1.
Quill
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A quill pen is a writing implement made from a moulted flight feather of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen, the pen, the fountain pen, and, eventually. The hand-cut goose quill is rarely used as a tool, because many papers are now derived from wood pulp. However, it is still the tool of choice for a few professionals, in a carefully prepared quill the slit does not widen through wetting and drying with ink. It will retain its shape adequately and only requires infrequent sharpening, the hollow shaft of the feather acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action. The strongest quills come from the flight feathers discarded by birds during their annual moult. Generally the left wing is favored by the majority of writers because the feather curves away from the sight line. The quill barrel is cut to six or seven inches in length, additionally, writing with the left-hand in the long era of the quill was discouraged, and quills were never sold as left and right-handed, only by their size and species. Goose feathers are most commonly used, scarcer, more expensive swan feathers are used for larger lettering, on a true quill the barbs are always stripped off completely on the trailing edge. Later a fashion developed for stripping partially and leaving a decorative top of a few barbs, the fancy, fully plumed quill is mostly a Hollywood invention and has little basis in reality. Most, if not all, manuscript illustrations of scribes show a quill devoid of decorative barbs, quill pens were used to write the vast majority of medieval manuscripts, the Magna Carta and the Declaration of Independence. Quill pens are used today mainly by professional scribes and calligraphers. Quills are also used as the material in string instruments. Quills were the writing instrument in the Western World from the 6th to the 19th century. The best quills were usually made from goose, swan, quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, mass production beginning in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham. Quill pens were the instrument of choice during the medieval era due to their compatibility with parchment, prior to this the reed pen had been used, but a finer letter was achieved on animal skin using a cured quill. Other than written text, they were used to create figures, decorations. The variety of different strokes in formal hands was accomplished by good penmanship as the tip was square cut and rigid and this has been done since the earliest sessions of the Court
2.
Philip Kaufman
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Philip Kaufman is an American film director and screenwriter who has directed fifteen films over a career spanning more than five decades. He has been described as a maverick and an iconoclast, notable for his versatility and he is considered an auteur, whose films have always expressed his personal vision. His choice of topics has been eclectic and sometimes controversial, having adapted novels with diverse themes and stories, Kaufmans works have included genres such as realism, horror, fantasy, erotic, Westerns, underworld crime, and inner city gangs. Examples are Milan Kunderas The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Michael Crichtons Rising Sun, a remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, and his film The Wanderers has achieved cult status. But his greatest success was Tom Wolfes true-life The Right Stuff, other critics note that Kaufmans films are strong on mood and atmosphere, with powerful cinematography and a lyrical, poetic style to portray different historic periods. His later films have a somewhat European style, but the stories always stress individualism and integrity, Kaufman was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1936, the only son of Elizabeth, a housewife, and Nathan Kaufman, a produce businessman. He was the grandson of German-Jewish immigrants, one of his grammar and high school friends was William Friedkin, who also became a director. He developed a love of movies and during his youth he would often go to double features. He attended the University of Chicago where he received a degree in history and he returned to Chicago for a postgraduate degree, hoping to become a professor of history. In 1958 Kaufman married Rose Fisher, a year after they met as undergraduates and they later had a son, Peter. Before graduating Kaufman became involved in the movement and in 1960 moved to San Francisco. He took various jobs there, including worker, and befriended a number of influential people. He and his wife decided to travel and live in Europe for a while where he would teach. After spending time working on a kibbutz in Israel, he taught English, during his travels he also met author Anaïs Nin, whose relationship with her lover, Henry Miller, later became the inspiration and subject for Kaufmans film Henry and June. Goldstein Kaufman returned to Chicago, ready to make his first feature film and he went around town looking for funding for his directorial debut, Goldstein, co-written and co-directed with Benjamin Manaster. Kaufman initially conceived of the story in a novel. It was inspired by a story from Martin Bubers Tales of the Hasidim, the film won the Prix de la Nouvelle Critique at the 1964 Cannes Film Festival, with French director Jean Renoir calling it the best American film he had seen in 20 years. François Truffaut, another leading French director, was visiting Chicago when the film premiered, Kaufman recalled that Truffaut leaped to his feet in the middle of the screening and began applauding
3.
Geoffrey Rush
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Geoffrey Roy Rush AC is an Australian actor and film producer. Rush is the youngest amongst the few people who have won the Triple Crown of Acting, the Academy Award, the Primetime Emmy Award, and the Tony Award. He has won one Academy Award for acting, three British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, Rush is the founding President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year. Rush was born in Toowoomba, Queensland, the son of Merle, a department store sales assistant, and Roy Baden Rush and his father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent. His parents divorced when he was five, and his mother took him to live with her parents in suburban Brisbane. Before he began his career, Rush attended Everton Park State High School. While at university, he was talent-spotted by Queensland Theatre Company in Brisbane, Rush began his career with QTC in 1971, appearing in 17 productions. In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at LÉcole Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, in 1979, he shared an apartment with actor Mel Gibson for four months while they co-starred in a stage production of Waiting for Godot. Rush made his debut in the QTCs production of Wrong Side of the Moon. He worked with the QTC for four years, appearing in roles ranging across classical plays and pantomime, from Juno, following these, Rush left for Paris where he studied further. Rushs acting credits include Shakespeares plays, The Winters Tale and Troilus and he also appeared in an ongoing production of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest as John Worthing. In September 1998, Rush played the role in the Beaumarchais play The Marriage of Figaro for the QTC. This was the production of the Optus Playhouse at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre at South Bank in Brisbane. A pun on Rushs name was used in the prologue of the play with the comment that the Optus Playhouse was opening with a Rush. Rush has appeared on stage for the Brisbane Arts Theatre and in other theatre venues. He has also worked as a theatre director, in 2007, he starred as King Berenger in a production of Eugène Ionescos Exit the King at the Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne and Company B in Sydney, directed by Neil Armfield. For this performance, he received a Helpmann Award nomination for best male actor in a play, Rush made his Broadway debut in a re-staging of Exit the King under Malthouse Theatres touring moniker Malthouse Melbourne and Company B Belvoir. This re-staging featured a new American cast including Susan Sarandon, the show opened on 26 March 2009 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre
4.
