1.
Re. (Aya Ueto album)
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Re. is the third studio album by Japanese pop singer Aya Ueto. It was released on December 8,2004 on Flight Master, Re. was released only nine months after her second album and unlike her previous efforts, it includes only eleven tracks. The album is made up of winter ballads. The album title, Re. is meant to designate a response to her previous album, Re. peaked at #11 on the Oricon Daily Albums Chart and debuted at #19 on the Weekly Albums Chart with 19,017 copies sold. The album charted for a total of seven weeks and sold over 35,000 copies
2.
Re, Norway
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Re is a municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Revetal, the municipality was established in 2002 by the unification of the former municipalities of Ramnes and Våle. It includes the villages of Ramnes, Våle, Undrumsdal, Fon, the river Aulielva runs through the district. The Old Norse form of the name was Ré, and it is an old district name, the name is related to the German word Reihe which means line and it refers to the geological formation called Raet. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted in August 2001. It was designed by Arvid Steen and it shows a gold-colored five point design on a green shield. The five points represent the five parishes in the municipality, the design has a long history in the area. The green was chosen to represent nature and agriculture and the gold was chosen because it goes well with green, in this area a battle took place in 1177, which is the last one mentioned in Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson. Graves and other findings from the Viking Age and even earlier can be throughout the district. Media related to Re, Norway at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Re at Wiktionary Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway Vestfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
3.
Val Camonica
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Val Camonica is one of the largest valleys of the central Alps, in eastern Lombardy, Italy. It extends about 90 kilometres from the Tonale Pass to Corna Trentapassi and it has an area of about 1,335 km2 and 118,323 inhabitants. The River Oglio runs through its length, rising at Ponte di Legno. Val Camonica is derived from the Latin Vallis Camunnorum, Valley of the Camunni, Middle Val Camonica, extending from the Breno Threshold to the municipality of Sonico – Edolo. The lower middle valley extends from Breno to Sellero, while the middle valley starts at the narrow gorge at Cedegolo. High Val Camonica, This part of the valley follows the Periadriatic Seam, starting in the Val di Corteno, it continues as to the town of Ponte di Legno at the top of the valley. Its climate is similar to that of central Valtellina and it flows into Lake Iseo between the municipalities of Pisogne and Costa Volpino. Numerous streams, some of them seasonal, descend from the mountainsides, at high altitude there are many alpine lakes, including Lago Moro, as well as many artificial reservoirs, such as the Lago dArno. Val Camonica likely became habitable only around 15,000 years ago, at the end of last Ice Age and it is likely that the first humans visited the valley in epipaleolithic times, and appear to have settled by the Neolithic period. When the Ancient Romans extended their dominions north of the River Po, they encountered a people called the Camunni, of unknown origin, about 300,000 petroglyphs survive from this period. By the end of the first century BC, the Valle Camonica was ruled by Ancient Rome, which established the city of Cividate Camuno, with baths, an amphitheater, during the Middle Ages, numerous clashes between the Guelphs and Ghibellines took place in this region. The Guelphs supported the power of the Bishop of Brescia and the papacy, in 1287 the Val Camonica rebelled against control by Brescia and sided with the Visconti, lords of Milan, who extended their control over the area during the 14th century. From 1427 to 1454 there were battles between Milan and the Republic of Venice for the control of the valley. Ultimately the valley came under the control of Venice, during the following centuries, the civilian population grew and engaged in the iron trade. Val Camonica was separated from Venice after Venice was conquered by Napoleon in 1797, after the deposition of Napoleon, the area was controlled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1859, Val Camonica was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, during World War I battle lines stretched along its eastern border, across the Adamello Group. The battles fought in this area are known as the White War in the Adamello, in 1955, the National Park of Naquane stone carvings at Capo di Ponte was created by the Archaeological Administration of Lombardy. Val Camonica is home to the greatest complex of rock drawings in Europe, containing approximately 300,000 petroglyphs from the epipaleolithic era to the middle ages
4.
