1.
RealNetworks
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RealNetworks, Inc. is a provider of Internet streaming media delivery software and services based in Seattle, Washington, United States. The company also provides subscription-based online entertainment services and mobile entertainment, RealNetworks was founded in 1994 by an ex-Microsoft executive, Rob Glaser and a management team including Phil Barrett, Andy Sharpless, and Stephen Buerkle. The original goal of the company was to provide a channel for politically progressive content. It evolved into a venture to leverage the Internet as an alternative distribution medium for audio broadcasts. Progressive Networks became RealNetworks in September 1997 and they announced streaming video technology in 1997. According to some accounts, by 2000, more than 85% of streaming content on the Internet was in the Real format. Despite this success, problems arose because Reals primary business model depended upon the sale of streaming media server software, as servers from Microsoft and Apple became more capable, Reals server sales inevitably eroded. On January 20,2000, RealNetworks, Inc. filed an injunction against Streambox, in 2002, a strategic alliance was formed between RealNetworks and Sony Corporation to expand collaboration. In October,2005, Microsoft agreed to pay RealNetworks $460 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit, in August 2003, RealNetworks acquired Listen. coms Rhapsody music service, and renamed it RealRhapsody. It offered streaming music downloads for a monthly fee, in January 2004, RealNetworks announced the RealPlayer Music Store, featuring digital rights management restricted music in the AAC file format. The domain real. com attracted at least 67 million visitors annually by 2008, on April 6,2010, Rhapsody was spun off from RealNetworks. In July 2013, RealNetworks acquired Slingo for $15.6 million, the company introduced a mobile phone app called Listen in April 2014 that plays custom ringtones to those calling the users phone. RealNetworks has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington in the Home Plate Center building in SoDo across from Safeco Field, sharing the building with King5 and Logic 20/20 Consulting. In 2000, one of the products, the download manager RealDownload, was already used for pushing small software, such as games. More content was added through deals with CBS for the reality show Big Brother, after the dot-com bubble, RealNetworks cut most of the resources. Some of the content was lost, some was limited to local markets, between 2003 and 2006, SuperPass included, for European subscribers, unlimited access to UEFA Champions League full-length game recordings. On September 30,2008, RealNetworks launched a new product called RealDVD, the software allows any user to save a copy of a DVD movie they own. The products distribution was barred by a court injunction, Real Alternative is a discontinued software bundle that allows users to play RealMedia files without installing RealPlayer
2.
Audio codec
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An audio codec is a device or computer program capable of coding or decoding a digital data stream of audio. In software, a codec is a computer program implementing an algorithm that compresses and decompresses digital audio data according to a given audio file or streaming media audio coding format. The objective of the algorithm is to represent the high-fidelity audio signal with minimum number of bits while retaining the quality and this can effectively reduce the storage space and the bandwidth required for transmission of the stored audio file. Most codecs are implemented as libraries which interface to one or more multimedia players, in hardware, audio codec refers to a single device that encodes analog audio as digital signals and decodes digital back into analog. In other words, it both an analog-to-digital converter and digital-to-analog converter running off the same clock. This is used in cards that support both audio in and out, for instance. Comparison of audio formats List of codecs Open source codecs and containers Transcoding Video codec
3.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
4.
Internet radio
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Internet radio is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means, Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional broadcast radio stations and this has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests that are not adequately served by local radio stations. Internet radio is listened to on a standard home PC or similar device. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a radio receiver have arrived on the market. Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using an audio codec. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, Audio data is continuously transmitted serially over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets, then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of audio broadcasting. A local tuner simulation program includes all the radios that can also be heard in the air in the city. In 2003, revenue from online streaming radio was US$49 million. By 2006, that rose to US$500 million. A February 21,2007 survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research found that s much as 19% of U. S. consumers 12, in other words, there were some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, an April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008,13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices, which give an FM like receiver user experience. As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, in the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share. Currently, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older -- an estimated 124 million people -- said they have listened to radio in the last month. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013, the average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours,56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014
5.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
6.
BBC World Service
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The BBC announced in November 2016 that It would start broadcasting in additional languages including Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, Yoruba and Amharic, in its biggest expansion since the 1940s. In 2015 World Service reached an average of 210 million people a week, the English-language service broadcasts 24 hours a day. The World Service is funded by the United Kingdoms television licence fee, limited advertising, the service also gets £289 million each year from the UK government. The World Service was funded for decades by grant-in-aid through the Foreign, the Director of the BBC World Service Group is Francesca Unsworth. The controller of BBC World Service, English, is Mary Hockaday, the BBC World Service began in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service, broadcasting on shortwave and aimed principally at English speakers across the British Empire. In his first Christmas Message, King George V stated that the service was intended for men and women, so cut off by the snow, the desert, or the sea, first hopes for the Empire Service were low. The programmes will neither be very interesting nor very good and this address was read out five times as it was broadcast live to different parts of the world. On 3 January 1938, the first foreign-language service was launched in Arabic, programmes in German started on 29 March 1938, and by the end of 1942 broadcasts were being made in all major European languages. As a result, the Empire Service was renamed the BBC Overseas Service in November 1939, and these were financed not from the domestic licence fee but from government grant-in-aid, and known administratively as the External Services of the BBC. The External Services broadcast propaganda during the Second World War and its French service Radio Londres also sent coded messages to the French Resistance. George Orwell broadcast many news bulletins on the Eastern Service during World War II. By the end of the 1940s the number of broadcast languages had expanded and reception had improved, following the opening of a relay in modern-day Malaysia and of the Limassol relay, Cyprus, in 1957. In recent years, financial pressures have decreased the number and type of services offered by the BBC, in countries with wide access to Internet services, there is less need for a radio station. Broadcasts in German ended in March 1999, after research showed that the majority of German listeners tuned into the English service, broadcasts in Dutch, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese and Malay were stopped for similar reasons. Additionally, Romanian broadcasts ceased on 1 August 2008, in January 2011 the closure of the Albanian, Macedonian, Portuguese for Africa, Serbian, and English for the Caribbean services was announced. The British government announced that the three Balkan countries had access to international information, and so broadcasts in the local languages had become unnecessary. 650 jobs went as part of the 16% budget cut and this led to allegations that these measures would encourage a pro-American bias within the Service and help America win the information war. The Service broadcasts from Broadcasting House in London, which is headquarters of the Corporation
7.
