1.
Robert Ripley
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LeRoy Robert Ripley, better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist, who is known for creating the Ripleys Believe It or Not. Newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world, in 1919 Ripley married Beatrice Roberts. He made his first trip around the world in 1922, delineating a travel journal in installments and this ushered in a new topic for his cartoons, unusual and exotic foreign locales and cultures. Because he took the veracity of his work seriously, in 1923, Ripley hired a researcher. In 1926, his feature moved from the New York Globe to the New York Post, throughout the 1920s, Mr. Ripley continued to broaden the scope of his work and his popularity increased greatly. He published both a travel journal and a guide to the game of handball in 1925, in 1926, Ripley became the New York state handball champion and also wrote a book on boxing. With a proven record as a versatile writer and artist, he attracted the attention of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst. In 1929, Hearst was responsible for Believe It or Not, making its syndicated debut in seventeen papers worldwide. With the success of this series assured, Ripley capitalized on his fame by getting the first book collection of his newspaper panel series published, on November 3,1929, he drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon saying Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem. In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor of giving the official status. By a law signed on March 3,1931, by President Herbert Hoover, the 1930s saw Ripley expand his presence into other media. In 1930, he began a run on radio and a nineteen-year association with the shows producer. Funding for his travels around the world were provided by the Hearst organization, and Ripley recorded live radio shows from underwater, the sky, caves, snake pits. The next year he hosted the first of a series of two dozen Believe It or Not, theatrical short films for Warner Bros. & Vitaphone, and King Features published a collected volume of Believe it or Not. He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short, Seasons Greetings, with Ruth Etting, Joe Penner, Ted Husing, Thelma White, Ray Collins, after a trip to Asia in 1932, Ripley opened his first museum, the Odditorium, in Chicago in 1933. The concept was a success, and at one point there were Odditoriums in San Diego, Dallas, Cleveland, San Francisco, and New York City. By this point in his life, Ripley had been voted the most popular man in America by the New York Times, received a degree from Dartmouth College
Robert Ripley
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Ripley in 1940.
Robert Ripley
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Ripley's Odditorium in Hollywood
2.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
Radio
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The
Alexandra Palace radio transmitter mast
Radio
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Classic radio
receiver dial
Radio
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Rooftop
television antennas.
Yagi-Uda antennas like these six are widely used at
VHF and
UHF frequencies.
Radio
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Bakelite radio at the Bakelite Museum, Orchard Mill, Williton, Somerset, UK.
3.
Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
Television
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Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store
Television
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The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)
Television
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Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)
Television
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Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939
4.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
Comic book
–
Comic books on display at a museum
Comic book
–
René Goscinny (1926 – 1977), writer of the
Astérix comic book series.
Comic book
–
Hugo Pratt (1927 – 1995), author of the
Corto Maltese comic book series.
5.
Orlando, Florida
–
Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
6.
Jim Pattison Group
–
The Jim Pattison Group is Canada’s largest privately held company and, in a recent survey by the Financial Post, The Jim Pattison Group was ranked as Canada’s 62nd largest company. Jim Pattison, a Vancouver-based entrepreneur is the Chairman, President, CEO, the Jim Pattison Group has more than 39,000 employees, and annual sales of $8.4 billion. With investments in Canada, the U. S.4 billion 2000 - Opened Ripleys Aquarium of The Smokies, Gatlinburg, TN Employees,22,000 Sales, Employees,25,000 Sales, $5.2 billion 2003 - Acquired LIN PAC Inc. 2013 - Acquired Sun-Rype Products Ltd. 2014* Purchased 5 John Deere Dealerships in Saskatchewan,2015 - Employees,39,000 Sales, $8. Select Media Services Ripley Entertainment - Owners of the Ripleys Believe It or Not, genpak - independent supplier of disposable food service packaging in the US and Canada
Jim Pattison Group
–
Jim Pattison Group
7.
