1.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
2.
Sahabah
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The term aṣ-ṣaḥābah refers to the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. This form is definite plural, the singular is masculine sahabi. Later scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators, was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him and died as a Muslim. ”Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his passing are not considered Sahaba but Tabiin. In their view, the Quran has outlined a high level of faith as one of the qualities of the Sahabah. Hence, they admit to this list only those individuals who had contact with Muhammad, lived with him. This view has implications in Islamic law since narrations of Muhammad transmitted through the Sahabah acquire a status of authenticity. Lists of prominent companions usually run to 50 or 60 names, the book entitled Istîâb fî marifat-il-Ashâb by Hafidh Yusuf bin Muhammad bin Qurtubi consists of 2,770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female Sahabah. According to an observation in the book entitled Mawâhib-i-ladunniyya, a number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time Mecca was conquered and 70,000 during the Battle of Tabouk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number, indeed, He was to them Kind and Merciful. In Islam, there are three types of Sahabah, The people who were Muslims at the time of Badr, but those who believed and did not emigrate - for you there is no guardianship of them until they emigrate. And if they seek help of you for the religion, then you must help, and Allah is Seeing of what you do. Quran, sura 8, ayah 72 And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, and you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus does Allah make clear to you His verses that you may be guided, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating, seeking bounty from Allah and their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration. That is their description in the Torah, Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them forgiveness and a great reward. The people who were Muslims before victory at Mecca and went into exile and they are also high in degree, especially those who were present at Hudabiyah
3.
Peace be upon him
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The Arabic phrase ʿalayhi as-salām, which translates as peace be upon him is a conventionally complimentary phrase or durood attached to the names of the prophets in Islam. The English phrase is given the abbreviation pbuh in writing. The Arabic phrase is given the name ṣalawāt, Peace be upon him, - this expression follows after naming any prophets, Imams, or one of the archangels. May Allāh honor him and grant him peace, - this expression follows specifically after uttering the name of Muhammad, although peace be upon him may be used instead May Allah grant peace and honor on him and his family. When mentioning the Sahabah, radhi Allahu anhu and radhi Allahu anha are used by Sunnis, the phrase is sometimes also used after mentioning other names including that of Jesus and Moses, but the term عليه سلام ʿalayhi salaam, On him be peace is more common. In the translation of the meanings of the Quran in Surah 33 entitled Al-Ahzab, ayah 56, Surely Allah and His angels bless the Prophet, call for blessings on him and salute him with a salutation. The Islamic scholar, ibn Kathir, titled the section in his tafsir and this point is further founded in the saying by Muhammad that, The miser is the one in whose presence I am mentioned, then he does not send the Salam upon me. This was recorded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal in his Musnad, the evidence for sending salat on Muhammad is not limited to the Quran. It is also found in hadith about Muhammad, al-Tirmidhi said that this hadith was, Hasan gharib. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal reported in his Musnad that the companion of Muhammad, Abu Talha ibn Thabit said, One morning the Messenger of Allah was in a cheerful mood and they said, O Messenger of Allah, this morning you are in a cheerful mood and look happy. The isnad of this hadith is good, Ahmad Bayhaqi reports that Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said, Send the Salat on Allahs messengers and prophets for Allah sent them as He sent me. Many Islamic scholars have instructed Muslims not to abbreviate sending the salat on Muhammad. So it is prescribed to write the prayers in full so as to fulfil the command that Allah has given to Muslims, moreover the reader may not take notice of it and may not understand what is meant by it. It should also be noted that the used for it is regarded as disapproved by the scholars. Subhanahu wa taala As-salamu alaykum Naat Peace be upon him in Judaism
4.
Muhammad in Islam
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Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, in short form Muhammad, is considered by Muslims to be the last Rasul and Nabi sent by Allah to guide humanity to the right way. The religious, social, and political tenets that Muhammad established in the light of Quran became the foundation of Islam, Muslims often refer to Muhammad as Prophet Muhammad, or just The Prophet or The Messenger, and regard him as the greatest of all Prophets. He is seen by Muslims as a possessor of all the virtues, as an act of respect, Muslims follow the name of Muhammad by the Arabic benediction sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, a practice instructed by Qur’an and Hadith. The deeds and sayings in the life of Muhammad – known as Sunnah – are considered a model of the life-style that Muslims are obliged to follow. Recognizing Muhammad as Gods final messenger is one of the requirements in Islam which is clearly laid down in the second part of the Shahadah. The Qur’an chiefly refers to Muhammad as Messenger and Messenger of God, and asks people to him so as to become successful in this life. Born in about 570 CE into a respected Qurayshi family of Mecca, because of persecution of the newly converted Muslims, upon the invitation of a delegation from Medina, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as Hijra. A turning point in Muhammads life, this Hijra also marks the beginning of Islamic calendar. Despite the ongoing hostility of the Meccans, Muhammad, along with his followers, took control of Mecca in 630 CE, treated its citizens with generosity, and ordered to destroy all the pagan idols. By the time he died in 632, his teachings had won the acceptance of Islam by almost all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The Qur’an enumerates little about Muhammads early life or other details, but it talks about his prophetic mission, his moral excellence. According to the Qur’an, Muhammad is the last in a chain of prophets sent by God, throughout the Qur’an, Muhammad is referred to as Messenger, Messenger of God, and Prophet. Some of such verses are 2,101,2,143,2,151,3,32,3,81,3,144,3,164,4, 79-80,5,15,5,41,7,157,8,01,9,3,33,40,48,29, and 66,09. Other terms are used, including Warner, bearer of glad tidings, the Quran asserts that Muhammad was a man who possessed the highest moral excellence, and that God made him a good example or a goodly model for Muslims to follow. The Quran disclaims any superhuman characteristics for Muhammad, but describes him in terms of human qualities. In several verses, the Quran crystallizes Muhammad’s relation to humanity, according to the Quran, God sent Muhammad with truth, and as a blessing to the whole world. The Quran also categorizes some theological issues regarding Muhammad, the most important among them is the edict to follow the teachings of Muhammad. The Quran repeatedly commands people to follow God and his Messenger in verses including 3, 31-32,3,132,4,59, and 4,69
5.
