1.
Community of the Resurrection
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The Community of the Resurrection is an Anglican religious community for men in England. It is based in Mirfield, West Yorkshire, and has 17 members as of July 2016, the community reflects Anglicanism in its broad nature and is strongly engaged in the life of the Anglican Communion. It also has a tradition of ecumenical outlook and practice. CR is dedicated to the mystery of Christs resurrection, the Constitutions of the community state that the Community of the Resurrection is called specially to public, prophetic witness to the Christian hope of the Kingdom. The common life and corporate worship of its members is made visible in its works. Its charism. is to live the baptismal vocation through a commitment to community life, sustained by common worship, since its foundation, the community has been active in pastoral teaching and mission in different parts of the Anglican Communion. In the 21st century the House of the Resurrection is the motherhouse and centre of the activities of Community of the Resurrection in Mirfield, West Yorkshire, in co-operation with the local diocese, CR runs the Mirfield Centre, which hosts conferences and other events for laity and clergy. Connected with the community are also several Church of England teaching institutions, the College of the Resurrection, the Yorkshire Ministry Course, all theses institutions are on the same campus at Mirfield. The community has a covenant relationship with the Roman Catholic Benedictine St. Matthias Abbey in Trier. Central to the work of the community are the activities in its grand church, the community runs a retreat house with organised retreats and has its own publishing house, Mirfield Publications. The Community of the Resurrection is a child of the Oxford Movement, after several years of preparation 25 July 1892, St James Day, six priests founded a religious community in Pusey House, Oxford, where Charles Gore resided as the first principal of the house. Pusey House, however, was not suited for a community and the problem was solved when, the following year, Gore became the vicar of Radley. The six brethren moved into the vicarage and started to learn how to ride a bicycle, the founders of CR wanted the community to develop its own charism based on pastoral involvement. A large house in the middle of the Diocese of Wakefield, in 1898 the community moved to Mirfield, and this became the centre of the community’s activities. The College of the Resurrection opened in 1902 and has trained ordinands for the priesthood until today, because part of the teaching was done at University of Leeds, a hostel was built and run in Leeds from 1904 to 1976. Developing a large library of literature was a natural thing for a community like CR. Another development was a fraternity for priests and lay people associated with CR, the Fraternity of Companions was established in 1903 and the C. R. Quarterly became the link between them and the community, an order of oblates was formed in 1931 for celibate men who wanted to share the discipline of the religious life with the brethren in a ministry outside the community
2.
Piotr Semenenko
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Piotr Semenenko was a leading Polish theologists of the Roman Catholic Church in the 19th century. He was a catholic priest, co-founder and superior general of the Resurrectionists, philosopher and theologian, he was regarded as one of the most scholarly members of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland in the second part of the 19th century. He was an author of philosophical and theological works, as well as on the interior life. He left massive correspondence, as well as a personal diary, peter Semenenko was born on June 29,1814 in Dzięciołowo in north-east Poland. In 1830, he started his studies at the University of Wilno in the Department of Philosophy and he emigrated to France in 1832. While in Paris, he met Bogdan Jański in 1833, who became his spiritual director. Under his influence, Semenenko returned to the Catholic faith and became the first member of the “Jański House” in 1836, after the early death of Jański in 1840 in Rome, Semenenko was elected the first superior and spiritual leader of the new community. When he finished his studies at the Collegium Romanum, he was ordained to the priesthood on December 5,1841. As a main co-founder of the order, he wrote the rule of 1842 and was the editor of the rules. He also was superior general of the Congregation from 1842-1845 and 1873-1886, in 1865, he founded and was the first rector of the Polish Pontifical College in Rome. Between 1865-1938, many alumni of the accepted and adopted Resurrectionist spirituality. Many also went on to become outstanding priests, bishops, archbishops, Józef Dąbrowski, St. Józef Sebastian Pelczar, St. Józef Bilczewski. Peter Semenenko actively collaborated with the Holy See and he was an expert on Polish and Eastern matters and, because of his knowledge, he was held in high esteem by popes Gregory XVI, Pio IX and Leo XIII. He worked as a consultor for the Sacred Congregations, of the Index and his work was highly praised, and his statements were taken as final on a regular basis. He was a member of the prestigious Papal Academies, Accademia della Religione Cattolica and he was an outstanding erudite and freely able to discuss even the most subtle problems. He preached in churches in Poland, France, Belgium, Bulgaria. Much of his attention went towards the youth and he desired to inspire their devotion to science and holiness. He laid the foundation for the Resurrectionist system of education, peter Semenenko, CR died on November 18,1886 in Paris, France in the odor of sanctity
3.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
4.