New York American
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The New York Journal-American was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 to 1966. Both were published by Hearst from 1895 to 1937, the American and Evening Journal merged in 1937. The Journal-American was a publication with several editions in the afternoon, Joseph Pulitzers younger brother Albert founded the New York Morning Journal in 1882. John R. McLean briefly acquired the paper in 1895, Hearst founded the Evening Journal about a year later. Hearst entered into a war with the New York World. In October 1896, Outcault defected to Hearsts New York Journal, many believed that as part of this, aside from any nationalistic sentiment, Hearst may have helped to initiate the Spanish–American War of 1898 to increase sales. A year later, on January 12,1913, McManus launched his Bringing Up Father comic strip, the comics expanded into two full pages daily and a 12-page Sunday color section with leading King Features Syndicate strips. Uncle Remus, Dinglehoofer and His Dog, Donald Duck, Tippie, Right Around Home, Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, tad Dorgan, known for his boxing and dog cartoons as well as the comic character Judge Rummy, joined the Journals staff in 1905. Rube Goldberg also became a cartoonist with the Journal-American, the Evening Journal was home to famed investigative reporter Nellie Bly, who began writing for the paper in 1914 as a war correspondent from the battlefields of World War I. Bly eventually returned to the United States and was given her own column that she wrote right up until her death in 1922, popular columnists included Westbrook Pegler, O. O. McIntyre, Benjamin De Casseres and Dorothy Kilgallen. Kilgallen also wrote articles that appeared on the days as her column on different pages, sometimes the front page. Regular Journal-American contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States, Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym Cholly Knickerbocker, became famous and coined the term Café Society. John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase was the editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke, jack OBrian was television critic for the Journal-American and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that involved cheating on the popular television program Twenty-One. Ford Frick was a sportswriter for the American before becoming president of baseballs National League, Frick was hired by Wilton S. Farnsworth, who was sports editor of the American from 1914–37 until becoming a boxing promoter. Bill Corum was a sportswriter for the Journal-American who also served nine years as president of the Churchill Downs race track, frank Graham covered sports there from 1945–65 and was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame, as were colleagues Charley Feeney and Sid Mercer. Before becoming a news columnist elsewhere, Jimmy Breslin was a Journal-American sportswriter in the early 1960s and he authored the book Cant Anybody Here Play This Game
New York American
New York American
–
The front page of the June 26, 1906 issue of the New York American, prior to merger. The murder of
Stanford White is its headline.
8.
King Features Syndicate
–
King Features affiliate syndicates are North America Syndicate and Cowles Syndicate. Each week, Reed Brennan Media Associates, a unit of Hearst, edits, william Randolph Hearsts newspapers began syndicating material in 1895 after receiving requests from other newspapers. In 1914, Hearst and his manager Moses Koenigsberg consolidated all of Hearsts syndication enterprises under one banner, Koenigsberg gave it his own name when he launched King Features Syndicate. Production escalated in 1916 with King Features buying and selling its own staff-created feature material, a trade publication — Circulation — was published by King Features between 1916 and 1933. Syndication peaked in the mid-1930s with 130 syndicates offering 1,600 features to more than 13,700 newspapers, in 1941, Koenigsberg wrote an autobiographical history of the company entitled King News. D. Gortatowsky, I have had numerous suggestions for incorporating some American history of a kind in the adventure strips of the comic section. The difficulty is to something that will sufficiently interest the kids… Perhaps a title — Trained by Fate — would be general enough. Take Paul Revere and show him as a boy making as much of his life as possible. Take Betsy Ross for a heroine, or Barbara Fritchie… for the girls, King Features editor Ward Greene to Hearst, There is another way to do it, which is somewhat fantastic, but which I submit for your consideration. That is to devise a new comic… a dream idea revolving around a boy we might call Dick. Dick, or his equivalent, would go in his dream with Mad Anthony Wayne at the storming of Stony Point or with Decatur at Tripoli… provide a constant character… who would become known to the kids. Hearst to Greene, The dream idea for the American history series is splendid and it gives continuity and personal interest, and you can make more than one page of each series… You are right about the importance of the artist. Greene to Hearst, We employed the device, building the comic around a small boy. Hearst to Greene, I think the drawing of Dick and His Dad is amazingly good, I do not suggest this, as it would probably add further complications, but it might give a spiritual tie to all the dreams. The main thing, however, is to get more realism, Hearst to Greene, If we find is not a success, of course we can brief it, but if it is a success it should be a long series. Greene to Hearst, I am sending you two sample pages of Dicks Adventures in Dreamland which start a series about Christopher Columbus, Hearst to Greene, In January, I am told, we are going to 16 pages regularly on Puck, the Comic Weekly. That would be a time to introduce the Columbus series. In the 1940s, Ward Greene was King Features editor, having worked his way up through the ranks
King Features Syndicate
–
King Features' 1951 Christmas card
King Features Syndicate
–
James Montgomery Flagg 's portrait of King Features' comics editor Sylvan Byck.
King Features Syndicate
–
Jay Kennedy, comics editor, 1988-2007.
9.
