1.
Senate of the Philippines
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The Senate of the Philippines is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress, the House of Representatives is the lower house. The Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting, when the Senate was restored by the 1987 Constitution, the 24 senators who were elected in 1987 served until 1992. In 1992 the candidates for the Senate obtaining the 12 highest number of votes served until 1998, thereafter, each senator elected serves the full 6 years. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III, the Senate has its roots in the Philippine Commission of the Insular Government. At the same time the governor-general also exercised executive powers, the Governor-General stayed on as head of the executive branch of the Insular Government. Then-Philippine Resident Commissioner Manuel L. Quezon encouraged Speaker Sergio Osmeña to run for the leadership of the Senate, Quezon then ran for the Senate and became Senate President for the next 19 years. This setup continued until 1935, when the Philippine Independence Act or the Tydings–McDuffie Act was passed by the U. S, not long after the adoption of the 1935 Constitution several amendments began to be proposed. By 1938, the National Assembly began consideration of these proposals, the amendment of the 1935 Constitution to have a bicameral legislature was approved in 1940 and the first biennial elections for the restored upper house was held in November 1941. However, the Senate since its restoration and the independence of the Philippines in 1946 has the power to ratify treaties. The Senate finally convened in 1945 and served as the chamber of Congress from thereon until the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. The Senate was resurrected in 1987 upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, however, instead of eight senators being replaced after every election, it was changed to twelve. Meanwhile, the Senate President, Senate President pro-tempore, the Majority Floor Leader, the composition of the Senate is smaller in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The members of this chamber are elected at large by the entire electorate, the rationale for this rule intends to make the Senate a training ground for national leaders and possibly a springboard for the presidency. With such perspective, the Senate is likely to be more circumspect, or at least less impulsive, senatorial candidates are chosen by the leaders of major political parties or coalitions of parties. The selection process is not transparent and is done in backrooms where much political horse-trading occurs, thus, the absence of regional or proportional representation in the Senate exacerbates a top heavy system of governance, with power centralized in Metro Manila. It has often suggested that each region of the country should elect its own senator to more properly represent the people. This will have the effect of flattening the power structure, regional problems and concerns within a national view can be addressed more effectively. A senators performance, accountability, and electability become meaningful to a more defined, the Senate Electoral Tribunal composed of three Supreme Court justices and six senators determines election protests on already-seated senators
2.
Manuel L. Quezon
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Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina was a Filipino statesman, soldier, and politician who served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines, Quezon was a Spanish Filipino, with both his parents being Filipino mestizos. Quezon was the first Senate president elected to the presidency, the first president elected through an election. During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants in the countryside and he established a government-in-exile in the U. S. with the outbreak of the war and the threat of Japanese invasion. It was during his exile in the U. S. that he died of tuberculosis at Saranac Lake and he was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery until the end of World War II, when his remains were moved to Manila. His final resting place is the Quezon Memorial Circle, President Benigno Aquino III, and María Zeneida Quezon Avanceña, who is 94 years old and the daughter of the former President, were duly informed about this recognition. Quezon, was born in Baler in the district of El Príncipe and his parents were Lucio Quezon and María Dolores Molina, both of whom were Spanish-Mestizos with distant ethnic Tagalog origins. His father was a grade school teacher from Paco, Manila. Quezon started life in a province of the Philippines as the son of a rice farmer. He went from governor of his local Tayabas region to president of the country in 10 years and he was influential in revising a key law that gave Filipinos a majority in the Philippine Commission and negotiated the Jones Act that allowed Filipinos to be self-legislating. He later boarded at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he completed secondary school, in 1899, Quezon cut short his law studies at the University of Santo Tomás in Manila to participate in the struggle for independence against the United States, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. During the Philippine–American War he was an Aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo and he rose to the rank of Major and fought in the Bataan sector. However, after surrendering in 1900 wherein he made his first break in the American press, Quezon returned to the university and passed the bar examinations in 1903, achieving fourth place. He worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as an appointed fiscal for Mindoro and he became a councilor and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906 after a hard-fought election. Manuel Quezon was a personality who dominated the political scene. His active involvement in the destiny of his country was felt both in the Philippines and the United States. From 1909 to 1916, he served as one of the Philippines two resident commissioners to the U. S. House of Representatives, lobbying for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law. He headed the first Independent Mission to the U. S. Congress in 1919, building a long-term friendship with American Lieutenant Douglas MacArthur was vital to many of his achievements
3.
Nacionalista Party
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The Nacionalista Party is the oldest political party in the Philippines today and was responsible for leading the country throughout the majority of the 20th century since its founding in 1907. The Nacionalista Party was the party from 1935–1944, 1944–1946, 1953–1957, 1957–1961. In practice, the differences between both parties are obscure as changing of party allegiance by individual politicians, especially prior to elections, has become a norm in Philippine politics. The original “Nacionalista” Party that was founded on August 21,1901 in Calle Gunao, Quiapo, Santos, Pio H. Santos, Salustiano Cruz, Valentin Solis and Jose Palma. During the Japanese Occupation political parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI, in 1978, in a throwback to the Japanese Occupation, political parties were asked to merge into the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, although the Nacionalistas preferred to go into hibernation. Eventually, the party was revived during the late 1980s and early 1990s by the Laurel family, **in coalition with PDP-Laban Throughout their careers, many of the countrys politicians, statesmen, and leaders were, in whole or in part, Nacionalistas. Remulla Elias K. Bulut, Sr. Wenceslao Peewee B, the Nacionalistas fielded Senator Manuel Villar, Jr. and running with fellow Senator Loren Legarda who is a member of the NPC. It became the dominant minority party after a resolution passed by the COMELEC, on April 21, however it was blocked by the Supreme Court after a suit filed by the rival Liberal Party. On May 6,2010, the Supreme Court nullified the merger and it was based on a resolution by the COMELEC giving political parties to be accredited by August 17,2009. However it is being challenged by the Liberal Party calls the said alliance a bogus alliance, as well, several local races are being challenged from both parties therefore causing confusion in those races. List of political parties in the Philippines Filipino nationalism Liberal Party The Jones Act Official party site
4.