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
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Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language is a World Wide Web Consortium recommended Extensible Markup Language markup language to describe multimedia presentations. It defines markup for timing, layout, animations, visual transitions, SMIL allows presenting media items such as text, images, video, audio, links to other SMIL presentations, and files from multiple web servers. SMIL markup is written in XML, and has similarities to HTML, as of 2008, the W3C Recommendation for SMIL is SMIL3.0. SMIL1.0 became a W3C Recommendation in June 1999, SMIL2.0 became a W3C Recommendation in August 2001. SMIL2.0 introduced a modular structure that facilitated integration of SMIL semantics into other XML-based languages. Basic animation and timing modules were integrated into Scalable Vector Graphics, the modular structure made it possible to define the standard SMIL language profile and the XHTML+SMIL language profile with common syntax and standard semantics. SMIL2.1 became a W3C Recommendation in December 2005, SMIL2.1 includes a small number of extensions based on practical experience gathered using SMIL in the Multimedia Messaging System on mobile phones. SMIL3.0 became a W3C Recommendation in December 2008 and it was first submitted as a W3C Working draft on December 21,2006. The last draft revision was released on October 6,2008, authoring and rendering tools for smilText and SMIL3. It features integration with IEEE-1394 for capture, limSee2 is an open source SMIL authoring tool, with support for SMIL1.0 and SMIL2.0. SMIL Scenario Creator by KDDI SMIRK presentation authoring tool for the production of accessible slide shows outputting to SMIL2.0, SMIL1.0, XHTML + SMIL, SMOX Pad and SMOX Editor, for advanced SMIL and HTML+Time development. SMG for a PDA, a BREW, a Phone and a PC by Smilmedia TAG Editor 2.0 - G2 release by Digital Renaissance, tagfree 2000 SMIL Editor Toolkit for MPEG-4 from IBM, creates MPEG-4 binary from content created in XMT-O. TransTool - open source transcription tool VeonStudio by Veon Validator, SMIL1.0, SMIL2.0, SMIL2.0 Basic, synchronized Multimedia Summer School at INRIA The Webnews demo, by CWI. Demos available from RealNetworks SMIL1.0 tutorial written in SMIL SMIL1, a SMIL document is similar in structure to an HTML document in that they are typically divided between an optional <head> section and a required <body> section. The <head> section contains layout and metadata information, the <body> section contains the timing information, and is generally composed of combinations of three main tags—sequential, parallel and exclusive. SMIL refers to objects by URLs, allowing them to be shared between presentations and stored on different servers for load balancing. The language can also associate different media objects with different bandwidth requirements, for playback scheduling, SMIL supports ISO-8601 wallclock date/time specification to define begin/end events for playlists. SMIL files take either a. smi or. smil file extension, however, SAMI files and Macintosh self mounting images also use. smi, which creates some ambiguity at first glance
8.
RealPlayer
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RealPlayer, formerly RealAudio Player, RealOne Player and RealPlayer G2, is a cross-platform media player app, developed by RealNetworks. RealPlayer is also available for operating systems, Linux, Unix, Palm OS, Windows Mobile. The program is powered by an underlying open-source media engine called Helix, the first version of RealPlayer was introduced in April 1995 as RealAudio Player and was one of the first media players capable of streaming media over the Internet. Then, version 4.01 of RealPlayer was included as a selectable Internet tool in Windows 98s installation package. Subsequent versions of the software were titled RealPlayer G2 and RealOne Player, while free Basic versions as well as paid Plus versions, for the Windows OS, the RealPlayer version 9 subsumed the features of the separate program, RealJukebox. RealPlayer 11 was released for Microsoft Windows in November 2007 and for Mac OS X in May 2008, RealPlayer 15 was released November 18,2011. The Real. com Blog states that RealPlayer with RealTimes will still include the features, such as Downloader, Converter. It will also include our RealTimes features, such as Photos and RealTimes Stories™. Playlists Graphics, Bitmap, GIF Images, JPEG Images, PNG RealPlayer has a variety of plug-ins. Some of the plug-ins are listed at the RealPlayer accessories page, Audio Enhancement There are four audio enhancers available for the latest version of RealPlayer. DFX, iQfx, Volume Logic, and Sanyo 3D Surround, Lake PLS, created by Lake Technologies, works only with RealJukebox, and has limited use. There are some registry tweaks which allow Lake PLS to work with RealPlayer 10, Lake PLS is still available on the RealPlayer website. RealPlayer Skin Creators RealPlayer has had two skin creator plug-ins, SkinsEditor for RealJukebox -- an easy to use skins creator made by DeYoung software, the second application, RealJukebox Skins Converter, converts Winamp skins into RealPlayer skins. Playback Plug-Ins Please see section Formats supported by optional plug-ins, radio Tuners vTuner Plus is a radio tuner specially created for RealPlayer. There are some more visualization plug-ins like Surreal. FX by RealNetworks, G-Force and WhiteCap by SoundSpectrum, Firefox Browser Download RealPlayer has a browser download add-on for Firefox which allows users to download video from a video player window. ScrobRealPlayer an audioscrobbler plugin that connects RealPlayer with the Last. FM social music network. This includes music players such as iPod and Zune, smartphones such as iPhone and BlackBerry, portable gaming devices such as Sony PSP, and console gaming systems such as Xbox 360, PS3, and Wii. Since version 11, RealPlayer SP has gained Flash Video support, DVD, SVCD, VCD burning, as of 2011 RealPlayer Enterprise is a licensed product for enterprise applications which can be customized and remotely administered by RealPlayer Enterprise Manager
9.