Bob Clarke (illustrator)
–
Robert J. Bob Clarke was an American illustrator whose work appeared in advertisements and MAD Magazine. The label of the Cutty Sark bottle is his creation, Clarke was born in Mamaroneck, New York, United States, on January 25,1926. Clarkes style in MAD was distinctive, showing a mastery of line, I was known as the thing artist, said Clarke. Whether it was a telephone or a machine or whatever. MAD editor Al Feldstein called Clarke a singular valuable asset to MAD. his arrival upon the scene was a godsend, feldsteins successor John Ficarra said of Clarke, He was a great designer, and he also was a terrific mimic of other people’s styles. And if there was a problem you could give it to Bob, years later, he illustrated MADs occasional Believe It or Nuts. parody. After two years with Ripley, Clarke joined the army, where he worked for the European edition of Stars and Stripes and met his wife. Clarke remained with Stars and Stripes after being discharged as a contributor, before eventually returning to America and joining the advertising firm Geyer, Newell. That job would prepare Clarke well for his MAD work, I learned about typefaces and layouts, Clarke was among the GNG artists who designed the box for the childrens game Candyland. Clarke was one of the artists who took up the slack after original editor Harvey Kurtzman left MAD, in his first year at MAD, Clarke illustrated 24 separate articles, he would eventually draw more than 600. Of the Wood-Orlando-Woodbridge-Clarke quartet, Bob Clarke had the most cartoon-like style and this was exploited by the two circus panoramas that ran in MAD #41, the first depicted an old-time circus done by Wallace Wood, a breathtakingly elaborate vision of impossible spectacle. The circus drawn by Clarke was simple and uncluttered, showing small routine acts, the point of the article was the decline of the circus, and the artistic contrast sold the premise. But the versatile Clarke was also able to provide intricate detail, in a 1999 interview, he remembered one challenging MAD assignment, Tom had this thing that was supposed to be a calendar or something. In this little one-inch space he wanted everything crammed into tiny little space. He had a stagecoach, robberies, a bank, and explosions going off in this little spot. Like many of MADs contributors, Clarke occasionally appeared in the photos that appeared in the magazine. His most revealing pose was for a 1989 MAD Special for which hed been assigned to create a pair of mens boxer shorts with a repeating pattern of Alfred E. Neumans face. Clarke impishly arrived at MADs offices while wearing the underpants, and from there and we wrote it underwater, recalled Clarke
Bob Clarke (illustrator)
–
Bob Clarke
10.
National Cartoonists Society
–
The National Cartoonists Society is an organization of professional cartoonists in the United States. It presents the National Cartoonists Society Awards, the Society was born in 1946 when groups of cartoonists got together to entertain the troops. They enjoyed each others company and decided to meet on a regular basis, only recently has the National Cartoonists Society embraced web comics. Membership is limited to established professional cartoonists, with a few exceptions of outstanding persons in affiliated fields, the NCS is not a guild or labor union. The National Cartoonists Society had its origins during World War II when cartoonists Gus Edson, Otto Soglow, Clarence D. Russell, Bob Dunn, Edson recalled, “We played two spots. And then we quit the USO. ”They were lured away by choreographer and former Rockette Toni Mendez, when she learned of these chalk talks, she recruited the cartoonists to do shows for the Hospital Committee of the American Theatre Wing. Beginning with a performance emceed by humor columnist Bugs Baer at Halloran Hospital on Staten Island, the group expanded to junkets on military transport planes, flying to military bases along the southeastern seaboard. On one of those flights, Russell proposed a club to Rube Goldberg, Mendez recalled, He said, Everybody has a club or an association or some kind—lumber jacks, undertakers, rug weavers, even garbage collectors—so I don’t see why we can’t have one, too. All during the flight, Rube kept saying, No—leave us alone, C. D. turned to me and he said, And no girls. And he went up and down the aisle of the plane, the Society was organized on a Friday evening, March 1,1946, when 26 cartoonists gathered at 7pm in the Barberry Room on East 52nd Street in Manhattan. After drinks and dinner, they voted to determine officers and a name for their new organization and it was initially known as The Cartoonists Society. Goldberg was elected president with Russell Patterson as vice president, C. D. Russell as secretary and Milton Caniff, Soglow was later added as second vice president. Mendez functioned as the Societys trouble-shooter and later became an agent representing more than 50 cartoonists, yardley, sports cartoonist Lou Hanlon, illustrator Russell Patterson and comic book artists Joe Shuster and Joe Musial. More members joined by mid-May 1946, including Harold Gray and the Society’s first animator, Paul Terry, followed in the summer by letterer Frank Engli, Bela Zaboly, Al Capp, seibel and sports cartoonist Willard Mullin. Her name was on all the Society’s publications, and her address was the permanent mailing address of the NCS for more than 30 years, as the organizing secretary, she handled agendas, organization and publicity. “She practically ran the damn thing, ” Caniff recalled, “A real autocrat, and everyone was delighted to have her be an autocrat because that’s what we needed. On November 6,1951,49 members of the NCS arrived at Washingtons Carlton Hotel for breakfast with Harry S. Truman, when Al Posen originated the idea of National Cartoonists Society tours to entertain American servicemen, he became the NCS Director of Overseas Shows. On October 4,1952, nine cartoonists left on a USO-Camp Shows tour of U. S, armed Forces installations in Europe, traveling via a Military Air Transport Service plane from Westover Air Force Base in Massachusetts and landing at Rhein-Main Air Base in Germany
National Cartoonists Society
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During the 1960s, cartoonists of military comic strips visited the White House. L to r:
Bill Mauldin, Don Sherwood,
Mort Walker,
Lyndon B. Johnson,
Milton Caniff and
George Wunder.