Senatorial districts of the Philippines
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The Senatorial districts of the Philippines were the representations of the provinces of the Philippines in the Philippine Senate from 1916 to 1935. The enactment of the Philippine Autonomy Act in August 1916 by the United States Congress provided for the creation of a legislature consisting of a lower chamber. Until then the Philippine Commission held the power and some legislative powers over the American colony. The system of government of the Philippines in its years of transition to democratic self-government was deliberately structured to emulate the American model. The Philippines thus followed the American system of electing the members of the 24-seat senate by district, the districts were organized and numbered in a roughly north-south fashion, much like the present administrative regions. The first to eleventh districts elected two senators each by popular vote, the two senators from the twelfth district were appointed by the U. S. Governor-General. However, when the Constitution was amended in 1940 to re-establish a bicameral Congress, members of the Senate had to be voted at-large, thereby effectively abolishing the district system
5.
President of the Senate of the Philippines
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He/she is elected by the entire body to be their leader. The current Senate President of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is Aquilino Pimentel III, the Senate President is second in line in succession for the presidency, behind the Vice President of the Philippines and in front of the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Although Senate presidents are elected at the start of each Congress, a tied vote, therefore, means that the motion is lost, and that the Senate President cannot cast a tie-breaking vote since that would mean that the presiding officer would have had voted twice. In the Senate, he supervises the committees and attended its hearings and meetings if necessary, the Senate was created on 1916 with the abolition of the Philippine Commission as the upper house with the Philippine Assembly as the lower house. The Senate and the House of Representatives comprised the Philippine Legislature, representation was by senatorial district, Manuel L. Quezon was elected Senator from the now-defunct 5th Legislative District. All Senators from 1941 onwards were elected at-large, with the whole Philippines as one constituency, currently there are seven living former Senate Presidents, Living Former Senate Presidents Legend, Boldface means still an incumbent Senator. List of Senators of the Philippines Roll of Senate Presidents
6.
Jones Law (Philippines)
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The Jones Law was an Organic Act passed by the United States Congress. The law replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 and acted as a constitution of the Philippines from its enactment until 1934, the Jones Law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature. The law provides that the grant of independence would come only as soon as a government can be established. The law also changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines first fully elected body, the 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected lower house, while the upper house was appointed. The Jones Law provided for both houses to be elected and changed the name of the Assembly to the House of Representatives, the executive branch continued to be headed by an appointed Governor General of the Philippines, always an American. Elections were held on October 3,1916 to the newly created Philippine Senate, elections to the Philippine Assembly had already been held on June 6,1916, and those elected automatically became members of the House of Representatives. In 1898, the Philippines were ceded by Spain to the United States, the ultimate goal for the Philippines was independence. U. S. Woodrow Wilson said, during the 1912 election campaign which made him US President, The Philippines are at present our frontier but I hope we presently are to deprive ourselves of that frontier. Even before the 1912 elections, U. S. House Committee on Insular Affairs Chairman William Atkinson Jones attempted to launch a bill which set a date for Philippine independence. Manuel L. Quezon was one of the Philippines two resident commissioners to the US House of Representatives, Jones delayed to launch his bill, so Quezon drafted the first of two Jones Bills. Wilson had informed Quezon of his hostility to any fixed timetable for independence, the bill passed the House in October 1913 and went to the Senate, backed by Harrison, US Secretary of War Lindley Garrison, and Wilson. A final version of the bill was signed into US law by Wilson on August 29,1916, after amendment by the Senate, among the provisions of the law was the creation of an all-Filipino legislature. It created the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission, which had served as the chamber of the legislature. Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act Commonwealth of the Philippines Jones–Shafroth Act The Philippine Autonomy Act, corpus Juris online Philippine law library
7.
Philippine Commission
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The Philippine Commission was the name of two bodies, both appointed by the President of the United States to assist with governing the Philippines. The first Philippine Commission was appointed by President William McKinley on January 20,1899 to make recommendations, the second Philippine Commission, also known as the Taft Commission, was a body appointed by the President to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. It was first appointed by President McKinley in 1900 under his executive authority, in 1902, the Philippine Organic Act was passed by the United States Congress which enshrined into law the Commission legislative and executive authority. The Jones Act of 1916 ended the Commission replacing it an elected Philippine Senate as the Legislatures upper house, between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws. A judicial system was established, including a Supreme Court, the 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, on 4 July 1901, Taft became governor of a civil administration for the Philippines. This regime, called the Insular Government, administered the country until 1935, the two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos, in July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and the legislature opened its first session on October 16,1907. Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines, the LAWPHiL Project - Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank. NB, very little material actually online Acts of the Philippine Commission, NB, very little material actually online
8.
Upper house
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An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the house is usually smaller. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UKs House of Lords, Canadas Senate, Indias Rajya Sabha, Russias Federation Council, Irelands Seanad, Germanys Bundesrat, a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. An upper house is different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects, Powers, In a parliamentary system. Therefore, in countries the Upper House votes on only limited legislative matters. Cannot vote a motion of no confidence against the government, while the house always can. In a presidential system, It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house and it may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example, It may give advice and consent to some executive decisions and it may have the sole power to try impeachments against officials of the executive, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house. Status, In some countries, its members are not popularly elected, membership may be indirect and its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house. Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be represented in the upper house than in the lower house. Members terms may be longer than in the house. Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time, in some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house. It typically has fewer members or seats than the lower house and it has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house. In parliamentary systems the upper house is seen as an advisory or revising chamber. Some or all of the restrictions are often placed on upper houses. No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states, in countries where it can veto legislation, it may not be able to amend the proposals. A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation, additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as perfect bicameralism or equal bicameralism. An example is the British House of Lords, bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month
9.