Poles
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The Poles are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language. The population of Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of a population of 38,538,000. Polands population inhabits several historic regions, including Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Silesia, Pomerania, Kuyavia, Warmia, Masuria, a wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe, the Americas and in Australasia. Today the largest urban concentration of Poles is the Katowice urban agglomeration of 2.7 million inhabitants, Poland was also for centuries a refuge for many Jews from all over Europe, a large number emigrated in the twentieth century to Israel. Several prominent Israeli statesmen were born in Poland, including Israels founder David Ben-Gurion, former President of Israel Shimon Peres, the Slavic people have been in the territory of modern Poland for over 1500 years. In the 9th and 10th centuries the tribes gave rise to developed regions along the upper Vistula, the last tribal undertaking resulted in the 10th century in a lasting political structure and state, Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. After 1945 the so-called autochthonous or aboriginal school of Polish prehistory received official backing in Poland, Polish people are the sixth largest national group in the European Union. Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a number of around 60 million people worldwide. There are almost 38 million Poles in Poland alone, there are also Polish minorities in the surrounding countries including Germany, and indigenous minorities in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus. There are some smaller indigenous minorities in nearby countries such as Moldova, the term Polonia is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders, officially estimated at around 10 to 20 million. There is a notable Polish diaspora in the United States, Brazil, France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century, in the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in France, mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either Nazi occupation or later Soviet rule. In the United States, a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in Chicago, Ohio, Detroit, New York City, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, the highest concentration of Polish Americans in a single New England municipality is in New Britain, Connecticut. The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II, the number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after the end of Communism in Poland in 1989. In Brazil the majority of Polish immigrants settled in Paraná State, smaller, but significant numbers settled in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Espírito Santo and São Paulo. The city of Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world and Polish music, dishes and it is estimated that over half a million Polish people have come to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to work throughout the EU and not just in the United Kingdom, Ireland. The Polish community in Norway has increased substantially and has grown to a number of 120,000
5.
Great Emigration
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The name is somewhat misleading, as the number of political exiles did not exceed more than 6,000 during this time. The exiles included soldiers and officers of the uprising, the Sejm of Congress Poland of 1830–31, from the end of the 18th century, a major role in Polish political life was played by people who carried out their activities outside the country as émigrés. Most of the political émigrés based themselves in France, the most important wave of emigration came after the November Uprising of 1830–1831. These Poles later fought and provided support during the 1846 and 1848 revolutions in Poland. Additional waves of émigrés left the Polish lands after the failures of the attempted 1848 revolution, hôtel Lambert Polish Legions Polish minority in France Union of National Unity
6.
Easter
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It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed
7.
Catacombs of San Sebastiano
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The Catacombs of San Sebastiano are a hypogeum cemetery in Rome, rising along Via Appia Antica, in the Ardeatino Quarter. They are one of the very few Christian burial places that have always been accessible, the first of the former four floors is now almost completely destroyed. In ancient times the catacombs were simply known with the name in catacumbas, actually, along the Appian Way, close to the cemetery, an evident dip in the ground is visible even now. The word catacumbas, through a process of extension and assimilation, was used to identify all the hypogeum burial sites. In effect, the Depositio Martyrum, at the date of 29 June, talks about the recurrence of Peter in catacumbas and Paul on Via Ostiensis. The Martyrologium Hieronymianum, at the date, cites the recurrence of Peter in Vatican, Paul on Via Ostiensis and utrumque in catacumbas. Ancient sources attest the presence of three martyrs within the cemetery on the Appian Way, Sebastian, Quirinus and Eutychius, as regards Sebastian, the Depositio Martyrum remembers his death and his entombment in catacumbas on 20 January. Quirinus was a bishop of Sescia, in Pannonia, whose relics were moved to Rome by pilgrims from that region between 4th and 5th century, beside the piazzola, the dig of the cemetery galleries was started in this period. Around the half of the 3rd century the whole piazzola was filled in, finally, in the first half of the 4th century also these spaces were buried, in order to build the embankment on which the constantinian basilica was erected. Here are gathered some sarcophagi, both entire and fragmentary, discovered during the excavations, the restored Crypt of Saint Sebastian houses an altar shelf replacing the former one and the bust of Saint Sebastian attributed to Bernini. Soon after there is the lay-by, under which lies a sandstone cavity that perhaps gave rise to the name ad catacumbas, given to this cemetery, in the lay-by rise three mausolea dating back to the second half of the 2nd century, later re-used. On the left there is the Mausoleum of the Adze, from the tool depicted on the exterior, de Santis L. - Biamonte G. Le catacombe di Roma, Newton & Compton Editori, Rome 1997 Ferrua A
8.
