1.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
2.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
3.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
4.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
5.
West Virginia
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West Virginia /ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP
6.
Vandalia Railroad (1905-1917)
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Another route between Terre Haute, Indiana and Toledo, was created with the inclusion of the Terre Haute & Logansport and Logansport & Toledo branches. In 1917 the line was acquired by the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, in 1968 PRR merged with NYC to become Penn Central and in 1976 becoming part of Conrail. Much of the North-South line was abandoned with the Conrail formation, the East-West line ran from Indianapolis to St. Louis with a major branch connecting Decatur, Illinois and Peoria, Illinois. The North-South route from Logansport, IN, to South Bend, Logansport was a PRR hub, with six branch lines radiating in many directions. Logansport also featured a yard and engine terminal, from Logansport, the line proceeded northward intersecting every major east-west trunk line including the PRRs main east-west route and PRRs panhandle route. Upon reaching South Bend, the line proceeded northward through an industrial corridor toward the Studebaker plant to a depot just short of South Bend Union Station, PRR maintained few facilities other than the depot in town as there were no other connecting PRR lines in South Bend. The Vandalia Railroad was a PRR subsidiary for most of the twentieth century, PRR was known for equipment standardization and as such, all properties and subsidiaries operated with standardized PRR equipment. No known photographs of Vandalia-lettered equipment exist, freight traffic was the primary use of the Vandalia Railroad. Studebaker loaded trucks for shipment south, passenger trains were operated, including football specials for the University of Notre Dame. The university is located a few north of the station. Despite the shutdown of most Studebaker operations in South Bend, abandonment was delayed until the Conrail consolidation, at that time, Conrail had three routes to/through South Bend and the Vandalia Railroad was deemed redundant. It has been abandoned piecemeal from the city northward, with online industries served from trains based on the former NYC territory. The depot in South Bend still stands as a business, the tracks to the South still stand to Ewing Street, but are not in use. The tracks west to the Kankakee Belt connection still stand and are rarely used
7.
Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad
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Its 131-mile main line ran from Philadelphia to Washington. The PB&W main line is now part of the Northeast Corridor, the railroad was formed in 1902 when the Pennsylvania Railroad merged two of its southern subsidiaries, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad and the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. In 1907, the PB&W became a co-owner of the new Washington Terminal Company, in 1916, the PB&W operated 717 miles of road, including 9 miles of trackage rights. Louis Railroad In 1928, the PRR began to electrify the line between New York City and Washington, D. C. using overhead lines. Electrification of the PB&W portion was completed in 1935, Amtrak still uses the 25Hz traction power system. In 1968, the Pennsylvania Railroad and its longtime rival New York Central Railroad merged to form the Penn Central Railroad, the PB&W remained a separate legal entity, although controlled and operated by the new company. The Penn Central declared bankruptcy in 1970 but continued to operate trains until 1976, under the new law, Congress authorized the sale of the PB&W right-of-way between Philadelphia and Washington, and related assets, to Amtrak. Other PB&W assets, including almost all of the PCC&StL, were sold to the new Consolidated Rail Corporation, flip Wilsons Ugly Baby routine is set on the Pennsylvania Railroad, outbound from Baltimore. List of defunct Pennsylvania railroads List of Delaware railroads List of defunct Maryland railroads List of Washington, D. C. railroads Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad Company
8.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
9.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
10.
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railway
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The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, commonly called the Pan Handle Route, was a railroad that was part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system. On March 12,1849, it was authorized to build a bridge at Steubenville, the first section opened December 22,1853, from Steubenville west to Unionport. On February 2,1854, an extension from Unionport west to Cadiz Junction opened, further extensions west from Cadiz Junction opened June 22 to Masterville, July 12 to Bowerston, and April 11,1855, the rest of the way to Newark. However, it did not yet connect to any other railroads in Newark, on December 25,1854, the S&I came to an agreement with the Central Ohio Railroad to use its tracks from Newark west to Columbus. Some surveying had been done for a route via Granville. The connection at Newark opened April 16,1857, and was built with funds provided by the Columbus and Xenia Railroad, in 1864, the S&I outright bought a half interest in the Newark-Columbus track. It was authorized to extend across the Monongahela to Pittsburgh on April 21,1852, the Western Transportation Company was incorporated by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Pennsylvania on March 15,1856, to build and operate the P&S. On July 22,1853, the president of the S&I deeded right-of-way he had bought from 36 landowners across the Virginia Panhandle to the P&S. This allowed the railroad to build without a charter, which was required to use eminent domain, the city of Wheeling had opposed the P&S. The private Edgington and Wells Railroad opened July 4,1854, the next day the Wheeling Railroad Bridge Company was chartered by the same company, as a political promise to allow the incorporation of the HCRR. The full P&S opened October 9,1865, from Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh west to Wheeling Junction at the east end of the Steubenville Railroad Bridge, from then until 1868, the line was operated as the Pittsburgh, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad by the Western Transportation Company. The P&S was sold under foreclosure on November 6,1867, to the Panhandle Railway, on April 30,1868, the PHRy, S&I and HCRR merged to form the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railway, and the Western Transportation Company was dissolved soon after. The Terre Haute and Richmond Rail Road was chartered in 1847 to build across Indiana via Indianapolis, on May 25,1850, stockholders east of Indianapolis organized the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad. On January 20,1851, that section, from Indianapolis east to the Ohio state line, was renamed the Indiana Central Railway, on January 31, an Ohio law authorized the Dayton and Western Railroad to unite with the Indiana Central and operate jointly. The line from Indianapolis east to Greenfield opened in September 1853, and on October 8 it was completed to the state line, joint operation of both lines between Indianapolis and Dayton, Ohio began August 1,1854. In 1859 the rail gauge was changed from standard gauge to the broader Ohio gauge to allow for connections with the Little Miami Railroad and Columbus. The Columbus, Piqua and Indiana Railroad was chartered in Ohio on February 23,1849, to build from Columbus west via Urbana, Piqua, the first section, from Columbus west to Plain City, opened June 6,1853. The rest of the line to Union City opened March 25,1859, the CP&I was sold at foreclosure on August 6,1863, and reorganized October 30 as the Columbus and Indianapolis Railroad
11.