Helix (multimedia project)
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Helix DNA is a project to produce computer software that can play audio and video media in various formats, aid in producing such media, and serve them over a network. It is intended as a free and open source digital media framework that runs on numerous operating systems. The Helix Community is a collaborative effort to develop and extend the Helix DNA platform. Helix DNA Client is a package for multi-platform multi-format media playback. Helix Player is a player that runs on Linux, Solaris, Symbian and FreeBSD. The Helix DNA Producer application aids in the production of media files, additionally, the Helix DNA Client and the Helix Player are licensed under the popular GNU General Public License free and open source license. Helix DNA Client powers many digital media applications, including RealPlayer for MS Windows, Mac OS and Linux, RealPlayer Mobile and it is used on Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and Sony Ericsson mobile phones. According to https, //helixcommunity. org,800 million mobile phones with the Helix client have been shipped since 2004 and it is also being used in embedded devices like the Internet Tablet OS from Nokia, which is found on the Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets. Cingular Video is also based on the framework, other projects that use the Helix framework include RealNetworks Rhapsody online music service, the Banshee and Amarok music players, and MediaReady 4000. Helix DNA also manifests itself as the RealPlayer on Mobile Internet Devices, supporting H.264 and AAC codecs with Adaptive Bit Rate support including audio only. Armv7 and Armv6 supported using Stagefright media platform, Helix SDK is supplied as a library which is included within Android Java applications for over the air installation. Helix DNA client contains support for the media formats, Audio formats, AAC, RealAudio Video formats. There is also a version called Helix Server, which has more features. It was originally called the Helix Universal Server when it was announced in or before 2002 and it is based on the Helix DNA Client. It is available for Linux, Solaris, Symbian and FreeBSD, users of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X can use RealPlayer, which has similar capabilities. It is a media encoding engine for creating streaming broadcasts, on-demand streaming content, the Helix DNA Producer runs on MS Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. There is also a package for Helix DNA Producer SDK with AAC or aacPlus encoding support. Helix DNA Producer is also available in a commercial, closed-source version - RealProducer Plus for MS Windows, comparison of video player software RealNetworks RealPlayer Official website
10.
Open-source model
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Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source
11.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
12.
Digital television
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Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the channel bandwidth. It is a service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards and this standard has been adopted in Europe, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. Advanced Television System Committee uses eight-level vestigial sideband for terrestrial broadcasting and this standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting is a designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving and it supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC that been adopted in most of South America and is also being embraced by Portuguese-speaking African countries. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting adopts time-domain synchronous OFDM technology with a signal frame to serve as the guard interval of the OFDM block. The DTMB standard has adopted in the Peoples Republic of China, including Hong Kong. Digital TVs roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive and it wasnt until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. S. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration, then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a standard was feasible. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements, the final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the electronics industry and the computer industry over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior
13.
MPlayer
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MPlayer is a free and open media player software. The program is available for all operating systems, including Linux, macOS and other Unix-like systems. Versions for OS/2, Syllable, AmigaOS, MorphOS and AROS Research Operating System are also available, a port for DOS using DJGPP is also available. Versions for the Wii Homebrew Channel and Amazon Kindle have also been developed, development of MPlayer began in 2000. The original author, Hungarian Árpád Gereöffy, started the project because he was unable to find any satisfactory video players for Linux after XAnim stopped development in 1999. The first version was titled mpg12play v0.1 and was hacked together in a half-hour using libmpeg3 from www. heroinewarrior. com. After mpg12play v0. 95pre5, the code was merged with an AVI player based on avifiles Win32 DLL loader to form MPlayer v0.3 in November 2000, Gereöffy was soon joined by many other programmers, in the beginning mostly from Hungary, but later worldwide. Alex Beregszászi has maintained MPlayer since 2003 when Gereöffy left MPlayer development to work on a second generation MPlayer. The MPlayer G2 project was abandoned, and all the development effort was put on MPlayer 1.0, there are various SIP blocks that can do the computations to decode video in certain formats, such as PureVideo, UVD, QuickSync Video, TI Ducati and more. MPlayer can play a variety of media formats, namely any format supported by FFmpeg libraries. A companion program, called MEncoder, can take a stream or file and transcode it into several different output formats, optionally applying various transforms along the way.263. It can also be used to display TV from a TV card using the device tv, //channel, or play and capture radio channels via radio, since version 1. 0RC1, Mplayer can decode subtitles in ASS/SSA subtitle format, using libass. XMMS plugins Avisynth Like GStreamer, MPlayer is an application and there are a couple of front-ends available. When not using these front-ends, mplayer can still display video in a window, gTK+-based are gmplayer and Gnome-MPlayer Qt-based are SMPlayer and KMPlayer, among others. The developers also indicated intentions to enable MPlayer2 to use libav as an alternative to ffmpeg, the first release,2.0, was published in March 2011. There have been no subsequent stable releases, mpv is a GPLv2-licensed fork of mplayer2 and effectively its successor. Since June 2015, mpv starts the work to relicense as LGPLv2.1 or above, MPlayer, MPlayer2 and mpv all use incompatible EDL formats. The implication was that KISS was violating the GPL, since KISS did not release its firmware under the GPL license
14.