San Sebastiano fuori le mura
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San Sebastiano fuori le mura, or San Sebastiano ad Catacumbas, is a basilica in Rome, central Italy. Up to the Great Jubilee of 2000, San Sebastiano was one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome, built originally in the first half of the 4th century, the basilica is dedicated to St. Sebastian, a popular Roman martyr of the 3rd century. The dedication to Sebastian dates to the 9th century, sebastians remains were moved here around 350. They were transferred to St. Peters in 826, fearing a Saracen assault, the latter, in fact, materialized, and the church was destroyed. The building was refounded under Pope Nicholas I, while the altar was reconsecrated by Honorius III, by request of the Cistercians. In the 13th century the arcade of the nave was walled in. The statue of St Sebastian at the altar in the first chapel on the left is by Giuseppe Giorgetti, noteworthy is the Albani Chapel and designed by Carlo Maratta, Alessandro Specchi, Filippo Barigioni and Carlo Fontana, commissioned by Pope Clement XI, and dedicated to Pope Fabian. Fabian had been Bishop of Rome during the persecution of Decius, flanking the altar, busts of Saints Peter and Paul by Nicolò Cordier recall the first dedication of the basilica. Quirinus of Sescia Pope Fabian St. Sebastian San Sebastiano al Palatino Paolo Coen, Le basiliche giubilari romane, Newton Compton, Rome,1994. Claudio Rendina, Enciclopedia di Roma, Newton Compton, Rome,2000, San Sebastiano fuori le Mura, by Chris Nyborg. San Sebastiano fuori le Mura site
9.
Evangelical counsels
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The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty, and obedience. As Jesus of Nazareth stated in the Canonical gospels, they are counsels for those who desire to become perfect, the Catholic Church interprets this to mean that they are not binding upon all and hence not necessary conditions to attain eternal life. Rather they are acts of supererogation that exceed the minimum stipulated in the Commandments in the Bible, there are early forms of religious vows in the Christian monastic traditions. These vows are made now by the members of all Roman Catholic religious institutes founded subsequently and constitute the basis of their other regulations of their life and conduct. Again in the Gospels, Jesus speaks of eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven, and added He that can receive it, let him receive it. These counsels have been analyzed as a way to keep the world from distracting the soul and it is, therefore, the object of the three counsels of perfection to free the soul from these hindrances. Abstinence from unlawful indulgence in any of these directions is expected of all Christians as a matter of precept, the sophists in the universities have also been perplexed by these texts. In order not to make heathen of the princes, they taught that Christ did not demand these things but merely offered them as advice or counsel to those who would be perfect. And their poisonous error has spread thus to the world until everyone regards these teachings of Christ not as precepts binding on all Christians alike. Despite my inadequacy I can take comfort in the thought that God has forgiven me my sins, but no, he went away sorrowful. Because he would not obey, he could not believe, in this the young man was quite honest. He went away from Jesus and indeed this honesty had more promise than any apparent communion with Jesus based on disobedience and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. article name needed
10.
