1.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
2.
John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
–
Edward John Johnnie Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer, MVO, styled Viscount Althorp until 1975, was a British peer and the father of Diana, Princess of Wales. Lord Spencer was born Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, the son of Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer and he was educated at Eton, the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, and the Royal Agricultural College. A Captain in the Royal Scots Greys, Lord Spencer fought in the Second World War from 1944 to 1945, from 1947 to 1950, he served as Aide-de-Camp to then-Governor of South Australia, Willoughby Norrie. Spencer held the offices of County Councillor for Northamptonshire, High Sheriff of Northamptonshire and he served as Equerry to King George VI and to Queen Elizabeth II, and was invested as a member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1954. He was known by the courtesy title Viscount Althorp until 1975 when he became the 8th Earl Spencer upon his fathers death. On 1 June 1954 Spencer and Frances Ruth Roche, the daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy, were married in Westminster Abbey by Percy Herbert. The Queen and other members of the Royal Family attended the wedding ceremony and they had five children, Lady Sarah McCorquodale, married Neil Edmund McCorquodale on 17 May 1980 and had issue. Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes, married Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes in March 1978 and had issue, John Spencer, died within ten hours of his birth. Diana, Princess of Wales, married Charles, Prince of Wales, John and Frances Spencer were separated in April 1969. Spencer died of an attack on 29 March 1992, aged 68
John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
3.
William Legge, 10th Earl of Dartmouth
–
William Legge, 10th Earl of Dartmouth, FCA is a British politician and hereditary peer, usually known as William Dartmouth. Dartmouth sits in the European Parliament as MEP for South West England, representing the UK Independence Party, Dartmouth is the eldest son of the 9th Earl of Dartmouth by his marriage to Raine McCorquodale, the daughter of romantic novelist Dame Barbara Cartland. Thus, he became a stepbrother of Diana, Princess of Wales upon his mothers marriage to the 8th Earl Spencer. He studied further at Harvard Business School, graduating as MBA, lord Dartmouth worked as a chartered accountant, like his father whose titles he inherited in 1997. As Earl of Dartmouth he sat as Conservative peer in the House of Lords until 1999, in January 2007, Dartmouth announced he was leaving the Conservative Party in favour of UKIP, citing concerns about the policies of David Cameron. Dartmouth was elected as the second UKIP MEP for the South West England region in the European Parliament election of 2009 and re-elected in 2014, in the European Parliament he sits with the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group and on the Committee on International Trade. He has been the UKIP National Spokesman on Trade since 2010 and he is an author writing many publications for UKIP and the EFDD. In June 2009, Dartmouth married Melbourne-born former model Fiona Campbell, now styled Lady Dartmouth, whose first husband, Dartmouth has a son, Gerald Glen Kavanagh-Legge, from his previous relationship with the BAFTA award-winning television producer Claire Kavanagh. The current heir presumptive to the earldom of Dartmouth, and other titles, is the present Earls younger brother, the author the Hon. Rupert Legge
William Legge, 10th Earl of Dartmouth
–
The Earl of Dartmouth MEP
4.
Barbara Cartland
–
Her 723 novels were translated into 38 languages and she continues to be referenced in the Guinness World Records for the most novels published in a single year in 1976. As Barbara Cartland she is known for her numerous romantic novels but she wrote under her married name of Barbara McCorquodale. She wrote more than 700 books, as well as plays, music, verse, drama, magazine articles and operetta and she reportedly sold more than 750 million copies. Other sources estimate her book sales at more than two billion copies and she specialised in 19th-century Victorian era pure romance. Her novels all featured portrait-style artwork, particularly the cover art, Cartland had two brothers, Ronald Cartland, a Member of Parliament, and James Anthony Tony Hamilton Cartland. According to the entry in the probate registry he left £92,000 and this was followed soon afterward by her fathers death on a Flanders battlefield, in World War I. However, Cartlands enterprising mother opened a London dress shop to make ends meet, Cartland admitted she was inspired in her early work by the novels of Edwardian author Elinor Glyn, whom she idolized and eventually befriended. According to an obituary published in The Daily Telegraph, Cartland reportedly broke off her first engagement, to a Guards officer and she was married to Captain Alexander Sachie George McCorquodale, on 23 April 1927, a British Army officer from Scotland and heir to a printing fortune. They divorced in 1933, and he died from heart failure in 1964, Cartland and her second husband, who died in 1963, had two sons, Ian McCorquodale, a former Debretts publisher, and Glen McCorquodale, a stockbroker. Cartland maintained a friendship with Lord Mountbatten of Burma, whose 1979 death she said was the greatest sadness of my life. Cartland did not get on with her step-granddaughter Diana, Princess of Wales, Cartland was openly critical of Dianas subsequent divorce, though the rift between them was mended shortly before Dianas fatal car crash in Paris, in 1997. According to Tina Browns book on the late Princess, Cartland once remarked, The only books Diana ever read were mine, after a year as a gossip columnist for the Daily Express, Cartland published her first novel, Jigsaw, a risqué society thriller that became a bestseller. She also began writing and producing somewhat racy plays, one of which, in the 1920s and 1930s, Cartland was a prominent young hostess in London society, noted for her beauty, energetic charm, and daring parties. Her fashion sense also had a part, and she was one of the first clients of designer Norman Hartnell and he made her presentation and wedding dresses, the latter was made to her own design against Hartnells wishes, and she admitted it was a failure. In particular, A Hazard of Hearts, which replicated characters from Heyers Fridays Child and The Knave of Hearts which, Heyer alleged, the conception. The principal characters, and many of the incidents, derive directly from a book of my own, entitled These Old Shades. For minor situations and other characters she has drawn four of my other novels. Heyer completed an analysis of the alleged plagiarisms for her solicitors
Barbara Cartland
–
Dame Barbara Cartland
DBE CStJ
Barbara Cartland
–
Dame Barbara Cartland with reporter Randy Bryan Bigham, in one of her last photos, 2000
5.
Given name
–
A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
Given name
–
Most popular US baby names in 1880–2012
6.
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
Diana, Princess of Wales, was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry and was the child and third daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, in 1975, after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer, she became known as Lady Diana Spencer. She came to prominence in February 1981 when her engagement to Prince Charles was announced and her wedding to the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981, held at St Pauls Cathedral, reached a global television audience of over 750 million people. While married, Diana bore the titles Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, the marriage produced two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and she was celebrated for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. She was involved with dozens of charities including Londons Great Ormond Street Hospital for children, Diana remained the object of worldwide media scrutiny during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. Media attention and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, Diana was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, the Spencer family has been closely allied with the British Royal Family for several generations. Both of Dianas grandmothers had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on 30 August 1961, Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, with wealthy commoners as godparents. Diana had three siblings, Sarah, Jane, and Charles and her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born. The desire for an added strain to the Spencers marriage. Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, the Spencers leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with Princes Andrew, Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced. Her mother later had an affair with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969, Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents separation in 1967, but during that years Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let Diana return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Ruth Roche, in 1972, Lord Althorp began a relationship with Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander McCorquodale and Dame Barbara Cartland. They married at Caxton Hall, London in 1976, as an upper-class child at the time, Diana was first educated under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen. She began her education at Silfield Private School in Gayton, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Diss
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
The Princess of Wales raising money for cancer research in
Chicago, Illinois, June 1996
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
Charles and Diana's wedding commemorated on a 1981 British
Crown
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
The Prince and Princess of Wales after the
wedding of
the Duke and
Duchess of York in 1986
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
Charles and Diana visit
Uluru, Australia, March 1983
7.