Dala'il al-Khayrat
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Muslims avidly recited it, alone and in groups, in homes and mosques, utterly spending themselves in the Blessings on the Most Beloved and praising him. The Dala’il al-Khayrat is the first major book in Islamic history which compiled litanies of peace and it is also the most popular and most universally acclaimed collection of litanies asking God to bless him. Among some Sunni religious orders, most notably the Shadhili-Jazuli order, in others however, its recitation is a purely voluntary daily practice. The work begins with the ninety nine names of God, the legend behind the origin of the Dala’il al-Khayrat claims that al-Jazuli once awoke late for his morning prayers and began to look in vain for pure water to perform ritual ablutions. In the midst of his search al-Jazuli encountered a girl who was aware of al-Jazulis famed religiosity and was bewildered on why al-Jazuli could not find pure water. The girl then spat into a well which miraculously overflowed with pure water for al-Jazuli to perform ablutions. Consequent to performing prayer, al-Jazuli inquired to the means by which the girl achieved such a high spiritual station, the girl replied it was simply by Making constant prayer for God to bless the best of creation by the number of breaths and heartbeats. Al-Jazuli then resolved to write a work collecting litanies of prayers asking God to bless and show mercy, al-Jazuli then moved east to Medina where he would recite the whole of the Dala’il al-Khayrat twice daily at the Prophet Muhammads grave in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi. The Dalail Khayrat has since been seen as a testament of love, many of exegesis were written on the Dalail Khayrat - most notably by the scholar Yusuf an-Nabhani in his work Afdal al-Salawat, and Abd al-Majid al-Sharnubi al-Azharis Sharh Dalail Khayrat. A classic Ottoman era work by Kara Davud is popular in Turkish, titled Muwafik-ul Khayrat Linayl-el Barakat Fi Khidmat-as Saadat, read/Download Dalail ul Khairat Shareef Mp3 audio recitation plus transliteration and English translation of Dalail-e Hayrat. English translation of Dalail al-Khayrat The Story of Dala’il al-Khayrat An Appreciation by Siddiq Osman Noormuhammad
6.
Islamic honorifics
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Islam uses a number of conventionally complimentary phrases or durood, sometimes called Islamic honorifics, ‘blessings’, ‘titles’ or even ‘prayers’. The honorifics either praise, or wish good things for Muhammad, unlike conventional honorifics they follow, rather than precede, the name of the individual being noted. Some Muslims preach against the use of abbreviations in honorifics, insisting on the entire phrase spelled out, the honorifics for Muhammad are based on a quaric verse according to one source, Indeed, Allah confers blessing upon the Prophet, and His angels. O you who have believed, ask blessing upon him and ask peace, - Quran 33,56 A hadith narrated by Abu Hurayrah states, The Messenger of Allah said, Whoever sends one salah upon me, Allah will send ten upon him. Subhanahu wa-ta’ala Translation, glorified and exalted be He or, may He be glorified and exalted abbreviation, swt Azza wa jal Translation, Mighty and the Majestic. Abbreviation, awj These are also called Darood Shareef ′Alayhiṣ-Ṣalātu was-Salām Translation, Upon him be prayers and peace Example, ′Alayhe wa ′alā Ālehiṣ-Ṣalātu was-Salām Translation, Upon him and on his family be prayers and peace General Supervisor, Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid| Example, The Messenger of Allāh. Ṣallallāhu ′alayhe wa sallam Translation, May Allāh send blessings and peace upon him Example, Ṣallallāhu ′alayhe wa ′ālehe wa Ṣaḥbehe wa sallam Translation, May Allāh send blessings and peace upon him, his family, and his companions. Ṣallallāhu ′alayhe wa ālehe wa sallam Translation, May Allāh send blessings and peace upon him and his family Example, applies to the Archangels as well as any other Islamic prophets preceding Muhammad. Alayhis Salam Peace be upon him, abbreviation, as Alaihissalatu Wassalam Translation, On Him are the blessings and the peace of Allah. Abbreviation, asw Used after companions of the Islamic Prophet Muḥammad Radeyallāhu ′Anhu Translation, Radeyallāhu ′Anhā Translation, May Allāh be pleased with her. Radeyallāhu ′Anhum Translation, May Allāh be pleased with them