Pope Pius IX
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Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope from 16 June 1846 to his death in 1878. He was the elected pope in the history of the Catholic Church. During his pontificate Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council, which decreed papal infallibility and he was also the last pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to the Italian Army in 1870 and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. After this, he was referred to—chiefly by himself—as the Prisoner of the Vatican, after his death in 1878, his canonization process was opened on 11 February 1907 by Pope Pius X and it drew considerable controversy over the years. It was closed on several occasions during the pontificates of Pope Benedict XV, Pope Pius XII re-opened the cause on 7 December 1954, and Pope John Paul II proclaimed him Venerable on 6 July 1985. Together with Pope John XXIII, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 after the recognition of a miracle, Pius IX was assigned the liturgical feast day of February 7, the date of his death. Europe, including the Italian peninsula, was in the midst of political ferment when the bishop of Spoleto. He took the name Pius, after his generous patron and the prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte. Through the 1850s and 1860s, Italian nationalists made military gains against the Papal States, however, concordats were concluded with numerous states such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador and Haiti. Many contemporary Church historians and journalists question his approaches, in his Syllabus of Errors, still highly controversial, Pius IX condemned the heresies of secular society, especially modernism. He was a Marian pope, who in his encyclical Ubi primum described Mary as a Mediatrix of salvation, in 1854, he promulgated the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, articulating a long-held Catholic belief that Mary, the Mother of God, was conceived without original sin. In 1862, he convened 300 bishops to the Vatican for the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan and his most important legacy is the First Vatican Council, which convened in 1869. The council is considered to have contributed to a centralization of the Church in the Vatican, Pius IX was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 September 2000. His Feast Day is 7 February, Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born on May 13,1792. He was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome, as a theology student in his hometown Sinigaglia, in 1814 he met Pope Pius VII, who had returned from French captivity. In 1815, he entered the Papal Noble Guard but was dismissed after an epileptic seizure. He threw himself at the feet of Pius VII, who elevated him, the pope originally insisted that another priest should assist Mastai during Holy Mass, a stipulation that was later rescinded, after the seizure attacks became less frequent. Mastai was ordained priest on April 10,1819 and he initially worked as the rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome
11.
Polish Cathedral style
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The Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England. These monumentally grand churches are not necessarily cathedrals, defined as seats of bishops or of their dioceses, Polish Cathedral churches generally have large amounts of ornamentation in the exterior and interior, comparable only to the more famous Churrigueresque or Spanish Baroque style. The decorations used reflect the tastes of the Polish immigrants to regions in both the symbols and statuary of saints prominently displayed throughout. Additionally there is a proclivity towards ornamentation drawn from the Renaissance. These churches exhibit a mixture of traits from numerous past eras characteristic of Europe. Skerrett says Polish churches surpassed other immigrants’ churches in size and their style promoted the immigrants vision of Polish identity. Kantowicz writes in The Archdiocese of Chicago, A Journey of Faith, The preference of the Polish League for Renaissance, stanislaus Kostka in Chicago now serve African-American or Latino constituencies while others have been closed by their Archbishops as no longer economically viable. The churches are major tourist attractions in Chicago, with tours devoted exclusively to them, in May 1980 the Chicago Architecture Foundations ArchiCenter held an exhibit on these treasures titled Chicagos Polish Churches. These ornate temples were built by the working poor in these regions in the era spanning the period from the end of the American Civil War until the end of World War II. These stylistically exaggerated churches were criticized by many of Chicagos Protestant elites as ostentatious in comparison with the style in vogue for Protestant houses of worship. Catholic Church authorities such as John Lancaster Spalding, the first Bishop of Peoria, the need for identity was evident in the unique architecture of the Polish Cathedral Style. It was often associated with the order of the Congregation of the Resurrection, in addition to the architectural stylings of the Renaissance. Both in scale and scope, these edifices were attempts to contradict the marginal status in which the Polish immigrants found themselves, the construction of these churches greatly influenced the development of neighborhoods that surrounded them. Eclecticism Eclecticism in art Jozef Mazur, Polish-American painter and stained-glass artist Tadeusz Żukotyński, Polish Catholic fine art painter and mural artist Sr
12.
Roman Catholicism in Poland
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There are 41 Catholic dioceses of the Latin Church and two of the Greek Church in Poland. These comprise about 10,000 parishes and religious orders, there are 33 million Catholics however, this survey bases the number of adherents on the number of infants baptized. The primate of the Church is Wojciech Polak, Archbishop of Gniezno, according to 2014 statistical yearbook,85. 8% of Polands population is Catholic. Ever since Poland officially adopted Latin Christianity in 966, the Catholic Church has played an important religious, during times of foreign oppression the Catholic Church was a cultural guard in the fight for independence and national survival. For instance, the Polish abbey in Częstochowa, which resisted a siege in the Swedish invasion of Poland in the 17th century. The 1978 election of Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II strengthened the ties of identification, John Pauls visits to Poland became rallying points for both the faithful and galvanized opposition to the Soviet regime. His beatification in 2011 and canonization three years later further instilled pride and joy in the Polish people. In 2013, Pope Francis, John Paul IIs 2nd successor, announced that World Youth Day, in 2013 a succession of child sex abuse scandals within the church, and the poor response by the church, became a matter of some public concern. The church resisted demands to pay compensation to victims, the CIA Factbook gives a number of 87. 2% belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in 2012. Throughout Europe the rates of religious observance has steadily decreased, Poland has also been following this trend, however, it still remains one of the most devoutly religious countries in Europe. Polish Catholics participate in the more frequently than their counterparts in most Western European. A2009 study by the Church itself revealed that 80% of Poles go to confession at least once a year, tarnów is the most religious city in Poland, and Łódź is the least. The southern and eastern parts of Poland are more active in their religious practices than those of the West, the majority of Poles continue to declare themselves Roman Catholic. At the same time, however, this results from the fact that since 20042.1 million Poles have emigrated to Western Europe. The Centre for Public Opinion Research regularly conducts surveys on religious practice in Poland, meanwhile, 94% of Poles consider themselves to be religious believers, while only 6% of Poles claim that they are non-believers. Easter continues to be an important holiday for Polish Catholics, a CBOS opinion poll from April 2014 found the following, Archdiocese Diocese Latin names of dioceses in italics. There are 31,000 state-paid religious education teachers, the government partially subsidises the Church for Catholic schools, historic Church buildings, and salaries for public and private religious teachers. This totals about 2 billion zł, according to Cardinal Kazimierz Nycz, money from money given by people including voluntary and semi-mandatory, religious events and other, is more than 6 billion zł
13.
