1.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
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The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was a railway opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in the United Kingdom. Jervis of the Delaware and Hudson Railway some years later wrote, as opening the epoch of railways which has revolutionised the social and commercial intercourse of the civilized world. Trains were hauled by steam locomotives between the two towns, though private wagons and carriages were allowed. Cable haulage of trains was down the steeply-graded 1. 26-mile Wapping Tunnel to Liverpool Docks from Edge Hill junction. The railway was built to provide faster transport of raw materials, finished goods. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first public transport system on land which did not use animal traction power. Up to then, the rail systems for public use had been, Horse-drawn plateways, such as the Lake Lock Railroad, Surrey Iron Railway. Railways that used a mix of steam and horse-drawn traffic, such as the Stockton and Darlington Railway, or a mix of cable and horse haulage, often described as the Grand British Experimental Railway the success or failure of which would decide plans for all future railways. The L&MR was intended to achieve cheap transport of raw materials, finished goods, huge tonnages of textile raw material were imported through Liverpool and carried to the textile mills near the Pennines where water and then steam power enabled the production of the finished cloth. There was support for the railway from the towns at either end, the original promoters are usually acknowledged to be Joseph Sandars, a rich Liverpool corn merchant, and John Kennedy, then owner of the largest spinning mill in Manchester. They were influenced to do this by William James, now something of a forgotten figure, James was a land surveyor who had made a fortune in property speculation. He advocated a national network of railways, based upon what he had seen of the development of colliery lines, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company was founded on 24 May 1823. It was established by Henry Booth, who became its secretary and treasurer, along with merchants from Liverpool. Charles Lawrence was the Chairman, Lister Ellis, Robert Gladstone, John Moss, a bill presented in 1825 to Parliament was rejected, but it passed in May the following year. In Liverpool 172 people took 1,979 shares, in London 96 took 844, the Marquess of Stafford had 1,000, giving 308 shareholders with 4,233 shares. The initial survey for the line was carried out by William James and, Robert Stephenson departed for South America and William James became bankrupt. Consequently, in 1824 George Stephenson was appointed engineer in their place, by this time, he was taking on too much. As Robert was absent, George left checking the survey to subordinates, upon presentation to Parliament in 1825 it was shown to be inaccurate
2.
Rainhill
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Rainhill is a large village and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, in Merseyside, England. The population of the parish taken at the 2011 census was 10,853. Historically part of Lancashire, Rainhill was formerly a township within the parish of Prescot. Following the Local Government Act 1894, it part of the Whiston Rural District. The Rainhill Trials of 1829 resulted in the selection of Stephensons Rocket as the worlds first modern steam locomotive, Rainhill has been recorded since Norman times but its name is believed to come from the Old English personal name of Regna or Regan. It is thought that around the time of the Domesday Book that Rainhill was a part of one of the townships within the Widnes fee. Recordings have shown that in the year of 1246, Roger of Rainhill died, one half was centred on the now standing Rainhill Manor public house, see Rainhill Stoops below, and the other centred on Rainhill Hall, just off Blundells Lane. Towards the end of the 18th century, four Catholic sons of a farmer, the names of the brothers were Joseph, Francis, Peter and Bartholomew Bretherton. In 1800, Bartholomew decided to break into the coaching business, the partnership that he had with one or two of his brothers quickly built up and by 1820, he had the bulk of the coaching trade of Liverpool. He was running coaches to and from Manchester fourteen times a day from the Saracens Head in Dale Street, Bartholomew had begun to purchase land in Rainhill, and in 1824, he bought the Manor of Rainhill from Dr James Gerrard of Liverpool. By 1830, he owned over 260 acres around Rainhill, in 1824, across the road from the stables, he built Rainhill House and laid out beautiful gardens around it. Today, this house is known as Loyola Hall, and has served as a run by the Society of Jesus since 1923. The winner was the Rocket, designed by George Stephenson, in 1979 the 150th anniversary of the trials was celebrated by a cavalcade of trains through the ages, including replicas of the winner and runner-up in the trials. During the Victorian era, Rainhill was the location of a mass murderer. In March 1892, the bodies of a woman and her four children were discovered buried under the floor of Dinham Villa, Lawton Road. The series of events led to this gruesome discovery began with a marriage in St. Anns Church. Miss Emily Mather married Frederick Bailey Deeming, who called himself Albert Williams, the couple emigrated to Melbourne, where Deeming murdered his wife and buried her under the floor of their kitchen. Victoria Police contacted Scotland Yard, who, as a result of information passed onto them, made a search of Dinham Villa, marie Deeming, however, was his first wife
3.
Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
4.
Killingworth
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Killingworth, formerly Killingworth Township, is a town north of Newcastle Upon Tyne, in North Tyneside, England. Killingworth was built as a town in the 1960s, next to Killingworth Village. Other nearby towns and villages include Forest Hall, West Moor, most of Killingworths residents commute to Newcastle, or its surrounding area. However, Killingworth developed a commercial centre, with bus links to the rest of Tyne. Killingworth is served by Palmersville Metro station, the town of Killingworth in Australia is named after the British original because of its extensive coal mines, it lies west of Newcastle, New South Wales, so-named for the same reason. In an episode of the architecture series Grundys Wonders on Tyne Tees, filming of the episode took place in the 19th Century mining village at Blists Hill Open Air Museum in Ironbridge, however. According to Morrison there is no recorded evidence of human activity at Killingworth. She asserts that this may be due in part to a lack of fieldwork in the area, subsequent mining, spoil heaps and landscaping disturbed the stratigraphy and damaged or destroyed artifacts. Documentary evidence for Killingworth starts in 1242 when it is recorded as part of the held by Roger de Merlay III. There were nine recorded taxpayers in 1296, falling to eight by 1312, in a survey of the township dated 1373 listed sixteen tenements. The township was divided more than twenty named fields. Within each field the various landholders farmed strips, or selions, fifteen landholders are mentioned as holding tenements in Killingworth and strips of land scattered among the fields. One of the fields mentioned is Dimisdale and this name survived until the 18th century and can be identified with the lands abutting Burradon township. The last male heirs of the Killingworth family were dead by 1704 and their lands in Killingworth were divided between their sisters, Mehitabel, Deborah, Blandina and Bethseba. Dimisdale was assigned to Mehitabel Killingworth, wife of Thomas Partis and this was subsequently sold, along with other lands, around 1737 to John Williams of the Close Gate glass house. Williams died in 1763, leaving his Killingworth property to his son, John Williams, John Williams sold his Killingworth land and property in 1767 to George Colpitts. Colpitts was to pay a tax of £8 4s. 9d. that year and again in 1779 and this is just short of the figure for Burradon township
5.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
6.
Stockton and Darlington Railway
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The Stockton and Darlington Railway was a railway company that operated in north-east England from 1825 to 1863. The worlds first public railway to use steam locomotives, its first line connected collieries near Shildon with Stockton-on-Tees and Darlington, the movement of coal to ships rapidly became a lucrative business, and the line was soon extended to a new port and town at Middlesbrough. While coal waggons were hauled by locomotives from the start. The S&DR was involved in the building of the East Coast Main Line between York and Darlington, but its expansion was at Middlesbrough Docks and west into Weardale. At the beginning of the 1860 it took over railways that had crossed the Pennines to join the West Coast Main Line at Tebay and Clifton, near Penrith. The opening of the S&DR was seen as proof of the effectiveness of steam railways, much of the original route is now served by the Tees Valley Line, operated by Northern. Coal from the mines in southern County Durham was taken away on packhorses. A canal was proposed by George Dixon in 1767 and again by John Rennie in 1815, a few years later a canal was proposed on a route that bypassed Darlington and Yarm, and a meeting was held in Yarm to oppose the route. The Welsh engineer George Overton was consulted, and he advised building a tramroad, Overton carried out a survey and planned a route from the Etherley and Witton Collieries to Shildon, and then passing to the north of Darlington to reach Stockton. Approximately two-thirds of the shares were sold locally, and the rest were bought by Quakers nationally, the promoters lodged a bill on 30 September 1820, the route having changed again as agreement had not been reached with Viscount Barrington about the line passing over his land. The railway was unopposed this time, but the bill failed to enter the committee stage as the required four-fifths of shares had not been sold. Pease subscribed £7,000, from time he had considerable influence over the railway. Concerned about Overtons competence, Pease asked George Stephenson, an experienced enginewright of the collieries of Killingworth, the committee designed a seal, showing waggons being pulled by a horse, and adopted the Latin motto Periculum privatum utilitas publica. By 23 July 1821 it had decided that the line would be a railway with edge rails, rather than a plateway, Stephenson recommended using malleable iron rails, even though he owned a share of the patent for the alternative cast iron rails, and both types were used. Overton had kept himself available, but had no further involvement, on 23 May 1822 a ceremony at Stockton celebrated the laying of the first track, the rails 4 feet 8 inches apart, the same gauge used by Stephenson on his Killingworth Railway. Stephenson advocated the use of locomotives on the line. Pease visited Killingworth in mid-1822 and the directors visited Hetton colliery railway, a new bill was presented, requesting Stephensons deviations from the original route and the use of loco-motives or moveable engines, and this received assent on 23 May 1823. The line included embankments up to 48 feet high, and Stephenson designed an iron bridge to cross the River Gaunless
7.
