, we know something about the specifics of the construction of the Hope, more so than for other theatres of the period. The Hope was completed and opened to the public in October 1614, on 31 October, Ben Jonsons Bartholomew Fair was acted in the Hope by the Lady Elizabeths Men. On Henslowes death in 1616, his son-in-law Edward Alleyn inherited Henslowes share in the Hope, the Hope remained an active facility for the coming decades. In its early years the Hope was used more for playing than animal baiting — the days devoted to dramas outnumbered those devoted to sports by three to one. Lady Elizabeths Men were joined by Prince Charless Men around 1615, yet the mix of the two activities was never easy, and the actors grew more unhappy with the arrangements at the Hope as time went on. The actors left for the Cockpit Theatre in 1619, and the Hope was thereafter used for bear and bull baiting, prizefighting, fencing contests, the Corporation of London outlawed both play-acting and bear-baiting at the start of the English Civil War in 1642. Animal sports were suppressed by the Puritan regime in 1656, the last seven surviving bears were shot to death by a company of soldiers, the dogs and the cocks kept there were also killed. By one account, the Hope Theatre was pulled down to make tenements, by Thomas Walker, yet the practice of animal sports resumed at the Restoration in 1660, if the Hope had been torn down, a replacement facility was soon established. The Diary of Samuel Pepys records a visit Pepys and his wife made to the Beargarden on 14 August 1666, the last word of animal sports at the facility dates from 12 April 1682. By 1714, a development called Bear Garden Square had been built on the site of the old Hope, cromwells Major Generals, Godly Government During the English Revolution. Third edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1992, lexington, KY, University Press of Kentucky,1999. London, Past and Present, Its History, Associations,3 Volumes, London, Scribner & Welford,1891. Shakespearean Playhouses, by Joseph Quincy Adams, Jr. from Project Gutenberg The Borough of Southwark
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Ben Jonson
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Benjamin Jonson was an English playwright, poet, actor, and literary critic of the 17th century, whose artistry exerted a lasting impact upon English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours, Ben Jonson said that his family originally came from the folk of the Anglo-Scottish border country, which genealogy is attested by the three spindles in the Jonson family coat of arms. One spindle is a heraldic device shared with the Border-country Johnstone family of Annandale. Jonsons clergyman father died two months before his birth, his mother married a master bricklayer two years later, Jonson attended school in St. Martins Lane. Later, a family friend paid for his studies at Westminster School, on leaving Westminster School, Jonson was to have attended the University of Cambridge, to continue his book learning but did not, because of his unwilled apprenticeship to his bricklayer stepfather. According to the churchman and historian Thomas Fuller, Jonson at this time built a wall in Lincolns Inn. After having been a bricklayer, Ben Jonson went to the Netherlands. After his military activity on the Continent, Jonson returned to England and worked as an actor, as an actor, Jonson was the protagonist “Hieronimo” in the play The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd, the first revenge tragedy in English literature. Regarding his marriage Jonson described his wife to William Drummond as a shrew, concerning the family of Anne Lewis and Ben Jonson, the St. Martins Church registers indicate that Mary Jonson, their eldest daughter, died in November 1593, at six months of age. Moreover,32 years later, a son, also named Benjamin Jonson. By summer 1597, Jonson had an engagement in the Admirals Men, then performing under Philip Henslowes management at The Rose. John Aubrey reports, on authority, that Jonson was not successful as an actor, whatever his skills as an actor. By this time Jonson had begun to write plays for the Admirals Men. None of his early tragedies survive, however, an undated comedy, The Case is Altered, may be his earliest surviving play. In 1597 a play which he co-wrote with Thomas Nashe, The Isle of Dogs, was suppressed after causing great offence, arrest warrants for Jonson and Nashe were issued by Queen Elizabeth Is so-called interrogator, Richard Topcliffe. Jonson was jailed in Marshalsea Prison and charged with Leude and mutynous behaviour, two of the actors, Gabriel Spenser and Robert Shaw, were also imprisoned. A year later, Jonson was again imprisoned, this time in Newgate Prison. While in jail Jonson converted to Catholicism, possibly through the influence of fellow-prisoner Father Thomas Wright, in 1598 Jonson produced his first great success, Every Man in His Humour, capitalising on the vogue for humorous plays which George Chapman had begun with An Humorous Days Mirth
40.
