1.
Joseph Pulitzer
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Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and he became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. Today, he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements in the United States. The prizes are given annually to award achievements in American journalism and photography, as well as literature and history, poetry, music, Pulitzer founded the Columbia School of Journalism by his philanthropic bequest, it opened in 1912. He was born as Pulitzer József in Makó, about 200 km south-east of Budapest in Hungary, the Pulitzers were among several Jewish families living in the area, and had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers. Josephs father was a businessman, regarded as the second of the foremost merchants of Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from Moravia to Hungary at the end of the 18th century, in 1853, Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He moved his family to Pest, where he had the children educated by private tutors, in 1858, after Fülöps death, his business went bankrupt, and the family became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enlist in various European armies for work before emigrating to the United States, Pulitzer arrived in Boston in 1864 at the age of 17, his passage having been paid by Massachusetts military recruiters who were seeking soldiers for the long American Civil War. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lions share of his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer snuck away from the Deer Island recruiting station and he was paid $200 to enroll in the Lincoln Cavalry on September 30. He was a part of Sheridans troopers, in the First New York Lincoln Cavalry in Company L. where he served for eight months. Although he spoke three languages, German, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned little English until after the war because his regiment was composed mostly of German immigrants, after the war, Pulitzer returned to New York City, where he stayed briefly. He moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts for the whaling industry and he returned to New York with little money. Flat broke, he slept in wagons on cobblestone side streets and he decided to travel by side-door Pullman to St. Louis, Missouri. He sold his one possession, a handkerchief, for 75 cents. When Pulitzer arrived at the city, he recalled, The lights of St. Louis looked like a land to me. In the city, his German was as useful as it was in Munich because of the large ethnic German population, in the Westliche Post, he saw an ad for a mule hostler at Benton Barracks
2.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
3.
Mihajlo Pupin
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LL. D. also known as Michael I. Pupin was a Serbian American physicist and physical chemist, Pupin was a founding member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics on 3 March 1915, which later became NASA. Mihajlo Pupin was born on 4 October 1858 in the village of Idvor in Banat and he enrolled in high school in Pančevo, and later in the Real Gymnasium. He was one of the best students there, a local archpriest saw his enormous potential and talent, because of his activity in the Serbian Youth movement, which at that time had many problems with Austro-Hungarian police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo. In 1872, he went to Prague, where he continued the sixth, after his father died in March 1874, the sixteen-year-old Pupin decided to cancel his education in Prague due to financial problems and to move to the United States. For the next five years in the United States, Pupin worked as a manual laborer while he learned English, Greek and Latin. After three years of courses, in the autumn of 1879 he successfully finished his tests and entered Columbia College. A friend of Pupins predicted that his physique would make him a splendid oarsman, a popular student, he was elected president of his class in his Junior year. He graduated with honors in 1883 and became an American citizen at the same time, Pupins research pioneered carrier wave detection and current analysis. Pupin completed his studies in 1883 as one of the best students, especially in the field of physics and mathematics, later, he went back to Europe, initially the United Kingdom, where he continued his schooling at the University of Cambridge. He was an investigator into X-ray imaging, but his claim to have made the first X-ray image in the United States is incorrect. He learned of Röntgens discovery of unknown rays passing through wood, paper, insulators, and thin metals leaving traces on a photographic plate, and attempted this himself. Using a vacuum tube, which he had used to study the passage of electricity through rarefied gases. Edison provided Pupin with a calcium tungstate fluoroscopic screen which, when placed in front of the film, shortened the time by twenty times. Based on the results of experiments, Pupin concluded that the impact of primary X-rays generated secondary X-rays, with his work in the field of X-rays, Pupin gave a lecture at the New York Academy of Sciences. He was the first person to use a fluorescent screen to enhance X-rays for medical purposes, a New York surgeon, Dr. Bull, sent Pupin a patient to obtain an X-ray image of his left hand prior to an operation to remove lead shot from a shotgun injury. The first attempt at imaging failed because the patient, a lawyer, was too weak. In another attempt, the Edison fluorescent screen was placed on a photographic plate, X-rays passed through the patients hand and caused the screen to fluoresce, which then exposed the photographic plate
4.