Printing
–
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other such as the Cyrus Cylinder. The earliest known form of printing came from China dating to before 220 A. D. Later developments in printing include the type, first developed by Bi Sheng in China around 1040 AD. Johannes Gutenberg introduced mechanical movable type printing to Europe in the 15th century, modern large-scale printing is typically done using a printing press, while small-scale printing is done free-form with a digital printer. Though paper is the most common material, it is frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth. On paper it is carried out as a large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing. Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia and it originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 A. D, the earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are from China. They are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from the Han Dynasty and they are the earliest example of woodblock printing on paper appeared in the mid-seventh century in China. By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, by the tenth century,400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day, Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia and this technique was transmitted to Europe via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. However, Arabs never used this to print the Quran because of the limits imposed by Islamic doctrine, block printing, called tarsh in Arabic developed in Arabic Egypt during the ninth-tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks made from non-wood materials, possibly tin, lead, the techniques employed are uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the Muslim world. Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric, block printing later went out of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing was introduced from China. Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small religious images
Printing
–
The intricate frontispiece of the
Diamond Sutra from
Tang Dynasty China, 868 A.D. (
British Library)
Printing
–
The earliest known
woodcut, 1423,
Buxheim, with hand-colouring
Printing
–
Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000
cash paper money with ten bronze movable types
8.
Earl of Dartmouth
–
Earl of Dartmouth is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1711 for William Legge, 2nd Baron Dartmouth, the Legge family descended from Edward Legge, Vice-President of Munster. His eldest son William Legge was a Royalist army officer and close associate of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, on the Restoration, Charles II offered to create him an earl, but Legge declined. His son George Legge was a prominent naval commander, in 1682, he was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Dartmouth, of Dartmouth in the County of Devon. His son was the aforementioned second Baron, who served as Secretary of State for the Southern Department between 1710 and 1713. In 1711, he was created Viscount Lewisham, in the County of Kent and he was succeeded by his grandson, the second Earl. He was the son of George Legge, Viscount Lewisham, eldest son of the first Earl. He was also a politician and served as Secretary of State for the Colonies. The American Ivy League school Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, was named for the second Earl by Congregational minister Eleazar Wheelock and his eldest son, the third Earl, was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Baron Dartmouth in June 1801. Soon after, in July 1801, he succeeded his father in the earldom, Lord Dartmouth held office as President of the Board of Control between 1801 and 1802. On his death, the passed to his eldest son. He briefly represented Milborne Port in Parliament before succeeding in the earldom and his only child from his first marriage, the fifth Earl, was a Conservative politician and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire. His eldest son, the sixth Earl, was also a Conservative politician, the latter was succeeded by his eldest son, the seventh Earl. He married Lady Ruperta, daughter of the 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire and his only son William Legge, Viscount Lewisham, was killed at El Alamein in 1942, and Dartmouth was consequently succeeded by his younger brother, Humphry, the eight Earl. As of 2014, the titles are held by the grandson, the tenth Earl. Lord Dartmouth has been a Member of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom Independence Party since 2009, several other members of the Legge family have also gained distinction. The Hon. Henry Bilson-Legge, fourth son of the first Earl, was a politician, sir Arthur Kaye Legge, sixth son of the second Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. The Hon. Edward Legge, seventh son of the second Earl, was Bishop of Oxford, the Hon. Heneage Legge, second son of the third Earl, sat as Member of Parliament for Banbury
Earl of Dartmouth
–
William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth.
Earl of Dartmouth
–
Earldom of Dartmouth
9.
Westminster City Council
–
Westminster City Council is the local authority for the City of Westminster in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council and is entitled to be known as a city council, the city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors. The council is composed of 44 Conservative Party members and 15 Labour Party members. The borough council provides some shared services with Hammersmith and Fulham, there have previously been a number of local authorities responsible for the Westminster area. The current local authority was first elected in 1964, a year before coming into its powers. All three had been created in 1900, with Paddington and St Marylebone replacing the parish vestries incorporated by the Metropolis Management Act 1855 and it was envisaged through the London Government Act 1963 that Westminster City Council as a London local authority would share power with the Greater London Council. This arrangement lasted until 1986 when Westminster City Council gained responsibility for services that had been provided by the Greater London Council. Westminster became an authority in 1990. The Council is based at Westminster City Hall on Victoria Street, the City Hall was designed by Burnet Tait & Partners on a speculative basis, and completed in 1966. The local authority derives its powers and functions from the London Government Act 1963, Westminster has the powers and functions of a London borough council. It is an authority collecting Council Tax and business rates, it processes local planning applications, it is responsible for housing, waste collection. It is an education authority responsible for social services, libraries. The council shares responsibility with the Greater London Authority for strategic policies including housing, planning, homes for votes scandal Westminster cemeteries scandal
Westminster City Council
–
Districts
Westminster City Council
10.
Conservative Party (UK)
–
The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
Conservative Party (UK)
–
Sir Robert Peel, twice
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK.
Conservative Party (UK)
–
Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
–
Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Conservative Party (UK)
–
1929 poster attacking the
Labour Party
11.