Polish diaspora
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The Polish diaspora refers to people of Polish origin who live outside Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish language as Polonia, there are roughly 20 million people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world, as well as one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for this displacement vary from border shifts, forced expulsions and resettlement, to political, Polish communities are present in most Asian and African countries. Poles participated in the creation of first European settlements in the Americas, in the 17th-century Polish missionaries arrived for the first time in Japan. A large proportion of Polish nationals who emigrated were Polish Jews, the restored Second Polish Republic was home to the worlds largest Jewish population as late as 1938 due to mass influx of new refugees escaping genocidal pogroms in the East. It was followed by the invasion of Poland from both sides. More than 3 million Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust by Nazi Germany during World War II, most survivors subsequently immigrated to Mandate Palestine, since Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas and exit permits at the end of the war. In 1998, Polands Jewish population was estimated at about 10, most Poles live in Europe, the Americas and Australia, but Poles have settled in smaller numbers in Asia, Africa, and Oceania as economic migrants or as part of Catholic missions. All countries and areas of residence thereafter are listed in alphabetical order, there are presently 396,000 Poles living in Belarus. They form the second largest ethnic minority in the country after Russians, the majority of Poles live in the western regions of Belarus. During the Second World War the Soviet Union forcibly resettled large numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, few Belarusian Poles live in Siberia and the Russian Far East and some of those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after 1956. The Polish community in the Czech Republic is concentrated in Cieszyn Silesia and it traces its origins to post-First World War border changes that partitioned the area between Poland and what was then Czechoslovakia, leaving many Poles on the Czech side of the border. The Polish population numbered 51,968 at the 2001 census and it is estimated that around 40,000 Poles live in Denmark, the majority of them in Copenhagen. Poles make up 0. 2% of the population of the Faroe Islands and they mainly live in the capital of the islands, Tórshavn. The history of the Polish community in Finland dates back to the early 19th century, in 1917, there were around 4,000 Poles in Finland, mostly soldiers of the Russian Imperial Army, and almost all returned to their homeland by 1921. Finland has never been a destination for Polish immigrants, and currently around 3,000 Poles live there. Around half of population lives in Helsinki, and the biggest Polish organization there is the Polish Association. About one million people of Polish descent live in France, concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the area of Lille
14.