Chicago, St. Louis and Pittsburgh Railroad
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The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, commonly called the Pan Handle Route, was a railroad that was part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system. On March 12,1849, it was authorized to build a bridge at Steubenville, the first section opened December 22,1853, from Steubenville west to Unionport. On February 2,1854, an extension from Unionport west to Cadiz Junction opened, further extensions west from Cadiz Junction opened June 22 to Masterville, July 12 to Bowerston, and April 11,1855, the rest of the way to Newark. However, it did not yet connect to any other railroads in Newark, on December 25,1854, the S&I came to an agreement with the Central Ohio Railroad to use its tracks from Newark west to Columbus. Some surveying had been done for a route via Granville. The connection at Newark opened April 16,1857, and was built with funds provided by the Columbus and Xenia Railroad, in 1864, the S&I outright bought a half interest in the Newark-Columbus track. It was authorized to extend across the Monongahela to Pittsburgh on April 21,1852, the Western Transportation Company was incorporated by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Pennsylvania on March 15,1856, to build and operate the P&S. On July 22,1853, the president of the S&I deeded right-of-way he had bought from 36 landowners across the Virginia Panhandle to the P&S. This allowed the railroad to build without a charter, which was required to use eminent domain, the city of Wheeling had opposed the P&S. The private Edgington and Wells Railroad opened July 4,1854, the next day the Wheeling Railroad Bridge Company was chartered by the same company, as a political promise to allow the incorporation of the HCRR. The full P&S opened October 9,1865, from Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh west to Wheeling Junction at the east end of the Steubenville Railroad Bridge, from then until 1868, the line was operated as the Pittsburgh, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad by the Western Transportation Company. The P&S was sold under foreclosure on November 6,1867, to the Panhandle Railway, on April 30,1868, the PHRy, S&I and HCRR merged to form the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railway, and the Western Transportation Company was dissolved soon after. The Terre Haute and Richmond Rail Road was chartered in 1847 to build across Indiana via Indianapolis, on May 25,1850, stockholders east of Indianapolis organized the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad. On January 20,1851, that section, from Indianapolis east to the Ohio state line, was renamed the Indiana Central Railway, on January 31, an Ohio law authorized the Dayton and Western Railroad to unite with the Indiana Central and operate jointly. The line from Indianapolis east to Greenfield opened in September 1853, and on October 8 it was completed to the state line, joint operation of both lines between Indianapolis and Dayton, Ohio began August 1,1854. In 1859 the rail gauge was changed from standard gauge to the broader Ohio gauge to allow for connections with the Little Miami Railroad and Columbus. The Columbus, Piqua and Indiana Railroad was chartered in Ohio on February 23,1849, to build from Columbus west via Urbana, Piqua, the first section, from Columbus west to Plain City, opened June 6,1853. The rest of the line to Union City opened March 25,1859, the CP&I was sold at foreclosure on August 6,1863, and reorganized October 30 as the Columbus and Indianapolis Railroad
12.
Railroad
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
13.
Pennsylvania Railroad
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The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the Pennsy, the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U. S. for the first half of the 20th century. Over the years, it acquired, merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies and its only formidable rival was the New York Central, which carried around three-quarters of PRRs ton-miles. At one time, the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world, with a larger than that of the U. S. government. The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history, in 1968, PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company, which filed for bankruptcy within two years. The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail, which was broken up in 1999, with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway. Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg, with the opening of the Erie Canal and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic. The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and it soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads, inclined planes, and canals was proposed. Because freight and passengers had to change several times along the route and canals froze in winter, it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson, an engineer from the Georgia Railroad, to survey, the crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3, 612-foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown. The western end of the line was built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny. In 1857, the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania, the line was double track from its inception, and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added. Over the next 50 years, PRR expanded by gaining control of railroads by stock purchases. This line is still an important cross-state corridor, carrying Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and he served as PRRs first Chief Engineer and third President. Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRRs Connecting Railway, the PRRs Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2,1872, between Baltimore and Washington, D. C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the lines heading north from the city. On June 29,1873, the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed, the PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia, Pennsylvania
14.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
15.
Northern Panhandle of West Virginia
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The Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U. S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state and it is the states northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. The conflict was settled by compromise in the 1780s, in 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U. S. Census. The region has a combined population of 132,295 as of the 2010 census. The northern counties of the Northern Panhandle comprise part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, the southern counties are part of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Area. In the late 19th century, the Northern Panhandle developed as an area, especially in the manufacturing of steel. It still largely retains its character, although many of its factories have closed down or fallen on hard times like others in the Rust Belt. The region also contains the Panhandle Coalfield, banks in these counties are serviced by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, while the rest of West Virginia is in the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. The region houses three four-year colleges—the public West Liberty University and the private Bethany College and Wheeling Jesuit University, all five counties listed in this article, plus Tyler County, are in the service area of West Virginia Northern Community College
16.