Bartholomew Fair (play)
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Bartholomew Fair is a Jacobean comedy in five acts by Ben Jonson. It was first staged on 31 October 1614 at the Hope Theatre by the Lady Elizabeths Men company, written four years after The Alchemist, five after Epicœne, or the Silent Woman, and nine after Volpone, it is in some respects the most experimental of these plays. Copies of the 1631 typecast were circulated, though whether they were sold publicly or distributed privately by Jonson is unclear, the play was published in the second folio of Jonsons works in 1640–41, published by Richard Meighen. The play is set at Bartholomew Fair, which from 1133 to 1855 was one of Londons preeminent summer fairs and it opened on 24 August each year at Smithfield, in the northwestern part of the city. Smithfield, a site of slaughterhouses and public executions, was a place for a fair that was part commerce. At once an event for cloth and other goods and a pleasure fair. Jonsons play uses this fair as the setting for an unusually detailed, Jonson also uses the characters that he creates as a way to comment on the social, religious and political conflicts of London society in Jacobean England. The play begins with a bit of metadrama, the companys stage-keeper enters, criticising the play about to be performed because it lacks romantic. He is then pushed from the stage by the book-keeper, who announces a contract between author and audience. Perhaps most important, they not to expect a throwback to the sword-and-buckler age of Smithfield, for Jonson has given them a picture of the present. This colloquy is interrupted by the entrance of Wasp, the servant of Cokes. Grace is the ward of Adam Overdo, a Justice of the Peace, all of these characters are at Littlewits to get a marriage license, having obtained it, they indulge Cokess wish to visit the fair. Littlewit and his friends plan to go to the fair to see a puppet-show Littlewit wrote. To overcome Busys likely objections, they pretend that Win has a pregnant craving for roast pork, the first act ends with both groups, the genteel Overdos and the raffish Littlewits, headed for the fair. The fair propels these characters through experiences that put their social identities under extreme strain, Quarlous and Winwife engage Edgeworth to steal the marriage license from Wasp, he does so when Wasp is arrested after starting a fight. Wasp, too, is put in the stocks, Winwife has abandoned his plan to marry Dame Purecraft, instead, he and Quarlous fight for Graces hand. Win Littlewit and Mistress Overdo are enlisted as prostitutes by the pimp Whit, Zeal-of-the-land Busy is arrested for preaching without license, Cokes is robbed several times by Edgeworth and other denizens of the fair. All the imprisoned characters escape when Trouble-All, a madman for whom Dame Purecraft has conceived a sudden passion
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Smithfield, London
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Smithfield is a locality in the ward of Farringdon Without situated at the City of Londons northwest in central London, England. The principal street of the area is West Smithfield, the area also contains Londons oldest surviving church, St Bartholomew-the-Great, founded in 1123 AD. Some of its original market premises fell into disuse in the late 20th century, the Corporation of Londons public enquiry in 2012 drew widespread support for an urban regeneration plan intent upon preserving Smithfields historical identity. In the Middle Ages, it was a grassy area known as Smooth Field. Given its ease of access to grazing and water, Smithfield established itself as Londons livestock market, remaining so for almost 1,000 years. In 1123, the area near Aldersgate was granted by King Henry I for the foundation of St Bartholomews Priory at the request of Prior Rahere in thanks for his being nursed back to good health. The Priory exercised its right to land between Aldersgate, Long Lane and modern-day Newgate Street, erecting its main western gate which opened onto Smithfield. The Priory thereafter held the rights to hold weekly fairs. A trading event for cloth and other goods as well as being a pleasure forum, in 1855, however, Bartholomew Fair was closed down by the City authorities after degenerating into a magnet for debauchery and public disorder. A chapel and hermitage were constructed, renamed New Church Haw, but in 1371, later Augustinian canonesses established the Priory of St Mary, north of the Knights of St John property. By the end of the 14th century, these houses were regarded by City traders as interlopers — occupying what had previously been public open space nearby one of the City gates. On numerous occasions vandals damaged the Charterhouse, eventually demolishing its buildings, by 1405, a stout wall was built to protect the property and maintain the privacy of the Order, particularly its church where men and women alike came to worship. The religious houses were dissolved in the Reformation, and their lands broken up, the Priory Church of St John remains, as does St Johns Gate, traditionally regarded as the boundary between Smithfield and Clerkenwell. John Houghton, Prior of Charterhouse, went to Thomas Cromwell accompanied by two other local priors seeking an oath of supremacy that would be acceptable to their communities. This resulted in their being flung into the Tower of London, on 29 May, the remaining twenty monks and eighteen lay brothers were forced to swear the oath of allegiance, the ten who refused were taken to Newgate Prison and left to starve. Until 1899 Charterhouse was extra-parochial, when it became a civil parish incorporated in the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury, from its inception, the Priory of St Bartholomew treated the sick. Letters Patent were presented to the City, granting property and income to the new foundation the following month, the Priorys principal church, St Bartholomew-the-Great, was reconfigured after the dissolution of the monasteries losing the western third of its nave. Reformed as an Anglican parish church, its boundaries were limited to the site of the ancient priory