Basilica of St. Hyacinth
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It is a prime example of the so-called Polish Cathedral style of churches in both its opulence and grand scale. Along with such monumental religious edifices as St. Mary of the Angels, St. Hedwigs, founded in 1894 by Resurrectionsists from the citys first Polish parish, St. Stanislaus Kostka, St. Hyacinth became the center of Chicagos most well-known Polish Patch, Jackowo. The parish has been tied in with Chicagos Polish immigrants. On June 26,2003, Pope John Paul II granted the designation of minor basilica, on November 30,2003, Cardinal Francis George, O. M. I. Officially proclaimed St. Hyacinth Church a basilica of the Archdiocese of Chicago, neighboring St. Wenceslaus parish was founded in 1912 as a Polish parish to relieve overcrowding at St. Hyacinth parish. The 1999 film Stir of Echoes, was filmed at St. Hyacinth Basilica. The church was designed by the firm of Worthmann and Steinbach who built many of the magnificent Polish Cathedrals in Chicago. The church structure—a red-brick edifice in the Classical Revival style has an interior of Baroque influence. Ground breaking occurred on April 30,1917 and the cornerstone was laid on October 21,1917, completion of the building was delayed for years by financial and construction difficulties, with the first Mass celebrated in the structure not taking place until August 7,1921. Official dedication occurred on October 16,1921 with Archbishop Cardinal George W. Mundelein presiding, St. Hyacinths recognizable three-towered façade is rarely seen in American church architecture as well as the Baroque period that its style is modeled on. The church bells are a product of the McShoe Bell Foundry of Baltimore, also like at St. St. Hyacinths is also home to the masterworks of such renowned painters as Thaddeus von Zukotynski and Mary Stanisia. Beginning in the mid-1990s, and taking almost a decade, the interior was renewed thoroughly, much of the work being performed by Conrad Schmitt Studios. The Stained Glass Windows have been identified as prepared by Meyer Co. of Munich, Georgia, the Churchs organ is a mid-sized Kilgen organ with 34 ranks was likewise installed in the church in 1921. The Stations of the Cross were likely assembled in Austria in the 1830s, a number of statues are found within the basilicas interior. A bas-relief of St. Hyacinth hangs above the altar, as well as full statues of St. Peter. Figures of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Blessed Mother are found at lesser side altars along with a figure of Our Lady of Sorrows as a Pietà in the churchs eastern alcove. The large saucer dome which hangs over the crossing has a gigantic mural covering some 3,000 square feet with over 150 figures, depicting saints, clergy. A large icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa that was brought in from Poland occupies the shrine in the western transept
15.
St. Hedwig's Church (Chicago)
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St. Hedwigs Church is a historic parish church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago located in Chicago, Illinois. Constructed in the grand Polish Cathedral style, it is one of the many monumental Polish churches visible from the Kennedy Expressway, the church is located at 2226 North Hoyne Avenue. Founded in 1888 by the Resurrectionist Order who administered St. Stanislaus Kostka, when the police intervened, the protesters threw red pepper into their eyes. The end result was that shots were fired and dozens were injured, the disgruntled anti-Resurrectionists broke off from the parish to form an independent church, which became All Saints Cathedral of the Polish National Catholic Church. Pope John Paul II visited the parish as Bishop of Cracow in 1977, St. Hedwigs is still administered by the Resurrectionists, though it now has a large Latino and Filipino population. The surrounding neighborhood of Bucktown has in recent years become newly prosperous, mass is now celebrated in English, Polish and Spanish. In May 2,1965, three men broke into the church and they stole $400 from the donation boxes and started a fire destroying the sacristy and side altar cause great damage. According to an article published by the Chicago Tribune, the three culprits that were caught eventually pleaded guilty and later were sentenced to prison terms. The church building was completed at a cost of $160,000 in 1901, like many of Chicagos Polish Cathedrals, its Renaissance style recalls the glory days of the Polish Commonwealth in the 15th and 16th centuries. The interior of St. Hedwigs features a series of paintings by Thaddeus von Zukotynski as well as the work of John A. Mallin done for the Parish Jubilee in 1938, the aedicula above the entry is echoed by a pedimented reredos behind the altar. Made of brick and Bedford limestone it has a capacity of 1500. Other artistic treasures in the include the stained glass windows imported from Bavaria. McNamara, Denis R. Heavenly City, The Architectural Tradition of Catholic Chicago, the Spiritual Traveler, Chicago and Illinois, A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places. Chicago Churches and Synagogues, An Architectural Pilgrimage, the Archdiocese of Chicago, A Journey of Faith. Media related to St. Hedwigs Church at Wikimedia Commons Congregation of the Resurrections Website PGSA - St. Hedwig Church History Tadeusz Żukotyński, Catholic fine art painter and mural artist Sr
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St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)