Bradford, Ohio
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Bradford is a village in Darke and Miami counties in the U. S. state of Ohio. The population was 1,842 at the 2010 census, the Miami County portion of Bradford is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Darke County portion is part of the Greenville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Bradford was platted in 1865 entirely within Darke County, and it incorporated in 1871, the village was named for Tom Bradford, a railroad official. Its population was recorded at 243 by the 1870 Census, by 1890, the community had grown to 1,338 residents, the majority of whom lived in Miami County. Its growth was due to its location on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, at Bradford, the line from Pittsburgh split into a northern branch that went to Chicago and a southern branch that went to East St. Louis. The trains took on provisions and changed crews at Bradford, Bradford is located at 40°7′40″N 84°25′48″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.88 square miles. Ohio State Route 721, or Miami Avenue, is the main road in the village. The Darke County portion of the lies in Adams Township while the Miami County portion lies in Newberry Township. In Miami County it is approximately 12 miles from the County Seat Troy, in Darke County it is approximately 8 miles east of the County Seat of Greenville. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,842 people,676 households, the population density was 2,141.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 750 housing units at a density of 872.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 9% White,0. 2% African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 0. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population,22. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.14. The median age in the village was 35.6 years. 28. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 26% were from 25 to 44,23. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 13. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,859 people,693 households, and 516 families residing in the village
17.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
18.
Indianapolis, Indiana
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
19.
East St. Louis, Illinois
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East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a bustling industrial center like many cities in the Rust Belt, in 1950, East St. Louis was the fourth largest city in Illinois when population peaked at 82,366. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,006, one of the highlights of the citys waterfront is the Gateway Geyser. Located on the grounds of Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park, designed to complement the Gateway Arch across the river in St. Louis, it shoots water to a height of 630 feet, the same height as the Arch. Native Americans had long inhabited both sides of the Mississippi River, before the Civil War, settlers reported up to 50 mounds in the area that became East St. Louis, but most were lost to 19th-century development and later roadbuilding. East St. Louis lies within the American Bottom area of the present day Metro-East area of St. Louis and this name was given after the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and European Americans began to settle in the area. The village was first named Illinoistown, East St. Louis was founded in 1797 by Captain James Piggott, a Revolutionary War veteran. In that year Piggott began operating a service across the Mississippi River. When Piggott died in 1799, his widow sold the business, moved to St. Louis County. Famed actress Virginia Mayo was a great granddaughter of Captain Piggott. The municipality called East St. Louis was established on April 1,1861, Illinoistown residents voted on a new name that day, and 183 voted to rename the town East St. Louis. Though it started as a town, East St. Louis soon grew to a larger city at the center of a growing economy in St. Louis. A period of industrial growth followed the American Civil War. Industries in East St. Louis made use of the availability of Illinois coal as fuel. Another early industry was meatpacking and stockyards, concentrated in one area to limit their nuisance to other jurisdictions, in the expansion, many businessmen became overextended in credit, and a major economic collapse followed the Panic of 1873. This was due to railroad and other manufacturing expansion, land speculation, the economic recession began in the East and steadily moved west, severely crippling the railroads, the main system of transportation. In response, railroad companies began dramatically lowering workers wages, forcing employees to work without pay and these wage cuts and additional money-saving tactics prompted strikes and massive unrest. While most of the strikes in the cities during 1877 were accompanied by violence
20.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
21.
Steubenville, Ohio
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Steubenville is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Ohio, United States. Located along the Ohio River, it had a population of 18,659 at the 2010 census, the citys name is derived from Fort Steuben, a 1786 fort that sat within the citys current limits and was named for German-Prussian military officer Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. Today, a replica of the fort is open to the public, Steubenville is known as the City of Murals, after its more than 25 downtown murals. It is home to Franciscan University of Steubenville and Eastern Gateway Community College, Steubenville is a principal city of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of 124,454 residents. When the surveyors completed their task a few later, the fort was abandoned. In the meantime, settlers had built homes around the fort, the name Steubenville was derived from Fort Steuben to honor Baron von Steuben. The town was referred to as La Belle City, a franglais interpretation of The Beautiful City. Wells, a government surveyor born in Baltimore, received about 1,000 acres of land west of the Ohio River, Ross, on March 1,1803, Ohio was admitted to the Union as the 17th state. During the first half of the century, Steubenville was primarily a port town. Steubenville received a city charter in 1851, in 1856, Frazier, Kilgore and Company erected a rolling mill and the Steubenville Coal and Mining Company sank a coal shaft. The city was a stop along the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, in 1946, the College of Steubenville was founded by the Franciscan Friars of the Third Order Regular. In 1980, its name was changed to University of Steubenville, in 1966, the Jefferson County Technical Institute was founded. In 1977, its name was changed to Jefferson Technical College, in 1995, it became a community college and was renamed Jefferson Community College. In 2009, the college expanded its service district by three Ohio counties, and was renamed again, Eastern Gateway Community College, in 1992, the RZA was involved in a shoot-out, acquitted before starting the Wu-Tang Clan after shooting an adversary in the leg. He faced eight years in jail, when they said not guilty, my face stuck in a smile for three days, he recalled. I was just walking around town, thinking about my daughter, right then I said goodbye to anything that would put me in that situation again. I was up on trial on a murder charge. I was a fool, with all that knowledge in my head
22.
Willshire, Ohio
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Willshire is a village in Van Wert County, Ohio, United States. The population was 397 at the 2010 census and it is included within the Van Wert, Ohio Micropolitan Statistical Area. Willshire is located 0.5 mi from the Ohio/Indiana State line, st. Marys River flows along the east edge of village. Willshire was founded by Captain James Riley in 1822, and is named for the man who saved him while he was a captive in Africa, a post office has been in operation at Willshire since 1822. Willshire served as the first county seat for Van Wert County, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.37 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 397 people,162 households, the population density was 1,073.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 199 housing units at a density of 537.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 7% White,1. 0% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 3% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 8% of the population. 29. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.06. The median age in the village was 41.1 years. 25. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 9% were from 25 to 44, 27% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49. 6% male and 50. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 463 people,192 households, and 124 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,221.1 people per square mile, there were 207 housing units at an average density of 545.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 92% White,0. 22% Asian,0. 22% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 65% of the population. 30. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.02. In the village, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 8% from 25 to 44,20. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.1 males, the median income for a household in the village was $40,625, and the median income for a family was $50,536
23.