11.
Mad (magazine)
–
Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
Mad (magazine)
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Harvey Kurtzman 's cover for Mad #1 (Oct–Nov 1952)
Mad (magazine)
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With issue 24 (July 1955), Mad switched to a magazine format. The "extremely important message" was "Please buy this magazine!"
Mad (magazine)
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Actor
Michael Biehn autographing a copy of Mad #268 (January 1987) which parodies one of Biehn's films,
Aliens.
Mad (magazine)
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First cover appearance (issue 21, March 1955) of Alfred E. Neuman in a fake advertisement satirizing the popular mail-order house
Johnson Smith Company.
12.
Wally Wood
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Wallace Allan Wood was an American comic book writer, artist and independent publisher, best known for his work on EC Comicss Mad and Marvels Daredevil. He was one of Mads founding cartoonists in 1952, although much of his early professional artwork is signed Wallace Wood, he became known as Wally Wood, a name he claimed to dislike. Within the comics community, he was known as Woody. EC publisher William Gaines once stated, Wally may have been our most troubled artist, im not suggesting any connection, but he may have been our most brilliant. He was the inductee into the comic book industrys Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1989. Wally Wood was born in Menahga, Minnesota, and he began reading and drawing comics at an early age, recalling his childhood, Wood said that his dream at age six, about finding a magic pencil that could draw anything, foretold his future as an artist. Wood graduated from school in 1944, signed on with the United States Merchant Marine at the close of World War II. He went from training at Fort Benning, Georgia, to occupied Japan, in 1947, at age 20, Wood enrolled in the Minneapolis School of Art but only lasted one term. Arriving in New York City with his brother Glenn and mother Alma, after his discharge in July 1948. During his time off he carried his thick portfolio of all over midtown Manhattan. He briefly attended the Hogarth School of Art but dropped out one semester. By October, after being rejected by every company he visited, at this studio Wood learned that Will Eisner was looking for a Spirit background artist. He immediately visited Eisner and was hired on the spot, over the next year, Wood also became an assistant to George Wunder, who had taken over the Milton Caniff strip Terry and the Pirates. Wood cited his first job on my own as Chief Ob-stacle and he entered the comic book field by lettering, as he recalled in 1981, The first professional job was lettering for Fox romance comics in 1948. I also started doing backgrounds, then inking, most of it was the romance stuff. For complete pages, it was $5 a page, twice a week, I would ink ten pages in one day. Woods next known comic-book art did not appear until Foxs My Confession No,7, at which time he began working almost continuously on the companys similar My Experience, My Secret Life, My Love Story and My True Love, Thrilling Confession Stories. His first signed work is believed to be in My Confession #8 and he penciled and inked two stories in that issue, I Was Unwanted and My Tarnished Reputation
Wally Wood
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Self-portrait by Wally Wood
Wally Wood
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Books illustrated by Wood
Wally Wood
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Daredevil #7 (April 1964): Wood's best-known work for Marvel, debuting Daredevil's modern red costume.
13.