Dynamic-link library
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Dynamic-link library is Microsofts implementation of the shared library concept in the Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. These libraries usually have the file extension DLL, OCX, or DRV, the file formats for DLLs are the same as for Windows EXE files – that is, Portable Executable for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows, and New Executable for 16-bit Windows. As with EXEs, DLLs can contain code, data, and resources, data files with the same file format as a DLL, but with different file extensions and possibly containing only resource sections, can be called resource DLLs. Examples of such DLLs include icon libraries, sometimes having the extension ICL, the first versions of Microsoft Windows ran programs together in a single address space. Every program was meant to co-operate by yielding the CPU to other programs so that the user interface could multitask. All operating-system level operations were provided by the operating system. All higher-level services were provided by Windows Libraries Dynamic Link Library, the Drawing API, Graphics Device Interface, was implemented in a DLL called GDI. EXE, the user interface in USER. EXE. The code in GDI needed to translate drawing commands to operations on specific devices, on the display, it had to manipulate pixels in the frame buffer. When drawing to a printer, the API calls had to be transformed into requests to a printer, although it could have been possible to provide hard-coded support for a limited set of devices, Microsoft chose a different approach. GDI would work by loading different pieces of code, called device drivers, with dynamic linking, shared code is placed into a single, separate file. The programs that call this file are connected to it at run time, with the operating system, for those early versions of Windows, the DLLs were the foundation for the entire GUI. As such, display drivers were merely DLLs with a. EXE extension and this notion of building up the operating system from a collection of dynamically loaded libraries is a core concept of Windows that persists as of 2015. DLLs provide the benefits of shared libraries, such as modularity. Modularity allows changes to be made to code and data in a single self-contained DLL shared by several applications without any change to the applications themselves, another benefit of modularity is the use of generic interfaces for plug-ins. A single interface may be developed which allows old as well as new modules to be integrated seamlessly at run-time into pre-existing applications and this concept of dynamic extensibility is taken to the extreme with the Component Object Model, the underpinnings of ActiveX. In Windows 1. x,2. x and 3. x, a DLL was only loaded once into this address space, from then on, all programs using the library accessed it. The librarys data was shared across all the programs and this could be used as an indirect form of inter-process communication, or it could accidentally corrupt the different programs. With the introduction of 32-bit libraries in Windows 95 every process runs in its own address space, while the DLL code may be shared, the data is private except where shared data is explicitly requested by the library
15.
FFmpeg
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FFmpeg is a free software project that produces libraries and programs for handling multimedia data. FFmpeg is published under the GNU Lesser General Public License 2. 1+ or GNU General Public License 2+, the name of the project is inspired by the MPEG video standards group, together with FF for fast forward. The logo uses a pattern that shows how MPEG video codecs handle entropy encoding. The project was started by Fabrice Bellard in 2000, and was led by Michael Niedermayer from 2004 until 2015, some FFmpeg developers were also part of the MPlayer project. The project publishes a new release every three months on average, on January 10,2014, two Google employees announced that over 1000 bugs had been fixed in FFmpeg during the previous two years by means of fuzz testing. Two video coding formats with corresponding codecs and one container format have been created within the FFmpeg project so far, the two video codecs are the lossless FFV1, and the lossless and lossy Snow codec. Development of Snow has stalled, while its bit-stream format has not been finalized yet, the multimedia container format called NUT is no longer being actively developed, but still maintained. In summer 2010, Fiona Glaser, Ronald Bultje, and David Conrad of the FFmpeg Team announced the ffvp8 decoder, through testing, they determined that ffvp8 was faster than Googles own libvpx decoder. Starting with version 0.6, FFmpeg also supported WebM, in October 2013, a native VP9 and the OpenHEVC decoder, an open source High Efficiency Video Coding decoder, were added to FFmpeg. In 2016 the native AAC encoder was considered stable, removing support for the two external AAC encoders from VisualOn and FAAC, FFmpeg 3.0 retained build support for the Fraunhofer FDK AAC encoder. Ffmpeg is a tool that converts audio or video formats. It can also capture and encode in real-time from various hardware and software such as a TV capture card. Ffserver is an HTTP and RTSP multimedia streaming server for live and it can also be used to time shift live broadcasts. Ffplay is a media player utilizing SDL and the FFmpeg libraries. Ffprobe is a tool to display media information, see also Mediainfo. Libswresample is a library containing audio resampling routines, libavresample is a library containing audio resampling routines from the Libav project, similar to libswresample from ffmpeg. Libavcodec is a library containing all of the native FFmpeg audio/video encoders and decoders, most codecs were developed from scratch to ensure best performance and high code reusability. Libavformat is a library containing demuxers and muxers for audio/video container formats, libavutil is a helper library containing routines common to different parts of FFmpeg
16.
Windows Media Player
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Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for classic Mac OS, Mac OS X and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued. Windows Media Player replaced an earlier application called Media Player, adding features beyond simple video or audio playback, Windows Media Player 11 is available for Windows XP and included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. The default file formats are Windows Media Video, Windows Media Audio, and Advanced Systems Format, the player is also able to utilize a digital rights management service in the form of Windows Media DRM. Windows Media Player 12 is the most recent version of Windows Media Player. It was released on July 22,2009 along with Windows 7 and has not been available for previous versions of Windows nor has it been updated since for Windows 8, Windows 8.1. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT does not run Windows Media Player, the first version of Windows Media Player appeared in 1991, when Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions was released. Originally called Media Player, this component was included with Multimedia PC-compatible machines and it was capable of playing. mmm animation files, and could be extended to support other formats. It used MCI to handle media files, being a component of Windows, Media Player shows the same version number as that of the version Windows with which it was included. Microsoft continually produced new programs to play media files, indeo 3.2 was added in a later release. Video for Windows was first available as a free add-on to Windows 3.1, in 1995, Microsoft released ActiveMovie with DirectX Media SDK. ActiveMovie incorporates a new way of dealing with files. In 1996, ActiveMovie was renamed DirectShow, however, Media Player continued to come with Windows until Windows XP, in which it was officially renamed Windows Media Player v5.1. In 1999, Windows Media Players versioning broke away from that of Windows itself, Windows Media Player 7.0 and its successors also came in the same fashion, replacing each other but leaving Media Player and Windows Media Player 6.4 intact. Windows XP is the operating system to have three different versions of Windows Media Player side by side. All versions branded Windows Media Player support DirectShow codecs, Windows Media Player version 7 was a large revamp, with a new user interface, visualizations and increased functionality. Windows Vista, however, dropped older versions of Windows Media Player in favor of v11, Windows Media Player 12 was released with Windows 7. It included support for more media formats and added new features, with Windows 8, however, the player did not receive an upgrade. On April 16,2012, Microsoft announced that Windows Media Player would not be included in Windows RT, Windows Media Player supports playback of audio, video and pictures, along with fast forward, reverse, file markers and variable playback speed
17.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
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The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext, development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989. Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force and the World Wide Web Consortium, culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments. The first definition of HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use, occurred in RFC2068 in 1997, although this was obsoleted by RFC2616 in 1999 and then again by RFC7230 and family in 2014. A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server computing model. A web browser, for example, may be the client, the client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, the response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body. A web browser is an example of a user agent, other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers, voice browsers, mobile apps, and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content. HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers, high-traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them when possible to network traffic. HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within the framework of the Internet protocol suite. Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol, however HTTP can be adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol, for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol. HTTP resources are identified and located on the network by Uniform Resource Locators, using the Uniform Resource Identifiers schemes http, uRIs and hyperlinks in HTML documents form inter-linked hypertext documents. HTTP/1.1 is a revision of the original HTTP, in HTTP/1.0 a separate connection to the same server is made for every resource request. HTTP/1.1 can reuse a connection multiple times to download images, scripts, stylesheets, HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead. Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP along with HTML and the technology for a web server. Berners-Lee first proposed the WorldWideWeb project in 1989—now known as the World Wide Web, the first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server
18.