Kate Winslet
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Kate Elizabeth Winslet, CBE, is an English actress and singer. Winslet is the recipient of an Academy Award, an AACTA Award, three BAFTA Awards, a BIFA Award, four Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. She is the youngest person to receive six Academy Award nominations, with seven nominations in total, in addition, she has won awards from the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and European Film Academy, among others, and the Honorary César Award in 2012. Brought up in Berkshire, Winslet studied drama from childhood and began her career in British television in 1991 and she made her film debut in Heavenly Creatures, for which she received praise. She garnered recognition for her role in Sense and Sensibility before achieving global stardom with the epic romance Titanic. Winslets performances in Iris, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Finding Neverland, Little Children, Revolutionary Road, The Dressmaker, in 2008, film critic David Edelstein described her as the best English-speaking film actress of her generation. Winslets greatest commercial successes since Titanic include the romantic comedy The Holiday, the animated film Flushed Away, in addition to acting, Winslet has narrated documentaries and childrens books. She was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 2000 for narrating Listen to the Storyteller and she has also provided her vocals to soundtracks of her films, including the single What If from Christmas Carol, The Movie. Divorced from two directors, Jim Threapleton and Sam Mendes, Winslet is currently married to businessman Ned Rocknroll. Kate Elizabeth Winslet was born in Reading, Berkshire, England to Sally Anne, a barmaid, and Roger John Winslet and she has two sisters, Beth and Anna, and one brother, Joss Winslet. Winslet began studying drama at the age of 11 at the Redroofs Theatre School, a independent school in Maidenhead, Berkshire. At the age of 12, Winslet appeared in an advertisement directed by filmmaker Tim Pope for Sugar Puffs cereal. Pope said her naturalism was there from the start, Winslet made her television debut with a co-starring role in the BBC childrens science fiction serial Dark Season. This role was followed by appearances in the made-for-TV film Anglo-Saxon Attitudes in 1992, the sitcom Get Back, in 1992, Winslet attended a casting call for Peter Jacksons Heavenly Creatures in London. Winslet auditioned for the role of Juliet Hulme, a teenager who assists in the murder of the mother of her best friend, Pauline Parker. The film included Winslets singing debut, and her a version of Sono Andati. The film was released to reviews in 1994 and won Jackson. Winslet was awarded the Empire Award and London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for her performance, the Washington Post writer Desson Thomson commented, As Juliet, Winslet is a bright-eyed ball of fire, lighting up every scene she’s in
5.
Joaquin Phoenix
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Joaquín Rafael Phoenix, known formerly as Leaf Phoenix, is a Puerto Rican–born American actor, producer, music video director, musician and activist. For his work as an artist, Phoenix has received a Grammy Award, Phoenix started acting in television shows with his brother River Phoenix and sister Summer Phoenix. His first major release was in the comedy-drama film Parenthood. During his period as an actor he was credited as Leaf Phoenix. He received international attention for his portrayal of Commodus in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, to this date, he and River Phoenix hold the distinction of being the first and only brothers to be nominated for acting Academy Awards. Aside from his career, he has also ventured into directing music videos, as well as producing films. He has recorded an album, the soundtrack to Walk The Line, Phoenix is a social activist, lending his support to a number of charities and humanitarian organizations. He is also known for his animal rights advocacy. He has been a vegan since the age of three, and actively campaigns for PETA and In Defense of Animals, Phoenix was born Joaquín Rafael Bottom in the Río Piedras district of San Juan, Puerto Rico, to parents from the U. S. mainland. He is the third of five children, including River, Rain, Liberty and Summer and he also has a half-sister named Jodean from a previous relationship of his fathers. Phoenixs father, John Lee Bottom, originally from Fontana, California, was a lapsed Catholic, of English, Phoenixs mother, Arlyn, was born in the Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents whose families emigrated from Russia and Hungary. Arlyn left her family in 1968 and moved to California, later meeting Phoenixs father while hitchhiking and they married in 1969, then later joined a religious group, the Children of God, and began traveling throughout South America. His parents eventually became disenchanted with the Children of God, they made the decision to leave the group and they changed their last name to Phoenix, after the mythical bird that rises from its own ashes, symbolizing a new beginning. Around this time, Joaquín began calling himself Leaf, desiring to have a name like his siblings. Leaf became the name he used as a actor, until at age 15. He first used it as a credit in his big comeback film To Die For. In order to provide food and financial support for the family, in Los Angeles, his mother started working as a secretary for NBC, and his father worked as a landscaper. He went on to himself as a child actor before deciding to withdraw from acting for a while and travel to Mexico
6.
Michael Caine
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Sir Michael Caine, CBE is an English actor and author. Renowned for his working class cockney accent, Caine has appeared in over 115 films and is regarded as a British film icon. His most notable roles in the 1970s included Get Carter, The Last Valley, Sleuth, for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination, The Man Who Would Be King, and A Bridge Too Far. He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s, with Educating Rita earning him the BAFTA, in 1986, he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allens Hannah and Her Sisters. Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol, Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember, and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolans The Dark Knight Trilogy. He appeared in other of Nolans films including The Prestige, Inception. He also appeared as a character in Alfonso Cuaróns Children of Men. As of February 2017, films in which he has starred have grossed over $3.5 billion domestically, Caine is ranked the eleventh highest grossing box office star. Caine is one of two actors nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s. In 2000, Caine was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in recognition of his contribution to cinema. Caine was born in St Olaves Hospital in Rotherhithe, London, the son of Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, a market porter, and Ellen Frances Marie Burchell. His father had English, Irish, and, reportedly, Irish Traveller ancestry and he was brought up in his mothers Protestant religion. Caine had a maternal half-brother, David William Burchell and a full brother, Caine grew up in Southwark, London, and during the Second World War, he was evacuated to North Runcton near Kings Lynn in Norfolk. In 1944, he passed his eleven plus exam, winning a scholarship to Hackney Downs School, after a year there he moved to Wilsons Grammar School in Camberwell, which he left at sixteen after gaining a School Certificate in six subjects. He then worked briefly as a clerk and messenger for a film company in Victoria Street. He had gone into Korea feeling sympathetic to communism, coming as he did from a poor family, Caine would like to see the return of national service to help combat youth violence, stating, Im just saying, put them in the Army for six months. Youre there to learn how to defend your country, then when you come out, you have a sense of belonging rather than a sense of violence. Adopting the stage name Michael Scott, in July 1953 he was cast as the drunkard Hindley in the Companys production of Wuthering Heights and he moved to the Lowestoft Repertory Company in Suffolk for a year when he was 21
7.