Ernie Kovacs
–
Ernest Edward Ernie Kovacs was an American comedian, actor, and writer. Kovacs visually experimental and often comedic style influenced numerous television comedy programs for years after his death by automobile accident. Chevy Chase acknowledged Kovacs influence and thanked him during his speech for his Emmy award for Saturday Night Live. Some of Kovacs unusual behaviors include having pet marmosets and wrestling a jaguar on his live Philadelphia television show and his solution was to hire a taxi driver to come into their apartment with his own key and make breakfast for them both, then take Ernie to the WABC studios. While Kovacs and Adams received Emmy nominations for best performances in a series during 1957. The 1962 Emmy for outstanding camera work and the Directors Guild award came a short time after his fatal accident. A quarter century later, he was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame, Kovacs also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. In 1986, the Museum of Broadcasting presented an exhibit of Kovacs work, the Pulitzer Prize–winning television critic, William Henry III, wrote for the museums booklet, Kovacs was more than another wide-eyed, self-ingratiating clown. He was televisions first significant video artist, Kovacs father Andrew emigrated from Hungary at age 13. He worked as a policeman, restaurateur, and bootlegger, the last so successfully that he moved his wife Mary, the end of Prohibition and the Depression resulted in difficult financial times for the family. When Kovacs began drama school, all he could afford was a fifth floor apartment on West 74th Street in New York City. During this time, he watched many Grade B movies, admission was ten cents. Many of these movies influenced his comedy routines later, a 1938 local newspaper photograph shows Kovacs as a member of the Prospect Players, not yet wearing his trademark mustache. Like any aspiring actor, Kovacs used his class time to pursue roles in summer stock companies. While working in Vermont during 1939, he became so ill with pneumonia. During the next year and a half, his comedic talents developed as he entertained both doctors and patients with his antics during stays at several hospitals. While hospitalized, Kovacs developed a love of classical music by the gift of a radio. By the time he was released, his parents had separated and he began work as a cigar salesman, which resulted in a lifelong cigar-smoking habit
Ernie Kovacs
–
Kovacs on the set of his television show, 1956
Ernie Kovacs
–
Kovacs and Gertrude on 3 To Get Ready, 1951. Gertrude was one of the donations of Kovacs' viewers when he asked them to bring anything they no longer wanted to the WPTZ-TV lobby.
Ernie Kovacs
–
Both Gertrude and Kovacs' close associate Andy McKay made the move to New York with Kovacs in 1952. The mask McKay is wearing was fashioned out of masking tape.
Ernie Kovacs
–
Barbara Loden and Kovacs positioned in front of two television cameras for illusion
14.
Our Own Oddities
–
Our Own Oddities is an illustrated panel that ran in the Sunday comics section of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch from 1940 to 1990. When it began September 1,1940, it was titled St. Louis Oddities, the feature displayed curiosities submitted by local readers and is often remembered for its drawings of freakish produce, such as a potato that resembled Richard Nixon. The style of the panel was very similar to Ripleys Believe it or Not, graczak retired from the newspaper in 1980, but he continued to produce the panel for ten more years in addition to doing a talk show on St. Louis KMOX radio. He died of a heart attack August 3,1997, in addition to bizarre produce, Our Own Oddities featured other peculiar local trivia, such as a local woman who lived at 1919 Montgomery Street and was born at nine oclock on August 19,1919. Clever church signs and tombstone epitaphs were popular features, the newspaper printed several angry letters. Graczak and the features editor expressed regret. In September 2003, the Post-Dispatch accepted submissions for a 63rd anniversary special of Our Own Oddities, gallery, Our Own Oddities History of Our Own Oddities Our Own Oddities, the book St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Our Own Oddities
–
Ralph Graczak's Our Own Oddities (January 25, 1953)
15.