Richmond, London
–
Richmond is a suburban town in southwest London,8.2 miles west-southwest of Charing Cross. The town is on a meander of the River Thames, with a number of parks and open spaces, including Richmond Park, and many protected conservation areas. A specific Act of Parliament protects the scenic view of the River Thames from Richmond, Richmond was founded following Henry VIIs building of Richmond Palace in the 16th century, from which the town derives its name. During this era the town and palace were particularly associated with Elizabeth I, during the 18th century Richmond Bridge was completed and many Georgian terraces were built, particularly around Richmond Green and on Richmond Hill. These remain well preserved and many have listed building architectural or heritage status, the opening of the railway station in 1846 was a significant event in the absorption of the town into a rapidly expanding London. Richmond was formerly part of the ancient parish of Kingston upon Thames in the county of Surrey, in 1890 the town became a municipal borough, which was later extended to include Kew, Ham, Petersham and part of Mortlake. The municipal borough was abolished in 1965 when, as a result of boundary changes, Richmond is now part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, and has a population of 21,469. It has a significant commercial and retail centre with a developed day, the area now known as Richmond was formerly part of Shene. Shene was not listed in Domesday Book, although it is depicted on the maps as Sceon. Henry VII had a palace there and in 1501 he named it Richmond Palace in recognition of his earldom. The town that developed nearby took the name as the palace. Henry I lived briefly in the Kings house in Sheanes, Edward II, following his defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, founded a monastery for Carmelites at Sheen. When the boy-king Edward III came to the throne in 1327 he gave the manor to his mother Isabella, Edward later spent over two thousand pounds on improvements, but in the middle of the work Edward himself died at the manor, in 1377. Richard II was the first English king to make Sheen his main residence and it was rebuilt between 1414 and 1422, but destroyed by fire 1497. Following that fire Henry VII built a new residence at Sheen, there are unconfirmed beliefs that Shakespeare may have performed some plays there. Once Elizabeth I became queen she spent much of her time at Richmond and she died there on 24 March 1603. The palace was no longer in use after 1649, but in 1688 James II ordered partial reconstruction of the palace. The bulk of the palace had decayed by 1779, but surviving structures include the Wardrobe, Trumpeters House, and this has five bedrooms and was made available on a 65-year lease by the Crown Estate Commissioners in 1986
Richmond, London
–
Richmond Riverside
Richmond, London
–
Richmond Palace – a view published in 1765 and based on earlier drawings
Richmond, London
–
The Richmond War Memorial, partly hidden by foliage
12.
Greater London Council
–
The Greater London Council was the top-tier local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council which had covered a smaller area. The GLC was dissolved in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its powers were devolved to the London boroughs, a new administrative body, known as the Greater London Authority, was established in 2000. It further recommended that the LCC be replaced by a strategic authority, with responsibility for public transport, road schemes, housing development. Most of the Commission’s recommendations were accepted, but the number of new boroughs was reduced to 32, other areas recommended for inclusion that were never part of Greater London included Epsom and Ewell, Caterham and Warlingham, Esher, and Weybridge. GLC councillors elected for areas within the former County of London became ex officio members of the new Inner London Education Authority, the GLC was responsible for running strategic services such as the fire service, emergency planning, waste disposal and flood prevention. The GLC shared responsibility with the London boroughs for providing roads, housing, city planning and it had a very limited role in direct service provision with most functions the responsibility of the London boroughs. The GLC did not take control of transport from the London Transport Board until 1970. Under the 1963 Act, the GLC was required to produce a Greater London Development Plan, the plan included the comprehensive redevelopment of Covent Garden and creating a central London motorway loop. The plan was subject to an Inquiry which lasted from July 1970 until May 1972, the campaign to save Covent Garden along with various opposition on other matters largely derailed the plan. Each of the six GLC elections was won by the national opposition party. The first GLC election was on 9 April 1964, each of the new boroughs elected a number of representatives under the bloc vote system. Despite Conservative hopes, the first GLC consisted of 64 Labour and 36 Conservative councillors, at the next election in 1967 the unpopularity of the national Labour government produced a massive Conservative victory with 82 seats, to Labours 18. Desmond Plummer became the first Conservative leader of London-wide government in 33 years, the Conservatives retained control in 1970 with a reduced majority. In 1972 the electoral system was reformed to introduce single-member constituencies for the election after the 1973 contest, Labour fought the 1973 election on a strongly socialist platform and won with 57 seats to 33 for the Conservatives. The GLCs hopes under the Labour administration of Reg Goodwin were badly affected by the oil crisis of 1974, massive inflation which when combined with the GLCs £1.6 billion debt led to heavy rate increases and unpopular budget cuts. Some months before the 1977 elections the Labour Group began to split, a left group, including Ken Livingstone, denounced the election manifesto of the party. The Conservatives regained control in May 1977, winning 64 seats under their new Thatcherite leader Horace Cutler against a Labour total of just 28, Cutler headed a resolutely right-wing administration, cutting spending, selling council housing and deprioritising London Transport
Greater London Council
–
Greater London Council
Greater London Council
–
Council Chamber of the GLC, from the majority benches
Greater London Council
13.
Althorp House
–
Althorp is a Grade I listed stately home, estate and small civil parish in Daventry District, Northamptonshire, England of about 13,000 acres. By road it is about 6 miles northwest of the county town of Northampton and it has been held by the prominent aristocratic Spencer family for more than 500 years, and has been owned by Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer since 1992. It was also the home of his sister, Lady Diana Spencer later Princess of Wales, before her marriage to Charles, Prince of Wales. Althorp is mentioned as a hamlet in the Domesday Book as Olletorp. By 1505 there were no longer any tenants living there, and in 1508, Althorp became one of the prominent stately homes in England. The mansion dates to 1688, replacing a house that was once visited by Charles I. The Spencer family amassed an art collection and other valuable household items. During the 18th century, the became a major cultural hub in England. After falling on hard times, John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, known as the Red Earl, in 1892 sold much of the collection to Enriqueta Rylands, who was building the University of Manchester Library. Many of Althorps furnishings were sold off during the twentieth century, mathematical tiles were added to the exterior, encasing the brick, and four Corinthian pilasters were added to the front. The grand hall entrance to the house, Wootton Hall, was cited by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as the noblest Georgian room in the county. The Great Dining Room in the east wing extension of the house was added in 1877 to designs by John Macvicar Anderson, numerous fireplaces and furnishings were brought to Althorp from Spencer House in London during the Blitz for safekeeping and still remain. The Picture Gallery stretches for 115 feet on the first floor of the west wing, and is one of the best remaining examples of the original Tudor oak woodwork and ambiance in the mansion. It has a collection of portraits, including Anthony van Dycks War and Peace, a John de Critz portrait of James I, a Mary Beale portrait of Charles II. Some £2 million was spent on redecorating the house in the 1980s, in total, the grounds of Althorp estate contain 28 listed buildings and structures, including nine planting stones. The former falconry, now a Grade I listed building, was built in 1613, Gardeners House is listed as a Grade II* listed building in its own right, as are the Grade II listed West and East Lodges. The mustard-yellow Grade II listed Stable Block, designed by architect Roger Morris with a Palladian influence, was ordered by Charles, Fifth Earl of Sutherland in the early 1730s. The French landscape architect André Le Nôtre was commissioned to lay out the park and grounds in the 1660s, following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, she was interred on a small island in the middle of the ornamental Round Oval lake
Althorp House
–
Althorp in July 2007
Althorp House
–
Left: Sir
Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton. Right:
Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland
Althorp House
Althorp House
–
Althorp in 1677 by
Johannes Vorstermans
14.
Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer
–
He was the paternal grandfather of Diana Spencer, who was just under 14 years old at the time of his death. Diana would go on to marry Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne, six years later. Lord Spencer was born in London, the son of Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer, and his wife and his godparents included King Edward VII. He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a friend of Lionel Lupton and they signed up together to fight in World War I. Luptons sister Olive was the grandmother of Kate Middleton who married the great-grandson of Lord Spencer, Prince William. When 1st Life Guards merged with the 2nd Life Guards on 18 November 1922 and he retired from the army on 20 September 1924, but remained a member of the Regular Army Reserve of Officers until reaching the mandatory retirement age on 2 June 1943. He was awarded the Territorial Efficiency Decoration on 12 September 1944, on 9 April 1935, Lord Spencer was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire, and became Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire on 11 March 1952, serving until 31 July 1967. He was made a knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem on 1 July 1955, Lord Spencer was active in the local politics of Northamptonshire as a Conservative councillor. He opened his home, Althorp, to the public and was a well-known art connoisseur, being a trustee of the Wallace Collection. He was a Fellow of both the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Society of Arts, and for eight years in the 1960s he was Chair of the Advisory Council of the Victoria and he was Chairman of the Governors at Wellingborough School from 1946 to 1972. Lord Spencer died at St Matthews Nursing Home, Northampton, after an illness, and was succeeded by his son, John
Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer
–
Albert Spencer, Viscount Althorp, in WW1 uniform. Painted by
John Singer Sargent, in 1915.
15.
Earl Spencer (peerage)
–
He was a member of the prominent Spencer family and a great-grandson of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. Previously, he had been created Viscount Spencer, of Althorp in the County of Northamptonshire, the future 6th Earl Spencer was created Viscount Althorp, of Great Brington in the County of Northamptonshire, on 19 December 1905 in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Diana, Princess of Wales, was the youngest of three daughters of the 8th Earl Spencer, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry are grandsons of the 8th Earl Spencer. The family seat is Althorp in Northamptonshire and their estate includes significant land holdings in other parts of the country, including the village of North Creake in Norfolk. The family also holds the Spencer House in London, the coat of arms of the family is as follows, Quarterly argent and gules, in the second and third quarters a fret or, over all on a bend sable, three escallops of the first. The crest, emerging from the coronet, is a griffins head argent, the motto is Dieu defend le droit. ISBN 978-0-09-465700-7 Spencer, Charles Althorp, the story of an English house, ISBN 978-0-312-20833-2 Spencer, Charles The Spencers, a personal history of an English family. New York, St. Martin’s Press ISBN 978-0-312-26649-3 Althorp - official website Cracrofts Peerage page
Earl Spencer (peerage)
–
John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer, by
Thomas Gainsborough
16.
Frances Shand Kydd
–
Frances Ruth Shand Kydd was the mother of Diana, Princess of Wales. Following her divorce from John Spencer, Viscount Althorp in 1969, Shand Kydd was born Frances Ruth Roche in Park House, on the royal estate at Sandringham, Norfolk, on 20 January 1936. Her father was Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy, a friend of King George VI and the son of the American heiress Frances Work and her first husband. Her mother, Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, DCVO, was a confidante, in her own right since birth she held the style of The Honourable as the daughter of a baron. Her paternal grandmother, Frances Ellen Work, was an heiress, Shand Kydd was a direct descendant of Kitty, daughter of Eliza and Theodore Forbes. It also happens that ODonovan was Edmond Roche, 1st Baron Fermoys maternal great-great grandfather, on 1 June 1954, Frances Burke Roche married John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, at Westminster Abbey. The Queen and other members of the family attended the wedding ceremony. Shand Kydd was 18 years old and became the youngest woman wed in Westminster Abbey in the last five decades, Charles is now married to Karen Spencer, Countess Spencer, his third wife. Her marriage to Viscount Althorp was not a one and, in 1967, she left to be with Peter Shand Kydd. His half-brother was the champion amateur jockey William Shand Kydd. Subsequently, she was named the other woman in Janet Shand Kydds divorce action against her husband, another former official officer of Diana, Princess of Wales, considered these claims to be nonsense. This officer released letters about a strong and loving relationship that existed between Frances and her daughter, Diana had saved her mother from drowning and thought of her as her best chum. On 14 July 1976, Viscount Althorp married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth and he eventually won a bitter custody battle over his children. Frances and Peter Shand Kydd were married on 2 May 1969, (Clachan Seil 10 kilometres from Oban and easily reached by road. Although she lived a life, she was forced into public view following the engagement of Diana to Prince Charles on 24 February 1981. Shand Kydd and her husband separated in June 1988 after he left her for a younger woman. She blamed the pressure of attention for the breakdown of the marriage. In 1996, she was banned from driving after being convicted of drunk-driving and she and Diana quarrelled in May 1997 after she told Hello. magazine that Diana was happy to lose her title of Her Royal Highness following her controversial divorce from Prince Charles
Frances Shand Kydd
–
Titles
17.
Althorp
–
Althorp is a Grade I listed stately home, estate and small civil parish in Daventry District, Northamptonshire, England of about 13,000 acres. By road it is about 6 miles northwest of the county town of Northampton and it has been held by the prominent aristocratic Spencer family for more than 500 years, and has been owned by Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer since 1992. It was also the home of his sister, Lady Diana Spencer later Princess of Wales, before her marriage to Charles, Prince of Wales. Althorp is mentioned as a hamlet in the Domesday Book as Olletorp. By 1505 there were no longer any tenants living there, and in 1508, Althorp became one of the prominent stately homes in England. The mansion dates to 1688, replacing a house that was once visited by Charles I. The Spencer family amassed an art collection and other valuable household items. During the 18th century, the became a major cultural hub in England. After falling on hard times, John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, known as the Red Earl, in 1892 sold much of the collection to Enriqueta Rylands, who was building the University of Manchester Library. Many of Althorps furnishings were sold off during the twentieth century, mathematical tiles were added to the exterior, encasing the brick, and four Corinthian pilasters were added to the front. The grand hall entrance to the house, Wootton Hall, was cited by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as the noblest Georgian room in the county. The Great Dining Room in the east wing extension of the house was added in 1877 to designs by John Macvicar Anderson, numerous fireplaces and furnishings were brought to Althorp from Spencer House in London during the Blitz for safekeeping and still remain. The Picture Gallery stretches for 115 feet on the first floor of the west wing, and is one of the best remaining examples of the original Tudor oak woodwork and ambiance in the mansion. It has a collection of portraits, including Anthony van Dycks War and Peace, a John de Critz portrait of James I, a Mary Beale portrait of Charles II. Some £2 million was spent on redecorating the house in the 1980s, in total, the grounds of Althorp estate contain 28 listed buildings and structures, including nine planting stones. The former falconry, now a Grade I listed building, was built in 1613, Gardeners House is listed as a Grade II* listed building in its own right, as are the Grade II listed West and East Lodges. The mustard-yellow Grade II listed Stable Block, designed by architect Roger Morris with a Palladian influence, was ordered by Charles, Fifth Earl of Sutherland in the early 1730s. The French landscape architect André Le Nôtre was commissioned to lay out the park and grounds in the 1660s, following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, she was interred on a small island in the middle of the ornamental Round Oval lake