William Osler
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Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet, FRS, FRCP was a Canadian physician and one of the four founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital. Osler created the first residency program for specialty training of physicians and he has frequently been described as the Father of Modern Medicine and one of the greatest diagnosticians ever to wield a stethoscope. Osler was a person of many interests, who in addition to being a physician, was a bibliophile, historian, author, Williams great-grandfather, Edward Osler, was variously described as either a merchant seaman or a pirate. One of Williams uncles, a officer in the Royal Navy, wrote the Life of Lord Exmouth. William Oslers father, Featherstone Lake Osler, the son of a shipowner at Falmouth, in 1831 Featherstone Osler was invited to serve on HMS Beagle as the science officer on Charles Darwins historic voyage to the Galápagos Islands, but he turned it down because his father was dying. In 1833, Featherstone Osler announced he wanted to become a minister of the Church of England, as a teenager, Featherstone Osler was aboard HMS Sappho when it was nearly destroyed by Atlantic storms and left adrift for weeks. Serving in the Navy, he was shipwrecked off Barbados, in 1837 Featherstone Osler officially retired from the Navy and emigrated to Canada, becoming a saddle-bag minister in rural Upper Canada. When Featherstone Osler and his bride, Ellen Free Picton, arrived in Canada, the Oslers had several children, including William, Britton Bath Osler, and Sir Edmund Boyd Osler. William Osler was born in Bond Head, Canada West on July 12,1849 and his mother, who was very religious, prayed that Osler would consecrate to Gods service and, in 1867, her son announced he would follow his fathers footsteps into the ministry. He was educated at Trinity College School and entered Trinity College, in 1868, Osler enrolled in the Toronto School of Medicine, a privately owned institution, not part of the Medical Faculty of the University of Toronto. Osler lived with Bovell for a time, and through Johnson, he was introduced to the writings of Sir Thomas Browne, his Religio Medici, caused a deep impression on him. Osler left the Toronto School of Medicine after being accepted to the MDCM program at McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal, following post-graduate training in Europe, Osler returned to the McGill University Faculty of Medicine as a professor in 1874. Here he created the first formal journal club, when he left Philadelphia in 1889, his farewell address. Aequanimitas, was on the equanimity necessary for physicians, in 1889, he accepted the position as the first Physician-in-Chief of the new Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Shortly afterwards, in 1893, Osler was instrumental in the creation of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Osler quickly increased his reputation as a clinician, humanitarian, and teacher. He presided over a rapidly expanding domain, in the hospitals first year of operation, when it had 220 beds,788 patients were seen for a total of over 15,000 days of treatment. Sixteen years later, when Osler left for Oxford, over 4,200 patients were seen for a total of nearly 110,000 days of treatment, in 1905, he was appointed to the Regius Chair of Medicine at Oxford, which he held until his death. He was also a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1911, he initiated the Postgraduate Medical Association, of which he was the first President
5.
Charles Edward Russell
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Charles Edward Russell was an American journalist, opinion columnist, newspaper editor, and political activist. The author of a number of books of biography and social commentary, he won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for The American Orchestra, Russell is also remembered as one of three co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Charles Edward Russell was born in Davenport, Iowa, a center located on the Mississippi River on the far eastern border of the state. His father Edward Russell was editor of the Davenport Gazette, Russells attended St. Johnsbury Academy, located in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, for his high school education and also worked under his father while at the newspaper. Russell wrote for the Minneapolis Journal, the Detroit Tribune, the New York World, William Randolph Hearsts Cosmopolitan, and the New York Herald. He was employed as a writer and editor in New York and Chicago from 1894 to 1902, working successively for the New York World, the New York American. Russell felt very strongly about the well-being of others, after seeing the struggles that people all over New York had to undergo and these struggles included the unfair working conditions and wages in which people from all walks of life were forced to endure. People were placed into cramped working spaces with few, if any breaks, aside from the physical conditions, most big employers did not value the well-being of their employees, especially the immigrants. With these horrendous mental images in place, Russell became inspired, Russell was one of a group of journalists at the turn of the 20th century who were called muckrakers. They investigated and reported—not with cold detachment—but with feeling and rage about the horrors of capitalism and this type of reporting became known as Yellow journalism. Yellow journalism and the movement helped to jumpstart numerous reforms that included, prison conditions, railroads, church building conditions. Shortly after his hiatus from writing due to the death of his first wife, Russell wrote one of his best books, The Greatest Trust in the World, comparable to the writings of Upton Sinclair, Russells most controversial expose was fixated on the Trinity Church. This report was detrimental to the reputation as it accused the church of being one of the leading slum landlords in New York City. This accusation resulted in the church taking swift action by cleaning up or selling the worst of their properties, after traveling all over the world in investigative journalism, Russells beliefs about capitalism began to form stronger and stronger. He believed that capitalism itself was faulty and that the financial endeavors of the United States that led the economy were corrupt. As his convictions became deeper, Russell recognized that his beliefs were in line with that of the Socialist party, in 1909 Russell was among 60 inspirational men and women such as Oswald Villard, William Walling, Ida B. Russells participation in the founding of the NAACP stemmed from his experiences with violence, one of the most memorable experiences included his father nearly being hanged for simply opposing slavery. Russell served and participated on the board of directors for the NAACP for the remainder of his life, in 1908 Russell joined the Socialist Party of America
6.