IETF
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The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite. It is a standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and managers are volunteers, though their work is funded by their employers or sponsors. Each working group has a chairperson, along with a charter that describes its focus, and what. It is open to all who want to participate, and holds discussions on a mailing list or at IETF meetings. Rough consensus is the basis for decision making. There are no formal voting procedures, because the majority of the IETFs work is done via mailing lists, meeting attendance is not required for contributors. Each working group is intended to work on its topic. In some cases, the WG will instead have its charter updated to take on new tasks as appropriate, the working groups are organized into areas by subject matter. Current areas are Applications, General, Internet, Operations and Management, Real-time Applications and Infrastructure, Routing, Security, each area is overseen by an area director, with most areas having two co-ADs. The ADs are responsible for appointing working group chairs, the area directors, together with the IETF Chair, form the Internet Engineering Steering Group, which is responsible for the overall operation of the IETF. The IETF is overseen by the Internet Architecture Board, which oversees its external relationships, the IAB is also jointly responsible for the IETF Administrative Oversight Committee, which oversees the IETF Administrative Support Activity, which provides logistical, etc. support for the IETF. The IAB also manages the Internet Research Task Force, with which the IETF has a number of cross-group relations. A Nominating Committee of ten randomly chosen volunteers who participate regularly at meetings is vested with the power to appoint, reappoint, and remove members of the IESG, IAB, IASA, and the IAOC. To date, no one has been removed by a NomCom, although people have resigned their positions. Because the IETF itself does not have members, nor is it an organization per se, IETF activities are funded by meeting fees, meeting sponsors and by the Internet Society via its organizational membership and the proceeds of the Public Interest Registry. In December 2005 the IETF Trust was established to manage the copyrighted materials produced by the IETF, the first IETF meeting was attended by 21 U. S. -government-funded researchers on 16 January 1986. It was a continuation of the work of the earlier GADS Task Force, representatives from non-governmental entities were invited to attend starting with the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986
19.
Hyperlink
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In computing, a hyperlink, or simply a link, is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow either by clicking, tapping, or hovering. A hyperlink points to a document or to a specific element within a document. The text that is linked from is called anchor text, a software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext system, and to create a hyperlink is to hyperlink. A user following hyperlinks is said to navigate or browse the hypertext, the document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document. For example, in a reference work such as Wikipedia, many words. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference mechanisms such as tables of contents, footnotes, bibliographies, indexes, letters, in some hypertext hyperlinks can be bidirectional, they can be followed in two directions, so both ends act as anchors and as targets. More complex arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links, another possibility is transclusion, for which the link target is a document fragment that replaces the link anchor within the source document. Not only persons browsing the document follow hyperlinks, they may also be followed automatically by programs, a program that traverses the hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved documents is known as a Web spider or crawler. An inline link displays remote content without the need for embedding the content, the remote content may be accessed with or without the user selecting the link. An inline link may display a modified version of the content, for instance, instead of an image, the full content will then usually be available on demand, as is the case with print publishing software – e. g. with an external link. This allows for file sizes and quicker response to changes when the full linked content is not needed. An anchor hyperlink is a bound to a portion of a document—generally text. For instance, it may also be a hot area in an image, one way to define it is by a list of coordinates that indicate its boundaries. For example, a map of Africa may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping skins or labels within the hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in the various skin elements. Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any information over the Internet. Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the World Wide Web, Web pages are written in the hypertext mark-up language HTML. w3. org to the URL for the page. The URL is followed by >, marking the end of the opening tag
20.
Text file
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A text file is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists within a file system. The end of a file is often denoted by placing one or more special characters. Such markers were required under the CP/M and MS-DOS operating systems, on modern operating systems such as Windows and Unix-like systems, text files do not contain any special EOF character. Text file refers to a type of container, while plain text refers to a type of content, Text files can contain plain text, but they are not limited to such. At a generic level of description, there are two kinds of files, text files and binary files. Because of their simplicity, text files are used for storage of information. They avoid some of the problems encountered with other formats, such as endianness, padding bytes. Further, when data corruption occurs in a file, it is often easier to recover. A disadvantage of text files is that usually have a low entropy. A simple text file needs no additional metadata to assist the reader in interpretation, and therefore may contain no data at all, the ASCII character set is the most common format for English-language text files, and is generally assumed to be the default file format in many situations. For accented and other characters, it is necessary to choose a character encoding. In many systems, this is chosen on the basis of the locale setting on the computer it is read on. Common character encodings include ISO 8859-1 for many European languages, because many encodings have only a limited repertoire of characters, they are often only usable to represent text in a limited subset of human languages. Unicode is an attempt to create a standard for representing all known languages. On most operating systems the name text file refers to file format that only plain text content with very little formatting. Such files can be viewed and edited on text terminals or in text editors. Text files usually have the MIME type text/plain, usually with additional information indicating an encoding, MS-DOS and Windows use a common text file format, with each line of text separated by a two-character combination, carriage return and line feed
21.