Althorp
–
Althorp in July 2007
Althorp
–
Left: Sir
Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton. Right:
Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland
Althorp
Althorp
–
Althorp in 1677 by
Johannes Vorstermans
18.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck
–
Sir Anthony van Dyck was a Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England, after enjoying great success in Italy and Flanders. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects, displayed outstanding facility as a draughtsman, the Van Dyke beard is named after him. Antoon van Dyck was born to parents in Antwerp. By the age of fifteen he was already an accomplished artist, as his Self-portrait, 1613–14. He was admitted to the Antwerp painters Guild of Saint Luke as a master by February 1618. His influence on the young artist was immense, Rubens referred to the nineteen-year-old van Dyck as the best of my pupils. At the same time the dominance of Rubens in the small and declining city of Antwerp probably explains why, despite his periodic returns to the city, van Dyck spent most of his career abroad. In 1620, at the instigation of George Villiers, Marquess of Buckingham, van Dyck went to England for the first time where he worked for King James I of England, receiving £100. After about four months he returned to Flanders, but moved on in late 1621 to Italy and he was already presenting himself as a figure of consequence, annoying the rather bohemian Northern artists colony in Rome, says Giovan Pietro Bellori, by appearing with the pomp of Zeuxis. He was mostly based in Genoa, although he travelled extensively to other cities. In 1627, he went back to Antwerp where he remained for five years, a life-size group portrait of twenty-four City Councillors of Brussels he painted for the council-chamber was destroyed in 1695. He was evidently very charming to his patrons, and, like Rubens, well able to mix in aristocratic and court circles, by 1630 he was described as the court painter of the Habsburg Governor of Flanders, the Archduchess Isabella. In this period he produced many religious works, including large altarpieces. King Charles I was the most passionate and generous collector of art among the British monarchs, and saw art as a way of promoting his elevated view of the monarchy. In 1628, he bought the collection that the Gonzagas of Mantua were forced to dispose of. In 1626, he was able to persuade Orazio Gentileschi to settle in England, later to be joined by his daughter Artemisia and some of his sons. Rubens was a target, who eventually came on a diplomatic mission, which included painting, in 1630. He was very well-treated during his visit, during which he was knighted
Sir Anthony Van Dyck
–
Self-Portrait With a Sunflower (after 1633),
Trinity College, Cambridge
Sir Anthony Van Dyck
–
Self-portrait, 1613–14
Sir Anthony Van Dyck
–
Anthony van Dyck, by
Peter Paul Rubens (1627–28) in
the Louvre
Sir Anthony Van Dyck
–
The more intimate, but still elegant style he developed in England, ca 1638
19.
Thomas Gainsborough
–
Thomas Gainsborough FRSA was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. He surpassed his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds to become the dominant British portraitist of the half of the 18th century. He painted quickly, and the works of his maturity are characterised by a light palette and he preferred landscapes to portraits, and is credited as the originator of the 18th-century British landscape school. Gainsborough was a member of the Royal Academy. He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver and maker of woollen goods, and his wife, the artist spent his childhood at what is now Gainsboroughs House, on Gainsborough Street. The original building survives and is now a dedicated House to his life. Gainsborough was allowed to leave home in 1740 to study art in London and he assisted Francis Hayman in the decoration of the supper boxes at Vauxhall Gardens, and contributed to the decoration of what is now the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. In 1746, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr, a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. The artists work, then consisting of landscape paintings, was not selling well. He returned to Sudbury in 1748–1749 and concentrated on painting portraits, in 1752, he and his family, now including two daughters, moved to Ipswich. Commissions for personal portraits increased, but his clientele included mainly local merchants and he had to borrow against his wifes annuity. The Artists family and Self-Portrait In 1759, Gainsborough and his moved to Bath. There, he studied portraits by van Dyck and was able to attract a fashionable clientele. In 1761, he began to work to the Society of Arts exhibition in London. He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention, the exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy was not a one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings in 1773. In 1774, Gainsborough and his moved to London to live in Schomberg House. A commemorative blue plaque was put on the house in 1951, in 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland
Thomas Gainsborough
–
Self-portrait (1759)
Thomas Gainsborough
–
Lady Lloyd and Her Son, Richard Savage Lloyd, of Hintlesham Hall, Suffolk (1745–46). At the time, his clientele included mainly local merchants and squires.
Thomas Gainsborough
–
Margaret Burr (1728–1797), the artist's wife, c. early 1770s
Thomas Gainsborough
–
Self-Portrait (1754)
20.
Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer
–
Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, DL, styled Viscount Althorp between 1975 and 1992, is a British nobleman, peer, author, print journalist, and broadcaster. Spencer was born in London on 20 May 1964 and named Charles Edward Maurice and his parents were then called Viscount and Viscountess Althorp, as his grandfather Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer, was still alive. He had three sisters, Sarah, Jane, and Diana, who later became the Princess of Wales. An elder brother, John, had died within hours of birth and he was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he read Modern History. Spencer worked as a correspondent with NBC News from 1986 to 1995, primarily for the networks morning programme, Today. He wrote and presented the 12-part documentary series, Great Houses of the World for NBC Super Channel and he also worked as a reporter for Granada Television from 1991 to 1993. He also inherited Althorp, the ancestral seat in Northamptonshire. Since 2009, he has restored Althorp, re-roofing it and restoring its entire exterior for the first time since the 1780s and he has also helped establish Althorp Living History, a handmade fine-furniture line reproducing pieces from the collection at Althorp. The Spencer familys wealth derived from their profitable sheep farming in the Tudor era, on 31 August 1997, his older sister Diana died after a car crash in Paris and Spencer delivered the eulogy at her funeral service held at Westminster Abbey six days later. In his eulogy he rebuked both Britains royal family and the press for their treatment of his sister and it was reported in 2003 that Spencer had refused to allow his sister Diana to live at Althorp, despite her request. Diana was buried on Spencers ancestral estate, Althorp, where he built a mausoleum, the museum was opened to the public in 1998 with all profits going to Dianas Memorial Fund, also set up by Spencer. At this stage, Spencer began writing a series of books dealing with the estate itself and with his history, being, Althorp. The Spencers, a Personal History of an English Family and this book was a Sunday Times best-seller, and was shortlisted for History Book of the Year at the 2005 National Book Awards. Prince Rupert – The Last Cavalier, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson ISBN 978-0-297-84610-9. Killers of the King, The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I and this book was a Sunday Times best-seller. In 2003, Spencer founded the Althorp Literary Festival, speakers at the annual event have included the authors Bill Bryson, Helen Fielding, Antonia Fraser, and Boris Johnson. In 2004, he presented two documentaries for the History Channel on Blenheim, Battle for Europe and he contributed a chapter to British Military Greats, published by Cassell in 2005. He also contributed two of the 100 chapters of The Art of War, Great Commanders of the Modern World, published by Quercus in 2009
Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer
21.
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
The Prince of Wales in
Jersey, July 2012
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Signature
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Telegram announcing the birth of Prince Charles to the
Governor-General of New Zealand
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Queen Elizabeth II formally invests the Prince of Wales with
his coronet, 1969
22.
