1.
Trinidad and Tobago
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During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers, more times than any other island in the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens, the country Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. Trinidad and Tobago is the third richest country by GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, furthermore, it is recognised as a high-income economy by the World Bank. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, the economy is primarily industrial, with an emphasis on petroleum. The countrys wealth is attributed to its reserves and exploitation of oil. Historian E. L. Joseph claimed that Trinidads Amerindian name was Iere or Land of the Humming Bird, derived from the Arawak name for hummingbird, however, Boomert claims that neither cairi nor caeri means hummingbird and tukusi or tucuchi does. Others have reported that kairi and iere simply mean island, christopher Columbus renamed it La Isla de la Trinidad, fulfilling a vow made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration. Trinidad and Tobago are islands situated between 10°2 and 11°12 N latitude and 60°30 and 61°56 W longitude, at the closest point, Trinidad is just 11 kilometres from Venezuelan territory. Trinidad is 4,768 km2 in area with a length of 80 km. Tobago has an area of about 300 km2, or 5. 8% of the area, is 41 km long and 12 km at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the shelf of South America. The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains, the highest point in the country is found on the Northern Range at El Cerro del Aripo, which is 940 metres above sea level. As the majority of the live in the island of Trinidad. There are four municipalities in Trinidad, Port of Spain. The main town in Tobago is Scarborough, Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the East-West Corridor are the most fertile, the Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. The Northern Lowlands consist of shallow marine clastic sediments. South of this, the Central Range fold and thrust belt consists of Cretaceous and Eocene sedimentary rocks, the Naparima Plains and the Nariva Swamp form the southern shoulder of this uplift
2.
British Film Institute
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The British Film Institute is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI maintains the worlds largest film archive, the BFI National Archive, previously called National Film Library, National Film Archive and National Film, the archive contains more than 50,000 fiction films, over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes. The majority of the collection is British material but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world, the Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors. The BFI runs the BFI Southbank and London IMAX cinema, both located on the bank of the River Thames in London. The IMAX has the largest cinema screen in the UK, and shows popular recent releases and short films showcasing its technology, BFI Southbank shows films from all over the world particularly critically acclaimed historical & specialised films that may not otherwise get a cinema showing. The BFI also distributes archival and cultural cinema to other venues – each year to more than 800 venues all across the UK, the BFI offers a range of education initiatives, in particular to support the teaching of film and media studies in schools. In late 2012, the BFI received money from the Department For Education to create the BFI Film Academy Network, the BFI runs the annual London Film Festival along with BFI Flare, London LGBT Film Festival and the youth-orientated Future Film Festival. The BFI publishes the monthly Sight & Sound magazine as well as films on Blu-ray, DVD, SIFT has a collection of about 7 million still frames from film and television. The institute was founded in 1933, the institute was restructured following the Radcliffe Report of 1948 which recommended that it should concentrate on developing the appreciation of filmic art, rather than creating film itself. Thus control of film production passed to the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. From 1952-2000, the BFI provided funding for new and experimental filmmakers via the BFI Production Board, the institute received a Royal Charter in 1983. This was updated in 2000, and in the year the newly established UK Film Council took responsibility for providing the BFIs annual grant-in-aid. As an independent registered charity, the BFI is regulated by the Charity Commission, in 1988, the BFI opened the London Museum of the Moving Image on the South Bank. The Museum was temporarily closed in 1999 when the BFI stated that it would be re-sited and this did not happen, and MOMIs closure became permanent in 2002 when it was decided to redevelop the South Bank site. This redevelopment was itself then further delayed, the BFI is currently managed on a day-to-day basis by its chief executive, Amanda Nevill. Supreme decision-making authority rests with a chair and a board of up to 14 governors, the current chair is Josh Berger, who took up the post in February 2016. He succeeded Greg Dyke, who took office on 1 March 2008, Dyke succeeded the late Anthony Minghella, who was chair from 2003 until 31 December 2007. The chair of the board is appointed by the BFIs own Board of Governors but requires the consent of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, other Governors are co-opted by existing board members when required
3.
Oscar James
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Oscar James is a Trinidadian actor, who is based in the United Kingdom. He came from a poor upbringing to the United Kingdom in the 1950s and he initially worked as a taxi driver, a dish-washer and also a gymnast, but he always had aspirations to be an entertainer and followed his dream by becoming an actor. Roles for black actors were sparse during James early career, but he persevered to become the black actor to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1972 he co-founded with fellow actor Alton Kumalo the first black British theatre company, Temba, initially to produce new black writing from Britain, Temba staged the first British production of Athol Fugards Sizwe Bansi is Dead. He was the first black actor to appear on the ITV soap opera Emmerdale Farm in 1978 as Antony Moeketsi, however, he is best known for his role as Tony Carpenter in the BBC television soap opera EastEnders. James was one of the original cast members, appearing in the series from its debut in 1985 until 1987, elminas Kitchen was adapted into a BBC Four televised film in 2005, in which James also starred
4.