VLC media player
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VLC media player is a portable, free and open-source, cross-platform media player and streaming media server written by the VideoLAN project. VLC is available for operating systems and mobile platforms, such as Windows 10 Mobile, Windows Phone, Android, Tizen, iPad, iPhone. VLC is also available on App stores such as Apples App Store, Google Play store, VLC media player supports many audio and video compression methods and file formats, including DVD-Video, video CD and streaming protocols. It is able to stream media over networks and to transcode multimedia files. The default distribution of VLC includes a number of free decoding and encoding libraries. The libavcodec library from the FFmpeg project provides many of VLCs codecs, but the player mainly uses its own muxers and it also has its own protocol implementations. It also gained distinction as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux, the VideoLan software originated as an academic project in 1996. VLC used to stand for VideoLAN Client when VLC was a client of the VideoLAN project, but since VLC is no longer merely a client, that initialism no longer applies. It was intended to consist of a client and server to stream videos from satellite dishes across a campus network, originally developed by students at the École Centrale Paris, it is now developed by contributors worldwide and is coordinated by VideoLAN, a non-profit organization. Rewritten from scratch in 1998, it was released under GNU General Public License on 1 February 2001, the functionality of the server program, VideoLan Server, has mostly been subsumed into VLC and has been deprecated. The project name has changed to VLC media player because there is no longer a client/server infrastructure. The cone icon used in VLC is a reference to the traffic cones collected by École Centrales Networking Students Association, the cone icon design was changed from a hand drawn low resolution icon to a higher resolution CGI-rendered version in 2006, illustrated by Richard Øiestad. In 2007 the VLC project decided for license compatibility reasons to not upgrade to the just released GPLv3, after 13 years of development, version 1.0.0 of VLC media player was released on 7 July 2009. Work began on VLC for Android in 2010 and it is available for Android devices on the Google Play store since 2011. In September 2010 a company named Applidium developed with endorsement of the VLC project for iOS a VLC port under GPLv2, which was accepted by Apple for their App store. Following, the VLC authors began to relicense in October 2011 the engine parts of VLC from the GPLv2 to the LGPLv2 to achieve better license compatibility, in July 2013 the VLC application could then resubmitted to the iOS App Store under the Mozilla Public License. Version 2.0.0 of VLC media player was released on February 18,2012, a version for the Windows Store was released on 13 March 2014. Support for Windows RT, Windows Phone and Xbox One were later added, as of 2016 VLC is third in the sourceforge. net overall download count, more than 2 billion downloads have occurred
22.
Dolby Laboratories
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Dolby Laboratories, Inc. is an American company specializing in audio noise reduction and audio encoding/compression. Dolby licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers, Dolby Labs was founded by American Ray Dolby in the United Kingdom in 1965. He moved the company to the United States in 1967, the first product Dolby Labs produced was the Dolby 301 unit which incorporated Type A Dolby Noise Reduction, a compander based noise reduction system. These units were intended for use in recording studios. Dolby was persuaded by Henry Kloss of KLH to manufacture a version of his noise reduction. Dolby worked more on companding systems and introduced Type B in 1968, Dolby also sought to improve film sound. As the corporations history explains, Upon investigation, Dolby found that many of the limitations in optical sound stemmed directly from its high background noise. The first film with Dolby sound was A Clockwork Orange, which used Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, callan was the first film with a Dolby-encoded optical soundtrack. In 1975, Dolby released Dolby Stereo, which included a reduction system in addition to more audio channels. The first film with a Dolby-encoded stereo optical soundtrack was Lisztomania, the first true LCRS soundtrack was encoded on the movie A Star Is Born in 1976. In less than ten years,6,000 cinemas worldwide were equipped to use Dolby Stereo sound, Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for the cinema. Dolby Stereo Digital was first featured on the 1992 film Batman Returns, Dolby Digital is now found in the HDTV standard of the United States, DVD players, and many satellite-TV and cable-TV receivers. Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for TV series The Simpsons, on February 17,2005, the company became public, offering its shares on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol DLB. On March 15,2005, Dolby celebrated its fortieth anniversary at the ShoWest 2005 Festival in San Francisco, on January 8,2007, Dolby announced the arrival of Dolby Volume at the International Consumer Electronics Show. It enables users to maintain a steady volume while switching through channels or program elements, on June 18,2010, Dolby introduced Dolby Surround 7.1, and set up theaters worldwide with 7.1 surround speaker setups to deliver theatrical 7.1 surround sound. The first film to be released with this format was Pixars Toy Story 3 which was followed by 50 releases using the format. As of April 2012, there are 3,600 Dolby Surround 7.1 movie theaters, in April 2012, Dolby introduced its Dolby Atmos, a new cinematic technology adding overhead sound, first applied in Pixars motion picture Brave. In July 2014, Dolby Laboratories announced plans to bring Atmos to home theater, the first television show to use the technology on disc was Game of Thrones
23.