Giovanni Battista Re
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Giovanni Battista Re is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church whose service has been primarily in the Roman Curia. He is the Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Bishops, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001 and he retired as Prefect on 30 June 2010, having turned 75, and was succeeded by the Archbishop of Quebec and Primate of Canada, Marc Ouellet PSS. Cardinal Re was the senior Cardinal-Bishop to attend the March 2013 conclave to elect Pope Benedict XVIs successor, born in Borno, Italy, the son of the carpenter Matteo Re, Giovanni Battista Re was ordained a priest by Archbishop Giacinto Tredici in Brescia on 3 March 1957. He holds a doctorate in law from the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome. Re has been a member of the Roman Curia since 1963, Pope John Paul II administered the episcopal consecration one month later, on 7 November. On 12 December 1989, he became Sostituto for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State and he was named on 16 September 2000 to head the Congregation for Bishops and the Pontifical Commission for Latin America. XII Apostoli in the consistory held 21 February 2001 named first among all those elevated, the next year, on 1 October, he was named Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto when a vacancy arose in that order. Since all major Vatican officials automatically lose their positions during a sede vacante and he was later confirmed to office by Pope Benedict XVI on 21 April 2005. He was one of the electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. Re was a member of various offices of the Curia, in May 2008, Pope Benedict named Cardinal Re as a member of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. He held these memberships until his 80th birthday, the duties and responsibilities of presiding over the actual conclave itself therefore were exercised by Cardinal Re, the most-senior cardinal eligible to participate in the conclave. The conclave subsequently elected Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ, who became Pope Francis. At the new inauguration on 19 March 2013, Cardinal Re was one of the six cardinals who made the public profession of obedience to the new pope on behalf of the College of Cardinals. On 30 January 2014, Cardinal Re turned 80 and lost the right to participate in future conclaves, insiders describe him as a friend of Carlo Maria Martini, who has played a major role in the dissent against the last three Popes. As leader of the Congregation for Bishops, Re reportedly appointed several bishops in Germany, France and elsewhere and his pronouncement was appealed to Rome, but in 2006 the ruling was upheld by Cardinal Re, the Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. In January 2009, he published a decree removing the excommunications from the bishops of the Society of Saint Pius X and he later expressed regret over the move after the controversy on the comments of Bishop Richard Williamson. The attack on the Brazilian church is unjustified and he added that excommunication of those who performed the abortion was just. The National Conference of Bishops of Brazil declared the Archbishops statement mistaken, media related to Giovanni Battista Re at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Rhenium
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Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table, with an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion, rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earths crust. Rhenium shows in its compounds a variety of oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7. Discovered in 1925, rhenium was the last stable element to be discovered and it was named after the river Rhine in Europe. Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the chambers, turbine blades. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element, rhenium was the last-discovered of the elements that have a stable isotope. The existence of an element at this position in the periodic table had been first predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Other calculated information was obtained by Henry Moseley in 1914 and it is generally considered to have been discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg in Germany. In 1925 they reported that they had detected the element in platinum ore and they also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite. In 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of the element by processing 660 kg of molybdenite and it was estimated in 1968 that 75% of the rhenium metal in the United States was used for research and the development of refractory metal alloys. It took several years from that point before the superalloys became widely used, in 1908, Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he had discovered the 43rd element and named it nipponium after Japan. However, recent analysis indicated the presence of rhenium, not element 43, the symbol Np was later used for the element neptunium, and the name nihonium, also named after Japan, along with symbol Nh, represents element 113. Rhenium is a metal with one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten. It also has one of the highest boiling point of all elements and it is also one of the densest, exceeded only by platinum, iridium and osmium. Rhenium has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with parameters a =276.1 pm. Its usual commercial form is a powder, but this element can be consolidated by pressing and sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere and this procedure yields a compact solid having a density above 90% of the density of the metal. When annealed this metal is very ductile and can be bent, coiled, rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K, tungsten-rhenium alloys are also superconductive around 4–8 K, depending on the alloy. Rhenium metal superconducts at 1.697 ±0.006 K, in bulk form and at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the element resists alkalis, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid, and aqua regia
6.
Re (kana)
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れ, in hiragana, or レ in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in two strokes, while katakana in one, the Ainu language uses a small katakana ㇾ to represent a final r sound after an e sound. Computer encodings Braille Japanese semaphore Japanese phonology
7.