Nuremberg Transport Museum
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The Nuremberg Transport Museum is based in Nuremberg, Germany, and consists of the Deutsche Bahns own DB Museum and the Museum of Communications. It also has two satellite museums at Koblenz-Lützel and Halle, the Nuremberg Transport Museum is one of the oldest technical history museums in Europe. In February 2007 the official name of the DB Museum became the Company Museum of the Deutsche Bahn AG and it is a milestone on the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The forerunner of the present-day DB Museum was opened in 1899 as a royal Bavarian railway museum, today it is a company museum belonging to the Deutsche Bahn and portrays, amongst other things, the history of the railways. The present building was built in 1925, on 1 July 1996, the Deutsche Bahn AG took over the museum from the Deutsche Bundesbahn for the symbolic purchase price of one deutschmark. At the same time Dr. Jürgen Franzke, previously head of the Museum of Industrial Culture in Nuremberg, was appointed as the museums chief, the DB AG planned at that time to invest 6 million DM up to the museums centenary year. The museum also owns a range of vehicles that can be used for special rail services. A further attraction of the museum is its collection of 160,1,10 scale models occupying 1000 square metres of the museum and these models have been built over the years since the end of the 19th century and are very finely detailed. The first were made in 1882 by apprentices of the Royal Bavarian State Railways, the museum also offers a walk-through tunnel, a level crossing, signals and points that can be operated, models equipped with sound and light and simulators. A model railway covering an area of 80 m² is used to demonstrate prototypical railway operations, during museum opening hours there is a ten-minute demonstration hourly, on the half-hour, with explanations of the key concepts of railway operating. The layout, built between 1960 and 1970, is worked using control panels with a total of some 5000 relays, in the main building of the DB Museum there is a library with about 40,000 titles on railway subjects. The Präsenzbibliothek can be visited by appointment free of charge on workdays, on the evening of 17 October 2005 much of the roundhouse of the museum, less its steel frame, was burnt to the ground. It was there that the DB Museum had stabled operational locomotives for which room could not be found in the museum, a 1935 working replica of the Adler, a locomotive from the first German railway between Nuremberg and Fürth, was badly damaged by the blaze. Apprentices and experienced specialists rebuilt the engine in the Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works, after two years of reconstruction the Adler was once again ready for operations in October 2007 and returned to the Nurember Transport Museum on 23 November 2007. Federal Government MPs, members of the DB AG management and the Bavarian minister-president, Beckstein, a further, non-operational,1953 replica is displayed in the museum. A total of 24 historical engines and wagons went up in smoke, in the long term, the steam engines should be repairable, as should the E75. The damaged diesel engines and railbuses, due to their construction, were irreparable and were scrapped by July 2006. The burnt out and partly collapsed locomotive shed was torn down, several locos were sold or loaned to railway museums for restoration
8.
Nuremberg
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Nuremberg is a city on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about 170 kilometres north of Munich. It is the second-largest city in Bavaria, and the largest in Franconia, the population as of February 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germanys fourteenth-largest city. The urban area also includes Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach with a population of 763,854. The European Metropolitan Area Nuremberg has ca.3.5 million inhabitants, Nuremberg was, according to the first documentary mention of the city in 1050, the location of an Imperial castle between the East Franks and the Bavarian March of the Nordgau. From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes, Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the unofficial capital of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly because Imperial Diet and courts met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the structure of the empire. The increasing demand of the court and the increasing importance of the city attracted increased trade. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg, one of the two great trade centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. In 1298, the Jews of the town were accused of having desecrated the host, behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz. The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague years, in 1349, Nurembergs Jews were subjected to a pogrom. They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter, the plague returned to the city in 1405,1435,1437,1482,1494,1520 and 1534. Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche, built between 1352 and 1362, where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory, the Hussite Wars, recurrence of the Black Death in 1437, and the First Margrave War led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century. During the Middle Ages, Nurembergs literary culture was rich, varied, the cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the centre of the German Renaissance. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, and in 1532, during the 1552 revolution against Charles V, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but the city was attacked without a declaration of war and was forced into a disadvantageous peace. The state of affairs in the early 16th century, increased trade routes elsewhere, frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war and the cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population. In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein, the city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre
9.