Dolby Digital
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Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. It was originally named Dolby Stereo Digital until 1994, except for Dolby TrueHD, the audio compression is lossy. The first use of Dolby Digital was to digital sound in cinemas from 35mm film prints. It is now used for other applications such as TV broadcast, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs. Batman Returns was the first film to use Dolby Digital technology when it premiered in theaters in the summer of 1992. Dolby Digital cinema soundtracks are optically recorded on a 35 mm release print using sequential data blocks placed between every perforation hole on the track side of the film. A constant bit rate of 320 kbit/s is used, a charge-coupled device scanner in the image projector picks up a scanned video image of this area, and a processor correlates the image area and extracts the digital data as an AC-3 bitstream. The data is decoded into a 5.1 channel audio source. All film prints with Dolby Digital data also have Dolby Stereo analogue soundtracks using Dolby SR noise reduction, almost all current release cinema prints are of this type and may also include SDDS data and a timecode track to synchronize CD-ROMs carrying DTS soundtracks. The simplest way of converting existing projectors is to add a so-called penthouse digital soundhead above the projector head, however, for new projectors it made sense to use dual analogue/digital soundheads in the normal optical soundhead position under the projector head. To allow for the arrangement the data is recorded 26 frames ahead of the picture. If a penthouse soundhead is used, the data must be delayed in the processor for the amount of time. This delay can be adjusted in steps of the time between perforations, as of 2015, Dolby Digital in the cinema is being gradually replaced with Dolby Surround 7.1, a process that may take up to 2018 to complete.1 Creator. Dolby Digital is the version containing up to six discrete channels of sound. The most elaborate mode in use involves five channels for normal-range speakers. Mono and stereo modes are also supported, AC-3 supports audio sample-rates up to 48 kHz. This format has different names, Dolby Digital DD AC-3 ATSC A/52 Before 1996, was marketed as Dolby Surround AC-3, Dolby Stereo Digital, in 1991, a limited experimental release of Star Trek 6 in Dolby Digital played in 3 US theatres. In 1992, Batman Returns is the first movie to be released in Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital EX is similar in practice to Dolbys earlier Pro-Logic format, which utilized matrix technology to add a center surround channel and single rear surround channel to stereo soundtracks
24.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
25.
Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding
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Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding is a family of proprietary audio compression algorithms developed by Sony. MiniDisc was the first commercial product to incorporate ATRAC in 1992, ATRAC allowed a relatively small disc like MiniDisc to have the same running time as CD while storing audio information with minimal loss in perceptible quality. Improvements to the codec in the form of ATRAC3, ATRAC3plus, and ATRAC Advanced Lossless followed in 1999,2002, other MiniDisc manufacturers such as Sharp and Panasonic also implemented their own versions of the ATRAC codec. Sony has all but dropped the ATRAC related codecs in the USA and Europe, however, it is being continued in Japan and various other countries. ATRACs original 292 kbit/s bitrate was designed to be close to CD quality acoustically and this is the bitrate used on original MiniDiscs. Years later ATRAC was improved and is considered better than earlier versions at similar bitrates. This is in contrast to other codecs developed on computers with no regard for the constraints of portable hardware and these trade-offs are entirely logical on DSP systems, where memory is often at a premium compared to multiplier performance. Sony Walkmans offer better battery life when playing ATRAC files as compared to MP3 files, however, as Sony only pushed ATRAC compatibility in Sony Ericsson Walkman series phones in the Japanese market, it is not supported in GSM/UMTS market phones. Sonys Xplod series of car audio CD players support ATRAC CDs, minidiscs with ATRAC format songs have, in the past, been supported on Eclipse brand car stereos. ATRAC1 was first used in Sonys own theater format SDDS system in the 1990s, SDDS uses ATRAC1 with 8 channel encoding, and with a total encoding rate over all the channels of 1168 kbit/s. Two stacked quadrature mirror filters split the signal into 3 parts,0 to 5.5125 kHz 5.5125 to 11.025 kHz 11.025 to 22.05 kHz Full stereo encoding with a rate of 292 kbit/s. High-frequency lowpass depends on the complexity of the material, some encodings have content clear up to 22.05 kHz, ATRAC1 can also be used in mono mode, doubling recording time. FFmpeg has an implementation of an ATRAC1 decoder, like ATRAC1 and MP3, ATRAC3 is also a hybrid subband-MDCT encoder, but with several differences. Unlike nearly all formats, the transform length cannot be varied to optimize coding transients. Additionally, prior to quantization, tonal components are subtracted from the signal, during decoding, they are separately reconstructed and added back to reform the original MDCT coefficients. Sony claims the advantage of ATRAC3 is its coding efficiency. However, as ATRAC is a hybrid subband-MDCT codec that is very similar to MP3. LP2 Mode This uses a 132 kbit/s data rate, the quality of which is advertised to be similar to that of MP3 encoded at a bit rate
26.
High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding
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Not to be confused with MPEG-4 SLS, which is branded HD-AAC. High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding is an audio coding format for data compression of digital audio defined as an MPEG-4 Audio profile in ISO/IEC 14496-3. It is an extension of Low Complexity AAC optimized for applications such as streaming audio. HE-AAC version 1 profile uses spectral band replication to enhance the efficiency in the frequency domain. HE-AAC version 2 profile couples SBR with Parametric Stereo to enhance the efficiency of stereo signals. It is a standardized and improved version of the AACplus codec, HE-AAC is used in digital radio standards like DAB+ and Digital Radio Mondiale. The progenitor of HE-AAC was developed by Coding Technologies under the trade name CT-aacPlus, CT-aacPlus combined MPEG-2 AAC LC with the Coding Technologies invented spectral band replication. CT-aacPlus is the used by XM Radio for their satellite radio service. Subsequently, Coding Technologies submitted their SBR to MPEG as a basis of HE-AAC, HE-AAC version 1 was standardized as a profile of MPEG-4 Audio in 2003 by MPEG and published as part of MPEG-4 in document ISO/IEC 14496-3, 2001/Amd 1,2003. The HE-AAC version 2 profile was standardized in 2006 as ISO/IEC 14496-3, a parametric stereo coding tool used in HE-AAC v2 was standardized in 2004 by MPEG and published in document ISO/IEC 14496-3, 2001/Amd 2,2004. HE-AAC version 2 was also standardized under the name Enhanced aacPlus by 3GPP for 3G UMTS multimedia services in September 2004 and it is based on the AAC LC, SBR and Parametric Stereo coding tools defined in the MPEG-4 Audio standard. In addition it includes tools such as error concealment, spline resampler. It was also published by ETSI as TS126401 V6.1.0 in December 2004, prior to the standardization of HE AAC v2 by MPEG, Coding Technologies submitted the combination of HE-AAC v1 coupled with Parametric Stereo under the name Enhanced AAC+. As a result, aacPlus v2 and eAAC+ are now common trade names refer to HE-AAC v2. AAC+ and aacPlus are common names that refer to HE-AAC v1. Testing indicates that material decoded from 64 kbit/s HE-AAC does not yet have similar audio quality to material decoded from MP3 at 128 kbit/s using high quality encoders, the test, taking bitrate distribution and RMSD into account, is a tie between mp3PRO, HE AAC and Ogg Vorbis. Further controlled testing by 3GPP during their revision 6 specification process indicates that HE-AAC, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 AAC LC decoders without SBR support will decode the AAC LC part of the audio, resulting in audio output with only half the sampling frequency, thereby reducing the audio bandwidth. This usually results in the high-end, or treble, portion of the audio signal missing from the audio product, sony supports HE-AAC encoding since SonicStage version 4
27.