Philippine Legislature
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The Philippine Legislature was the legislature of the Philippines from 1907 to 1935, during the American Colonial Period, and predecessor of the current Congress of the Philippines. It was bicameral and the branch of the Insular Government. In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established and the National Assembly of the Philippines replaced the Philippine Legislature, the Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that a Philippine legislature would be established after several conditions were met, such as the end of the Philippine Insurrection. The legislature was to have a house consisting of the appointed Philippine Commission and a lower house. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros. Two Filipino Resident Commissioners were sent to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress, the act also extended the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines. The Philippine Legislature convened its first session on October 16,1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House, conflict between the bodies, the American-majority Commission and the all-Filipino, Nacionalista-led Assembly, were not uncommon. Such conflicts came to an end when the Jones Law created a legislature composed exclusively of Filipinos. Its members, both American and Filipino, were appointed by the US President, beginning in 1907, it acted as the upper house of a bicameral legislature. On July 30,1907, the first elections for the Philippine Assembly were held, two political groups dominated the elections—the Nacionalista Party and Nationalist Progressive Party. Minority parties and independent candidates also competed, the Nacionalista Party, which espoused immediate and complete independence was headed by future Philippine president Sergio Osmeña, captured a majority of the 80–seat Assembly. The Assembly was the first fully elected legislative body. The Jones Law of 1916, also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act, the Philippine Commission was abolished and replaced by the elected Senate of the Philippines. The Philippine Assembly was also reorganized and renamed the House of Representatives, the new Philippine Legislature was inaugurated on October 16,1916. History of the Philippines Zaide, Sonia M, the Philippines, A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co. ISBN 971-642-071-4 Philippine Assembly An article published in an American newspaper examining the membership, an online article made available by Filipiniana. net Philippine Bill of 1902 A US Congress Act establishing the Philippine Assembly. An online article made available by Filipiniana. net
10.
Legislature
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A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments, in the separation of model, they are often contrasted with the executive. Laws enacted by legislatures are known as legislation, legislatures observe and steer governing actions and usually have exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets involved in the process. The members of a legislature are called legislators, each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation. There must be a number of legislators present to carry out these activities. Some of the responsibilities of a legislature, such as giving first consideration to newly proposed legislation, are delegated to committees made up of small selections of the legislators. The members of a legislature usually represent different political parties, the members from each party generally meet as a caucus to organize their internal affairs, the internal organization of a legislature is also shaped by the informal norms that are shared by its members. Legislatures vary widely in the amount of power they wield, compared to other political players such as judiciaries, militaries. In 2009, political scientists M. Steven Fish and Matthew Kroenig constructed a Parliamentary Powers Index in an attempt to quantify the different degrees of power among national legislatures, such a system renders the legislature more powerful. Legislatures will sometime delegate their legislative power to administrative or executive agencies, legislatures are made up of individual members, known as legislators, who vote on proposed laws. For example, a legislature that has 100 seats has 100 members, by extension, an electoral district that elects a single legislator can also be described as a seat, as, for, example, in the phrases safe seat and marginal seat. In parliamentary systems of government, the executive is responsible to the legislature which may remove it with a vote of no confidence, names for national legislatures include parliament, congress, diet and assembly. A legislature which operates as a unit is unicameral, one divided into two chambers is bicameral, and one divided into three chambers is tricameral. In bicameral legislatures, one chamber is considered the upper house. In federations, the upper house typically represents the component states. This is a case with the legislature of the European Union. Tricameral legislatures are rare, the Massachusetts Governors Council still exists, tetracameral legislatures no longer exist, but they were previously used in Scandinavia. Legislatures vary widely in their size, among national legislatures, Chinas National Peoples Congress is the largest with 2987 members, while Vatican Citys Pontifical Commission is the smallest with 7
11.
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
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The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial government of the United States of America created in 1901 in what is now the Philippines. The name reflects the fact that it was an administration under the authority of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. The government was organized in the newly acquired territory by the executive branch of the American government in order to replace military governance with civilian. In 1916, Philippine Organic Act was replaced by the Jones Law, finally, in 1935, the Insular Government was succeeded by the Commonwealth of the Philippines, still under the American government, as a previsionary step towards full independence in ten years. Delayed by World War II, the Philippines gained full sovereignty in 1946, the Insular Government evolved from the Taft Commission, or Second Philippine Commission, appointed on March 16,1900. This group was headed by William Howard Taft, and was granted powers by President William McKinley in September 1900. The commission created a system, an educational system, a civil service. The legality of actions was contested until the passage of the Spooner Amendment in 1901. The Insular Government saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence, on July 4,1901, Taft was appointed civil governor, with Military Governor Adna Chaffee retaining authority in disturbed areas. On July 4,1902, the office of governor was abolished. The Philippine Organic Act disestablished the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines as the state religion, in 1904, Taft negotiated the purchase of 390,000 acres of church property for $7.5 million. This land was resold to tens of thousands of peasants, who received low-cost mortgages, two years after the completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the house of a bicameral legislature. Every year from 1907, the Philippine Assembly passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence, Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a date of independence. The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law and its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable government. Filipinos suspended the campaign during the First World War and supported the United States. After the war they resumed their drive with great vigour
12.