Fort Recovery, Ohio
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Fort Recovery is a village in Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,430 at the 2010 census, the village is near the location of Fort Recovery, first established in 1793 under orders from General Anthony Wayne. The town is located near the headwaters of the Wabash River, Fort Recovery is located at 40°24′44″N 84°46′40″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.07 square miles. The northwest corner of the Greenville Treaty Line is located in Fort Recovery. Fort Recovery is located at the confluence of a number of area roads, including State Route 119, State Route 49, Sharpsburg Road, Union City Road, Wabash Road. Fort Recovery was a stop along the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad that connected Buffalo to Chicago, the Wabash River passes through Fort Recovery. Two well known battles of the American Indian Wars took place at Fort Recovery, St. Clairs Defeat in 1791 and the Attack on Fort Recovery in 1794. In 1818, a Virginia soldier who fought at the battle of St. Clairs Defeat returned to the area in search of silver he left by an oak tree. The soldier remained in the area for an amount of time and was later found dead in the woods. In 1852, a local resident struck metal with a grubbing hoe, the metal was iron bands encasing a small wooden box, and 900 Spanish doubloons were found, valued at $14 thousand, in 1852. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,430 people,555 households, the population density was 1,361.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 589 housing units at a density of 561.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 7% White,0. 1% African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 1% of the population. 27. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.16. The median age in the village was 34.8 years. 28. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 7% were from 25 to 44, 24% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51. 0% male and 49. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,273 people,508 households, and 353 families residing in the village
24.
Mt. Vernon, Ohio
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Mount Vernon is a city in Knox County, Ohio, United States. The population was 16,990 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Knox County. The community was platted in 1805, and named after Mount Vernon, on January 1959 a severe flood caused 500 homes to be evacuated and caused $5 million in damage. In August 2006, an F0 tornado touched down on the west side of town and it demolished a barn at the local 84 Lumber, and the resulting debris blew across the road to the DeCosky GM car dealership. It caused at least $150,000 of damage, the Woodward Opera House, the oldest opera theater of its kind in the United States, is located downtown. The theater is currently under renovation and will, upon its completion, be transformed into a local cultural. The Knox County Historical Society, with a building and extensive exhibits, exhibits feature information about Daniel Decatur Emmett, Paul Lynde, The Cooper Company and other subjects. Mount Vernon is located at 40°23′34″N 82°28′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.60 square miles, of which 9.41 square miles is land and 0.19 square miles is water. The city lies in the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and is surrounded by rolling hills, the Kokosing River and U. S. Route 36 pass through the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 16,990 people,7,110 households, the population density was 1,805.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,836 housing units at a density of 832.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 3% White,1. 1% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 8% of the population. 38. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age in the city was 37.2 years. 21. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,13. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 2% were from 25 to 44, 24% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 5% male and 53. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,256 people,6,187 households, and 3,730 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,710.4 people per square mile, there were 6,713 housing units at an average density of 798.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 66% White,1. 15% African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 54% Asian,0. 29% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 87% of the population
25.
Columbus, Ohio
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Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
26.
Unionport, Ohio
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Unionport is a small unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Ohio. It is best known as the birthplace of millionaire, Helen Brach, who was the center of attention in 1977. Unionport is located on the banks of the Cross Creek, a tributary of the Ohio River approximately 20 miles east. A post office called Unionport was established in 1855, and remained in operation until 2002
27.
Cadiz, Ohio
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Cadiz /ˈkædɪs/ is a village in Harrison County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Harrison County. Cadiz was founded in 1803 at the junction of roads from Pittsburgh and Washington, Pennsylvania. The town became the county seat of newly formed Harrison County in 1813, by 1840, Cadiz had 1,028 residents, by 1846, the town had four churches and 21 stores. The Steubenville and Indiana Railroad, a predecessor of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in the early and mid nineteenth century, several local families operated stations and served as conductors in the Underground Railroad, helping runaway slaves escape to Canada. By 1880 population had doubled and the town had three newspapers and three banks. Early industry was based on agriculture and processing farm products, in 1889, a brief oil boom began with the shipment of 120 barrels of oil produced in nearby Green Township. Coal mining, both underground and surface, became the prominent industry through most of the twentieth century, more recently the development of the Marcellus Shale in the surrounding area has made Cadiz a center for natural gas production. The MarkWest Complex, opened in 2012, processes more than 180 million cubic feet of gas per day for shipment via pipeline to Mont Belvieu. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 8.94 square miles. As of the US Census of 2010, there were 3,353 people,1,415 households, the population density was 376.7 people per square mile. There were 1,590 housing units at a density of 178.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 87. 4% White,8. 4% African American,0. 3% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 8% of the population. 30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.86. 39. 1% of all households were renters and 60. 9% were home owners, families made up 73. 3% of all home owners and 52. 1% of all renters. In the village, the population was out with 24. 8% under the age of 20,22. 9% from 20 to 40,27. 2% from 40 to 60,19. 3% from 60 to 80. The median age was 42.3 years, for every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males, males had a median income of $35,934 versus $26,726 for females
28.