Henry Adams
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Henry Brooks Adams was an American historian and member of the Adams political family, being descended from two U. S. Presidents. After the American Civil War, he became a political journalist who entertained America’s foremost intellectuals at his homes in Washington and Boston. In his lifetime, he was best known for his History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, a 9-volume work, praised for its literary style. His posthumously published memoirs, The Education of Henry Adams, won the Pulitzer Prize and he was born in Boston, the son of Charles Francis Adams, Sr. and Abigail Brooks into one of the countrys most prominent families. After his graduation from Harvard University in 1858, he embarked on a tour of Europe. He was initiated into the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity as honorary member at the 1893 Columbian Exposition by Harris J. Ryan, through that organization, he was a member of the Irving Literary Society. He tried his hand again at law, taking employment with Judge Horace Grays Boston firm, Henry shouldered the responsibility reluctantly and with much self-doubt. Had little to do, he reflected later, and knew not how to do it rightly, during this time, Adams was the anonymous Washington correspondent for Charles Hales Boston Daily Advertiser. On March 19,1861, Abraham Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams, Henry accompanied his father to London as his private secretary. He also became the anonymous London correspondent for the New York Times, the two Adamses were kept very busy, monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues and trying to obstruct the construction of Confederate commerce raiders by British shipyards. Henrys writings for the Times argued that Americans should be patient with the British, while in Britain, Adams was befriended by many noted men, including Charles Lyell, Francis T. Palgrave, Richard Monckton Milnes, James Milnes Gaskell, and Charles Milnes Gaskell. He worked to introduce the young Henry James to English society, with the help of his closest and lifelong friend Charles Milnes Gaskell, while in Britain, Henry read and was taken with the works of John Stuart Mill. Henry wrote to his brother Charles that Mill demonstrated to him that democracy is still capable of rewarding a conscientious servant and his years in London led Adams to conclude that he could best provide that knowledgeable and conscientious leadership by working as a correspondent and journalist. In 1868, Henry Adams returned to the United States and settled in Washington, DC, Adams saw himself as a traditionalist longing for the democratic ideal of the 17th and 18th centuries. Accordingly, he was keen on exposing political corruption in his journalism, Adams said, I think that Lee should have been hanged. It was all the worse that he was a good man and its always the good men who do the most harm in the world. In 1870, Adams was appointed professor of history at Harvard. As an academic historian, Adams is considered to have been the first to conduct historical seminar work in the United States, among his students was Henry Cabot Lodge, who worked closely with Adams as a graduate student
7.
Walter Hines Page
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Walter Hines Page was an American journalist, publisher, and diplomat. He was the United States ambassador to the United Kingdom during World War I and he worked on several newspapers, including the New York World and Evening Post. He was the editor of The Atlantic Monthly for several years, for more than a decade beginning in 1900, he was a partner of Doubleday, Page & Company, a major book publisher in New York City. Born in Cary, North Carolina to father Allison Francis Frank Page and his wife and his father built the Page-Walker Hotel about 1868. Walter was educated at Trinity College, then at Randolph-Macon College and his studies complete, he taught for a time in Louisville, Kentucky. On November 15,1880, Page married Willa Alice Wilson and they had three sons and a daughter. Page began his career as a writer and then editor at the St. Joseph Gazette in Missouri. He intended these letters to both the North and the South in a fuller understanding of their mutual dependence. In 1882, he joined the staff of the New York World, among his major work was a series of articles on Mormonism. Later in 1882, Page went to Raleigh, North Carolina, two years later, he was a founding member of the Watauga Club, along with Arthur Winslow and William Joseph Peele. Page returned to New York in 1883 and for four years was on the staff of the Evening Post, from 1887 to 1895, he was manager and, after 1890, editor of The Forum, a monthly magazine. From 1895 to 1900, he was adviser to Houghton, Mifflin and Company. From 1900 to 1913, Page was partner and vice president of Doubleday, Page & Co. when he joined Frank Nelson Doubleday as a partner and he also was editor of Worlds Work magazine. Doubleday, Page & Co. became one of the book publishing companies of the 20th century. The company sometimes publishes under the name Country Life Press in Garden City, New York, among the great writers it published in its early years was Rudyard Kipling. In 1986, it was acquired by Bertelsmann AG, Page believed that a free and open education was fundamental to democracy. In 1902, he published The Rebuilding of Old Commonwealths, which emphasized that and he felt that nothing should be a barrier to education. In March 1913, Page was appointed U. S. ambassador to Britain by President Woodrow Wilson, Page was one of the key figures involved in bringing the United States into World War I on the Allied side
8.