Bin liner
–
A bin bag or bin liner or garbage bag, or trash bag is a disposable bag used to contain rubbish, or the North American equivalent trash or garbage. Such bags are useful to line the insides of waste containers to prevent the insides of the receptacle from becoming coated in waste material, most bags these days are made out of plastic, and are typically black in color. Plastic bags are a convenient and sanitary way of handling garbage, plastic bags are often used for lining litter or waste containers or bins. This serves to keep the container sanitary by avoiding contact with the garbage. After the bag in the container is filled with litter, the bag can be pulled out by its edges, closed, created in 1950, this invention can be attributed to Canadians Harry Wasylyk, Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp. In a special on CBC television, the garbage bag ranked 36th among the top 50 Canadian inventions. Plastic bags can be incinerated with their contents in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion and they are stable and benign in sanitary landfills, some are degradable under specified conditions. Plastic bags for rubbish or litter are sold in a number of sizes at many stores in packets or rolls of a few tens of bags, wire twist ties are sometimes supplied for closing the bag once full. In the mid-1990s bin bags with draw strings for closure were introduced, some bags have handles which may be tied, or holes through which the neck of the bag can be pulled. Most commonly, the used to make bin bags is the rather soft and flexible LDPE or, for strength. Oxo-biodegradable plastic bags have the strength as ordinary plastic and cost very little extra. They will degrade then biodegrade if they get into the open environment and they are designed so that they will not degrade deep in landfill and will not therefore generate methane. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is bio-assimilated by the bacteria and fungi, which transform natural material such as twigs and leaves to cell biomass. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is designed to initially by a process which includes both photo-oxidation and thermo-oxidation, so it can degrade in the dark. Resin identification code 7 is applicable to biodegradable plastics, in 1984, the drawstring garbage bag was introduced by GLAD and Hefty. In 2001, Hefty introduced a garbage bag with a designed to stretch around the garbage cans rim. In July 2004, ForceFlex, a plastic garbage bag, was introduced by GLAD
Bin liner
–
A public waste bag in
Paris displaying the inscription "Vigilance - Propreté" ("Vigilance - cleanliness")
Bin liner
–
A typical black bin bag from the United Kingdom
Bin liner
–
Garbage bags made from
bioplastics and other
biodegradable plastics
Bin liner
–
A bin bag designed to resist vermin. United Kingdom
23.
Townhouse
–
A townhouse, or town house as used in North America, Asia, Australia, South Africa and parts of Europe, is a type of terraced housing. A modern town house is one with a small footprint on multiple floors. The term originally referred in British usage to the city residence of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house. Historically, a house was the city residence of a noble or wealthy family. From the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season, in the United Kingdom most townhouses were terraced. Only a small minority of them, generally the largest, were detached, for example, the Duke of Norfolk owned Arundel Castle in the country, while his London house, Norfolk House, was a terraced house in St Jamess Square over 100 feet wide. In the United States and Canada, a townhouse has two connotations, the older predates the automobile and denotes a house on a small footprint in a city, but because of its multiple floors, it has a large living space, often with servants quarters. The small footprint of the townhouse allows it to be walking or mass-transit distance of business. Townhouses are expensive where detached single-family houses are uncommon, such as in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, Washington, DC, and San Francisco. A townhouse is where there is a roof and foundation and a single wall divides adjacent townhouses. A rowhouse will generally be smaller and less luxurious than a called a townhouse. The name townhouse or townhome was later used to describe non-uniform units in areas that are designed to mimic detached or semi-detached homes. Today, the term, townhouse, is used to describe units mimicking a detached home that are attached in a multi-unit complex, such homes have multiple units vertically, normally each with its own private entrance from the street or at least from the outside. They can be side by side in a row of three or more, in case they are sometimes referred to as rowhouses. A townhouse in a group of two could be referred to as a townhouse, but in Canada and the US, it is called a semi-detached home and in some areas of western Canada. Freehold, where one owns exclusively the land and the dwelling without any condominium aspects and these may share the foundation as well but have narrow air spaces between and still referred to as a townhouse. Condominium townhouses, just like condominium apartments, are referred to as condos. All types of dwellings can be condos, and this is true of townhouses
Townhouse
–
Renaissance townhouses in
Gdańsk, Poland
Townhouse
–
Typical 19th century
Bremen Townhouses, Germany
Townhouse
–
Townhouses in Portland, Oregon
Townhouse
–
Townhouse in East 30th Street, New York
24.
Mayfair
–
Mayfair is an affluent area in the West End of London towards the east edge of Hyde Park, in the City of Westminster, between Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Park Lane. It is one of the most expensive districts in London and the world, the area around Mayfair was originally part of the manor of Eia and remained largely rural in nature until the early 18th century. It became well known for the annual May Fair that took place from 1686 to 1764 in what is now Shepherd Market, the fair attracted an unpleasant, downmarket element and gradually became a public nuisance. The Grosvenor family, later to become the Dukes of Westminster, acquired land through marriage, the work included three major squares – Hanover Square, Berkeley Square and Grosvenor Square, all of which were surrounded by luxury homes, and the church of St George Hanover Square. By the end of the 18th century, most of Mayfair was built on with prestigious housing to suit the upper class, unlike some nearby areas of London, it has never lost its affluent status. There remains a substantial quantity of luxury property, upmarket shops and restaurants. Mayfairs prestigious status has been commemorated by being the most expensive property square on the London Monopoly board. The Mayfair area is in the London Borough of Westminster and mainly consists of the estate of Grosvenor, along with the estates of Albemarle, Berkeley, Burlington. It is bordered on the west by Park Lane, north by Oxford Street, east by Regent Street, beyond the bounding roads, to the north is Marylebone, to the east, Soho and to the southwest, Knightsbridge and Belgravia. Mayfair is surrounded by parkland, both Hyde Park and Green Park run along its boundary, the 8-acre Grosvenor Square is roughly in the centre of Mayfair, and is the centrepiece of the area, containing numerous expensive and desirable properties. There has been speculation that the Romans settled in the area before establishing Londinium, the proposal has been disputed owing to lack of archaeological evidence. This area was known as the manor of Eia in the Domesday Book and it was subsequently given to the Abbey of Westminster, who owned it until 1536 when it was taken over by Henry VIII. Mayfair was mainly open fields until development started in the Shepherd Market area around 1686-8 to accommodate the May Fair that had moved from Haymarket in St Jamess because of overcrowding. There were some buildings before 1686 – a cottage in Stanhope Row, dating from 1618, a 17th century English Civil War fortification was established in what is now Mount Street in Mayfair, and known as Olivers Mount by the 18th century. The May Fair was held every year at Great Brookfield from 1 –14 May and it was established during the reign of Edward I, where the area beyond St. James was open fields. The fair was recorded as Saint Jamess fayer by Westminster in 1560 and it was postponed briefly in 1603 because of plague, but otherwise continued throughout the 17th century. In 1686, the moved to what is now Mayfair. By the 18th, it had attracted various showmen, jugglers and fencers, popular attractions included bare-knuckle fighting, semolina eating contests and womens foot racing
Mayfair
–
Burlington Arcade in the east of Mayfair
Mayfair
–
Districts
25.