Legislative districts of the Philippines
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The legislative districts of the Philippines are the divisions of the Philippines provinces and cities for representation in the House of Representatives. The first composition of legislative districts was enshrined in the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, changes in the composition of legislative districts were later added as new provinces and cities were created, and the composition was modified through laws enacted by Congress. Apportionment on local legislatures is also possible, Representation to the legislature traces its origin to the Spanish era, when the Philippines was granted very limited representation to the Spanish Cortes. Representation in the assembly was apportioned among the provinces with respect to their population, in 1916, the Philippine Legislature was reconstituted with a Senate as the upper house and the Assembly retained as the lower house. The Senate elected members through Senatorial Districts, a grouping of provinces and areas of the country, with the passage of the 1940 Amendments to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress was established with a House of Representatives and a Senate. The House of Representatives way of representation was like that of the Philippine Assembly, however, with the advent of the 1987 Constitution, the Batasan was scrapped and the Congress was restored. From 1916 to 1935, the Philippines was divided into 12 senatorial districts, each district except for the twelfth senatorial district elected two senators to the Senate. The senators from 12th senatorial district were appointed by the U. S. Governor-General, since 1941, when the Senate was restored, all twenty-four senators have been elected at-large in intervals. Increased representation, Decreased representation Representation in the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly follows the congressional districts, however, unlike one seat being contested in each district, three seats elected via plurality-at-large voting is done. Representation via provincial boards, known as Sangguniang Panlalawigan are also via legislative districts, the provinces income determines how many seats it is entitled to, with 6 seats being the least. If a province only has one district, the Commission on Elections then divides the province into two districts based on population and geography. At-large representation is used in municipalities through their Sangguniang Bayan. At-large representation is always via plurality-at-large voting Administrative divisions of the Philippines
13.
Francisco Tongio Liongson
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Francisco Tongio Liongson belonged to a generation of Philippine colonial subjects who struggled to evolve a national identity for their homeland in the fringes of the Spanish Empire. Late in the 18th century, the concept of being a Filipino was still nebulous, the name did not even originally apply to all the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago, but to a small group of Spaniards born there. Liongson was one of these Filipino students in Madrid and he walked among peers who would one day become Philippine National Heroes. Scion of the Philippine sugar gentry, Liongson was born in Pampangas ancient capital, Villa de Bacolor to Emigdio Liongson and it was an exciting time in colonial Philippines. The Suez Canal opened a month earlier on November 17,1869 establishing a steamship service between the Philippines and Europe. The implementation of the Education Decree of 1863 saw the establishment of a school for boys. The resulting boom in trade and influx of new ideas gave rise to an educated and moneyed elite. To broaden his knowledge further, he trained in different hospitals in Paris while studying at the famous Institut Pasteur. During his sojourn in Spain, Liongson was actively involved with the Filipino colony in Madrid interracting with fellow paisanos like his hero, the death of La Solidaridads Jose Maria Panganiban affected him deeply. In a eulogy to the propagandist, he wrote, From this tombstone and he became a member of the Grande Oriente Español Masonic Lodge Solidaridad No.53 of Madrid under Marcelo H. Del Pilar as the Venerable Master. His love interest in the Spanish capital was centered on Maria Dolores Alonso y Castro and he returned to the Philippines with his bride in November 1895. Ten months later, the Philippine Revolution was unleashed, Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco y Erenas declared 8 Philippine provinces to be under a state of war, and Pampanga was one among them. Liongson joined the Katipunan and offered his services to the Philippine Revolutionary Army. He was commissioned Capitan del Cuerpo Sanidad and his Spanish wife died shortly leaving a son, Francisco Alonso Liongson. The return of Emilio Aguinaldo from his exile in Hong Kong highlighted a new phase of the revolution and Liongsons marriage to the daughter of Balbino Ventura, during the Philippine-American War, he was promoted to Comandante and attached to the brigade of Gen. Tomas Mascardo. His timely and diplomatic intervention amicably resolved the anticipated armed confrontation between his superior, Mascardo, and his friend from the Filipino colony in Spain, General Antonio Luna, the surrender of Gen. Mascardo on May 15,1901 officially ended hostilities in the province. Liongsons work, however, was not over, Pampanga was the scene of many armed conflicts and the province suffered severe physical and economic hardships. The proliferation and rise of diseases in epidemic proportions became a concern of the United States military health board
14.
Pedro Guevara
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Pedro Guevara, was a Philippine soldier, lawyer and legislator and Spanish writer who became Resident Commissioner from the Philippine Islands during the American colonial administration. Born in Santa Cruz, Laguna, Philippines on February 23,1879 and he attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated from Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila, in 1896. He joined the Filipino forces during the Philippine Revolution and assisted in promoting the peace agreement of Biak na Bato at San Miguel, Bulacan in 1897. He later rejoined the Filipino forces during the revolution, and also served throughout the Spanish–American War, later, he became a journalist for the Spanish language newspaper Soberania Nacional and Vidas Filipinas and a municipal councilor of San Felipe Neri, Rizal in 1907. He studied law at La Jurisprudencia and became a lawyer in private practice and his political life started when he became a member of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1909 to 1912 and a member of the Philippine Senate from 1916 to 1922. In 1921, Guevara was chair of the Philippine delegation to the Far Eastern Bar Conference at Beijing and he later was elected as a Nationalist Resident Commissioner to the House of Representatives of the Sixty-eighth United States Congress for a three-year term and four succeeding three-year terms. During this time, Guevara worked tirelessly for the approval of the Tydings-McDuffie Law which would establish the Philippine Commonwealth, later, he served as delegate of Laguna during the Constitutional Convention of 1934 which framed the 1935 Philippine Constitution. His term ended on February 14,1936 when a successor qualified in accordance with the newly established Commonwealth of the Philippines was selected, upon retirement, Pedro Guevara resumed his law practice. He died of an attack on January 19,1938, in Manila. Laguna State Polytechnic University United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
15.