Fox Searchlight Pictures
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Slumdog Millionaire is also Searchlights largest commercial success, with over $377 million of box office receipts, against a production budget of only $15 million. The most notable of the releases under these banners include Bill Cosby, Himself, Eating Raoul, The Gods Must Be Crazy, Reuben, Reuben, and Ziggy Stardust, in 2006, a sub-label, Fox Atomic, was created to produce and/or distribute genre films. Fox Atomic closed down in 2009, the Fox Searchlight Pictures logo is quite similar to the regular 20th Century-Fox logo, with even Alfred Newmans fanfare music accompanying it. The animation was used for Fox Videos third logo
8.
Berlin International Film Festival
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The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the worlds leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held annually in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival based on actual attendance rates. Up to 400 films are shown in sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick, the European Film Market, a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers, the Berlinale Talent Campus, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, gathers young filmmakers from around the globe. It partners with the festival itself and is considered to be a forum for upcoming artists, the festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the red carpet, the Berlinale has established a cosmopolitan character integrating art, glamour, commerce and a global media attention. The Berlin International Film Festival was founded in West Berlin in 1951, alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca opened the first Berlinale. Although the film had premiered in 1940, many Germans had been unable to watch it until after the war ended, since 1978 the festival has been celebrated annually in February. The next-to-most recent festival, the 66th Berlinale, was held from 11 February to 21 February 2016, meryl Streep presided over the international jury. Joel and Ethan Coens film Hail, Caesar. was selected to open the festival, the Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian documentary Fire at Sea, directed by Gianfranco Rosi. The 67th Berlin International Film Festival was held February 9 to February 19,2017, the festival is composed of seven different film sections. Films are chosen in each category by a director with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories include, Competition, comprises feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, films in the Competition section compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production. Panorama, comprises new independent and arthouse films that deal with controversial subjects or unconventional aesthetic styles, films in the category are intended to provoke discussion, and have historically involved themes such as LGBT issues
9.
Historical period drama
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The term, historical period drama refers to a work set in an earlier time period, usually used in the context of film and television. It is an informal term that can apply to several genres and is often heard in the context of historical fiction and romances, adventure films. A period piece may be as long and general as the ages or as limited as one decade, for example. Historical drama film stories are based upon events and famous people. A period film is a film that attempts to depict a specific time period. Examples include movies like Cinderella Man, Schindler’s List, Les Misérables or Lincoln, the most common type of period piece is the historical period piece, both on stage and in movies. This category includes Robin Hood, Barry Lyndon, Amadeus, The Young Victoria, films that are set in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Last Man Standing, can also be placed in this category. Other examples include Marie Antoinette, Middle march, and Pride, many highly successful television series have been known as period pieces. Notable examples include The Tudors, Mad Men, Boardwalk Empire, Call the Midwife, Downton Abbey, Deadwood, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, and Little House on the Prairie
10.
Marquis de Sade
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Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade, was a French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality. He was a proponent of freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion. The words sadism and sadist are derived from his name, during the French Revolution, he was an elected delegate to the National Convention. Many of his works were written in prison and he was his parents only surviving child. He was educated by an uncle, the Abbé de Sade, in Sades youth, his father abandoned the family, his mother joined a convent. He was raised with servants who indulged his every whim, which led to him becoming known as a rebellious, later in his childhood, Sade was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, a Jesuit college, for four years. While at the school, he was tutored by Abbé Jacques-François Amblet, later in life, the Abbé testified at one of Sades trials, saying that Sade had a passionate temperament which made him eager in the pursuit of pleasure but had a good heart. At the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, he was subjected to corporal punishment, including flagellation. At age 14, Sade began attending a military academy. At age 15, he was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 14 December 1755 after 20 months of training, becoming a soldier. After 13 months as a sub-lieutenant, he was commissioned to the rank of cornet in the Brigade de S. André of the Comte de Provences Carbine Regiment and he eventually became Colonel of a Dragoon regiment and fought in the Seven Years War. In 1766, he had a theatre built in his castle. In January 1767, his father died, the men of the Sade family alternated between using the marquis and comte titles. His grandfather, Gaspard François de Sade, was the first to use marquis, occasionally, he was the Marquis de Sade, but is identified in documents as the Marquis de Mazan. The Sade family were noblesse dépée, claiming at the time the oldest, Frank-descended nobility, so, at Court, precedence was by seniority and royal favor, not title. There is father-and-son correspondence, wherein father addresses son as marquis, for many years, Sades descendants regarded his life and work as a scandal to be suppressed. At that time, the marquis of legend was so unmentionable in his own family that Xavier de Sade only learned of him in the late 1940s when approached by a journalist. He subsequently discovered a store of Sades papers in the family château at Condé-en-Brie and his youngest son, the Marquis Thibault de Sade, has continued the collaboration
11.
Charenton (asylum)
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Charenton was a lunatic asylum, founded in 1645 by the Frères de la Charité or Brothers of Charity in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, now Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne, France. Charenton was first under monastic rule, then Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul took over the asylum after their founding, although the town itself was the location of the headquarters of the French Huguenots in the 1500s and 1600s, the founders of Charenton were Catholic. At the time, many hospitals and asylums were Catholic institutions after the Council of Trent, Charenton was known for its humanitarian treatment of patients, especially under its director the Abbé de Coulmier in the early 19th century. He showed an aptitude for understanding Psychoanalytic theory. He used the technique of art therapy to help patients manifest their madness through physical art forms, now permanently closed, the psychiatric hospital is known as the Esquirol Hospital, after Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol who directed the institution in the 19th century. The 1845 structures architect was Émile Gilbert, Charenton was founded as a hospital for the poor in 13 September 1641 by the Frères de la Charité after receiving a donation from Sébastien Leblanc, an advisor to Louis XIII. Initially the hospital consisted of a house containing 5 beds. Starting September 1660 the mentally ill were required to be cared for in hospitals as per a government mandate, care at Charenton shifted to reflect this change, prioritizing care for more privileged members of the population with mental symptoms. In 1804 François Simonnet de Coulmiers became the director of the asylum, Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol became the chief physician of the hospital in 1826. Later on in the 18th century, hospitals and asylums shifted away from treatments to more humane solutions. Coulmier was known for using this and other forms of psychotherapy rather than the inhumane treatments exhibited at other facilities to encourage alternative forms of expression. However, his psychodrama therapy came under fire by Esquirol and others who criticized him for employing a fruitless treatment, despite the tendency to use more humane therapies, not all patients necessarily lived pleasant lives in the asylum. Famous prisoners were held in the Charenton asylum including Latude, the Comte de Sanois and Marquis de Sade, Marquis de Sade was arrested for his works Justine and Juliette, and was later transferred to Charenton without a trial after his opponents declared him insane. The noted Belgian-born musicologist and composer Jérôme-Joseph de Momigny also died at the Charenton asylum, the caricaturist André Gill died there in 1885. Poet Paul Verlaine was interned in 1887 and again in 1890, artist Charles Méryon died at the asylum in 1868. Composer François Devienne died in the asylum in 1803, the mathematician André Bloch spent the last three decades of his life there, and mathematician Joseph-Émile Barbier also stayed there before being found and brought back into academia by Bertrand. Pierre Gaveaux was a French operatic tenor and composer who was sent to Charenton. At the time, many believed that with a degree of insanity came the ability to be creative and have access to greater truths
12.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
13.
Censorship
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Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB
14.
Art
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In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, during the Romantic period, art came to be seen as a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science. Though the definition of what art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency. The nature of art, and related such as creativity. One early sense of the definition of art is related to the older Latin meaning. English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, however, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness in the Phaedrus, and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homers great poetic art, in Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, the forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is an imitation of men worse than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankinds advantages over animals. The second, and more recent, sense of the art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. The creative arts are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks that are compelled by a drive and convey a message, mood. Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are considered applied art
15.
Religion
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Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has considered a source of religious beliefs. There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, about 84% of the worlds population is affiliated with one of the five largest religions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or forms of folk religion. With the onset of the modernisation of and the revolution in the western world. The religiously unaffiliated demographic include those who do not identify with any religion, atheists. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated still have various religious beliefs, about 16% of the worlds population is religiously unaffiliated. The study of religion encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including theology, comparative religion. Theories of religion offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion, Religion is derived from the Latin religiō, the ultimate origins of which are obscure. One possible interpretation traced to Cicero, connects lego read, i. e. re with lego in the sense of choose, go over again or consider carefully. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders, we hear of the religion of the Golden Fleece, of a knight of the religion of Avys. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religio was understood as a virtue of worship, never as doctrine, practice. In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations and it was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, what is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Some languages have words that can be translated as religion, but they may use them in a different way. For example, the Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as religion, throughout classical South Asia, the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions. Medieval Japan at first had a union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. There is no equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities
16.
Motion Picture Association of America
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The Motion Picture Association of America is an American trade association that represents the six major Hollywood studios. It was founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America to advance the interests of its members. In its formative years it took on the role of devising guidelines for content which resulted in the creation of the Production Code. More recently, the MPAA has advocated for the picture and television industry through lobbying to protect creative content from piracy. The MPAA has long worked to curb copyright infringement, including recent attempts to limit the sharing of copyrighted works via peer-to-peer file-sharing networks, former Democratic Senator Chris Dodd is the chairman and CEO. The MPAA was founded as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America in 1922 as an association of member motion picture companies. At its founding, MPPDA member companies produced approximately 70 to 80 percent of the made in the United States. Former Postmaster General Will H. Hays was named the associations first president, the MPPDA also instituted a code of conduct for Hollywoods actors in an attempt to govern their behavior offscreen. Finally, the sought to protect American film interests abroad by encouraging film studios to avoid racist portrayals of foreigners. From the early days of the association, Hays spoke out against public censorship, large portions of the public both opposed censorship, but also decried the lack of morals in movies. At the time of the MPPDAs founding, there was no censorship, but some state and municipal laws required movies to be censored. Thus, in locations in the US, films were often edited to comply with local laws regarding the onscreen portrayal of violence and sexuality. This resulted in publicity for the studios and decreasing numbers of theater goers. In 1929, more than 50 percent of American moviegoers lived in a location overseen by such a board, the Formula requested that studios send synopses of films being considered to the MPDDA for review. This effort largely failed, however, as studios were under no obligation to send their scripts to Hayss office, in 1927, Hays oversaw the creation of a code of Donts and Be Carefuls for the industry. This list outlined the issues that movies could encounter in different localities, Hays also created a Studio Relations Department with staff available to the studios for script reviews and advice regarding potential problems. In 1930, the MPPDA introduced the Production Code, sometimes called the Hays Code, the Code consisted of moral guidelines regarding what was acceptable to include in films. Unlike the Donts and Be Carefuls, which the studios had ignored, the Code incorporated many of the Donts and Be Carefuls as specific examples of what could not be portrayed
17.
British Board of Film Classification
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It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010. The immediate impetus for the Boards formation stemmed from the surrounding the release in the UK in October 1912 of the film From the Manger to the Cross. The film, shown at the Queens Hall, London, gained considerable publicity from an outcry in the Daily Mail. And waxed indignant about the profits for its American film producers, although the clergy were invited to see it and found little to be affronted by, the controversy resulted in the voluntary creation of the BBFC, which began operating on 1 January 1913. The Boards legal basis was the Cinematograph Act 1909, which required cinemas to have licences from local authorities. Given that the law now allowed councils to grant or refuse licences to cinemas according to the content of the films they showed, the 1909 Act therefore enabled the introduction of censorship. The Boards offices were originally at 133-135 Oxford Street, London, the building is located at the junction of Wardour Street, some decisions from the early years are now subjected to derision. Informal links, to varying degrees of closeness, have been maintained between the BBFC and the Government throughout the Boards existence, in the period before the Second World War, an extensive but unofficial system of political censorship was implemented by the BBFC for the Home Office. This trend reached its climax during the 1930s, following protests from the German Embassy after the release of a film depicting the execution of Edith Cavell, intense political pressure was brought to bear on the BBFC by the Home Office. A system of script vetting was introduced, whereby British studios were invited to submit screenplays to the BBFC before shooting started. The increasing climate of post-war liberalism ensured that from the 1950s onwards, controversies involving the BBFC centred more on depictions of sex, in 1984 the organisation changed its name to reflect the fact that classification plays a far larger part in the Boards work than censorship. At that time it was responsibility for classifying videos for hire or purchase to view in the home as well as films shown in cinemas. The horror in both came through largely in their detailed prose. Had the game publishers reprinted the text in book form, it would not have carried a certificate. The first video game to be refused classification by the BBFC was Carmageddon in 1997, in June 2007, Manhunt 2 was refused classification in both its PlayStation 2 and Wii versions, meaning that the game was illegal to sell or supply. A modified version was made that was accepted by the ESRB but was refused classification from the BBFC. The second decision was overturned by the Video Appeals Committee. On 16 June 2009, the UKs Department of Culture, Media and Sport ruled in favour of the PEGI system to be the classification system for videogames
18.
Reign of Terror
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The Reign of Terror or The Terror, is the label given by some historians to a period of violence during the French Revolution. Different historians place the date at either 5 September 1793 or June 1793 or March 1793 or September 1792 or July 1789. Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794, there were 16,594 official death sentences in France, but the total number of deaths in France in 1793–96 in only the civil war in the Vendée is estimated at 250,000 counter-revolutionaries and 200,000 republicans. During 1794, revolutionary France was beset with conspiracies by internal, within France, the revolution was opposed by the French nobility, which had lost its inherited privileges. The Catholic Church opposed the revolution, which had turned the clergy into employees of the state, in addition, the French First Republic was engaged in a series of wars with neighboring powers, and parts of France were engaging in civil war against the loyalist regime. The latter were grouped in the parliamentary faction called the Mountain. Through the Revolutionary Tribunal, the Terrors leaders exercised broad powers, the Reign was a manifestation of the strong strain on centralized power. Many historians have debated the reasons the French Revolution took such a turn during the Reign of Terror of 1793–94. The public was frustrated that the equality and anti-poverty measures that the revolution originally promised were not materializing. Jacques Rouxs Manifesto of the Enraged on 25 June 1793, describes the extent to which, four years into the revolution, the foundation of the Terror is centered on the April 1793 creation of the Committee of Public Safety and its militant Jacobin delegates. Those in power believed the Committee of Public Safety was an unfortunate, according to Mathiez, they touched only with trepidation and reluctance the regime established by the Constituent Assembly so as not to interfere with the early accomplishments of the revolution. Similar to Mathiez, Richard Cobb introduced competing circumstances of revolt, counter-revolutionary rebellions taking place in Lyon, Brittany, Vendée, Nantes, and Marseille were threatening the revolution with royalist ideas. Cobb writes, the revolutionaries themselves, living as if in combat… were easily persuaded that only terror, Terror was used in these rebellions both to execute inciters and to provide a very visible example to those who might be considering rebellion. Cobb agrees with Mathiez that the Terror was simply a response to circumstances, at the same time, Cobb rejects Mathiezs Marxist interpretation that elites controlled the Reign of Terror to the significant benefit of the bourgeoisie. Instead, Cobb argues that social struggles between the classes were seldom the reason for actions and sentiments. Widespread terror and a consequent rise in executions came after external and internal threats were vastly reduced, with the backing of the national guard, they persuaded the convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders, including Jacques Pierre Brissot. On 13 July the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat – a Jacobin leader, georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, was removed from the committee. The Jacobins identified themselves with the movement and the sans-culottes
19.
Justine (de Sade novel)
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Justine, or The Misfortunes of Virtue is a 1791 novel by Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, better known as the Marquis de Sade. Justine is set just before the French Revolution in France and tells the story of a woman who goes under the name of Thérèse. Her story is recounted to Madame de Lorsagne while defending herself for her crimes, en route to punishment and she explains the series of misfortunes that led her present situation. Justine was a work by the Marquis de Sade, written in two weeks in 1787 while imprisoned in the Bastille. It is a novella with relatively little of the obscenity that characterized his later writing, as it was written in the style, with much verbose. A much extended and more graphic version, entitled Justine ou Les Malheurs de la vertu, was the first of de Sades books published, a further extended version, La Nouvelle Justine ou Les Malheurs de la vertu, was published in the Netherlands in 1797. This final version, La Nouvelle Justine, departed from the narrative of the previous two versions, and included around 100 engravings. It was accompanied by a continuation, Juliette, about Justines sister, the two together formed 10 volumes of nearly 4000 pages in total, publication was completed in 1801. Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the author of Justine and Juliette. The books destruction was ordered by the Cour Royale de Paris on May 19,1815, there is standard edition of this text in hardcover, having passed into the public domain. The text itself is incorporated into collections of de Sades work. A censored English translation of Justine was issued in the US by the Risus Press in the early 1930s, the first unexpurgated English translation of Justine was published by the Olympia Press in 1953. Wainhouse later revised this translation for publication in the United States by Grove Press, other modern translated versions in print, notably the Wordsworth edition, are abridged and heavily censored. The plot concerns Justine, a 12-year-old maiden who sets off and it follows her until age 26, in her quest for virtue. She is presented with sexual lessons, hidden under a virtuous mask and these are described in true Sadean form. However, unlike some of his works, the novel is not just a catalogue of sadism. Justine and Juliette were the daughters of Monsieur de Bertole, Bertole was a widower banker who fell in love with another mans lover. The man, Monsieur de Noirseuil, in the interest of revenge, pretended to be his friend, Juliette and Justine lived in a nunnery, where the abbess of the nunnery corrupted Juliette
20.
Napoleon
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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleons political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and he was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica to a relatively modest family from the minor nobility. When the Revolution broke out in 1789, Napoleon was serving as an officer in the French army. Seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution, he rose through the ranks of the military. The Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents, in 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic and his ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and in 1804 he became the first Emperor of the French. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805, in 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched the Grand Army deep into Eastern Europe, France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high watermark of the French Empire, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support, the Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, the Russians routinely violated the Continental System and enticed Napoleon into another war. The French launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the collapse of the Grand Army, the destruction of Russian cities, in 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba near Rome and the Bourbons were restored to power, however, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June, the British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51
21.
Marat/Sade
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The work was first published in German. Set in the historical Charenton Asylum, Marat/Sade is almost entirely a play within a play, the actors are the inmates of the asylum, the nurses and supervisors occasionally step in to restore order. The bourgeois director of the hospital, Coulmier, supervises the performance, accompanied by his wife and daughter. He is a supporter of the government led by Napoleon, in place at the time of the production. His patients, however, have other ideas, and they make a habit of speaking lines he had attempted to suppress, or deviating entirely into personal opinion. They, as people who came out of the revolution no better than they went in, are not entirely pleased with the course of events as they occurred. The Marquis de Sade, the man after whom sadism is named, did indeed direct performances in Charenton with other inmates there, De Sade is a main character in the play, conducting many philosophical dialogues with Marat and observing the proceedings with sardonic amusement. Marat/Sade is a play with music, the use of music follows the approach of Brecht, whereby the songs comment on themes and issues of the play. Unlike a traditional format, the songs do not further the plot or expositional development of character in the play. By contrast they often add an effect, interrupting the action of the play. Richard Peaslee composed music for the original English-language production of Marat/Sade directed by Peter Brook, sections of the Peaslee score have been included in trade copies of the Geoffrey Skelton/Adrian Mitchell English version. The full score is available from ECS Publishing/Galaxy Music Corporation, the original Royal Shakespeare Company production was so popular that some of the songs from the show were recorded as a medley by Judy Collins on her album In My Life. Recordings of the songs were made by the cast of the original Royal Shakespeare Company production, the first recording of the show was a three-LP set released in 1964 by Caedmon Records. This was an audio recording of the original Broadway production. The second release was a soundtrack album LP of the film score. The third release was a CD compilation of two 1966 Brook/Peaslee Royal Shakespeare Company productions, Marat/Sade and US, released by Premier Recordings, the cast of this recording includes Patrick Magee, Glenda Jackson and Freddie Jones. In 1964 the play was translated by Geoffrey Skelton with lyric adaptation by Adrian Mitchell, Peter Brook directed a cast that included Ian Richardson as the herald, Clive Revill as Marat, Patrick Magee as de Sade and Glenda Jackson as Charlotte Corday. After two previews, the Broadway production opened on 27 December 1965 at the Martin Beck Theatre, Richardson took over the role of Marat, while Magee and Jackson reprised the roles they had originated in London
22.
Jude Law
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David Jude Heyworth Law is an English actor. He has received nominations for two Academy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and two British Academy Awards, winning one. In 2007, he received an Honorary César and was named a Chevalier of the Order of Arts, in 2004, he received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award and British Academy Film Award nominations for his role in Anthony Minghellas epic war film Cold Mountain. Laws other notable films include Gattaca, Enemy at the Gates, artificial Intelligence, Road to Perdition, Alfie, Closer, The Holiday, Contagion, Hugo, Anna Karenina, Side Effects, and The Grand Budapest Hotel. He portrayed Dr. Watson in Guy Ritchies Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes, Law has also had an accomplished career on stage, and has received nominations for three Laurence Olivier Awards and two Tony Awards. He has performed in several West End and Broadway productions, Law was named after a bit of both in the book Jude the Obscure and the Beatles song Hey Jude. He grew up in Blackheath, an area in the Borough of Greenwich, in 1987, Law began acting with the National Youth Music Theatre. He played various roles in the Edinburgh Fringe-awarded play The Ragged Child, One of his first major stage roles was Foxtrot Darling in Philip Ridleys The Fastest Clock in the Universe. Law went on to appear as Michael in the West End production of Jean Cocteaus tragicomedy Les Parents terribles, for this play, he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Newcomer, and he received the Ian Charleson Award for Outstanding Newcomer. Following a title change to Indiscretions, the play was reworked and transferred to Broadway in 1995 and this role earned him a Tony Award nomination and the Theatre World Award. In 1989, Law received his first television role, in a film based on the Beatrix Potter childrens book, in 1997, he became more widely known with his role in the Oscar Wilde bio-pic Wilde. Law won the Most Promising Newcomer award from the Evening Standard British Film Awards for his role as Lord Alfred Bosie Douglas, in Andrew Niccols science fiction film Gattaca, Law played the role of a disabled former swimming star living in a eugenics-obsessed dystopia. In Clint Eastwoods Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, the role earned him a Bafta award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2001, Law starred as Russian sniper Vasily Zaytsev in the film Enemy at the Gates, in 2002, he played a mob hitman in Sam Mendess 1930s period drama Road to Perdition. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Talented Mr. Ripley in 1999, both films were directed by Anthony Minghella. Law, an admirer of Sir Laurence Olivier, suggested the actors image be included in the 2004 film Sky Captain, using the science of computer graphics, footage of the young Olivier was merged into the film, playing Dr. Totenkopf, a mysterious scientific genius and supervillain. In 2006, he portrayed the role of Kate Winslets single-parent brother in the film The Holiday, after his appearances in a string of period dramas and science fiction films in the early to mid-2000s, Law said he found it tricky to approach the contemporary role in this film. Like Winslet, the stated, he felt more vulnerable about playing a character who fitted his own look and did not require an accent
23.
Guy Pearce
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Guy Edward Pearce is an Australian actor and musician. In Australian cinema, he has appeared in The Proposition, Animal Kingdom, The Rover, Holding the Man and he has won an Emmy Award and received nominations for Golden Globe Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and AACTA Awards. Since 2012 he has played the role in the TV adaptations of the Jack Irish stories by Australian crime writer Peter Temple. Pearce was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK His mother, Anne Cocking, was from County Durham, England, she was a schoolteacher specialising in needlework and home economics. His father, Stuart Pearce, was a New Zealand-born RAAF test pilot who died flying a GAF Nomad when Pearce was eight, when he was three years old, Pearce moved to Geelong, Victoria, Australia, where his mother ran a deer farm. He attended the Geelong College, a private school, and was a member of the GSODA Junior Players. From the age of 15 to 22, he was an amateur bodybuilder. He also took part in fencing and he lived in Box Hill North, Victoria in the late 1980s while working on the Australian drama series Neighbours. Pearce starred in theatre productions when he was young. The lead part called for a 23-year-old university student and at first he was turned down due to his young age, Pearce transitioned to television when he was cast in the Australian soap opera Neighbours in 1985, playing the role of Mike Young for several years. Pearce also found roles in television series such as Home and Away and Snowy River. The accompanying Howson-funded publicity campaign brought Pearce to the attention of the film industry. He made his first major film breakthrough shortly after, with his role as a queen in The Adventures of Priscilla. Since then, he has appeared in several US productions including L. A. Confidential, Ravenous, Rules of Engagement, Memento, The Count of Monte Cristo, Pearce portrayed pop artist Andy Warhol in Factory Girl and Harry Houdini in Death Defying Acts. He also appeared in The Road and in Bedtime Stories with Adam Sandler, Pearce continues to perform in Australian films, such as The Hard Word and the critically lauded The Proposition, written by fellow Australian Nick Cave. In January 2009, Pearce returned to the stage after a seven-year absence and he performed in the Melbourne Theatre Companys production of Poor Boy, a play with music, co-written by Matt Cameron and Tim Finn. In 2010, he appeared as playboy David, the Prince of Wales and he is the eponymous lead in the Australian TV miniseries Jack Irish, an adaptation of the detective novels of author Peter Temple broadcast on the ABC network in 2012. In May 2012, Pearce was cast to star in David Michôds The Rover, in 2013, Pearce portrayed the villain character Aldrich Killian in Iron Man 3
24.
Billy Crudup
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William Gaither Billy Crudup is an American actor. In 2017 Crudup is set to appear in Ridley Scotts science-fiction film Alien, Covenant and he has also had an extensive stage acting career, appearing mostly on Broadway. He has been nominated four times for a Tony Award for his acting, from 1998 to 2005, Crudup was the narrator for Priceless, a popular U. S. television ad campaign for MasterCard. Crudup was born in Manhasset, New York and his parents, Georgann and Thomas Henry Crudup III, divorced during his childhood, and later remarried, before divorcing a second time. His maternal grandfather was William Cotter Billy Gaither, Jr. a well-known Florida trial lawyer, Crudup has two brothers, Tommy, an executive producer, and Brooks, also a producer. He left New York with his family when he was eight years old, first living in Texas. He graduated from Saint Thomas Aquinas High School in Fort Lauderdale, Crudup attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he received an undergraduate degree, and he continued his passion for acting with the undergraduate acting company, LAB. He also acted for UNC-STVs most popular show, General College and he was a member of the Beta Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon. He then studied at the Graduate Acting Program at New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts, Crudup began acting in films such as 1996s Sleepers, 1997s Inventing the Abbotts and 1998s Without Limits, where he played the role of running legend and Olympian Steve Prefontaine. His first role in a feature was in 1999s English release of Princess Mononoke. He then played Russell Hammond, the guitar player of the fictional band Stillwater in Cameron Crowes Almost Famous. In 2006s The Good Shepherd, he played British spy Arch Cummings, the same year, he played a supporting role in Mission, Impossible III. Crudup completed Watchmen with director Zack Snyder in Vancouver, British Columbia and he portrayed the superhero Doctor Manhattan. He portrayed former U. S. Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner in a TV film about 2008s financial crisis, a year after graduating, he made his debut on Broadway in the Lincoln Center Theater production of Tom Stoppards Arcadia. He starred in The Metal Children, a play written. In 2011, Crudup received a Tony Award nomination for Featured Actor in a Play for his role in the Broadway revival of Arcadia. In August 2013, he co-starred with Ian McKellen and Patrick Stewart in the Harold Pinter play No Mans Land as well as in Waiting for Godot at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre. The shows transferred to The Cort Theatre in New York City, from 1998 to 2005, Crudup was the narrator for the Priceless television ads for MasterCard
25.
Ken Starr
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Kenneth Winston Ken Starr is an American lawyer who has also been a federal judge and U. S. He is the former President and Chancellor of Baylor University, and he carried out a controversial investigation of members of the Clinton administration. Starr served as a federal Court of Appeals judge and as general for George H. W. Bush. He received the most publicity for his tenure as independent counsel while Bill Clinton was U. S. president, Starr was initially appointed to investigate the suicide death of deputy White House counsel Vince Foster and the Whitewater real estate investments of Bill Clinton. After several years of investigation, Starr filed the Starr Report, the allegation opened the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton and the five-year suspension of Clintons law license. Starr served as the president and chancellor of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, the Regents said he would continue as Chancellor, but on June 1, Starr told ESPN that he would resign that position effective immediately. On August 19,2016, Starr announced he will resign from his professor position at Baylor Law School. Ken Starr was born near Vernon, Texas, and was raised in Centerville and his father was a minister in the Churches of Christ who also worked as a barber. Starr attended Sam Houston High School in San Antonio and was a popular and he was voted most likely to succeed by his classmates. In 1970, Starr married Alice Mendell, who was raised Jewish and he later transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D. C. where he received his bachelor of arts degree in history in 1968. During his time at The George Washington University, Starr was a member of Delta Phi Epsilon, Starr worked for the Southwestern Company. He later attended Brown University where he earned masters degree in 1969 and then went to Duke University School of Law, Starr was not drafted for military service during the Vietnam War, as he was classified 4‑F, because he has psoriasis. He joined the Washington, D. C. office of the Los Angeles–based law firm Gibson, Dunn, Starr was nominated for a judgeship on United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by President Ronald Reagan and served from 1983 to 1989. He was the United States Solicitor General from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush, when the Senate Ethics Committee needed someone to review Republican Senator Bob Packwoods diaries, the committee chose Starr. In 1990, Starr was the candidate for the U. S. Supreme Court nomination after William Brennans retirement. He encountered strong resistance from the Department of Justice leadership, which feared that Starr might not be reliably conservative as a Supreme Court justice, President George H. W. Bush nominated David Souter instead of Starr. Starr also considered running for the United States Senate from Virginia in 1994 against incumbent Chuck Robb, but opted against opposing Oliver North for the Republican nomination. In August 1994, pursuant to the newly reauthorized Ethics in Government Act, fiske, a moderate Republican who had been appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno
26.
Billie Whitelaw
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Billie Honor Whitelaw, CBE was an English actress. She worked in collaboration with Irish playwright Samuel Beckett for 25 years and was regarded as one of the foremost interpreters of his works. She was also known for her portrayal of Mrs Baylock, the nanny in the 1976 horror film The Omen. Whitelaw was appointed a CBE in the 1991 Birthday Honours, Whitelaw was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, the daughter of Frances Mary and Gerry Whitelaw. She had one sister, Constance, who was 10 years older, Whitelaw grew up in a working class part of Bradford and later attended Grange Girls Grammar School in Bradford. Her father died of cancer when Billie was 9 years old. Money was tight and her mother struggled on her own to support the family and its something I havent come to terms with. Im rather ashamed of having the good life I have, she later recalled, Whitelaw trained at RADA and made her stage debut at age 18 in London 1950. She made her debut in The Sleeping Tiger, followed by roles in Carve Her Name with Pride. Whitelaw soon became a regular in British films of the 1950s, in her early film work she specialised in blousy blondes and secretaries, but her dramatic range began to emerge by the late 1960s. She starred alongside Albert Finney in Charlie Bubbles, a performance which won her a BAFTA award as Best Actress in a Supporting Role and she would win her second BAFTA as the sensuous mother of college student Hayley Mills in the psychological study Twisted Nerve. She continued in roles including Leo the Last, Start the Revolution Without Me, Gumshoe. Whitelaw gained international acclaim for her role as Mrs. Baylock. Her performance was considered one of the most memorable of the film, other films included performing the voice of Aughra in The Dark Crystal, as the hopelessly naive Mrs. She returned to film, in a turn, as Joyce Cooper in Hot Fuzz. In 1970, she was a member of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, in 1963, Billie Whitelaw met Irish playwright Samuel Beckett. She and Beckett enjoyed a professional relationship until his death in 1989. He wrote many of his experimental plays especially for her
27.
Stephen Moyer
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Stephen Moyer is an English film and television actor and director who is best known as vampire Bill Compton in the HBO series True Blood. Moyers first television role was in 1993 as Philip Masefield in the TV adaptation of the play Conjugal Rites and this was followed by the television film Lord of Misrule, filmed in Fowey, Cornwall, which also featured Richard Wilson, Emily Mortimer and Prunella Scales. In 1997, Moyer made his big-screen debut landing the role in the film adaptation of the long-running comic strip Prince Valiant by Hal Foster, working alongside Ron Perlman. Moyer was born in Brentwood, Essex and he attended St Martins School, a comprehensive school in Hutton, Essex, and graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He became Brentwood Theatres first patron in October 2007, especially supporting their Reaching Out, after graduating from LAMDA, Moyer worked in theatre for five years. He worked with the National Theatre Wales, the Royal Shakespeare Company and he then made the transition to television and film. In August 2009, Moyer became engaged to actress Anna Paquin and they had been dating since filming the series pilot in 2007. The couple married on 21 August 2010 at a residence in Malibu. Moyer and Paquin have a son, Charlie, and a daughter, Poppy, the family resides in Venice, Los Angeles. Moyer also has a son, Billy, born in 2000 and daughter, Lilac, Moyer has dealt with alcoholism in the past. He has been sober for 14 years and has said that the addiction stemmed from his roots in British theater, at a CLARE Foundation dinner he stated, “There’s this rush that happens from doing our job, this whirring buzz, and you want to continue that buzz. He now works with CLARE Foundation to help others with rehabilitation, stephen Moyer at the Internet Movie Database allstephenmoyer. com simplymoyer. com
28.
Sharpe (TV series)
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Sharpe is a British series of historical fiction war television dramas starring Sean Bean as Richard Sharpe, a fictional British soldier in the Napoleonic Wars. Sharpe is the hero of a number of novels by Bernard Cornwell, most, though not all, of the episodes are based on the books. Produced by Celtic Films and Picture Palace Films for the ITV network, the series originally ran from 1993 to 1997. With more gore than earlier episodes, the show was broadcast by BBC America in September 2006, filming of Sharpes Peril, produced by Celtic Film/Picture Palace, began on 3 March 2008 in India. Sharpes Challenge and Sharpes Peril were broadcast in the US in 2010 as part of PBS Masterpiece Classic season, at the beginning of the series, Richard Sharpe is a sergeant in the 95th Rifles serving in Portugal in 1809. When he singlehandedly saves the life of General Sir Arthur Wellesley from a group of French cavalrymen, Wellesley gives Sharpe a battlefield commission, Patrick Harper eventually becomes his best friend and is promoted to sergeant and later sergeant major. Despite their backing, he has to fight against the prejudice of aristocrats against an uncouth commoner raised from the ranks. He makes a number of enemies, such as French Major Pierre Ducos and Colonel Sir Henry Simmerson. However, Sharpes successes gain him steady promotion, by the end of the Napoleonic Wars, at the Battle of Waterloo, he is Lieutenant-Colonel Sharpe. Along the way, Sharpe has a number of romances, during the course of the series, he marries the Spanish guerrilla leader Teresa Moreno, with whom he has a daughter. Sharpe then marries Jane Gibbons, who deserts him, steals his hard-earned money and he finally settles down with Lucille Castineau, a Frenchwoman who passes away some time after Napoleons final defeat. Initially, Paul McGann was cast in the role, however. When production started again a later, Sean Bean took over the role. The first actor cast in Sharpe was actually Daragh OMalley in the role of Sgt. Patrick Harper, author Bernard Cornwell was so impressed by Sean Beans performances that he dedicated one of the novels, Sharpes Battle, to Sean Bean. Some actors have played roles in the series. Peter-Hugo Daly portrayed first Sergeant Rodd in Sharpes Gold and then Bickerstaff, julian Fellowes played Major Warren Dunnett in Sharpes Rifles and also the Prince Regent in Sharpes Regiment. Tony Haygarth was Marshal Pot-au-Feu in Sharpes Enemy and Sir Willoughby Parfitt in Sharpes Justice, there are some differences between the series and the novels. For instance, in the books, Sharpe was said to be tall, was born in Wapping in London and has dark hair with a very noticeable scar on his face