1976 Toronto International Film Festival
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The 1st Toronto International Film Festival took place at Windsor Arms Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada between October 18 and October 24,1976. Initially its name was Festival of Festivals, which remained until 1994 after which it become Toronto International Film Festival and it showcased 127 feature films from 30 different countries with the audience of 35,000. It featured some of the best films from film festivals around the world, most of the Hollywood studios later withdrew their submissions citing reason that Toronto audiences would be too parochial for their films. Cousin Cousine, a French film directed by Jean-Charles Tacchella was selected as the film and screened at Ontario Place Cinesphere. German cinema was focused upon, with films from German directors such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Wim Wenders, producer Dino De Laurentiis, screened 90 seconds preview from his then unreleased film King Kong at the festival
5.
Ed Devereaux
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Edward Sidney Devereaux, better known professionally as Ed Devereaux, was an Australian actor, director and scriptwriter who lived in the United Kingdom for many years. He was best known for playing the part of Matt Hammond the head ranger in the Australian television series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo. He was also involved in the series behind the scenes, Devereaux writing the script and directing the episode The Veteran, Devereaux based the story of the episode Double Trouble on an idea conceived by his children, wrote the screenplay of Summer Storm and the script for The Mine. Devereaux appeared as Mr. Gubbins in the 1963 British comedy film Ladies Who Do and in several Carry On films including Carry On Sergeant, Carry On Nurse, Carry On Regardless, in 1964 he appeared in The Saint episode The Loving Brothers. In 1970 he played the villain in The Persuaders, Australian TV roles included the title role of Jack Meredith in My Brother Jack, and George King in Kings. He also received acclaim for his role as Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Devereauxs first wife was Irene Champion, together they had four children, John, Steven, Timothy and Matthew. Champion wrote the song for the Skippy spin-off film The Intruders in 1969 and she and Devereaux separated in 1986. Three months after he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and he had insisted on being released from Royal Free Hospital to be at home with Julie, his second wife of 17 years. He was cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium, where his ashes remain, Ed Devereaux at the Internet Movie Database
6.
British Board of Film Classification
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It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010. The immediate impetus for the Boards formation stemmed from the surrounding the release in the UK in October 1912 of the film From the Manger to the Cross. The film, shown at the Queens Hall, London, gained considerable publicity from an outcry in the Daily Mail. And waxed indignant about the profits for its American film producers, although the clergy were invited to see it and found little to be affronted by, the controversy resulted in the voluntary creation of the BBFC, which began operating on 1 January 1913. The Boards legal basis was the Cinematograph Act 1909, which required cinemas to have licences from local authorities. Given that the law now allowed councils to grant or refuse licences to cinemas according to the content of the films they showed, the 1909 Act therefore enabled the introduction of censorship. The Boards offices were originally at 133-135 Oxford Street, London, the building is located at the junction of Wardour Street, some decisions from the early years are now subjected to derision. Informal links, to varying degrees of closeness, have been maintained between the BBFC and the Government throughout the Boards existence, in the period before the Second World War, an extensive but unofficial system of political censorship was implemented by the BBFC for the Home Office. This trend reached its climax during the 1930s, following protests from the German Embassy after the release of a film depicting the execution of Edith Cavell, intense political pressure was brought to bear on the BBFC by the Home Office. A system of script vetting was introduced, whereby British studios were invited to submit screenplays to the BBFC before shooting started. The increasing climate of post-war liberalism ensured that from the 1950s onwards, controversies involving the BBFC centred more on depictions of sex, in 1984 the organisation changed its name to reflect the fact that classification plays a far larger part in the Boards work than censorship. At that time it was responsibility for classifying videos for hire or purchase to view in the home as well as films shown in cinemas. The horror in both came through largely in their detailed prose. Had the game publishers reprinted the text in book form, it would not have carried a certificate. The first video game to be refused classification by the BBFC was Carmageddon in 1997, in June 2007, Manhunt 2 was refused classification in both its PlayStation 2 and Wii versions, meaning that the game was illegal to sell or supply. A modified version was made that was accepted by the ESRB but was refused classification from the BBFC. The second decision was overturned by the Video Appeals Committee. On 16 June 2009, the UKs Department of Culture, Media and Sport ruled in favour of the PEGI system to be the classification system for videogames
7.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