Rafael Palma
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Rafael Palma y Velasquez was a Filipino politician, Rizalian, writer, educator and a famous Freemason. He became the fourth President of the University of the Philippines, Palma was born in Manila on 24 October 1874 to Don Hermogenes Palma, a clerk at the Intendencia Office, and Hilária Velasquez. His younger brother was the soldier-poet José Palma–the author of the Spanish poem «Filipinas» and he was later elected a Senator under the Nacionalista Party, consistently representing the 4th District, in both the 1916 and 1919 senatorial polls. Palma died in Manila on 24 May 1939, the Pride of the Malay Race, the English translation by Justice Román Ozaeta of Palmas biography of Filipino national hero José Rizal. The Woman and the Right to Vote The New Mentality,1929, barangay Rafael Palma Real Estate Property, Diffun, Quirino. The building presently occupied by the Department of Justice and first named as University Hall was also previously named Palma Hall, a historical marker on the life of Rafael Palma is located at its ground floor. Palma Hall, which houses the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy of the University of the Philippines–Diliman, was named after him, University of Bohol, a private school in Tagbilaran, Bohol was named the Rafael Palma College in 1946 until it was given its present name. Http, //www. rafaelpalma147. org Works by Rafael Palma at Project Gutenberg http, //www. glphils. org/kinship/palma. htm
16.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
17.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
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Elections in the Philippines
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Philippine Elections are of several types. The Congress or Kongreso has two chambers and these party list seats are only accessible to marginalized and under-represented groups and parties, local parties, and sectoral wings of major parties that represent the marginalized. The Constitution of the Philippines allows the House of Representatives to have more than 250 members by statute without a need for a constitutional amendment, the Senate or Senado has 24 members which are elected on a nationwide at-large basis, they do not represent any geographical district. Half of the Senate is renewed every three years, the Philippines has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form a coalition government. The Commission on Elections is responsible for running the elections, all elected officials, except those at the barangay level, start their terms of office on June 30 of the election year. In order to vote, a citizen has to register. The COMELEC has a period for several months prior to the election. Those who are not registered will not appear on the voters list and are ineligible to vote despite being qualified to do so, people aged 15 to 18 may vote in Sangguniang Kabataan elections. Same with their counterparts, the COMELEC has a registration period a few months prior to the election. Absentee voters are divided into two types, the absentee voters and the overseas absentee voters. Local absentee voters include people who are working during Election Day and these include soldiers, policemen, government employees and the like. Overseas absentee voters are Filipinos residing abroad and they are eligible to vote on national positions only. Overseas absentee voters may vote in Philippine embassies and consulates, the voting can be as long as 6 months in a very few situations. Once a registered voter finds his/her name in the voters list and locates the correct precinct, prior to the 2010 elections, voters have to write the names of the candidates next to the positions in which they are running. COMELEC-approved nicknames maybe used by the voters in writing the names, after the polling period ends, the Board of Election Inspectors counts the ballots by hand. Once all the ballots are counted, the returns will now be sent to the city or municipal Board of Canvassers, political parties. If the city or municipal Board of Canvassers jurisdiction is an independent city with its own district, they will send their SOV. If it is otherwise, they send their SOV and COC to the provincial Board of Canvassers where the votes as stated from the city or municipal COC will be canvassed
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Philippine general election, 1941
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Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 11,1941 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Manuel Luis Quezon won a second partial term as President of the Philippines via a landslide. His running mate, Vice President Sergio Osmeña also won via landslide, the elected officials however, did not serve their terms from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II. In 1943, a Japanese-sponsored Republic was established and appointed José P. Laurel as president, from 1943 to 1945, the Philippines have two presidents. Quezon died in 1944 due to tuberculosis and was replaced by Sergio Osmeña, ^b Daniel Maramba died and Jose Ozamis was executed during the war. ^c The senators elected in 1941 served only from July 5,1945 to April 23,1946 except for Alauya Alonto, Esteban de la Rama, ^2 Alauya Alonto used his Muslim Name Sa Ramain during the elections. Commission on Elections Politics of the Philippines Philippine elections The Philippine Presidency Project Official website of the Commission on Elections
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Philippine general election, 1946
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The Elections for the President, Vice-President, Members of the Senate, Members of the House of Representatives and Local Positions held on April 23,1946. In December,1945 the House Insular Affairs Committee of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the date for not later than April 30,1946. Prompted by this action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. 725, setting the election on April 23,1946, and was approved by President Osmeña on January 5,1946, three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were the Nacionalista Party – Conservative Wing, the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, the Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions, the standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. On January 3,1946 President Osmeña announced candidacy for President, on January 22,1946 Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeñas running mate for Vice President, in a convention held at Ciros Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle, The convention opened at 10,15 in the morning when the secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the country and this is the mentality that produces Hitlers and the Mussolinis, and their desire to climb to power. They even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today, Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, made a long recital of Osmeñas achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen. Entering the convention hall at about 7,30 p. m, President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer, President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue and it is definitely coming on July 4,1946 On January 19,1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for President in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Manila. The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10,50 am, mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman,2. Jose Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively,3, nominated forty-four candidates for senators,4. Heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the Administration,50 per cent promises, pledges, rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause. The election was peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high. A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect their President and Vice President who were to be the Commonwealths last, four days after election day, the Liberal candidates were proclaimed victors. In the House of Representatives, the Liberals won a majority with 50 seats while the Nacionalistas
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Philippine general election, 1949