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St. John Cantius Parish is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago known for its solemn liturgies and rich program of sacred art and music. Along with such monumental religious edifices as St. Mary of the Angels, St. Hedwigs or St. Wenceslaus, the unique baroque interior has remained intact for more than a century and is reminiscent of the sumptuous art and architecture of 18th century Kraków. Of all the Polish Cathedral style churches in Chicago, St. John Cantius stands closest to downtown, the imposing 130 feet tower is readily seen from the nearby Kennedy Expressway and is a familiar landmark in Chicagos West Town neighborhood. In 2013, St. John’s completed a restoration, returning the lavish interior to its original splendor. The steady arrival and settlement of Polish immigrants in the area, known as “Expatriate Poland”, in 1892, these immigrants petitioned the pastor of St. Stanislaus Kostka, the first Polish church in the Archdiocese, for a new church. Vincent Barzyński of the Congregation of the Resurrection, saw the validity of this request and immediately purchased several lots at Fry, designed by Adolphus Druiding, St. John Cantius Church took five years to build. Druiding, drew the plan, and work commenced in the spring of 1893, the cornerstone was laid and blessed in July of that year as 50,000 people attended the ceremony. By December, only the finished basement church was completed. The new parish community held its first Mass in the basement on Christmas Eve, when the edifice was complete, Archbishop Patrick Feehan presided at the Blessing and Dedication ceremonies on December 11,1898. The parish flourished and reached its peak in 1918 with about 23,000 parishioners and 2,500 children in the school, the parish was slated for closure as Chicagos inner city neighborhoods declined further through the 1960s and 70s. A revival of the began in the late 1980s when Fr. Fr. Phillips helped to spark a renewal and attract parishioners, with improved finances, Fr. Phillips could begin restoring the physical church to its original glory while preserving the many treasures the parish already had. In 1998, with the approval of Francis Cardinal George, O. M. I, Fr. Phillips founded a new religious community of men, the Canons Regular of St. John Cantius, which now staffs the parish. A gradual gentrification of the neighborhood has further contributed to the renewal of the parish. The area that was known as the “Polish Patch, ” is now called “River West, ” a developing upscale area with fashionable town homes. Today, St. Joseph and St. Anne Novenas, the parish has a rich program of sacred music supported by eight parish choirs and an orchestra. St. John Cantius church has witnessed a number of visitors within its walls. Although the parishs school has closed, the now houses the Chicago Academy for the Arts, often called the Fame school
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St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (Chicago)
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The St. Stanislaus Kostka Church is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago located at 1351 West Evergreen Avenue in the Pulaski Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. St. Stanislaus Kostka Church is the church of all other Polish churches in the Archdiocese of Chicago. It is an example of the so-called Polish Cathedral style of churches in both its opulence and grand scale. Along with Basilica of St. Hyacinth, St. Mary of the Angels, St. Stanislaus Kostka Church was founded in 1867 as the first Polish parish in Chicago. Antoni Smagorzewski-Schermann was one of the key founders of St. Stanilaus-Kostka Church and was named the first president of the church, antoni Smagorzewski-Schermann donated some of his own land for the church building site. The original church building survived the Great Chicago Fire but was demolished to make way for the present church. At the end of the 19th century it was one of the largest parishes not only in the city, along with Holy Trinity Polish Mission, St. Stanislaus Kostka was the center of Chicagos Polish Downtown giving rise to one of the neighborhoods former nickname of Kostkaville. Much of this was due to Saint Stanislaus Kostkas first pastor, Reverend Vincent Michael Barzynski, the parish remained predominately Polish through most of the 20th century, but since the 1970s it has gained a significant number of Latino parishioners. Masses are now celebrated in English, Polish and Spanish, the church was completed in 1881 and designed by Patrick Keely of Brooklyn, also architect of Chicagos Holy Name Cathedral. The buildings Renaissance Revival style recalls the days of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century. It is constructed of brick with limestone accents with interior measurements of 200 ft in length and 80 ft in width allowing seating for 1500. The painting above the altar by Tadeusz Żukotyński depicts Our Lady placing the infant Jesus in the arms of St. Stanislaus Kostka, zukotynski, who came to Chicago in 1888, was considered one of Europes foremost painters of religious subjects. Other artistic treasures in the include the Stained glass windows by F. X. Zettler of the Royal Bavarian Institute in Munich and the chandeliers in the nave by the studios of Louis Comfort Tiffany, the southern cupola was destroyed by lightning in 1964, and the northern cupola was rebuilt with a more simplified profile in 2002. In 1906, a fire destroyed the school, convent as well as an auditorium that was under construction. Two years later, the school had been rebuilt with 54 classrooms, the complex also includes a modernist-style 1959 school building designed by Belli & Belli of Chicago. St. Stanislaus Kostka is the home of the planned Sanctuary of The Divine Mercy. The sanctuary will have a chapel and outdoor prayer garden enclosed by a surrounding wall of stone to help define the space as sacred
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St. Wenceslaus Church, Chicago