Marquis de La Fayette
–
A close friend of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830. Born in Chavaniac, in the province of Auvergne in south central France and he followed its martial tradition, and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the American cause in its war was noble. There, he was made a general, however, the 19-year-old was initially not given troops to command. Wounded during the Battle of Brandywine, he managed to organize an orderly retreat. He served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island, in the middle of the war, he returned home to lobby for an increase in French support. He again sailed to America in 1780, and was given positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops in Virginia under his command blocked forces led by Cornwallis until other American, Lafayette returned to France and, in 1787, was appointed to the Assembly of Notables, which was convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789, where representatives met from the three orders of French society—the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. He helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, after the storming of the Bastille, Lafayette was appointed commander-in-chief of the National Guard and tried to steer a middle course through the French Revolution. In August 1792, the radical factions ordered his arrest, fleeing through the Austrian Netherlands, he was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. Lafayette returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte secured his release in 1797, after the Bourbon Restoration of 1814, he became a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies, a position he held for most of the remainder of his life. During Frances July Revolution of 1830, Lafayette declined an offer to become the French dictator, instead, he supported Louis-Philippe as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. Lafayette died on 20 May 1834, and is buried in Picpus Cemetery in Paris, for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States, he is sometimes known as The Hero of the Two Worlds. Lafayettes lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, males of the Lafayette family enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger. One of Lafayettes early ancestors, Gilbert de Lafayette III, a Marshal of France, had been a companion-at-arms of Joan of Arcs army during the Siege of Orléans in 1429, according to legend, another ancestor acquired the crown of thorns during the Sixth Crusade. Lafayettes father likewise died on the battlefield, on 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a British-led coalition at the Battle of Minden in Westphalia. Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother, in 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comtes apartments in Luxembourg Palace
Marquis de La Fayette
–
The birthplace of Lafayette in
Chavaniac,
Auvergne
Marquis de La Fayette
–
Lafayette as a lieutenant general, in 1791. Portrait by
Joseph-Désiré Court
Marquis de La Fayette
–
Lafayette's wife, Marie Adrienne Francoise de Noailles, French School 18th century
Marquis de La Fayette
–
Statue of Lafayette in front of the Governor Palace in
Metz, where he decided to join the American cause
26.
Roosevelt family
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Roosevelt, whose wife, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, was Theodores niece. It has been suggested that Claes van Rosenvelt could have related to the Van Roosevelts of Oud-Vossemeer. It may simply be a coincidence, or Claes van Rosenvelt may have chosen the name purposely because of its origins or to honor his local amt lord. Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt, the immigrant ancestor of the Roosevelt family, around the year 1652, he bought a farm from Lambert van Valckenburgh comprising 24 morgens in what is now Midtown Manhattan, including the present site of the Empire State Building. His children Johannes and Jacobus were, respectively, the progenitors of the Oyster Bay, by the late 19th century, the Hyde Park Roosevelts were generally associated with the Democratic Party and the Oyster Bay Roosevelts with the Republican Party. President Theodore Roosevelt, an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, was President Franklin Roosevelts fifth cousin, despite political differences that led family members to actively campaign against each other, the two branches generally remained friendly. Franklin Roosevelt married Eleanor Roosevelt, Theodores niece and his own fifth cousin once removed, james Roosevelt met his wife at a Roosevelt family gathering in the home of Theodores mother. In heraldry, canting arms are a visual or pictorial play on a surname and it would be common to find roses, then, in arms of many Roosevelt families, even unrelated ones. Also, grassy mounds or fields of green would be a familiar attribute, a traditional blazon suggested would be, Per fess vert a chevron between three roses argent and Or a lion rampant gules. The Roosevelts -2014 PBS documentary Notes Further reading Cobb, William T, the Strenuous Life, The Oyster Bay Roosevelts in Business and Finance. The Merchants National Bank of the City of New York, the Old Merchants of New York City. Booknotes interview with Peter Collier on The Roosevelts, An American Saga, booknotes interview with Betty Boyd Caroli on The Roosevelt Women, May 9,1999. Booknotes interview with Susan Dunn on The Three Roosevelts, Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, May 6,2001
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Theodore Roosevelt and family in 1903.
27.
Harrods
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Harrods is a luxury department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is owned by the state of Qatar, the store occupies a 5-acre site and has 330 departments covering one million square feet of retail space. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique, which is Latin for all things for all people, several of its departments, including the seasonal Christmas department and the food halls, are well known. In 1824, at the age of 25, Charles Henry Harrod established a business at 228 Borough High Street in Southwark and he ran this business, variously listed as a draper, mercer, and a haberdasher, until 1831 at least. During 1825, the business was listed as Harrod and Wicking, Linen Drapers, Retail and his first grocery business appears to be as ‘Harrod & Co. Grocers’ at 163 Upper Whitecross Street, Clerkenwell, E. C.1. in 1832. In 1834 in Londons East End, he established a grocery in Stepney, at 4, Cable Street. Harrods rapidly expanded, acquired the buildings, and employed one hundred people by 1880. However, the stores booming fortunes were reversed in early December 1883, remarkably, in view of this calamity, Charles Harrod fulfilled all of his commitments to his customers to make Christmas deliveries that year—and made a record profit in the process. A. Milne, and many members of the British Royal Family, a chance meeting in London with businessman, Edgar Cohen, eventually led to Charles Harrod selling his interest in the store for £120,000 via a stock market floatation in 1889. The new company was called Harrod’s Stores Limited, sir Alfred James Newton became chairman and Richard Burbidge managing director. Financier William Mendel was appointed to the board in 1891 and he raised funding for many of the expansion plans. Richard Burbidge was succeed in 1917 by his son Woodman Burbidge, nervous customers were offered brandy at the top to revive them after their ordeal. The department store was purchased by the Fayed brothers in 1985, following denial that it was for sale, Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in May 2010. A fortnight previously, chairman of Harrods since 1985, Mohamed Al-Fayed, had stated that People approach us from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, but I put two fingers up to them. This is not Marks and Spencer or Sainsburys and it is a special place that gives people pleasure. A spokesman for Mohamed Al-Fayed said in reaching the decision to retire, wished to ensure that the legacy, Harrods was sold for £1.5 billion, half of the sale will be used to pay bank debts of £625 million. Al-Fayed later revealed in an interview that he decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting his dividend approved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Al-Fayed said Im here every day, I cant take my profit because I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots. I say is this right, I run a business and I need to take the trustees permission to take my profit
Harrods
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Fashion plate of 1909 shows wealthy Londoners walking in front of Harrods
Harrods
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Harrods Ltd.