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Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 8,1949 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino won a term as President of the Philippines after the death of President Manuel Roxas in 1948. His running mate, Senator Fernando Lopez won as Vice President, despite factions created in the administration party, Quirino won a satisfactory vote from the public. It was the time in Philippine history where the duly elected president, vice president and senators all came from the same party. ^1 Replaced by Claro M. Recto as per decision of Senate Electoral Tribunal dated April 3,1952
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Philippine general election, 1961
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Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 14,1961 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Carlos P. Garcia lost his opportunity for a full term as President of the Philippines to Vice President President Diosdado Macapagal. His running mate, Senator Sergio Osmeña, Jr. lost to Senator Emmanuel Pelaez, six candidates ran for president, four of whom were nuisance candidates. This was the election in Philippine electoral history in which a vice-president defeated the incumbent president
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Philippine general election, 1965
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Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 9,1965, in the Philippines. Incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal lost his opportunity to get a full term as President of the Philippines to Senate President Ferdinand Marcos. His running mate, Senator Gerardo Roxas lost to former Vice President Fernando Lopez, emmanuel Pelaez did not run for vice president. An unprecedented twelve candidates ran for president, however, nine of those were nuisance candidates, Commission on Elections Politics of the Philippines Philippine elections 6th Congress of the Philippines Official website of the Commission on Elections
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Philippine general election, 1969
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Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 11,1969 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Ferdinand Marcos won a second full term as President of the Philippines. Marcos was the last president in the electoral history who ran. His running mate, incumbent Vice President Fernando Lopez was also elected to a full term as Vice President of the Philippines. An unprecedented twelve candidates ran for president, however ten of those were nuisance candidates, Commission on Elections Politics of the Philippines Philippine elections President of the Philippines 7th Congress of the Philippines Official website of the Commission on Elections
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Philippine parliamentary election, 1978
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A general election was held in the Philippines on April 7,1978 for the election of the 165 regional representatives to the Interim Batasang Pambansa. Ninoy was allowed to run by the his party mates in the Liberal Party who boycotted the elections but was not allowed to campaign. The night before the elections on April 6,1978, a barrage was organized by the supporters of which occurred up to dawn. These elections were followed by the election on April 27 which elected additional 14 representatives. Another 10 representatives were appointed, bring up the total representatives to 189, the Philippines was under martial law since 1972, thereby the incumbent president Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree. Prior to this, the Constitution of the Philippines was being drafted by the Constitutional Convention whose delegates were elected in 1970, the Constitution were amended twice in July 27–28,1973 and February 27–28,1975. In 1978, from his cell, Aquino was allowed to take part in the elections. Although his friends, former Senators Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, preferred to boycott the elections, Aquino urged his supporters to organize, thus his political party, dubbed Lakas ng Bayan, was born. Foreign correspondents and diplomats asked what would happen to the LABAN ticket, people agreed with him that his party would win overwhelmingly in an honest election. President Marcos created the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, the top bar represents seats won, while the bottom bar represents the proportion of votes received. Official website of the Commission on Elections
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Philippine parliamentary election, 1984
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Parliamentary elections were held on May 14,1984, in the Philippines. Like past elections, charges of bribery, protests and complaints on irregularities marred the elections, Former Manila Times publisher Chino Roces and Former Senator and opposition leader Jose W. Diokno supported the campaign of boycotting the elections. The NAMFREL helped to lessen election rigging during the election, after the assassination of opposition leader former Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. Commission on Elections Politics of the Philippines Philippine elections Batasang Pambansa The Philippine Presidency Project Official website of the Commission on Elections
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Philippine general election, 1992
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Presidential and vice presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 11,1992. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the Presidency down to municipal councillors in the first general election under the 1987 Constitution. Even though she was permitted by the Constitution to run for a second term, Ramos also got the lowest plurality in Philippine electoral history. Miriam Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days, Santiago accused Ramos of fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence, but her protest was eventually dismissed. The 1992 election was the time both the President and Vice-President came from different parties. Film actor and Senator Joseph Estrada won a term as Ramos Vice-President by a landslide victory. Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution,24 senators were elected in the polls, the first twelve senators who garnered the highest votes would have a six-year term while the next twelve senators would have a three-year term. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino got a share in the Senate race. Television personality and Quezon City Vice-Mayor Vicente Sotto III got the highest number of votes. The top 12 elected candidates were to serve from June 30,1992 until June 30,1998 while the following 12 elected candidates were to serve from June 30,1992 until June 30,1995, a total of 166 candidates ran for senator
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Philippine general election, 1995
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Legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 8,1995. Filipinos protected the ballot boxes with their lives and campaigned against traditional politicians who used bribery, flying voters, violence, election rigging, stealing of ballot boxes, etc. The Philippine National Police had listed five dead and listed more than 200 hotspots before the election, note, Party affiliation based on Certificate of Candidacy. Commission on Elections Politics of the Philippines Philippine elections 10th Congress of the Philippines Official website of the Commission on Elections
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Philippine general election, 2001
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This is the first synchronized national and local elections held after the ouster of Former President Joseph Estrada in January due to a military-backed civilian uprising. Note, Party affiliation based on Certificate of Candidacy, final COMELEC Tally for Senators as of August 30,2001. ^1 Guest candidate ^218,000 votes deducted from Ralph G. Recto from Zamboanga del Norte as per Resolution No, NBC 01-003 ^3 Elected to serve the unexpired term of Teofisto Guingona, Jr. who was appointed Vice President on February 2001. *the thirteenth-placed candidate will serve for three years. *the thirteenth-placed candidate will serve up to June 30,2004, Commission on Elections Politics of the Philippines Philippine elections Philippine midterm election 12th Congress of the Philippines SWS Media Release. Official website of the Commission on Elections Official website of the House of Representatives