Harvey Cushing
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Harvey Williams Cushing was an American neurosurgeon. A pioneer of brain surgery, he was the first person to describe Cushings disease, together with Ernest Sachs, he is known as the father of neurosurgery. Harvey Cushing was born in Cleveland, Ohio and his parents were Betsey M. Williams and Henry Kirke Cushing, a physician whose ancestors came to Hingham, Massachusetts, as Puritans in the 17th century. Harvey was the youngest of ten children, as a child, Cushing attended the Cleveland Manual Training School which expanded his interest in science and medicine. The school’s emphasis on training and a “physics-focused” approach to education played an important role in influencing Cushing towards a career in medical surgery. The schools manual dexterity training program also contributed to Cushing’s future success as a surgeon and he graduated with an A. B. degree in 1891 from Yale University, where he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon. He studied medicine at Harvard Medical School and earned his degree in 1895. After doing exceptional cerebral surgery abroad under Kocher at Bern and Sherrington at Liverpool, during his time with Kocher, he first encountered the Cushing reflex which describes the relationship between blood pressure and intracranial pressure. At the age of 32, he was associate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Yet he found time to numerous monographs on surgery of the brain and spinal column. He made a study of pressure and contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centers. In Baltimore, he developed the method of operating with local anaesthesia, in 1911, he was appointed surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. He became a professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School starting in 1912, in 1913, he was made an honorary F. R. C. S. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, in 1915, before the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed the possibility of influencing stature by operating on the pituitary gland. Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War and he was director of the U. S. base hospital attached to the British Expeditionary Force in France. Cushing also served as the head of a unit in a French military hospital outside of Paris. During his time at the French military hospital, Cushing experimented with the use of electromagnets to extract fragments of metallic missile shrapnel that were lodged severely within the brain and he was mentioned in a dispatch by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in November 1917. On June 6,1918, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was assigned as senior consultant in surgery for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe
9.
1917 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
10.
Edward Bok
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Edward William Bok was a Dutch-born American editor and Pulitzer Prize-winning author. He was editor of the Ladies Home Journal for 30 years, Bok is credited with coining the term living room as the name for a room of a house that had commonly been called the parlor or drawing room. He also created Bok Tower Gardens in central Florida, Bok was born in Den Helder, Netherlands. At the age of six, he immigrated to Brooklyn, New York, in Brooklyn he washed the windows of a bakery shop after school to help support his family. His people were so poor that in addition he used to go out in the street with an every day. In 1882 Edward Bok began work with Henry Holt and Company, in 1884 he became involved with Charles Scribners Sons, where he eventually became its advertising manager. From 1884 until 1887 Bok was the editor of The Brooklyn Magazine and it was published by Cyrus Curtis, who had an established publishing empire that included many newspapers and magazines. In 1896 Bok married Mary L. Curtis, the daughter of Louisa and she shared her familys interest in music, cultural activities, and philanthropy and was very active in social circles. The magazine focused upon the issues of the day. The mother of H. L. Mencken was one of those busy, when Bok’s autobiography, The Americanization of Edward Bok, appeared in 1920, he reviewed it with an interest based on long acquaintance with the magazine. Mencken observed that Bok showed an irrepressible interest in artistic, When he looked at the houses in which his subscribers lived. Bok flung himself headlong into his campaigns, and practically every one of them succeeded, if there were gratitude in the land, there would be a monument to him in every town in the Republic. He has been, aesthetically, probably the most useful citizen that ever breathed its muggy air, the Journal also became the first magazine to refuse patent medicine advertisements. In 1919, after thirty years at the journal, Bok retired, in 1923 Bok proposed the American Peace Award. Bok Tower sometimes is called a sanctuary and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark, Bok is used as an example in Dale Carnegies How to Win Friends and Influence People. Bok died on January 9,1930 in Lake Wales, Florida within sight of his beloved Singing Tower, two of his grandsons are Derek Bok and Gordon Bok. Later, Bok and the Journal became a force in promoting the bungalow. Plans for these houses cost as little as a dollar, I refused to cooperate with him
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