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St. Wenceslaus is a church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago located at 3400 North Monticello Avenue in the Avondale neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. One of the many Polish churches visible from the Kennedy Expressway, is along with St. Hyacinth Basilica and it is well known for its unique architecture, as well as being the site where photographer and historic preservationist Richard Nickel was married. St Wenceslaus is accessible via the Blue Lines Addison street station, St. Wenceslaus was founded in 1912 as a Polish parish to relieve overcrowding at St. Hyacinth parish, which first met in a small wooden frame structure at Roscoe Street and Lawndale Avenue. The present church was built in 1942 and was the first church to be consecrated by the newly appointed Cardinal Samuel Stritch in the Archdiocese of Chicago. One of Chicagos Polish Patches, the Polish term for the neighborhood, Wacławowo derives from the Polish name for the churchs patron, Saint Wenceslaus I. In recent years, the character of St. Today Mass is celebrated in three languages, English, Polish and Spanish, St. Wenceslaus has been administered by the Congregation of the Resurrection since July 2000. St. Ladislaus in Portage Park was originally a mission of St. Wenceslaus in what was then a rural area annexed to Chicago. Joseph and St. Francis Xavier churches in Wilmette, and St. Bernardine in Forest Park and it is considered to be one of the best examples of the fusion of Art Deco stylings with medieval European architecture in the city of Chicago. The buildings overall design is a fusion of Byzantine and Romanesque elements with a host of Art Deco features that were current at the time of construction. The church is encased in walls of pressed brick trimmed with Indiana Limestone, at the point where the nave narrows to the apse, a campanile arises, designed to direct the attention of the viewer to the purpose of the edifice. Beyond the narthex is the spacious and well-lit nave which can accommodate a congregation of up to twelve hundred worshipers. To a height of ten feet above the floor and against the exterior wall a wainscot of rich American Black walnut has been installed. The aisles are paved in ceramic tiles while the pews are carved out of the same American Black walnut, the apse or sanctuary is enclosed behind a heavy rail of rich Breccia Orientale penetrated at regular intervals with a lattice of brilliant bronze. A floor of oriental and Florida Deep Rose marbles leads to the predella or platform of the dominant feature. The church is designed to direct the eye to the altar and its crucifix. The main altar from which this featured crucifix arises is a permanent altar in the sense that it rests on its own foundation. The side, or votive altars are similarly constructed, the altar table rests on a predella or stylobate of Verde Nicoli stone, the top platform which is inlaid with red Verona and rose coral marbles
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Catholic Encyclopedia
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The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index volume in 1914 and later supplementary volumes. It was designed to give its readers full and authoritative information on the cycle of Catholic interests, action. The Catholic Encyclopedia was published by the Robert Appleton Company, a company incorporated at New York in February 1905 for the express purpose of publishing the encyclopedia. The five members of the encyclopedias Editorial Board also served as the directors of the company, in 1912 the companys name was changed to The Encyclopedia Press. Publication of the volumes was the sole business conducted by the company during the projects lifetime. The encyclopedia was designed to serve the Roman Catholic Church, concentrating on information related to the Church and it records the accomplishments of Catholics and others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits, including artists, educators, poets and scientists. The volumes came out sequentially the first two in 1907 and the last three in 1912, The editors had their first editorial meeting at the office of The Messenger, on West 16th Street, New York City. The text received a nihil obstat from an official censor, Remy Lafort, on November 1,1908 and this review process was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. A first supplement was published in 1922, a supplement in nine loose-leaf sections was published by The Gilmary Society between 1950 and 1958. In 1912, a special completely illustrated commemorative volume was awarded to patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on. The encyclopedia was later updated under the auspices of The Catholic University of America and a 17-volume New Catholic Encyclopedia was first published in 1967, and then in 2002. The Catholic Encyclopedia and its makers states that, The work is entirely new, the editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from the standard works on each subject. Those who wrote new articles in English include Anthony Maas and Herbert Thurston, under United States copyright law, all works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain. Knight founded the website New Advent to house the undertaking, volunteers from the United States, Canada, France, and Brazil helped in the transcription of the original material. The site went online in 1995, and transcription work ended in 1997, in 2007, Catholic Answers published a watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since replaced with a transcription of the Encyclopedia similar to that found at the New Advent website. The Catholic Answers transcription, however, is a transcription of the original text, whereas the New Advent version at times modernizes certain words. Other scanned copies of the 1913 Encyclopedia are available on Google Books, at the Internet Archive, wikisource also hosts a transcription project backed by the scans hosted at Commons
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Roman Colleges". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "