1.
Rudyard Kipling
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Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Kiplings works of fiction include The Jungle Book, Kim, and many short stories and his poems include Mandalay, Gunga Din, The Gods of the Copybook Headings, The White Mans Burden, and If—. Kipling was one of the most popular writers in the United Kingdom, Henry James said, Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known. In 1907, at the age of 42, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize and its youngest recipient to date. He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on occasions for a knighthood. Kiplings subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age, George Orwell called him a prophet of British imperialism. Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote, is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary, but as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and a recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts. Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865, in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Alice Kipling, Alice was a vivacious woman about whom Lord Dufferin would say, Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal, John Lockwood and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire, England. They married and moved to India in 1865 and they had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that when their first child was born they referenced it when naming him. Alices sister Georgiana was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones, and her sister Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter, Kiplings most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kiplings birth home on the campus of the J J School of Art in Bombay for many years was used as the Deans residence. Although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage may have torn down decades ago. Some historians and conservationists are also of the view that the bungalow merely marks a site close to the home of his birth, as the bungalow was built in 1882, Kipling seems to have also said so to the dean when he visited J J School in the 1930s. Kipling was to write of Bombay, According to Bernice M. Murphy, Kipling’s parents considered themselves Anglo-Indians and so too would their son, complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction. So one spoke English, haltingly translated out of the idiom that one thought. Kiplings days of light and darkness in Bombay ended when he was five years old
2.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
3.
Thomas Wyatt (poet)
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Sir Thomas Wyatt was a 16th-century English ambassador and lyrical poet. He is credited with introducing the sonnet into English literature and he was born at Allington Castle, near Maidstone in Kent, though his family was originally from Yorkshire. His mother was Anne Skinner and his father, Henry Wyatt, had one of Henry VIIs Privy Councillors. In his turn, Thomas Wyatt followed his father to court after his education at St Johns College, Cambridge, none of Wyatts poems were published during his lifetime—the first book to feature his verse, Tottels Miscellany of 1557, was printed a full fifteen years after his death. Thomas Wyatt, born at Allington, Kent, in 1503, was the son of Sir Henry Wyatt by Anne Skinner and he had a brother and sister, Henry Wyatt, assumed to have died an infant. Margaret Wyatt, who married Sir Anthony Lee, by whom she was the mother of Queen Elizabeths champion, Wyatt was over six feet tall, reportedly both handsome and physically strong. Wyatt was not only a poet, but also an ambassador in the service of Henry VIII and he first entered Henrys service in 1515 as Sewer Extraordinary, and the same year he began studying at St Johns College of the University of Cambridge. According to some, Wyatt was captured by the armies of Emperor Charles V when they captured Rome and imprisoned the Pope in 1527 but managed to escape, in 1535 Wyatt was knighted and appointed High Sheriff of Kent for 1536. In December 1541 he was elected knight of the shire for Kent, a year later, the couple had a son, Sir Thomas Wyatt, who led Wyatts rebellion many years after his fathers death. In 1524 Henry VIII assigned Wyatt to be an ambassador at home and abroad, Wyatts professed object was to experiment with the English tongue, to civilise it, to raise its powers to those of its neighbours. A significant amount of his output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by the Italian poet Petrarch. He took subject matter from Petrarchs sonnets, but his rhyme schemes make a significant departure, Petrarchs sonnets consist of an octave, rhyming abba abba, followed, after a turn in the sense, by a sestet with various rhyme schemes. Wyatt employs the Petrarchan octave, but his most common scheme is cddc ee. This marks the beginnings of an exclusively English contribution to sonnet structure,15 years after his death, the printer Richard Tottel included 97 poems attributed to Wyatt among the 271 poems in Tottels Miscellany, Songs and Sonnets. Wyatt introduced contemporaries to his poulters measure form, and is acknowledged a master of the iambic tetrameter, while Wyatts poetry reflects classical and Italian models, he also admired the work of Chaucer and his vocabulary reflects Chaucers. Many of his poems deal with the trials of love. Others of his poems are scathing, satirical indictments of the hypocrisies, Wyatt was one of the earliest poets of the English Renaissance. He was responsible for many innovations in English poetry and, alongside Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and his lyrics show tenderness of feeling and purity of diction
4.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
5.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
6.
Jingoism
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Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive foreign policy. Jingoism also refers to an advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging ones own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism, the term originated in the United Kingdom, expressing a pugnacious attitude toward Russia in the 1870s, and appeared in the American press by 1893. The chorus of a song by G. H. MacDermott and G. W. Hunt commonly sung in British pubs, the lyrics had the chorus, The phrase by Jingo was a long-established minced oath, used to avoid saying by Jesus. Referring to the song, the term jingoism was coined as a political label by the prominent British radical George Holyoake in a letter to the Daily News on 13 March 1878. Minister in Hawaii, overthrew the Hawaiian constitutional monarchy and declared a Republic, republican president Benjamin Harrison and Republicans in the Senate were frequently accused of jingoism in the Democratic press for supporting annexation. The term was used in connection with the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt. In a 23 October 1895 New York Times article, Roosevelt stated, if by jingoism they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers, then we are jingoes. The policy of appeasement towards Hitler led to references to the loss of jingoistic attitudes in Britain. An E. H. Shepard cartoon titled The Old-Fashioned Customer appeared in the 28 March 1938 issue of Punch. Set in a shop, John Bull asks the record seller, I wonder if youve got a song I remember about not wanting to fight. On the wall is a portrait of the Victorian Prime Minister Lord Salisbury
7.
King James Version
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The King James Version, also known as Authorized Version or simply King James Bible, is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, a section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha. It was first printed by the Kings Printer Robert Barker and was the translation into English approved by the English Church authorities. The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII, the translation is noted for its majesty of style, and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture. The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England. In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings, over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. Today the unqualified title King James Version usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant, the title page carries the words Appointed to be read in Churches, and F. F. For many years it was not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James. Similarly, a History of England, whose edition was published in 1775, writes merely that new translation of the Bible, viz. that now in Use, was begun in 1607. King Jamess Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation in Charles Butlers Horae Biblicae and this name was also found as King James Bible, for example in a book review from 1811. The phrase King Jamess Bible is used as far back as 1715, the use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814. For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as our present, and only publicly authorised version, our Authorised version, the Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824. In Britain, the 1611 translation is known as the Authorised Version today. As early as 1814, we find King James version, evidently a descriptive phrase, the King James Version is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855. The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source, in the United States, the 1611 translation is generally known as the King James Version today. The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century and these translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards
8.
Book of Deuteronomy
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The Book of Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Torah and the Christian Old Testament. The Hebrew title is taken from the opening phrase Eleh ha-devarim, the English title is from a Greek mistranslation of the Hebrew phrase mishneh haTorah hazoth, a copy of this law, in Deuteronomy 17,18, as to deuteronomion touto – this second law. The book consists of three sermons or speeches delivered to the Israelites by Moses on the plains of Moab, shortly before they enter the Promised Land. Many scholars see the book as reflecting the needs and social status of the Levite caste. One of its most significant verses is Deuteronomy 6,4, the Shema Yisrael, which has become the definitive statement of Jewish identity, Hear, O Israel, the LORD our God, the LORD is one. Verses 6, 4–5 were also quoted by Jesus in Mark 12, Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about. Chapters 1–4, The journey through the wilderness from Horeb to Kadesh, chapters 4–11, After a second introduction at 4, 44–49 the events at Mount Horeb are recalled, with the giving of the Ten Commandments. Chapters 12–26, the Deuteronomic code, Laws governing Israels worship, the appointment and regulation of community and religious leaders, social regulation, chapters 27–28, Blessings and curses for those who keep and break the law. Chapters 29–30, Concluding discourse on the covenant in the land of Moab, including all the laws in the Deuteronomic code after those given at Horeb, Israel is again exhorted to obedience. Chapters 31–34, Joshua is installed as Mosess successor, Moses delivers the law to the Levites, and ascends Mount Nebo or Pisgah, the narrative of these events is interrupted by two poems, the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses. Deuteronomy 12–26, the Deuteronomic Code, is its oldest part of the book and it is a series of mitzvot to the Israelites regarding how they ought to conduct themselves in Canaan, the land promised by Yahweh, God of Israel. The following list organizes most of the laws into thematic groups, The worship of Canaanite gods is forbidden, native mourning practices such as deliberate disfigurement are forbidden. The worship at Asherah groves and setting up of ritual pillars are forbidden, all sacrifices are to be brought and vows are to be made at a central sanctuary. Sacrificed animals must be without blemish, first-born male livestock must be sacrificed. The procedure for tithing produce or donating its equivalent is given, the Pilgrimage Festivals of Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot are instituted. A catalog of which animals are permitted and which forbidden for consumption is given, the consumption of animals which are found dead and have not been slaughtered is prohibited. Judges are to be appointed in every city, judges are to be impartial and bribery is forbidden. Should the Israelites choose to be ruled by a King, regulations for the office are given, Regulations of the rights, and revenue, of the Levites are given
9.
Psalm 51
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Psalm 51, traditionally referred to as the Miserere, its Latin incipit, is one of the Penitential Psalms. It begins, Have mercy on me, O God, the psalms opening words in Latin, Miserere mei, Deus, have led to its being called the Miserere mei or just Miserere. It is often known by name in musical settings. The psalm is used in various liturgical traditions because of its spirit of humility. Many psalms include introductory text in the manuscript attributing it to a particular author, the New King James Version of the Bible introduces it, To the choirmaster. A Psalm of David, when Nathan the prophet came to him, the superscription in the Septuagint reads, For the End, A Psalm of David, When Nathan the Prophet Came unto Him, When He Went in unto Bersabee the Wife of Urias. Robert Alter has Do not fling me from Your presence, commenting, as elsewhere, Verse 13, Cast me not away from thy presence. Forms a central part of the Selihot services Verse 17, O Lord, is recited as a preface to the Amida, the central prayer in Jewish services. Verse 20, Do good in thy will unto Zion. is recited in the liturgy as the Torah is removed from the Ark before being read on Sabbath. The psalm is recited along with Parashat Para, the Torah portion describing the ritual of the red heifer that is read in preparation for Passover, in the Daily Office it is recited in each of three aggregates. In the Divine Liturgy it is recited by the deacon while he censing the church at the conclusion of the Proskomedie. It is also a part of many sacraments and other services, notably, as a penitential psalm, in the Agpeya, Coptic Churchs book of hours, it is recited at every office throughout the day as a prayer of confession and repentance. In Western Christianity, Psalm 51 is also used liturgically, in the Roman Catholic Church this psalm may be assigned by a priest to a penitent as a penance after Confession. Verse 7 of the psalm is sung as the priest sprinkles holy water over the congregation before Mass, in a rite known as the Asperges me. This reference lends a striking significance to the Mass as Sacrifice, in the Divine Office, it was traditionally said at Lauds on all ferias, the 1911 reform restricted this use to the ferias of Advent and Lent. It is otherwise said as part of the cycle on Wednesday at Matins. In the Liturgy of the Hours, it is prayed during Lauds every Friday, Psalm 51 was recited by Lady Jane Grey before her beheading at the Tower of London in 1554. A section of verse 17 is often used as the invitatory antiphon the Liturgy of the Hours, parts of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm in both the Revised Common Lectionary and the Roman Catholic Lectionary on Ash Wednesday and on other days
10.