Novelty (locomotive)
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Novelty was an early steam locomotive built by John Ericsson and John Braithwaite to take part in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. It was an 0-2-2WT locomotive and is now regarded as the very first tank engine and it had a unique design of boiler and a number of other novel design features. Unfortunately, several of the components had significant design weaknesses which ultimately resulted in its failure at the Trials. During the late 1820s Ericsson and Braithwaite were working together building horse drawn fire engines with steam pumps and these used a boiler designed by Ericsson and were built in the London works of John Braithwaite. These fire engines were known for their ability to steam quickly. Charles Vignoles has also associated with Novelty, but his practical involvement is not known. He may have aligned himself with the engine because of a feud with George Stephenson. This incredibly short space of time has led people to suggest that Novelty is in fact a fire engine. It is more likely that it used many of the parts as their fire engines. Novelty was constructed in the London Workshop belonging to Braithwaite and transported to Liverpool by boat, there was no time to test Novelty in London before transportation, and following test runs at Rainhill before the trials, modifications were carried out with the help of Timothy Hackworth. The boiler used on Novelty was designed by John Ericsson, the design was very scientific for the era but proved to be very hard to build and maintain compared with the boiler design adopted for Rocket and most steam locomotives since. The most prominent feature for the boiler is the copper firebox. Within the vertical vessel was the inner firebox and the space between the two was filled with water, fuel was added from the top, where a tube passed down through the top of the firebox. This firebox construction was not dissimilar to some types of vertical boiler, like George Stephenson, Ericsson understood that a large area was needed to extract heat from the hot gases. This he did in a horizontal tube filled with water which ran under the full length of the engine. It can be seen in the illustration on top of page, sticking out to the right. Within the horizontal section was a tube carrying the hot gases and this ‘S’ shaped tube was also tapered causing the gases to speed up as they cooled down. In practice this tube is almost impossible to clean, the resulting boiler was the shape of a hammer and was required to be fitted to the frame before the footplate, cylinders or blower could be added
10.
John Bull (locomotive)
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John Bull is a British-built railroad steam locomotive that operated in the United States. It was operated for the first time on September 15,1831, the C&A used the locomotive heavily from 1833 until 1866, when it was removed from active service and placed in storage. In 1884 the locomotive was purchased by the Smithsonian Institution as the museums first major industrial exhibit, today, the original John Bull is on static display once more in the Smithsonians National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C. The replica John Bull is preserved at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, the John Bull was built in Newcastle, England, by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Camden and Amboy Railroad, the first railroad built in New Jersey. It was dismantled and then shipped across the Atlantic Ocean in crates aboard the Allegheny, C&A engineer Isaac Dripps reconstructed the locomotive to the best of his ability and ran it for the first time in September 1831. Until the railroad was completed, the locomotive was placed in storage, the C&A applied both numbers and names to their first locomotives, giving this engine the number 1 and officially naming it Stevens. However, through use of the engine, crews began calling it the old John Bull. Eventually the informal name was shortened to John Bull and this name was so much more used that Stevens fell out of use. In September 1836 the John Bull and two coaches were shipped by canal to Harrisburg, and became the first locomotive to operate there, Stephenson built the locomotive originally as an 0-4-0. The locomotives power was transmitted to the axles through pistons that were mounted under the boiler between the two front wheels and in front of the front axle. These inside cylinders main rods were connected to a crank axle with a connecting rod between the two axles to power the front axle. Due to poorer quality track than was the norm in its native England, the locomotive had much trouble with derailment, the leading trucks mechanism necessitated the removal of the coupling rod between the two main axles, leaving only the rear axle powered. Effectively, the John Bull became a 4-2-0, later, the C&A also added a pilot to the lead truck. The cowcatcher is an assembly designed to deflect animals and debris off of the railroad track in front of the locomotive. To protect the crew from the weather, the C&A also added walls. C&A workshop crews also added safety features such as a bell, after several years serving as a switching engine and stationary boiler, the John Bull was retired in 1866 and stored in Bordentown, New Jersey. Toward the end of its life in service, the locomotive worked as a pump engine. The C&A was soon absorbed into the United New Jersey Railroad, the PRR saw the potential publicity to be gained by exhibiting such an old engine, showing it at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, PRR workshop staff then back-dated the engine