Icecast
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Icecast is a streaming media project released as free software maintained by the Xiph. org Foundation. It also refers specifically to the program which is part of the project. Icecast was created in December 1998/January 1999 by Jack Moffitt and Barath Raghavan to provide an open source audio streaming server that anyone could modify, use, and tinker with. Version 2 was started in 2001, a ground-up rewrite aimed at support and scalability. Icecast requires external programs, called clients, to originate the streams. The source runs typically in the place where the audio is generated, since version 2.4.0 source clients can use plain HTTP standard PUT requests instead of the custom SOURCE method. List of streaming media systems SHOUTcast FreeCast PeerCast Peercasting Edcast Steamcast Official website Icecast Streaming Directory
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MP3
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Compared to CD quality digital audio, MP3 compression commonly achieves 75 to 95% reduction in size. MP3 files are thus 1/4 to 1/20 the size of the digital audio stream. This is important for both transmission and storage concerns, the basis for such comparison is the CD digital audio format which requires 1411200 bit/s. A commonly used MP3 encoding setting is CBR128 kbit/s resulting in file size 1/11 of the original CD-quality file, the MP3 lossy compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a continuous sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is referred to as perceptual coding or psychoacoustics. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce the precision of less audible to human hearing. MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard, the first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hanover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio, which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992. A backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio extension with lower sample and bit rates was published in 1995, MP3 is a streaming or broadcast format meaning that individual frames can be lost without affecting the ability to decode successfully delivered frames. Storing an MP3 stream in a file enables time-shifted playback, the MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency, in 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy and this work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths. A wide variety of compression algorithms were reported in IEEEs refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. The genesis of the MP3 technology is described in a paper from Professor Hans Musmann who chaired the ISO MPEG Audio group for several years. The immediate predecessors of MP3 were Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain, the first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder in hardware, was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips. Another predecessor of the MP3 format and technology is to be found in the perceptual codec MUSICAM based on an integer arithmetics 32 sub-bands filterbank, driven by a psychoacoustic model. It was primarily designed for Digital Audio Broadcasting and digital TV and this codec incorporated into a broadcasting system using COFDM modulation was demonstrated on air and on the field together with Radio Canada and CRC Canada during the NAB show in 1991. F. As a doctoral student at Germanys University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on music compression in the early 1980s
29.
Ogg
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Ogg is a free, open container format maintained by the Xiph. Org Foundation. The creators of the Ogg format state that it is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient streaming and its name is derived from ogging, jargon from the computer game Netrek. The Ogg container format can multiplex a number of independent streams for audio, video, text, in the Ogg multimedia framework, Theora provides a lossy video layer. The audio layer is most commonly provided by the music-oriented Vorbis format or its successor Opus, lossless audio compression formats include FLAC, and OggPCM. Before 2007, the. ogg filename extension was used for all files whose content used the Ogg container format, since 2007, the Xiph. Org Foundation recommends that. ogg only be used for Ogg Vorbis audio files. As of August 4,2011, the current version of the Xiph. Org Foundations reference implementation, is libogg 1.3.0, another version, libogg2, has been in development, but is awaiting a rewrite as of 2008. Both software libraries are free software, released under the New BSD License, Ogg reference implementation was separated from Vorbis on September 2,2000. It is sometimes assumed that the name Ogg comes from the character of Nanny Ogg in Terry Pratchetts Discworld novels, Ogg is derived from ogging, jargon from the computer game Netrek, which came to mean doing something forcefully, possibly without consideration of the drain on future resources. At its inception, the Ogg project was thought to be somewhat ambitious given the power of the PC hardware of the time, still, to quote the same reference, Vorbis, on the other hand is named after the Terry Pratchett character from the book Small Gods. The Ogg Vorbis project started in 1993 and it was originally named Squish but that name was already trademarked, so the project underwent a name change. The new name, OggSquish, was used until 2001 when it was changed again to Ogg, Ogg has since come to refer to the container format, which is now part of the larger Xiph. org multimedia project. Today, Squish refers to an audio coding format typically used with the Ogg container format. The Ogg bitstream format, spearheaded by the Xiph, the format consists of chunks of data each called an Ogg page. Each page begins with the characters, OggS, to identify the file as Ogg format, a serial number and page number in the page header identifies each page as part of a series of pages making up a bitstream. Multiple bitstreams may be multiplexed in the file where pages from each bitstream are ordered by the time of the contained data. Bitstreams may also be appended to existing files, a known as chaining. A BSD-licensed library, called libvorbis, is available to encode and decode data from Vorbis streams, independent Ogg implementations are used in several projects such as RealPlayer and a set of DirectShow filters. Mogg, the Multi-Track-Single-Logical-Stream Ogg-Vorbis, is the multi-channel or multi-track Ogg file format, the following is the field layout of an Ogg page header, Capture pattern –32 bits The capture pattern or sync code is a magic number used to ensure synchronization when parsing Ogg files