The Spectator
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The Spectator is a weekly British conservative magazine. It was first published on 6 July 1828 and it is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay who also own The Daily Telegraph newspaper, via Press Holdings. Its principal subject areas are politics and culture and its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party, although regular contributors include some outside that fold, such as Frank Field, Rod Liddle and Martin Bright. The magazine also contains arts pages on books, music, opera, in late 2008, Spectator Australia was launched. This offers 12 pages of Unique Australian Content in addition to the full UK contents, the Spectator’s founding editor, the Dundonian reformer Robert Stephen Rintoul, launched the paper on 5 December 1828. Almost certainly he revived the title from the 1711 publication by Addison & Steele, the Spectator’s political outlook in its first thirty years reflected Rintoul’s liberal-radical agenda. Despite its political stance it was regarded and respected for its non-partisanship. Under Rintoul The Spectator came out strongly for the Great Reform Act of 1832, coining the phrase, The Bill. And There does not appear to be much glory gained in a contest so unequal that hundreds are killed on one side, what honour is there in going to shoot men, certain that they cannot hurt you. The cause of the war, be it remembered, is as disreputable as the strength of the parties is unequal, the war is undertaken in support of a co-partnery of opium-smugglers, in which the Anglo-Indian Government may be considered as the principal partner. Rintoul died in April 1858 and the magazine, whose circulation was falling, was sold, thereafter, it went into an accelerated period of decline. Records are scarce but it appears that it was owned by a Mr Scott. McHenry was a businessman and Moran was an Assistant Secretary to the ambassador, George M. Dallas, the editor was Thornton Hunt, a friend of Moran who had also worked for Rintoul. Hunt was also nominally the purchaser, having given the necessary monies in an attempt by McHenry. Circulation declined with this loss of independence and inspirational leadership, and the views of James Buchanan, within weeks, the editorial line followed Buchanans pronouncements in being. neither pro-slavery nor pro-abolitionist. The Spectator now would publicly support that policy and this set it at odds with most of the British press but gained it the sympathy of ex-patriate Americans in the country. Richard Fulton notes that from then until 1861, the Spectators commentary on American affairs read like a Buchanan administration propaganda sheet. And that this represented a volte-face, on 19 January 1861, The Spectator was bought by a journalist, Meredith Townsend, for £2000
11.
The White Man's Burden
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Originally, Kipling wrote the poem for the Diamond Jubilee celebration of Queen Victorias reign, but it was exchanged for the poem Recessional, also by Kipling. The poem of The White Mans Burden was first published in the 10 February 1899 edition of the New York Sun, a McLures newspaper. S should renounce claim of authority over the Philippine Islands. To that effect, Senator Tillman asked, Four days later, on 11 February 1899, kiplings literary work extolling the virtues of British colonialism in India was popular in the U. S. Like much of his work, The White Mans Burden is a celebration of imperialism. T. Johnson, a clergyman, and Take up the Black Mans Burden by J. Dallas Bowser. S, ernest Crosby wrote a poem, The Real White Mans Burden. In the Congo Free State, the British journalist, E. D. Morel, reported the brutality of Belgian imperialism in The Black Mans Burden. In The Black Mans Burden, The White Man in Africa, from the Fifteenth Century to World War I, Morel presents a critique of the relation between the White Mans Burden and the Black Mans Burden
12.
Anzac Day
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Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps who fought at Gallipoli against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn Islands, and Tonga, Anzac Day marks the anniversary of the first campaign that led to major casualties for Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War. The acronym ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, when war broke out in 1914, Australia and New Zealand had been dominions of the British Empire for thirteen and seven years respectively. In 1915, Australian and New Zealand soldiers formed part of an Allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula to open the way to the Black Sea for the Allied navies. The objective was to capture Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, the ANZAC force landed at Gallipoli on 25 April, meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Army commanded by Mustafa Kemal. What had been planned as a strike to knock the Ottomans out of the war quickly became a stalemate. At the end of 1915, the Allied forces were evacuated after both sides had suffered casualties and endured great hardships. The creation of what became known as an Anzac legend became an important part of the identity in both countries. This has shaped the way their citizens have viewed both their past and their understanding of the present, the heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation. On 30 April 1915, when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand, remnant seedlings of the original wattles still grow in Wattle Grove. Also in South Australia, Eight Hour Day,13 October 1915, was renamed Anzac Day, in New Zealand it was gazetted as a half-day holiday. This occurred in Egypt as well and he particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes. In London, over 2,000 Australian and New Zealand troops marched through the streets of the city, a London newspaper headline dubbed them The Knights of Gallipoli. Marches were held all over Australia in 1916, wounded soldiers from Gallipoli attended the Sydney march in convoys of cars, over 2,000 people attended the service in Rotorua. For the remaining years of the war, Anzac Day was used as an occasion for patriotic rallies and recruiting campaigns, and marches of serving members of the AIF were held in most cities. Anzac Day was gazetted as a holiday in New Zealand in 1920, through the Anzac Day Act, after lobbying by the New Zealand Returned Soldiers’ Association. In Australia at the 1921 State Premiers Conference, it was decided that Anzac Day would be observed on 25 April each year, however, it was not observed uniformly in all the states. During the 1920s, Anzac Day became established as a National Day of Commemoration for the 60,000 Australians and 18,000 New Zealanders who died during the war
13.
Eternal Father, Strong to Save
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Eternal Father, Strong to Save is a hymn traditionally associated with seafarers, particularly in the maritime armed services. Written in 1860, its author William Whiting was inspired by the dangers of the sea described in Psalm 107, the hymn has a long tradition in civilian maritime contexts as well, being regularly invoked by ships chaplains and sung during services on ocean crossings. The original hymn was written in 1860 by William Whiting, an Anglican churchman from Winchester, Whiting shared his experiences of the ocean, wrote the hymn to anchor his faith. They saw the works of the Lord, his deeds in the deep. For he spoke and stirred up a tempest that lifted high the waves and they mounted up to the heavens and went down to the depths, in their peril their courage melted away. Psalm 107, 23–26 Within a year the text appeared in the influential first edition of Hymns Ancient and Modern in 1861, the text was substantially revised by the compilers of that edition. In response Whiting continued to revise his own text, releasing another version in 1869 and third in 1874, dykes, an Anglican clergyman, composed the tune Melita, in 888888 iambic meter, to accompany the HA&M version of 1861. Dykes was a composer of nearly three hundred hymn tunes, many of which are still in use today. Melita is a term for Malta, an ancient seafaring nation which was then a colony of the British Empire. It was the site of a shipwreck, mentioned in Acts of the Apostles, the original words of the 1861 version are, Certain verses have been changed in modern hymnals for various reasons. The first verse refers to God the Fathers forbidding the waters to flood the earth as described in Psalm 104, the second verse refers to Jesus miracles of stilling a storm and walking on the waters of the Sea of Galilee. The third verse references the Holy Spirits role in the creation of the earth in the Book of Genesis, the adoption of the hymn for devotional use and benedictions in the armed services was first recorded in 1879. In that year, Lieutenant Commander Charles Jackson Train was an instructor at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. The lyrics were altered to suit changes in the culture and technology of the navy, additional variants have been written, often to specifically represent a particular branch of naval service. Adoption of the hymn by the Royal Navy may have occurred earlier than its use in the United States, an extra verse was added during World War I to reflect the introduction of the Royal Naval Air Service. The result today is a somewhat different from its American counterpart. In 1940, the US Episcopal Church altered three verses of the hymn to include travel on the land in the verse and in the air in the third verse. This was published as Hymn No.513 while the lyrics were also published as Hymn No.512 in The Hymnal 1940
14.
Anglican Church of Canada
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The Anglican Church of Canada is the Province of the Anglican Communion in Canada. The official French name is lÉglise anglicane du Canada, in 2007, the Anglican Church counted 545,957 members on parish rolls in 2,192 congregations organised into approximately 1300 parishes. The 2011 Canadian Census counted 1,631,845 self-identified Anglicans, making the Anglican Church the third largest Canadian church after the Roman Catholic Church and the United Church of Canada. The Queen of Canadas Canadian Royal Style continues to include the Style Defender of the Faith, until 1955, the Anglican Church of Canada was known as the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada or simply the Church of England in Canada. In 1977, the churchs General Synod adopted lÉglise épiscopale du Canada as its French-language name and this name was replaced with the current one, lÉglise anglicane du Canada, in 1989, however, the former name is still used in some places along with the new one. This confusion is furthered by the fact that Canada has ten provinces along with three territories. In recent years, there have been attempts by groups to incorporate under very similar names. The Anglican Church of Canadas Prayer Book commemorates John Cabots 1497 landing in Newfoundland on 24 June, the propagation of the Church of England occurred in three ways. One way was by officers of ships and lay military and civil officials reading services from the Book of Common Prayer regularly when no clergy were present, a second way was the direct appointing and employing of clergy by the English government on ships and in settlements. A third way was the employment of clergy by private adventurous companies, stourton was of the Puritan party and remained in Ferryland until returning to England in 1628. The overseas development of the Church of England in British North America challenged the view of the Church at home. The editors of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer found that they had to address the concerns of the contemporary adventurer. In the 1662 Preface, the editors note. is now necessary, and may be always useful for the baptizing of Natives in our Plantations. The Hudsons Bay Company sent out its first chaplain in 1683, and these and other organizations directly financed and sent missionaries to establish the English Church in Canada and to convert Canadas First Nations people. Direct aid of this lasted up to the 1940s. The first Anglican church in Newfoundland and in Canada was the small chapel at St Johns Fort built sometime before 1698. The first continuously resident cleric of the chapel was the Reverend John Jackson - a Royal Navy chaplain who had settled in St. Johns and was supported by the SPCK in 1698, in 1701, the SPG took over the patronage of St Johns. Jackson continued to receive little support and was replaced by the Reverend Jacob Rice in 1709
15.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
16.
T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Australian War Memorial
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The memorial includes an extensive national military museum. The Australian War Memorial was opened in 1941, and is regarded as one of the most significant memorials of its type in the world. The Memorial is located in Australias capital, Canberra, the Australian War Memorial consists of three parts, the Commemorative Area including the Hall of Memory with the Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier, the Memorials galleries and Research Centre. The Memorial also has an outdoor Sculpture Garden, the Memorial is currently open daily from 10am until 5pm, except on Christmas Day. Charles Bean, Australias official World War I historian, first conceived a museum memorial to Australian soldiers while observing the 1916 battles in France, the Australian War Records Section was established in May 1917 to ensure preservation of records relating to the war being fought at the time. Records and relics were exhibited first in Melbourne and later Canberra, an architecture competition in 1927 did not produce a winning entry. Two of the entrants, Sydney architects Emil Sodersten and John Crust, were encouraged to re-present a joint design. A limited budget and the effects of the Depression confined the scope of the project, the building was completed in 1941, after the outbreak of World War II. It was officially opened following a Remembrance Day ceremony on 11 November 1941 by the then Governor-General Lord Gowrie, additions since the 1940s have allowed the remembrance of Australias participation in all recent conflicts. The Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier was added in 1993, within that Nature Park is a small bronze plaque mounted on a large boulder, commemorating Indigenous Australians who have fought for their country. Anzac Parade is a short, broad boulevard named in honour of the soldiers of the Australian and it stretches from near the north shore of Lake Burley Griffin to the foot of the Memorial proper, along the line of sight from Parliament House. It separates the residential suburbs of Campbell and Reid, and is heavily trafficked as a route between northeast Canberra and Kings Avenue Bridge. Along each side of the Parade is a row of monuments commemorating specific military campaigns or services, such as the Vietnam War, the monuments are mostly sculptures in a variety of styles ranging from naturalistic to Modern. The foot of the Parade, near the lake, is paired by monumental sculptures in the form of gigantic basket handles, the symbolic association of the two nations is carried forward in the vegetation decorating Anzac Parade. Long beds of New Zealand Hebe shrubs line the middle of the avenue, the Memorial proper is sited on a broad pie slice-shaped lawn at the north end of Anzac Parade. The commemorative area is situated in the centre of the memorial building. The heart of the area is the Hall of Memory. The walls are lined with mosaic tiles from the floor to the dome
19.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
20.
Captains Courageous
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The novel originally appeared as a serialisation in McClures, beginning with the November 1896 edition. In 1900, in his essay “What We Can Expect of the American Boy, ” Teddy Roosevelt extolled the book and praised Kipling for describing “in the liveliest way just what a boy should be and do. ”The books title comes from the ballad Mary Ambree, which starts, When captains courageous, whom death could not daunt. Kipling had previously used the title for an article on businessmen as the new adventurers. Protagonist Harvey Cheyne, Jr. is the son of a railroad magnate and his wife, in San Diego. Harvey accuses the captain, Disko Troop of taking his money Disko Troop, captain of the Were Here, bloodies his nose, Harvey comes to accept his situation. Through a series of trials and adventures, Harvey, with the help of the captains son Dan Troop, becomes acclimated to the fishing lifestyle, and even skillful. Great stories of the cod fishery with references to New England whaling and 19th century steam, eventually, the schooner returns to port and Harvey wires his parents, who immediately hasten to Boston, Massachusetts, and thence to the fishing town of Gloucester to recover him. The book was written during Kiplings time living in Brattleboro, Vermont, Kipling recalled in his autobiography, Now our Dr. Conland had served in fleet when he was young. One thing leading to another, as happens in this world and my part was the writing, his the details. This book took us to the shore-front, and the old T-wharf of Boston Harbour, and to queer meals in sailors’ eating-houses, thanks to Conland I came near this. The resulting account, in Chapter 9, of the Cheynes journey from San Diego to Boston, is a classic of railway literature. The couple travel in the Cheynes private rail car, the Constance and it takes precedence over 177 other trains. Two and one-half minutes would be allowed for changing engines, three for watering and two for coaling, the Constance is attached to the scheduled express New York Limited to Buffalo, New York and then transferred to the New York Central for the trip across the state to Albany. Switched to the Boston and Albany Railroad, the Cheynes complete the trip to Boston in their private car, Disko Troop claims to receive his given name for his birth on board his fathers ship near Disko Island on the west coast of Greenland. His crewman Long Jack once calls him Discobolus, tracy won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his work in this film. In 1977 for television, directed by Harvey Hart and starring Karl Malden, Jonathan Kahn, Ricardo Montalbán, Fritz Weaver, Fred Gwynne, in 1996 for television, directed by Michael Anderson and starring Robert Urich, Kenny Vadas, Kaj-Erik Eriksen, Sandra Nelson and Colin Cunningham. Musical theatre, Captains Courageous, The Musical was a 1999 Off Broadway production at the Manhattan Theatre Club, other adaptations, The Billion Dollar Boy by Charles Sheffield is a retelling of Captains Courageous in a futuristic science fiction setting. Cabin Boy, a movie starring Chris Elliott, is a loose adaptation, Captain Courageous in the singular is sometimes used as praise for a leader of a group or team, e. g
21.
Kim (novel)
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Kim is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author Rudyard Kipling. The story unfolds against the backdrop of The Great Game, the conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia. The novel made the term Great Game popular and introduced the theme of great power rivalry and it is set after the Second Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893 to 1898. The novel is notable for its portrait of the people, culture. The book presents a picture of India, its teeming populations, religions, and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Kim No.78 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century, in 2003 the book was listed on the BBCs The Big Read poll of the UKs best-loved novel. Kim is the son of an Irish soldier and a poor Irish mother who have both died in poverty. Living a vagabond existence in India under British rule in the late 19th century and he occasionally works for Mahbub Ali, a Pashtun horse trader who is one of the native operatives of the British secret service. Kim is so immersed in the culture, few realise he is a white child. Kim befriends an aged Tibetan Lama who is on a quest to free himself from the Wheel of Things by finding the legendary River of the Arrow, Kim becomes his chela, or disciple, and accompanies him on his journey. On the way, Kim incidentally learns about parts of the Great Game and is recruited by Mahbub Ali to carry a message to the head of British intelligence in Umballa, Kims trip with the lama along the Grand Trunk Road is the first great adventure in the novel. By chance, Kims fathers regimental chaplain identifies Kim by his Masonic certificate, which he wears around his neck, and Kim is forcibly separated from the lama. The lama insists that Kim should comply with the plan because he believes it is in Kims best interests. Throughout his years at school, Kim remains in contact with the man he has come to love. Kim also retains contact with his secret service connections and is trained in espionage while on vacation from school by Lurgan Sahib, at his jewellery shop in Simla. As part of his training, Kim looks at a full of mixed objects and notes which have been added or taken away. After three years of schooling, Kim is given a government appointment so that he can begin his role in the Great Game, before this appointment begins however, he is granted time to take a much-deserved break. Kim rejoins the lama and at the behest of Kims superior, Hurree Chunder Mookherjee, here the espionage and spiritual threads of the story collide, with the lama unwittingly falling into conflict with Russian intelligence agents
22.
Plain Tales from the Hills
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Plain Tales from the Hills is the first collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. The remaining tales are, more or less, new, not all of the stories are, in fact, about life in the Hills, Kipling gives sketches of many aspects of life in British India. The tales include the first appearances, in form, of Mrs. Hauksbee, the policeman Strickland. The Oxford Companion to Childrens Literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford, something of Myself, Kiplings autobiography The Kipling Society website Kipling Readers Guide from the Kipling Society, annotated notes on stories and poems
23.
The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales
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The Phantom Rickshaw and Other Tales, also known as The Phantom Rickshaw & other Eerie Tales, is a collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling, first published in 1888. After an affair with a Mrs. Agnes Keith-Wessington in Simla, yet Mrs. Wessington continually reappears in Jacks life, begging him to reconsider, insisting that it was all just a mistake. But Jack wants nothing to do with her and continues to spurn her, eventually Mrs. Wessington dies, much to Jacks relief. However, some time thereafter he sees her old rickshaw and assumes that someone has bought it, then, to his astonishment, the rickshaw and the men pulling it pass through a horse, revealing themselves to be phantoms, bearing the departed ghost of Mrs. Wessington. This leads Jack into increasingly erratic behavior which he tries to cover up by concocting increasingly elaborate lies to assuage Kittys suspicions, eventually a Dr. Heatherlegh takes him in, supposing the visions to be the result of disease or madness. Despite their efforts, Kitty and her family become increasingly suspicious, Jack loses hope and begins wandering the city aimlessly, accompanied by the ghost of Mrs. Wessington. The narrator, while staying at a dâk-bungalow in Katmal, India and he assumes that it is a group of doolie-bearers whove just arrived. The next morning he complains, only to learn that there were no coolies in the dâk-bungalow the night before, the owner then tells him that ten years ago it was a billiard-hall. An engineer whod been fond of the hall had died somewhere far from it. One evening Morrowbie Jukes, an Englishman, is feeling a bit feverish, so he mounts his horse in order to pursue them. The horse bolts and they fall into a sandy ravine on the edge of a river. He quickly learns that it is impossible to climb out because of the sandy slope, and the river is doubly treacherous with quicksand and a rifleman who will try to pick them off. He recognizes one man there, a Brahmin named Gunga Dass, Gunga has become ruthless, but he does feed Jukes with dead crow. Eventually Jukes discovered that another Englishman had been there and died, on his corpse Jukes finds a note explaining how to safely get through the quicksand. After Jukes explains it to Gunga, Gunga confesses to murdering the Englishman for fear of being left behind and they plan their escape for that evening, when the rifleman will be unable to see them in the dark. When the time to escape arrives, Gunga knocks Jukes unconscious, when Jukes awakes he is found by the boy who kept his dogs and is helped to escape by means of a rope. The narrator, a journalist, meets two characters, Daniel Dravot and Peachey Carnahan, while on a train. Later they seek him out at his press in Lahore
24.
Under the Deodars
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Under the Deodars is a collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. Mrs. Hauksbee decides to start a salon in Simla, and she then explains to Mrs. Hauksbee that shes experiencing a mid-life crisis and that she came out of her own by becoming an Influence in the life of a young man. So Mrs. Hauksbee decides to try the same, against Mrs. Mallowes warnings, she chooses Otis Yeere. Everything seems to be going according to plan—Otis Yeere is coming up in the world, and Mrs. Hauksbee platonically encourages his attentions. But one day she learns that everything has not gone according to plan when he tries to kiss her, the wife of a man who is serving in the plains of India, leaving her alone in Simla, enters into an extra-marital affair with a Tertium quid. They often rendezvous at the cemetery, on one occasion they see a grave being dug and it ruins the atmosphere for them. They decide to run away to Tibet together, but while going the Tertium Quids horse is spooked, horse and rider tumble from the road, which passes by the cemetery. The Tertium Quid is killed in the fall and is buried in the dug grave. Major and Mrs. Vansuythen come to live at the station of Kashima, after a time, Mrs. Boulte comes to suspect that her husband has fallen for Mrs. Vansuythen. So when he confronts her about whether she loves him or not, mr. Boulte is overjoyed and carries the news to Mrs. Vansuythen, imploring her to run away with him. Mrs. Vansuythen, however, becomes distraught to learn that she has not been the one receiving attentions from Captain Kurrell. The last to find out is Captain Kurrell, who loses both women in one swoop, Mrs. Vansuythen informs both men that she hates them and refuses to see either again. Mr. Boulte and Captain Kurrell become friends, so both may prevent the other from causing either Mrs. Boulte or Mrs. Vansuythen any grief. A man just come back from the plains of India to see his fiancee and she then asks if hes ever courted any other girls and becomes jealous when he admits that he has. When they part company she begins acting evasively, prompting him to suspect one of those men was more significant than hed feared. Mrs. Hauksbee gossips with Mrs. Mallowe and is critical of Mrs. Delville, whom she calls The Dowd, and a man whom she calls The Dancing Master. Mrs. Hauksbee becomes more alarmed when a man, the Hawley Boy. Her estimation of Mrs. Delville improves a little, though, later, when Mrs. Hauksbee is helping take care of children during an epidemic of diphtheria, she gains a greater appreciation of Mrs. Delville when the later saves a child who is choking to death
25.
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories
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Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories is a collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. Percival William Williams, who is affectionately called Wee Willie Winkie because of the rhyme, is the only son of the Colonel of the 195th. He makes good friends with a subaltern, whom he nicknames Coppy, one day Wee Willie Winkie confesses to Coppy that he saw him kissing Miss Allardyce, whose father was a Major. Coppy persuaded him to keep silent about the matter since they were engaged, three weeks later, when Wee Willie Winkie is grounded, he sees Miss Allardyce ride her horse across the river in an attempt to prove her mettle. Wee Willie Winkie knows that the Bad Men live on the side of the river. Miss Allardyces horse blunders and falls, giving Miss Allardyce a twisted ankle, Wee Willie Winkie catches up to her and sends his pony, Jack, back to the cantonments. Some natives find them and consider whether to hold Miss Allardyce, when Wee Willie Winkies riderless horse returns to the cantonments, E Company immediately marshals and sets out to find him. The Company frightens away the natives and Wee Willie Winkie is lauded as a hero for saving Miss Allardyce. A young boy, called Punch, and a girl, called Judy are sent to live with their Aunt Rosa, Uncle Harry. Uncle Harry is kind to Punch, but Aunt Rosa, a domineering Christian, treats him only with scorn, life gets steadily worse for Punch and his only escape from his insufferable life is in reading. Things take a turn for the worse when Uncle Harry, the only person besides Judy who shows Black Sheep any kindness, Black Sheep is then sent to school and one day gets into a fight at school. This emboldens him and he begins threatening his cousin Harry and Aunt Rosa that he will murder them and he also attempts to commit suicide. During this time it is discovered by a visitor to the house that Black Sheep has nearly gone blind, when their mother comes to retrieve them, life quickly improves again for Black Sheep and he goes back to being known as Punch. A child, named Toby is generally ignored by his parents and is raised by a nurse, but more than anything he wants his parents to love him. Unbeknownst to him, their coolness is the result of an affair his father once had, one afternoon a package is left at the house and he covets the string used to wrap it. He removes the string and, to his dismay, the wrapping paper falls off the box, then, curious, he opens the box and discovers a jewel inside. He takes it to play with it, intending to give it back to his mother, but she never asks for it. Toby is wracked with guilt, eventually the point of becoming ill, in a delirium he confesses his theft to Miss Biddums
26.