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Philippine general election, 2004
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The senatorial election was held in the Philippines on May 10,2004. A third coalition, the Alyansa ng Pag-asa was made up of Aksyon Demokratiko, k4 won seven seats, while the KNP won the remaining five contested seats in the Philippine Senate. The elections were notable for several reasons and this election first saw the implementation of the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003, which enabled Filipinos in over 70 countries to vote. This election has seen strong shifts of alliances and new parties as candidates switched allegiances, the two major coalitions seen in this elections were the K-4, of the administration, and the KNP, the united opposition. The Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan or K-4, is the remnant of the People Power Coalition that was formed following the ascendancy of president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to power. Arroyo is seeking a term under this coalition with Sen. Noli de Castro. The leading party in this coalition is the ruling Lakas-CMD, of which Arroyo is a member, other parties under this coalition are the Liberal Party, the Nacionalista Party, the Nationalist Peoples Coalition and the Peoples Reform Party. The Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino, or KNP, is the coalition of the united opposition and its standard bearers are Fernando Poe, Jr. for president and Sen. Loren Legarda for vice-president. The leading parties of this coalition is the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, the PDP-Laban, the LDP split is caused by stubbornness between FPJ and Ping Lacson. Especially with the support of the former president Joseph Estrada and former first lady Imelda Marcos, the other major party under this coalition is Estradas Partido ng Masang Pilipino. The third major coalition running in this election is the Alyansa ng Pag-asa, This coalition fielded Raul Roco for president, the three major parties supporting this coalition are Rocos Aksyon Demokratiko, former Defense Sec. Renato de Villas Reporma Party, and Lito Osmeñas Promdi. The three parties were the ones that bolted out of the People Power Coalition, the Bangon Pilipinas Movement is the political party of Bro. It consists mostly of volunteers, a majority of whom came from Villanuevas Jesus Is Lord church and this was composed of Panfilo Lacsons supporters in the LDP Party. Gil was deemed a candidate and was disqualified from the presidential race, however. The official results of the election were released in staggered dates with most winners in local elective positions declared within two weeks from the May 10 election date. The winners in the Senatorial and Party-list Representative elections were declared on May 24, the results of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential races were finalized by the Congress on June 20, more than a month after the elections. Out of the 43,536,028 registered voters, about 35.4 million ballots were cast giving a voter turn-out of 81. 4%, the COMELEC sits as the National Board of Canvassers for the 12 senatorial positions. *All PDP-Laban and PMP incumbents whose seats are up ran under the KNP banner, - Dr. Romula A. Virola Dec.30,2002 Arroyo speech declaring her intention not to run P. E. T
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Philippine general election, 2007
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Legislative and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 14,2007. Positions contested included half the seats in the Senate, which are elected for terms, and all the seats in the House of Representatives. The duly elected legislators of the 2007 elections joined the senators of the 2004 elections to comprise the 14th Congress of the Philippines. Most representatives won seats by being elected directly, the constituency being a district of about 250,000 voters. There are 220 seats in total for all the legislative districts, some representatives were elected under a party-list system. Only parties representing marginalized groups were allowed to run in the party-list election, to gain one seat, a party must win 2% of the vote. No party-list party may have more than 3 seats, after the election, in a controversial decision, the Commission on Elections changed how it allocates the party-list seats. Under the new formula only one party will have the maximum 3 seats and it based its decision on a formula contained in a Supreme Court decision. Local elections for governor, vice governor, provincial board seats and mayoral, vice mayoral and city/municipal council seats in Metro Manila, sen. Richard J. Gordon and his fellow Senators succeeded in passing Republic Act No. The following areas held special elections after the COMELEC designated the areas as failure of elections
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Philippine general election, 2010
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Elections for all positions in the Philippines above the barangay were held on May 10,2010. The elected president is Benigno Noynoy Aquino, the 15th President of the Philippines, the successor of vice-president Noli de Castro is Jejomar Binay, the 15th vice president of the Philippines. The legislators elected in the 2010 elections have joined the senators of the 2007 elections, the 2010 election was administered by the Commission on Elections in compliance with the Republic Act No. 9369, also known as the Amended Computerization Act of 2007 and it was the first national computerized election in the history of the Philippines. Although there were cases of precinct count optical scan machine failures, despite the fact that some provinces have reported failure of elections, these have not surpassed the 0. 50% of the total number of PCOS machines, and most were replaced on time. Local elections were held in all provinces, cities and municipalities for provincial governors, vice governors and board members, in 2004, Arroyo won the election and finished her 6-year term in 2010. As election day approached, several politicians switched political parties in order to gain votes, many switches were controversial, with the ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD having the most defections, most of which went either to the Liberal Party or to the Nacionalista Party. Singson endorsed Villar, then resigned from Lakas, but has not joined Villars Nacionalista Party, five days before the elections, petitions were made to postpone the elections due to technical malfunctions with the electronic voting machines. On May 7,2010, the Supreme Court rejected the petitions, several cities and provinces encountered several problems, postponing the election. In Caloocan, voting was delayed as the box of ballots delivered to clustered precinct 599 in the citys Pajo district contained ballots for a precinct in Sampaloc. Prior to the end of the filing of certificates of candidacy, before she was killed, Mangudadatus wife blamed provincial governor Andal Ampatuan Jr. as the culprit. On December 28,2009, a candidate for councilor died, in Sorsogon, Julio Esquivias, a Nacionalista candidate for councilor in the town of Casiguran, died due to a gunshot wound after he was shot by an unidentified gunman. In a command conference by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, worsening private armed violence was a serious security concern which had the capacity to undermine the 2010 elections. Before election day, a bomb exploded at 1,20 a. m. in Ampatuan, in Conception, Iloilo, armed men fired at the Liberal Party headquarters. During election day, three bombs exploded at a polling precinct at Pakpak elementary school in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, No casualties or injuries were reported. Another bomb exploded in Zamboanga Sibugay, killing three people, two bombs exploded at Mindanao State University where several polling precinct were clustered. An NK2 grenade exploded at Shariff Aguak, Maguindanao, on the same day, at 12, 00nn, a shooting incident happened in the same area between the rival candidates. As of 1, 30pm fourteen casualties were reported due to election-related violence, at 2, 25pm, a shooting incident in a barangay in Maguindanao caused the local cancellation of the elections