Bowerston, Ohio
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Bowerston is a village in Harrison County, Ohio, United States. The population was 398 at the 2010 census, the village of Bowerston was settled in the early 19th century by Barnhard Bower and his brother John. When they first moved to the area, two mills were built on the south side of Conotton Creek. One mill was a sawmill, the other a gristmill, and in 1804, in 1816, the settlement called Bowers Mills was laid out and later it was called Bowersville and finally Bowerston. Bowerston was platted by David Bower, Henry Hoover, and Nathaniel Bower on August 21,1851 and was filed in court August 2,1852, the village was incorporated April 2,1883. Bowerston is located at 40°25′37″N 81°11′15″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.51 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 398 people,156 households, the population density was 780.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 179 housing units at a density of 351.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 7% White,0. 8% African American,0. 3% Native American,37. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the family size was 2.99. The median age in the village was 41.1 years. 22. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 9% were from 25 to 44,23. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 45. 0% male and 55. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 414 people,145 households, and 100 families residing in the village. The population density was 816.9 people per square mile, there were 165 housing units at an average density of 325.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 100. 00% White,27. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.06. In the village, the population was out with 24. 2% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,23. 9% from 25 to 44,19. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 84.8 males
29.
Newark, Ohio
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Newark is a city in and the county seat of Licking County, Ohio, United States,33 miles east of Columbus, at the junction of the forks of the Licking River. The population was 47,573 at the 2010 census which makes it the 20th largest city in Ohio, Newark, Ohio is located at 40°3′47″N 82°25′0″W. In terms of population, Newark, Ohio is the second-largest Newark in the United States, after Newark, Newark, Ohio is part of the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 21.37 square miles. The median income for a household in the city was $19,791, males had a median income of $18,542 versus $12,868 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,819, about 10. 1% of families and 13. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 9% of those under age 18 and 9. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 47,573 people,19,840 households, the population density was 2,278.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 21,976 housing units at a density of 1,052.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 8% White,3. 3% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 2% of the population. 31. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age in the city was 37.3 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 6% were from 25 to 44, 26% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, indigenous peoples lived along the river valleys for thousands of years before European contact. From more than two years ago,100 BC to 500 AD, people of the Hopewell culture transformed the area of Newark. They built many earthen mounds and enclosures, creating the single largest earthwork complex in the Ohio River Valley, the Newark Earthworks, designated a National Historic Landmark, have been preserved to document and interpret the areas significant ancient history. The earthworks cover several square miles, the Observatory Mound, Observatory Circle, and the interconnected Octagon earthworks span nearly 3,000 feet in length. The Octagon alone is enough to contain four Roman Coliseums. The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt would fit precisely inside Observatory Circle, the even larger 1, 180-foot -diameter Newark Great Circle is the largest circular earthwork in the Americas
30.
Granville, Ohio
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Granville is a village in Licking County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,646 at the 2010 census, the village is located in a rural area of rolling hills in central Ohio. It is 35 miles east of Columbus, the capital, and 7 miles west of Newark. Granville is home to Denison University, the Buxton Inn, the Granville Inn, Bancroft House and Bryn Du Mansion are local landmarks. The Granville Opera House, which graced the corner of West Broadway and South main Street. Granville was founded in 1805 by a colony of settlers from Granville, Massachusetts, the area was first surveyed in 1797, as land set aside for those who had served in the Revolutionary War. Among the earliest settlers were Theophilus Rees and Thomas Philipps who were born in Wales, the villages Welsh heritage is still evident in numerous place names. Education was a pillar of civic life. The villages pioneer settlers had built a three story school house by 1820. By the 1830s there were five schools in the village, as those educational institutions continued to develop through the mid and late 19th century, they began to serve students from throughout the region as well as from the village. As several of the names indicate, the education of young women was highly valued by the villages early settlers. Several of these evolved into what is today Denison University. It may be an effigy of the underwater panther featured in Native American mythology, the mound is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The area is rich in evidence of indigenous cultures, barely five miles from the Alligator Effigy Mound are the impressive Newark Earthworks, associated with the Hopewell culture. Granville is located at 40°4′3″N 82°30′44″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 4.71 square miles, of which 4.68 square miles is land and 0.03 square miles is water. The central village is situated among three prominent hills, College Hill is to the north. Sugarloaf is a prominent hill and park at the west end of Broadway, mt. Parnassus is another prominent hill and residential area at the east end of Broadway. A short distance south of the center is the Raccoon Greek flood plain with the creek running from the west to east
31.
Columbus and Xenia Railroad
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The Columbus and Xenia Railroad was the first railroad to operate in Columbus, Ohio. By merging with the Little Miami Railroad it created the first through rail route from the important manufacturing city of Cincinnati to the state capital, the Columbus and Xenia Railroad was chartered on March 12,1844. Among its early leaders was William Dennison, the future Governor of Ohio, construction was begun in 1848 and the first passenger train ran on February 20,1850, from Columbus to Xenia. It took 34 hours and five minutes to traverse the 54 mile distance, on February 27, regular train service began, utilizing a shed in Franklinton on the west side of the Scioto River as a station. It took until December 14 to complete a bridge across the Scioto so that the station at North High Street. On March 2,1850, both Houses of the Ohio General Assembly took a ride from Columbus to Xenia at a speed of 25 mph. In 1853 the Columbus and Xenia Railroad and the Little Miami Railroad entered into a contract to operate as one line, Columbus Union Station Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway Pennsylvania Railroad Columbus, Ohio railroad history Steiner, Rowlee. A Review of Columbus Railroads,1952, unpublished 125 page manuscript available from the library of the Ohio Historical Society,1982 Velma Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43211
32.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
33.