Barrack-Room Ballads
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The Barrack-Room Ballads is the collective name given to a series of songs and poems by Rudyard Kipling, dealing with the late-Victorian British Army and mostly written in a vernacular dialect. The series contains some of Kiplings most well-known work, including the poems Gunga Din, Tommy and Danny Deever, the first poems were published in the Scots Observer in the first half of 1890, and collected in Barrack-Room Ballads and Other Verses in 1892. Kipling later returned to the theme in a group of poems collected in The Seven Seas under the same title. A third group of vernacular Army poems from the Boer War, titled Service Songs and published in The Five Nations, can be considered part of the Ballads, as can a number of other uncollected pieces. While two volumes of Kiplings poems are clearly labelled as Barrack-Room Ballads, identifying which poems should be grouped in this way can be complex, in both books, they were collected into a specific section set aside from the other poems, and can be easily identified. The remaining two date from the First World War, Carrington considered Epitaphs of the War, written in a first-person style, both were published in The Years Between. Kipling wrote profusely on military themes during the war, but often from a more detached perspective than the first-person vernacular he had previously adopted, finally, there are some confusingly captioned pieces. Many of Kiplings short stories were introduced with a fragment of poetry, sometimes from an existing poem. These were often identified A Barrack-Room Ballad, though not all the poems they were taken from would otherwise be collected or classed this way. This includes pieces such as the poem to My Lord the Elephant, later collected in Songs from Books. It is not clear if these were omitted by Carrington or if he explicitly chose not to include them. From Barrack-Room Ballads and Other Verses Dedication, To T. A, for to Admire Uncollected Bobs My girl she gave me the go onst. In Eliots view, this makes Kipling a ballad-writer, and that was already, he thought, more difficult in 1941 than in Kiplings time, as people no longer had the music hall to inspire them. Eliot thought Kiplings ballads unusual, also, in that Kipling had been careful to make it possible to absorb each ballads message on a single hearing. But, wrote Eliot, Kipling had more to offer than that, he had a gift of word, phrase, and rhythm, never repeated himself. What is more The variety of form which Kipling manages to devise for his ballads is remarkable, each is distinct, and perfectly fitted to the content, nor is the versification too regular. List of the works of Rudyard Kipling 1892 in poetry 1896 in poetry The Whiffenpoof Song Eliot, a Choice of Kiplings Verse, made by T. S. Eliot with an essay on Rudyard Kipling. --- paperback edition, Faber and Faber Barrack-Room Ballads - Free e-book #2819 at Project Gutenberg
27.
The Jungle Book
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The Jungle Book is a collection of stories by English author Rudyard Kipling. The stories are fables, using animals in a manner to give moral lessons. A principal character is the boy or man-cub Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves, other characters include Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear. The book has been adapted many times for film and other media, the stories were first published in magazines in 1893–94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by the authors father, Rudyard Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and these stories were written when Kipling lived in Naulakha, the home he built in Dummerston, Vermont, in the United States. The tales in the book are fables, using animals in a manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of The Law of the Jungle, for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle. Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics, a letter written and signed by Rudyard Kipling in 1895 was put up for auction in 2013 by Andrusier. In fact, it is possible that I have helped myself promiscuously. The book is arranged with a story in each chapter, each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram. The Jungle Book came to be used as a book by the Cub Scouts. Akela, the wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement. In 1962, it received the Hugo Award for Best Novel, neil Gaimans The Graveyard Book is inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be linked back to Kipling. Mr. Gaiman has spoken in detail about this on his website. The infant Superman, like Mowgli, is raised by wolves, Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances
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Kaa's Hunting
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Kaas Hunting is an 1893 short story by Rudyard Kipling featuring Mowgli. Chronologically the story falls between the first and second halves of Mowglis Brothers, and is the story in The Jungle Book where it is accompanied by the poem Road Song of the Bandar-log. The seven-year-old man-cub Mowgli, raised by wolves in the Indian jungle, is being tutored in the Law of the Jungle by Baloo the bear, Bagheera the panther, who disapproves of this corporal punishment, persuades Mowgli to return and recite his lessons. These include the Master Words for various species that identify the speaker as a friend, Bagheera is impressed with Mowglis progress, but both are horrified when the man-cub then reveals that he has been visiting the Bandar-log who are shunned by the rest of the jungle. Mowgli is chastened, but soon afterward is abducted by the Bandar-log through the treetops, seeing Chil the Kite, Mowgli gives the kites Master Word and tells Chil to find Baloo and Bagheera. Here, Chil tells them Mowgli has been taken to the Cold Lairs, a human city. In the Cold Lairs, Mowgli soon realises that the only captured him as an amusing novelty. They soon become bored of him but refuse to let him go, when Kaa and Bagheera arrive the monkeys throw Mowgli into an abandoned summer-house inhabited by cobras, whereupon Mowgli hastily uses the snakes Master Word to prevent them from striking. When the bear and panther arrive, a battle ensues. Kaa is delayed by a section of city walls, but breaks down the wall of the summer house and frees Mowgli. The python then scatters, and afterward hypnotises the Bandar-log into submission to himself, Baloo and Bagheera are also hypnotized, but Mowgli frees them. Once away, Bagheera advocates corporal punishment and Baloo opposes it, after six love-taps from Bagheera, the score is settled and the three of them go home
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Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)
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Tiger. is a short story by Rudyard Kipling. A direct sequel to Mowglis Brothers, it was published in magazines in 1893–94 before appearing as the story in The Jungle Book. The title is derived from William Blakes poem The Tyger, after driving out the tiger Shere Khan, Mowgli leaves the wolf pack that has raised him and makes his way to a human village to be with his own kind. There he is adopted by a couple, Messua and her husband. The village priest agrees to this because it will keep Messuas rich husband happy, for three months Mowgli learns human language and customs such as wearing clothes, ploughing, money and caste divisions, few of which impress him. He is also disrespectful to the village elders when they tell fanciful tales of the jungle and this earns him the particular contempt of Buldeo, the villages chief hunter who claims that the tiger is the reincarnation of a lame money-lender. What is not fanciful is the 100-rupee reward for the tigers skin, during this period, Mowgli regularly sneaks out of the village to meet his wolf friend Grey Brother who brings him news of the jungle. To keep Mowgli out of trouble the village elders decide to put him to work herding buffalo, one day while taking a break from this task he meets Grey Brother again. The wolf tells him that Shere Khan has returned and is planning to kill Mowgli, for the next few weeks Grey Brother keeps watch on Shere Khan while Mowgli goes about his tasks in the village. Eventually he meets Mowgli again and tells him that Shere Khan is hiding in a ravine in preparation to attack. Mowgli learns that Grey Brother obtained this information from Shere Khans accomplice Tabaqui the jackal, with the aid of Akela, Mowgli and Grey Brother divide the buffalo herd in two and stampede them from opposite ends of the ravine, trampling the tiger to death between them. Mowgli, who has promised to lay Shere Khans skin on the wolf packs Council Rock, Buldeo has been told of the stampede by the other village boys, and soon arrives to chastise Mowgli. Buldeo demands that Mowgli hand the skin over to him for the reward, Mowgli refuses, and summons Akela to restrain him. When Mowgli and Akela let him go, the returns to the village. By the time the unsuspecting Mowgli returns with the buffalo, Buldeo has turned the village except Messua against him. Confused and disgusted by their behaviour, Mowgli fulfils his promise to lay out Shere Khans hide on Council Rock and dances upon it, the pack offers to take Mowgli back, but he refuses to forgive them for casting him out earlier. Instead he decides that now on he will hunt alone. The story is continued in Letting in the Jungle, collected in The Second Jungle Book
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Rikki-Tikki-Tavi
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Rikki-Tikki-Tavi is a short story in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling about the adventures of a valiant young mongoose. The story has often been anthologized, and has published more than once as a short book in its own right. The story follows the experiences of a mongoose named Rikki-Tikki-Tavi after he is adopted into a British family residing in India, as a pet. After becoming friendly with some of the creatures inhabiting the garden. Accordingly, Nag enters the bathroom before dawn but is attacked by Rikki. The struggle that ensues awakens the human family and the father kills Nag with a shotgun, the grieving Nagaina attempts revenge against Rikkis humans, cornering them as they have breakfast on an outdoor veranda. While Nagaina is distracted by a female tailor bird Rikki destroys the cobras unhatched brood of eggs except for one and he carries it to where Nagaina is threatening to bite the child Teddy while his parents watch helplessly. Nagaina, enraged, recovers her egg, but is pursued by Rikki-Tikki away from the house to the underground nest where an unseen final battle takes place. Rikki emerges triumphant from the hole declaring Nagaina dead and his subsequent role is to protect the family by keeping the garden free from any future intrusion by snakes. In 1965 in the Soviet Union, at the film studio Soyuzmultfilm, later, Aleksandr Zguridi and Nana Kldiashvili directed a live-action feature film in 1975 entitled Rikki-Tikki-Tavi. That same year, animator Chuck Jones adapted the story for a half-hour TV special in the United States. Three related songs are, Donovans Riki Tiki Tavi on his 1970 album Open Road, in which Donovan compares the little mongoose to large institutions, such as the church and the government. Rikki Tikki Tavi is a song by alternative metal band Fair To Midland on their 2011 album Arrows, Rikki Tikki Tavi public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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The Second Jungle Book
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The Second Jungle Book is a sequel to The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. First published in 1895, it features five stories about Mowgli, all of the stories were previously published in magazines in 1894-5, often under different titles. The original book is now worth $3.4 million, each story is followed by a related poem, How Fear Came, This story takes place before Mowgli fights Shere Khan. During a drought, Mowgli and the animals gather at a shrunken Wainganga River for a Water Truce where the display of the blue-colored Peace Rock prevents anyone from hunting at its riverbanks. After Shere Khan was driven away by him for nearly defiling the Peace Rock and this story can be seen as a forerunner of the Just So Stories. The Law of the Jungle The Miracle of Purun Bhagat, An influential Indian politician abandons his worldly goods to become a holy man. Later, he must save a village from a landslide with the help of the animals whom he has befriended. Mowgli rescues them and then prepares to take revenge, a Ripple Song The Kings Ankus, Mowgli discovers a jewelled object beneath the Cold Lairs, which he later discards carelessly, not realising that men will kill each other to possess it. Note, the first edition of The Second Jungle Book inadvertently omits the final 500 words of this story, although the error was corrected in later printings, it was picked up by some later editions. However, Quiquern is not what he seems, angutivaun Taina Red Dog, Mowglis wolfpack is threatened by a pack of rampaging dholes. Mowgli asks Kaa the python to help him formulate a plan to defeat them, chils Song The Spring Running, Mowgli, now almost seventeen years old, is growing restless for reasons he cannot understand. In a later Mowgli story written by Kipling titled In the Rukh, Grey Brother is depicted as living with Mowgli even after Mowgli has grown-up. Ko – A Carrion crow The Third Jungle Book,1992 book by Pamela Jekel, consisting of new Mowgli stories, in an imitation of Kiplings style. The Second Jungle Book, Mowgli & Baloo,1997 film starring Jamie Williams as Mowgli, but the movies story has little or no connection with the stories in Rudyard Kiplings The Second Jungle Book
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Red Dog (Kipling short story)
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Red Dog is a Mowgli story by Rudyard Kipling. It was also the penultimate Mowgli story to be written, later that night, Mowgli meets Kaa, the huge old python, and tells him the news. Kaa does not believe that Mowgli and the pack will survive an attack by the dholes. Mowgli therefore lies in wait for the dholes in a tree-branch, when the dholes arrive he taunts their leader into a furious rage and cuts off the leaders tail, before fleeing to the gorge. Just before leaping into the water Mowgli kicks piles of stones into the beehives, the garlic prevents the bees from attacking Mowgli, and he dives safely into the river where Kaa swiftly coils around his body to prevent the current from sweeping him away. Some of the dholes are stung to death by the enraged bees, the rest flee downstream, pursued by Mowgli. As the battle comes to its end, Mowgli finds Akela, mortally wounded, when Mowgli asks who will drive him there, Akela replies, Mowgli will drive Mowgli. The result thereof is told in The Spring Running, in the Disney show Jungle Cubs, a two-part episode featured the Cubs driving the Red Dogs out of the jungle by themselves when the pack returns to the jungle. Publication information is taken from the appendix to The Worlds Classics edition of The Second Jungle Book, Oxford University Press,1987, ISBN 0-19-281655-1
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All the Mowgli Stories
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All the Mowgli Stories is a collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. As the title suggests, the book is a compilation of the stories about Mowgli from The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book. The book also includes the epigrammatic poems added to the stories for their book publication. All of the stories and poems had originally published between 1893 and 1895. The book was first published under this title in 1933 by Macmillan and Co. containing colour plates and its contents are virtually identical to The Works of Rudyard Kipling Volume VII, The Jungle Book, part of a multi-volume set which had appeared in 1907. Mowglis Brothers Kaas Hunting How Fear Came Tiger, letting In the Jungle The Kings Ankus Red Dog The Spring Running In the Rukh
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The Day's Work
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The Days Work is a collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1898, there are no poems included between the different stories in The Days Work, as there are in many other of Kiplings collections. The book contains 13 short stories, which were written between 1893 and 1896 while Kipling was living in Vermont. Four of the contained in The Days Work include anthropomorphic characters. The Bridge-Builders A Walking Delegate The Ship that Found Herself The Tomb of His Ancestors The Devil and the Deep Sea William the Conqueror - part I William the Conqueror - part II