Harrods
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The Harrods building frontage
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The Harrods building frontage at night
28.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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George Murray Smith conceived of the DNB, subsidised it, and saw it finally into print before he died in 1901.
29.
Kitty Kelley
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However, as her work endured more scrutiny, many of the facts she reported did not hold up. Kelley was raised in Spokane, Washington, the eldest child of Adele and William Vincent Kelley, growing up Kelley helped take care of her five sisters, Mary Cary, Ellen, Margaret, Adele Monica and Madeleine Sophie, as well as her brother, John. The family vacationed in Europe and spent summers at their two lakeside cottages in western Idaho, Kelley graduated from St. Augustines Elementary School and then attended the private prep school Holy Names Academy. In 1962 Kelley allegedly left the University of Arizona in lieu of criminal charges for suspected theft being filed against her and her parents refused to let her live with them and sent her to live in Seattle with her maternal grandparents, the Martins. It was here that Kelley suffered a breakdown and used a wheelchair during some of that time, after this eight-month hiatus, Kelley surfaced at the University of Washington where she received a B. A. in English. She worked at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair and went on to become a secretary for Senator Eugene McCarthy. Following four years as an assistant to McCarthy, Kelley worked for two years as the editorial page researcher for the Washington Post. Since then she has had a career as a freelance writer. Her articles have appeared in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, The Washington Post, People, Ladies Home Journal, McCalls, Los Angeles Times, Kelleys first celebrity biography was Jackie Oh. A life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, which was written at the request of Lyle Stuart, in the book, Kelley describes John F. Kennedys womanizing and includes revelations about Onassiss love life, her depression and electric shock treatment. Kelleys publisher Lyle Stuart was later quoted saying at the time I believed her shock-treatment story, looking back, I feel I was had and the whole thing was a fable. I doubt that it ever happened, and knowing how she makes things up, I believe she was sure she could get away with it because no one would sue. Journalist Michael Crowley stated Jackie Oh. contained core truths—including an unflinching look at JFK that showed him to have more of a Romeo than has been previously revealed. This book was followed by Elizabeth Taylor, The Last Star, Kelleys next book, His Way, The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra was declared an act of bravery. Kelley discussed Sinatras marriages, affairs and his links to the Mob. Sinatra filed a $2 million lawsuit to prevent it from being published, the book was number one on the New York Times Best Seller List and hit best-seller lists in England, Canada, Australia and France. William Safire of the New York Times said His Way. turns out to be the most eye-opening celebrity biography of our time, in the Washington Post, Jonathan Yardley, wrote that His Way is such an improvement over her two previous books. That comparisons border on the pointless, Exner told Kelley that she had arranged ten meetings between Kennedy and Mafia gangster Sam Giancana, and they discussed having the mob kill Fidel Castro. It was subsequently revealed that Exner had been paid $50,000 to talk with Kelley and had not mentioned these revelations in her own autobiography, published years earlier
Kitty Kelley
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Kelley at Borders Books and Music in Chicago, April 2010
30.
Tina Brown
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Tina Brown CBE, is a journalist, magazine editor, columnist, talk-show host and author of The Diana Chronicles, a biography of Diana, Princess of Wales. Born a British citizen, she took United States citizenship in 2005 after emigrating in 1984 to edit Vanity Fair and she is legally titled Lady Evans. In 2000 she was appointed a CBE for her services to overseas journalism, as an editor, she has also been honored with four George Polk Awards, five Overseas Press Club awards, and ten National Magazine Awards. In October 2008, she partnered with Barry Diller, chairman of IAC/InterActiveCorp, to found, two years later, in November 2010, The Daily Beast merged with the American weekly news magazine Newsweek in a joint venture to form The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. Tina Brown was born in Maidenhead, England, and she and her brother, Christopher Hambley Brown grew up in Little Marlow, in Buckinghamshire. Her father, George Hambley Brown, was a prominent figure in the British film industry and he produced the first Agatha Christie films, starring Margaret Rutherford as Miss Marple. His other films included The Chiltern Hundreds, Hotel Sahara, starring Yvonne De Carlo, Guns at Batasi, starring Richard Attenborough and Mia Farrow. In 1939, he had a marriage to the actress Maureen OHara, according to OHara, it was never consummated, owing to her parents intervention. George later met and married Browns mother, Bettina Iris Mary, Browns mother was of part Iraqi descent, she recounted, “She was dark and I never knew why. In Browns own words she was considered an extremely subversive influence as a child, Brown entered the University of Oxford at the age of 17. She studied at St. Annes College, and graduated with a BA in English Literature, as an undergraduate, she wrote for Isis, the universitys literary magazine, to which she contributed interviews with the columnist Auberon Waugh and the actor Dudley Moore. Browns sharp, witty prose garnered her publication in The New Statesman while she was still an undergraduate at Oxford and her friendship with Waugh served as a boost to her writing career, as he used his influence to get attention drawn to her ability. Later, she went on to date the writer Martin Amis, while still at Oxford, she won the Sunday Times National Student Drama Award for her one-act play Under the Bamboo Tree. A subsequent play, Happy Yellow, in 1977 was mounted at the London fringe Bush Theatre, when a relationship developed between Brown and Evans, she resigned to write for the rival The Sunday Telegraph. Brown lives in New York City with Sir Harold Evans and their two children, a son, George, born in 1986 and a daughter, Isabel, born in 1990. After graduating, while doing freelance reporting, Brown was invited to write a column by the literary humour magazine. These articles and her contributions to The Sunday Times and The Sunday Telegraph earned her the Catherine Pakenham Award for the best journalist under 25. Some of the writings from this era formed part of her first collection Loose Talk, Tatler featured writers from Browns eclectic circle including Julian Barnes, Dennis Potter, Auberon Waugh, Brian Sewell, Georgina Howell, and Nicholas Coleridge
Tina Brown
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Tina Brown in 2012
Tina Brown
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Tina Brown speaking at Barnes and Noble about The Diana Chronicles
31.
The Diana Chronicles
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The Diana Chronicles is a 2007 British biographical book by Tina Brown that chronicles the life and death of Diana, Princess of Wales. The books release coincided with the increased attention Diana had received leading up to the anniversary of her death in 1997. Brown writes in a preface, The biography was based on over 250 interviews with men and women - members of Dianas intimate circle, associates in her public life, but the evidence is overwhelming that this was a traffic accident - period. More than 250 witnesses came forward in the British Coroners Inquests into the deaths of Diana, the Diana Chronicles was at number one on the New York Times Best Seller list for hardback nonfiction for the week of 8 July to 15 July 2007. While at Vanity Fair she previously wrote about Dianas rocky marriage, in her 1985 article, The Mouse that Roared, which was the issues cover story, she first broke the story of the breakdown in Dianas relationship with Prince Charles. Official Random House page Amazon. com Product Overview New York Times Sunday Book Review
The Diana Chronicles
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Titles