Monongahela River
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The Monongahela joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh. The Native American word Monongahela means falling banks, in reference to the instability of the rivers banks. The Lenape Language Project renders the word as Mënaonkihëla, translated where banks cave in or erode, from the verbs mënaonkihële the dirt caves off and mënaonke, it has a loose bank. Monongalia County and the town of Monongah, both in West Virginia, are named for the river, as is Monongahela in Pennsylvania, the river is navigable its entire length with a series of locks and dams that maintain a minimum depth of 9 feet to accommodate coal-laden barges. In Pennsylvania, the Monongahela is met by two tributaries, the Cheat River, which joins at Point Marion, and the Youghiogheny River. The upper drainage area of the basin is renowned for its whitewater kayaking opportunities. The land here is of a rugged plateau type which allows streams to gather sufficient water volume before they fall off the plateau. An ice dam created a vast lake—known as Lake Monongahela—stretching from its outlet at present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania for 200 miles south to at least Weston, West Virginia. It was as much as 100 miles wide at its maximum, hundreds of feet deep in places, its western and southern overflow gradually created the present-day upper Ohio River Valley. The Monongahela River valley was the site of a famous, if small, battle that was one of the first in the French and it resulted in a sharp defeat for British and Colonial forces against those of the French and their Native American allies. Originally planned to run as far south as the Cheat River, the system was extended to Fairmont, in 1897, the federal government took possession of the Monongahela Navigation through condemnation proceedings. Later, the combinations were increased in size and reduced in number. In 2006, the system, operated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, had nine dam-locks along 128.7 miles of waterway. The locks overcame a change in elevation of about 147 feet, briefly linked to the Monongahela Navigation was the Youghiogheny Navigation, a slack water system of 18.5 miles between McKeesport and West Newton. It had two dam-locks overcoming a change in elevation of about 27 feet, opening in 1850, it was destroyed by a flood in 1865. During the 19th century, the Monongahela was heavily used by industry, three ships in the United States Navy have been named Monongahela after the river. In the 1930s, severe drought caused the river to run dry, the river was the site of a famous airplane crash that has become the subject of numerous urban legends and conspiracy theories. All six crewmen survived the crash, but two later succumbed to exposure and drowned, despite the relative shallowness of the water, the aircraft was never recovered
34.
Pittsburgh (PA)
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
35.
Virginia Panhandle
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The Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U. S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state and it is the states northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. The conflict was settled by compromise in the 1780s, in 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U. S. Census. The region has a combined population of 132,295 as of the 2010 census. The northern counties of the Northern Panhandle comprise part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, the southern counties are part of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Area. In the late 19th century, the Northern Panhandle developed as an area, especially in the manufacturing of steel. It still largely retains its character, although many of its factories have closed down or fallen on hard times like others in the Rust Belt. The region also contains the Panhandle Coalfield, banks in these counties are serviced by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, while the rest of West Virginia is in the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. The region houses three four-year colleges—the public West Liberty University and the private Bethany College and Wheeling Jesuit University, all five counties listed in this article, plus Tyler County, are in the service area of West Virginia Northern Community College
36.
Wheeling, West Virginia
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Wheeling is a city in Ohio County in the U. S. state of West Virginia. Located almost entirely in Ohio County, of which it is the county seat, Wheeling was originally a settlement in the British colony of Virginia and later an important city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Wheeling was the first state capital of West Virginia, due to its location along major transportation routes, including the Ohio River, National Road, and the B&O Railroad, Wheeling became a manufacturing center in the late nineteenth century. Wheeling is the city of the Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 147,950, the origins of the name Wheeling are disputed. One of the more credible explanations is that the word comes from the Lenni-Lenape phrase wih link and this supposedly referred to a white settler who was scalped and decapitated. His severed head was displayed at the confluence of Wheeling Creek, the area had been inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years. In the 17th century, the Iroquois from present-day New York state conquered the upper Ohio Valley, pushing out other tribes and maintaining the area as their hunting ground. Originally explored by the French, Wheeling still has a lead plate remnant buried by the explorer Céloron de Blainville in 1749 at the mouth of Wheeling Creek to mark their claim, later, Christopher Gist and George Washington surveyed the land, in 1751 and 1770, respectively. During the fall of 1769, Ebenezer Zane explored the Wheeling area, other families joined the settlement, including the Shepherds, the Wetzels, and the McCollochs. In 1787, the United States gave Virginia this portion of lands west of the Appalachians, by the Northwest Ordinance that year, it established the Northwest Territory to cover other lands north of the Ohio River and west to the Mississippi River. Settlers began to move into new areas along the Ohio, in 1793, Ebenezer Zane divided the town into lots, and Wheeling was officially established as a town in 1795 by legislative enactment. The town was incorporated January 16,1805, on March 11,1836, the town of Wheeling was incorporated into the city of Wheeling. By an act of the Virginia General Assembly on December 27,1797, originally dubbed Fort Fincastle in 1774, the fort was later renamed Fort Henry in honor of Virginias American governor, Patrick Henry. In 1777, Native Americans of the Shawnee, Wyandot and Mingo tribes joined to attack settlements along the upper Ohio River. They hoped an alliance with the British would drive the settlers out of their territory. Local men, later joined by recruits from Fort Shepherd and Fort Holliday, the native force burned the surrounding cabins and destroyed livestock. During the first attack of the year, Major Samuel McColloch led a force of men from Fort Vanmetre along Short Creek to assist the besieged Fort Henry
37.
Brooke County (WV)
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Brooke County is a county in the Northern Panhandle of the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,069, the county was created in 1797 from part of Ohio County and named in honor of Robert Brooke, Governor of Virginia from 1794 to 1796. Brooke County is part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Brooke County was formed on November 30,1796, from parts of Ohio County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 93 square miles. It is the second-smallest county in West Virginia by area, the highest point of elevation in Brooke County is approximately 1372 ft. and located about 1.5 miles south of Franklin. The population density was 286 people per square mile, there were 11,150 housing units at an average density of 126 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 90% White,0. 85% Black or African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 09% from other races, and 0. 69% from two or more races. 0. 39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 20. 40% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,25. 80% from 25 to 44,26. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,981, and the median income for a family was $39,948. Males had an income of $34,397 versus $19,711 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,131, about 9. 50% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 40% of those under age 18 and 9. 10% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 24,069 people,10,020 households, the population density was 269.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,967 housing units at a density of 122.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 0% white,1. 2% black or African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 1% American Indian,0. 2% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 7% of the population
38.
Weirton, West Virginia
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Weirton is a city in Brooke and Hancock counties in the U. S. state of West Virginia. Located primarily in Hancock County, the city lies in the portions of the states Northern Panhandle region. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,746. It is a city within the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. The small village called Hollidays Cove — which is now most of downtown Weirton — was founded in 1793, Weir arrived from neighboring Pittsburgh and built a steel mill later known as Weirton Steel Corporation just north of Hollidays Cove. An unincorporated settlement called Weirton grew up around the mill that, Hollidays Cove Fort was a Revolutionary War fortification constructed in 1774 by soldiers from Ft. Pitt. It was located in what is now downtown Weirton, along Harmons Creek and it was commanded by Colonel Andrew Van Swearingen and later by his son-in-law, Captain Samuel Brady, the famous leader of Bradys Rangers. In 1779, over 28 militia were garrisoned at Hollidays Cove, two years earlier, Colonel Van Swearingen led a dozen soldiers by longboat down the Ohio to help rescue the inhabitants of Ft. Henry in Wheeling in a siege by the British and Indian tribes in 1777. That mission was memorialized in a WPA-era mural painted on the wall of the Cove Post Office by Charles S. Chapman, the mural features Col. John Bilderback, who later gained infamy as the leader of the massacre of the Moravian Indians in Gnadenhutten in 1782. On July 1,1947, all of these areas — Hollidays Cove, Marland Heights, Weirton Heights, thomas E. Millsop, the head of the Weirton Steel division of the other Ernest T. Weir company, National Steel Corporation, was elected as the citys first mayor, the city charter was approved by voters in 1950. Also home to Weirton is the Weirton Steel Corporation which was once a fully integrated steel mill employing over 12,000 people and it was the largest private employer and the largest taxpayer in West Virginia. During the early 1980s the employees of Weirton Steel endeavored to purchase the mill from National Steel Corporation as the largest ESOP in the nation, the city of Weirton is located at 40°25′N 80°35′W. It extends from the Ohio border on the west to the Pennsylvania border on the east at a point where the extension of West Virginia is five miles across. Therefore, it is one of two cities in the United States that borders two other states on two sides, and its own state on the other two sides, the other being Hancock, Maryland. Weirton is across the Ohio River from Steubenville, Ohio, and about 35 miles west of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh International Airport is less than 30 miles away. With the opening of Pennsylvania Route 576 from US22 to the airport in October 2006, the article reported that Brooke County had just 71 live births for every 100 deaths and that Hancock County was in similar straits. This has led, the article claimed, to a reduction in civic institutions, as of the census of 2010, there were 19,746 people,8,839 households, and 5,507 families residing in the city
39.
Monongahela River Bridge
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The Panhandle Bridge carries two rail lines of the Port Authority T line across the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The name comes from Pennsylvania Railroad subsidiary Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, also known as the Panhandle Route, the basic structure was built in 1903, and was the third railroad bridge on the site since 1863. It was raised in 1912-14 as part of a grade separation project, the bridges function was to carry Panhandle Route passenger, mail and express trains from Pennsylvania Station in Pittsburgh, with a tunnel in between the station and the bridge. Pennsy Panhandle freight trains utilized the Ohio Connecting Bridge slightly downstream on the Ohio River, or went the way around the West Virginia Panhandle via Conway. Rail traffic over the Panhandle Bridge declined as passenger trains were discontinued, and Amtrak became the regular user of the bridge from 1971 to 1979. Louis-Kansas City National Limited was discontinued on October 1 of that year, PAT light rail cars began using the bridge on July 7,1985
40.
Grant's Hill Tunnel
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The Pittsburgh & Steubenville Extension Railroad Tunnel, also known as the Panhandle Tunnel was originally built for the Pittsburgh and Steubenville Extension Railroad in Pittsburgh. It officially opened for traffic in 1865. The tunnel has been modified many times since it was first constructed, in the years after the construction the southern end was lengthened by 79.4 feet to accommodate the overpass of Forbes Avenue. This new tunnel had a height of 19.5 feet, the southern end was again extended around 1900 to add a sidewalk to the road. This 19 feet extension lowered the height of the tunnel to the current 18.5 feet, the tunnel and the adjacent Panhandle Bridge were purchased by the Port Authority from Penn Central Corporation for $8.15 million in 1980. The tunnel is now part of the Pittsburgh Light Rail System, list of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
41.