Ra
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Ra or Re is the ancient Egyptian sun god. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become a god in ancient Egyptian religion. In later Egyptian dynastic times, Ra was merged with the god Horus and he was believed to rule in all parts of the created world, the sky, the earth, and the underworld. He was associated with the falcon or hawk, when in the New Kingdom the god Amun rose to prominence he was fused with Ra as Amun-Ra. During the Amarna Period, Akhenaten suppressed the cult of Ra in favor of another deity, the Aten, the deified solar disc. The cult of the Mnevis bull, an embodiment of Ra, had its center in Heliopolis, all forms of life were believed to have been created by Ra, who called each of them into existence by speaking their secret names. Alternatively man was created from Ras tears and sweat, hence the Egyptians call themselves the Cattle of Ra, in the myth of the Celestial Cow it is recounted how mankind plotted against Ra and how he sent his eye as the goddess Sekhmet to punish them. When she became bloodthirsty she was pacified by drinking beer mixed with red dye, to the Egyptians, the sun represented light, warmth, and growth. This made the sun deity very important, as the sun was seen as the ruler of all that he created, the sun disk was either seen as the body or eye of Ra. Ra was the father of Shu and Tefnut, whom he created, Shu was the god of the wind, and Tefnut was the goddess of the rain. Sekhmet was the Eye of Ra and was created by the fire in Ras eye, Ra was thought to travel on the Atet, two solar barks called the Mandjet or morning boat and the Mesektet or evening boat. These boats took him on his journey through the sky and the Duat, while Ra was on the Mesektet, he was in his ram-headed form. When Ra traveled in his sun boat, he was accompanied by other deities including Sia and Hu. Sometimes, members of the Ennead helped him on his journey, including Set, who overcame the serpent Apophis, and Mehen, when Ra was in the underworld, he would visit all of his various forms. Apophis, the god of chaos, was a serpent who attempted to stop the sun boats journey every night by consuming it or by stopping it in its tracks with a hypnotic stare. During the evening, the Egyptians believed that Ra set as Atum or in the form of a ram, the night boat would carry him through the underworld and back towards the east in preparation for his rebirth. When Ra was in the underworld, he merged with Osiris, the god of the dead, Ra was worshipped as the Creator god among some ancient Egyptians, specifically followers of his cult at Heliopolis. It was believed that Ra wept, and from his tears came man and these cult-followers believed that Ra was self-created, while followers of Ptah believed that Ra was created by Ptah
8.
Decision problem
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In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a question in some formal system that can be posed as a yes-no question, dependent on the input values. For example, the given two numbers x and y, does x evenly divide y. is a decision problem. The answer can be yes or no, and depends upon the values of x and y. A method for solving a problem, given in the form of an algorithm, is called a decision procedure for that problem. A decision procedure for the problem given two numbers x and y, does x evenly divide y. would give the steps for determining whether x evenly divides y. One such algorithm is long division, taught to school children. If the remainder is zero the answer produced is yes, otherwise it is no, a decision problem which can be solved by an algorithm, such as this example, is called decidable. The field of computational complexity categorizes decidable decision problems by how difficult they are to solve, difficult, in this sense, is described in terms of the computational resources needed by the most efficient algorithm for a certain problem. The field of theory, meanwhile, categorizes undecidable decision problems by Turing degree. A decision problem is any arbitrary yes-or-no question on a set of inputs. Because of this, it is traditional to define the decision problem equivalently as and these inputs can be natural numbers, but may also be values of some other kind, such as strings over the binary alphabet or over some other finite set of symbols. The subset of strings for which the problem returns yes is a formal language, alternatively, using an encoding such as Gödel numberings, any string can be encoded as a natural number, via which a decision problem can be defined as a subset of the natural numbers. A classic example of a decision problem is the set of prime numbers. It is possible to decide whether a given natural number is prime by testing every possible nontrivial factor. Although much more efficient methods of primality testing are known, the existence of any method is enough to establish decidability. A decision problem A is called decidable or effectively solvable if A is a recursive set, a problem is called partially decidable, semidecidable, solvable, or provable if A is a recursively enumerable set. Problems that are not decidable are called undecidable, the halting problem is an important undecidable decision problem, for more examples, see list of undecidable problems. Decision problems can be ordered according to many-one reducibility and related to feasible reductions such as polynomial-time reductions
9.
Turing machine
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Despite the models simplicity, given any computer algorithm, a Turing machine can be constructed that is capable of simulating that algorithms logic. The machine operates on an infinite memory tape divided into discrete cells, the machine positions its head over a cell and reads the symbol there. The Turing machine was invented in 1936 by Alan Turing, who called it an a-machine, thus, Turing machines prove fundamental limitations on the power of mechanical computation. Turing completeness is the ability for a system of instructions to simulate a Turing machine, a Turing machine is a general example of a CPU that controls all data manipulation done by a computer, with the canonical machine using sequential memory to store data. More specifically, it is a capable of enumerating some arbitrary subset of valid strings of an alphabet. Assuming a black box, the Turing machine cannot know whether it will eventually enumerate any one specific string of the subset with a given program and this is due to the fact that the halting problem is unsolvable, which has major implications for the theoretical limits of computing. The Turing machine is capable of processing an unrestricted grammar, which implies that it is capable of robustly evaluating first-order logic in an infinite number of ways. This is famously demonstrated through lambda calculus, a Turing machine that is able to simulate any other Turing machine is called a universal Turing machine. The thesis states that Turing machines indeed capture the notion of effective methods in logic and mathematics. Studying their abstract properties yields many insights into computer science and complexity theory, at any moment there is one symbol in the machine, it is called the scanned symbol. The machine can alter the scanned symbol, and its behavior is in part determined by that symbol, however, the tape can be moved back and forth through the machine, this being one of the elementary operations of the machine. Any symbol on the tape may therefore eventually have an innings, the Turing machine mathematically models a machine that mechanically operates on a tape. On this tape are symbols, which the machine can read and write, one at a time, in the original article, Turing imagines not a mechanism, but a person whom he calls the computer, who executes these deterministic mechanical rules slavishly. If δ is not defined on the current state and the current tape symbol, Q0 ∈ Q is the initial state F ⊆ Q is the set of final or accepting states. The initial tape contents is said to be accepted by M if it eventually halts in a state from F, Anything that operates according to these specifications is a Turing machine. The 7-tuple for the 3-state busy beaver looks like this, Q = Γ = b =0 Σ = q 0 = A F = δ = see state-table below Initially all tape cells are marked with 0. In the words of van Emde Boas, p.6, The set-theoretical object provides only partial information on how the machine will behave and what its computations will look like. For instance, There will need to be many decisions on what the symbols actually look like, and a failproof way of reading and writing symbols indefinitely
10.
Regional-Express
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In Germany, Luxembourg and Austria, the Regional-Express is a type of regional train. It is similar to a semi-fast train, with speed at about 70–90 km/h as it calls at fewer stations than Regionalbahn or S-Bahn trains. Some private operators currently operate trains that are similar to a Regional-Express service, many RE services run in hourly intervals, carrying line numbers and sometimes even names, varying from state to state. Since late 2006, Regional-Express services between Munich and Nuremberg that operate on the Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway reach top speeds of 200 km/h and these services are operated with repainted InterCity cars and Class 101 locomotives. In Switzerland, trains are called RegioExpress, in Sweden, several regional trains reach 180 or 200 km/h. They are usually called just regional trains, or named after their respecitive regional transit administration, the most common train types are Øresundståg and Regina. List of regional rail lines in North Rhine-Westphalia Train categories in Europe
11.
Reynolds number
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The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. It has wide applications, ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing. The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908 after Osborne Reynolds, who popularized its use in 1883. A similar effect is created by the introduction of a stream of higher velocity fluid and this relative movement generates fluid friction, which is a factor in developing turbulent flow. Counteracting this effect is the viscosity of the fluid, which as it increases, progressively inhibits turbulence, the Reynolds number quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions, and is a guide to when turbulent flow will occur in a particular situation. Such scaling is not linear and the application of Reynolds numbers to both situations allows scaling factors to be developed, the Reynolds number can be defined for several different situations where a fluid is in relative motion to a surface. These definitions generally include the properties of density and viscosity, plus a velocity. This dimension is a matter of convention – for example radius and diameter are equally valid to describe spheres or circles, for aircraft or ships, the length or width can be used. For flow in a pipe or a sphere moving in a fluid the internal diameter is used today. Other shapes such as pipes or non-spherical objects have an equivalent diameter defined. For fluids of variable density such as gases or fluids of variable viscosity such as non-Newtonian fluids. The velocity may also be a matter of convention in some circumstances, in practice, matching the Reynolds number is not on its own sufficient to guarantee similitude. Fluid flow is chaotic, and very small changes to shape. Nevertheless, Reynolds numbers are an important guide and are widely used. Osborne Reynolds famously studied the conditions in which the flow of fluid in pipes transitioned from laminar flow to turbulent flow, when the velocity was low, the dyed layer remained distinct through the entire length of the large tube. When the velocity was increased, the broke up at a given point. The point at which this happened was the point from laminar to turbulent flow. From these experiments came the dimensionless Reynolds number for dynamic similarity—the ratio of forces to viscous forces
12.
Il re
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Il re is a novella or opera in one act and three scenes by composer Umberto Giordano to an Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. The opera premiered at La Scala in Milan on 12 January 1929, unusual for a 20th-century opera, Il re was written specifically as a vehicle for Toti Dal Monte, a coloratura soprano of the old school. Dal Monte performed the work a number of times during her career but after her retirement, in December 1949, Arturo Toscanini, who had conducted the world premiere of the opera, featured the short Dance of the Moor on a broadcast concert with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. * Dal Monte alternated performances of the role of Rosalina with Mercedes Capsir during the original 1929 production, Umberto Giordano, Il re and Mese mariano - Orchestra Internazionale dItalia and Coro del Teatro Petruzzelli, conducted by Renato Palumbo. Recorded live at the Festival della Valle dItria with Patrizia Ciofi as Carmela, notes Sources Levine, Robert, Review of Il re and Mese mariano, Classics Today. Manuscript is in Museo Teatrale alla Scala, Milano