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Philippine general election, 2013
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A general election was held in the Philippines on May 13,2013. It was a midterm election—the officials elected will be sworn in on June 30,2013, being elected are 12 senators, and all 229 district members of the House of Representatives. These national elections were held on the day as local and gubernatorial elections as well as a general election in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. In total, there were 18,022 national and local positions decided, barangay officials, including barangay captains, are not to be elected in May. The 2013 Philippine barangay elections were held on October 28,2013, however the elections for the SK Officials were held at the same time but on September 24,2013, the Philippine Congress voted to postponement of the election at least a year. Due the commission not allowing an extension of registration, COMELEC offices nationwide were swamped with people on the last day of registration, the COMELEC held a week-long separate registration for prospective candidates starting from October 1. The commission is expected to release a final list of candidates by October 6, the commission completed the cleansing of the voters list in the ARMM, rejecting 236,489 names. Most were either double registrants or were too young to vote, registered voters who are members of the military, police, civil service and media who cannot vote at their voting precincts on election day may opt to register for local absentee voting. The commission removed 238,557 overseas absentee voters from the voters list after failing to manifest their intention to vote. Out of about 915,000 overseas voters, more than 200,000 had not voted in two preceding elections and were sent notices, only 29 replied and were not removed from the voters list, overseas absentee voting started on April 13, and continued until election day. Depending on the mission, a voter may vote personally or via the mail. Voting in Saudi Arabia began on April 16 after the Saudi customs refused to release the voting paraphernalia in time for April 13. Members of the police, military, members of the civil service and those which failed to vote at this period are still eligible to vote on election day itself. Out of the 18,332 voters that registered,12,732 were found to be qualified by the commission and were allowed to vote. However, the said that the turnout was low, chairman Sixto Brillantes rued the low turnout. On January 13, the period began. This allowed the commission to impose prohibitions on 24 activities, including a ban on guns. The commission released regulations on online campaigning on January 16, the COMELEC resolution stipulated that online propaganda can only be published on a website thrice a week, and allows advertisements in the form of pop-ups, banners and the like
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Philippine general election, 2016
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At the top of the ballot is the election for successors to Philippine President Benigno Aquino III and Vice President Jejomar Binay. The ARMM elections pushed through, as scheduled, barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections were scheduled for October 2016, but were postponed to 2017. Bautista replaced Sixto Brillantes, while Guanzon and Abbas replaced Lucenito Tagle and Elias Yusoph, all appointees will serve until February 2022. A few days after the announcement, it was revealed that Abas is a nephew of Mohagher Iqbal, bautista said the Abas confirmed to him that the latter is Iqbals nephew. Iqbal neither confirmed nor denied their relationship, calling it is a non-issue, the commission started voter registration for the elections on May 6,2014, to October 31,2015. Under the law, the 9.6 million registered voters who do not have attached their registration will not be allowed to vote. Voter registration was suspended from October 12 to 16 to give way to the filing of candidacies, from October 17 to 31, the commission would extend its hours up to 9,00 p. m. to accommodate last minute registrants. Voter registration was suspended in Puerto Princesa from April 20 to May 17,2015, the Voters Registration Act prohibits voter registration during recall elections. In June 2015, the commission denied reports that some voters biometrics were lost saying that they were degraded. A month later, the commission opened booths in Metro Manila, by that time, there were still 4.3 million voters with incomplete biometrics. The commission, seeing the turnout for registration at the malls. The commissions en banc had already approved in principle the mall voting process, near the end of the month, the commission said that the number of voters without biometrics has decreased to 3.8 million. By mid-August, the announced that they had purged 1.5 million. This was despite a petition to the Supreme Court by the Kabataan party-list to extend registration until January 8,2016, acting on the said petition, the Supreme Court issued a restraining order on the No Bio, No Boto mandatory voters biometrics campaign on December 1. It was later lifted after 16 days, the Philippines began using technology to streamline vote counting in 2010 when it automated its general elections. During the 2013 Mid Term elections it used the same technology, the court said that the commission failed to justify its resort to direct contracting. Two months later, the Commission conducted an election where a hybrid system of manual counting. Senator Francis Escudero disapproved of the use of the hybrid system, a few days later, the Commission informed the House of Representatives Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms that they had decided not to use the hybrid system
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President of the Philippines
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The President of the Philippines is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Filipinos refer to their President as Pangulo or Presidente. The President serves a single, fixed, six-year term without possibility of re-election, in Filipino, one of the two official languages of the Philippines, the President is referred to as Pangulo. In the other languages of the Philippines such as the Visayan languages. Depending on the chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first President of a united Philippines since he was the third Supreme President of the Katipunan and its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan started a revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacios government was known as the Tagalog Republic. Bonifacios revolutionary government never controlled territory for any significant period. Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sacay, in March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention. The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899, Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897, in April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1,1898 the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy effectively ending Spanish rule in the Philippines, aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U. S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a government on May 24,1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12,1898. On June 23,1898, Aguinaldo transformed his government into a revolutionary government. On January 23,1899, he was then elected President of the First Philippine Republic, consequently, this government is also called the Malolos Republic. The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized, the Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldos government and his government effectively ceased to exist on April 1,1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U. S. forces in March