Foreclosure
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Formally, a mortgage lender, or other lienholder, obtains a termination of a mortgage borrower s equitable right of redemption, either by court order or by operation of law. Usually a lender obtains a security interest from a borrower who mortgages or pledges an asset like a house to secure the loan. If the borrower defaults and the lender tries to repossess the property, while this equitable right exists, it is a cloud on title and the lender cannot be sure that they can successfully repossess the property. Therefore, through the process of foreclosure, the lender seeks to foreclose the equitable right of redemption, other lien holders can also foreclose the owners right of redemption for other debts, such as for overdue taxes, unpaid contractors bills or overdue homeowners association dues or assessments. Commonly, the violation of the mortgage is a default in payment of a promissory note, the mortgage holder can usually initiate foreclosure at a time specified in the mortgage documents, typically some period of time after a default condition occurs. Within the United States, Canada and many countries, several types of foreclosure exist. In the U. S. two of them – namely, by sale and by power of sale – are widely used. Under this system, the lender initiates foreclosure by filing a lawsuit against the borrower, as with all other legal actions, all parties must be notified of the foreclosure, but notification requirements vary significantly from state to state. A judicial decision is announced after the exchange of pleadings at a hearing in a state or local court, in some rather rare instances, foreclosures are filed in federal courts. In some states, like California and Texas, nearly all so-called mortgages are actually deeds of trust and this process involves the sale of the property by the mortgage holder without court supervision. This process is much faster and cheaper than foreclosure by judicial sale. As in judicial sale, the holder and other lien holders are respectively first. Other types of foreclosure are considered minor because of their limited availability, should the mortgagor fail to do so, the mortgage holder gains the title to the property with no obligation to sell it. This type of foreclosure is available only when the value of the property is less than the debt. Historically, strict foreclosure was the method of foreclosure. Acceleration is a clause that is found in Sections 16,17. Not all accelerations are the same for each mortgage, as it depends on the terms, when a term in the mortgage has been broken, the acceleration clause goes into effect. It can declare the entire debt to the Lender if the Borrower were to transfer the title at a future date to a purchaser
42.
Indianapolis (IN)
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
43.
Greenfield (IN)
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Greenfield is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Indiana, United States, and a part of the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The population was 20,602 at the 2010 census, Greenfield was a stop along the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad that connected Pittsburgh to Chicago and St. Louis. Hancock County was created on March 1,1828, and named for John Hancock, the town of Greenfield was chosen as the county seat on April 11,1828. The Commissioners announced, The seat of Justice of Hancock County shall be known and designated by the name, the population of the county at that time was 400. Early settlers built along the two creeks which flow south through Center Township, which includes Greenfield, the first businesses were small grist mills for grinding corn and wheat for settlers. U. S. Route 40, the National Road, was built through Hancock County around 1835 and it was heavily traveled by wagon trains going west and livestock going to Cincinnati. In 1853, the first steam railroad was completed by the Indiana Central Railroad at the edge of Greenfield. The railroad became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad System and later the Penn-Central and these tracks were removed in the 1980s. During this time, Greenfields population continued to grow, Greenfield was incorporated as a city in 1876 with a population of 2,023. The greatest single period of growth began in 1887 when natural gas was discovered in the area, Greenfield was a boom town for 20 years, with the founding of manufacturing plants and other industries. A statue of James Whitcomb Riley, which stands in front of the Hancock County Courthouse, was erected in 1918 and it was purchased with money donated by school children from all over the United States. Each year, during the Riley Festival in October, the school children parade to the statue to place flowers around it. Greenfield is located at 39°47′29″N 85°46′17″W, according to the 2010 census, Greenfield has a total area of 12.662 square miles, of which 12.55 square miles is land and 0.112 square miles is water. Located on the east side of historic downtown lies Riley Park, as of the census of 2010, there were 20,602 people,7,983 households, and 5,382 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,641.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 8,818 housing units at an average density of 702.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 6% White,0. 6% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 8% of the population. 26. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 35.6 years
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Dayton, Ohio
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Dayton is the sixth-largest city in the U. S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Montgomery County. A small portion of the city extends into Greene County, the Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,080,044 in 2010, making it the 43rd-largest in the United States. Dayton is within Ohios Miami Valley region, just north of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area, Dayton also hosts significant research and development in fields like industrial, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations. Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, with the decline of heavy manufacturing, Daytons businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors. Other than defense and aerospace, healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton areas economy, hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $6.8 billion. It is estimated that Premier Health Partners, a network, contributes more than $2 billion a year to the region through operating, employment. In 2011, Dayton was rated the No.3 city in the out of the top 50 cities in the United States by HealthGrades for excellence in health care. Many hospitals in the Dayton area are consistently ranked by Forbes, U. S. News & World Report, and HealthGrades for clinical excellence. Dayton is also noted for its association with aviation, the city is home to the National Museum of the United States Air Force and is the birthplace of Orville Wright, other well-known individuals born in the city include poet Paul Laurence Dunbar and entrepreneur John H. Patterson. Dayton is also known for its patents, inventions, and inventors that have come from the area. In 2008,2009, and 2010, Site Selection magazine ranked Dayton the No.1 mid-sized metropolitan area in the nation for economic development, also in 2010, Dayton was named one of the best places in the United States for college graduates to find a job. Dayton was founded on April 1,1796, by 12 settlers known as The Thompson Party and they traveled in March from Cincinnati up the Great Miami River by pirogue and landed at what is now St. Clair Street, where they found two small camps of Native Americans. Among them was Benjamin Van Cleve, whose memoirs provide insights into the Ohio Valleys history, two other groups traveling overland arrived several days later. In 1797, Daniel C. Cooper laid out Mad River Road, Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1803, and the city of Dayton was incorporated in 1805. The city was named after Jonathan Dayton, a captain in the American Revolutionary War who signed the U. S, constitution and owned a significant amount of land in the area. Historically, Dayton has been the home for many patents and inventions since the 1870s, according to the National Park Service, citing information from the U. S. Patent Office, Dayton had granted more patents per capita than any other U. S. city in 1890, the Wright brothers, inventors of the airplane, and Charles F. Kettering, world-renowned for his numerous inventions, hailed from Dayton. Paul Laurence Dunbar – a famous African-American poet and novelist – penned his most famous works in the late 19th century, innovation led to business growth in the region