Strange as it Seems
–
Strange as It Seems appeared as a syndicated cartoon feature in 1928 and became a familiar brand to millions around the globe for its comic strips, books, radio shows and film shorts. Created by John Hix, Strange as It Seems was distinguished for its adherence to Hixs standard that every published fact be verified by a minimum of three sources, the Strange as It Seems syndicated cartoon strips were printed daily in newspapers from 1928 to 1970. They were originally created by John Hix, Strange as It Seems was distinguished for its adherence to Hixs standard that every published fact be verified by a minimum of three sources. It was syndicated domestically by United Feature Syndicate and internationally by United Press International, at its peak the strip was printed in 1,300 newspapers. The cartoons competed in newspapers with Ripleys Believe It or Not, other similar strips at the time included Ralph Graczaks Our Own Oddities and It Happened in Canada by Gordon Johnston. By 1953, the syndication was down to 175 newspapers. The demise of newspapers in cities and the changing taste of readers led to the strip ending in 1970. John Hix died of myocarditis on June 6,1944, which was also D-Day and his brother, Ernest Hix, took over producing the feature. The cartoons were drawn by Dick Kirby from 1944 to 1946, after Ernest Hixs death in the crash of a private plane on September 18,1948, in Los Angeles, the writing of the strip was taken over by his wife Elsie Huber Hix. Ms. Hix had two children at the time, Ernest Harmon Hix Jr. and Dixie Ann Hix. Dick Kirby returned to draw the strip from 1948 until 1949, then George Jahns took over, ms. Hix continued to write the stories for the comics until 1963, when she turned the work over to her son, Ernest Hix, Jr. He wrote and produced the strip with his wife Phyllis until 1970 when the feature went out of syndication. Strange as It Seems was a program of strange and unusual tales about fantastic people and events. Strange as It Seems began as a 15-minute radio program on March 22,1935 and it was broadcast over the Columbia – Don Lee Coast radio network. The schedule was 3 nights a week - Sunday, Wednesday and Friday at 7,45 PM, in late September 1935 the show changed to two shows per week, dropping the Sunday show. In late September 1936 the schedule changed again to Tuesday and Friday nights, a 1936 booklet of the Strange as It Seems stories was sponsored by Ex-Lax and given away as a free promotion of the radio program by writing to the station. The show was hosted by Gayne Whitman, produced and directed by Cyril Armbrister, Whitman had been the announcer on the Strange as It Seems movie shorts from 1930–1934. The programs included two or three segments of dramatized events in plays with dramatic, fanfare music interspersed in the show between segments
Strange as it Seems
–
John Hix
16.
Peanuts
–
Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2,1950, to February 13,2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The comic strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it arguably the longest story ever told by one human being. At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries and it helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U. S. newspaper, the strip focuses entirely on a social circle of young children, where adults exist but are never seen or heard. The main character, Charlie Brown, is meek, nervous and he is unable to fly a kite, win a baseball game, or kick a football. Peanuts is one of the strips with philosophical, psychological. The strips humor is psychologically complex, and the characters interactions formed a tangle of relationships that drove the strip, the holiday specials remain popular and are currently broadcast on ABC in the U. S. during the corresponding seasons. The Peanuts franchise met acclaim in theatre, with the stage musical Youre a Good Man, Charlie Brown being a successful, in 2013, TV Guide ranked the Peanuts television specials the fourth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. A computer-animated feature film based on the strip, The Peanuts Movie, was released on November 6,2015, Peanuts had its origin in Lil Folks, a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulzs hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, the series also had a dog that looked much like the early 1950s version of Snoopy. In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to The Saturday Evening Post which published 17 single-panel cartoons by Schulz, the first of these was of a boy sitting with his feet on an ottoman. In 1948, Schulz tried to have Lil Folks syndicated through the Newspaper Enterprise Association, Schulz would have been an independent contractor for the syndicate, unheard of in the 1940s, but the deal fell through. Lil Folks was dropped in early 1950, later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate - also operated by Scripps-Howard - with his best work from Lil Folks. When his work was picked up by United Feature Syndicate, they decided to run the new comic strip he had working on. This strip was similar in spirit to the comic, but it had a set cast of characters. The name Lil Folks was too close to the names of two comics of the time, Al Capps Lil Abner and a strip titled Little Folks. To avoid confusion, the settled on the name Peanuts. Peanuts was a title Schulz always disliked, in a 1987 interview, Schulz said of the title Peanuts, Its totally ridiculous, has no meaning, is simply confusing, and has no dignity—and I think my humor has dignity
Peanuts
–
The first volume of
The Complete Peanuts from
Fantagraphics Books with cover design by
Seth
Peanuts
–
The Peanuts gang Top row left to right:
Woodstock,
Snoopy,
Charlie Brown Bottom row left to right:
Franklin,
Lucy van Pelt,
Linus van Pelt,
Peppermint Patty,
Sally Brown
Peanuts
–
Snoopy on the side of the MetLife blimp
Peanuts
–
Peanuts-themed pedestrian overpass in
Tarzana, Los Angeles, California
17.
Charles M. Schulz
–
Charles Monroe Schulz, nicknamed Sparky, was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Peanuts. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential cartoonists of all time, cited as an influence by many later cartoonists, including Calvin. Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Schulz grew up in Saint Paul and he was the only child of Carl Schulz, who was born in Germany, and Dena Halverson, who had Norwegian heritage. His uncle called him Sparky after the horse Spark Plug in Billy DeBecks comic strip, Schulz loved drawing and sometimes drew his family dog, Spike, who ate unusual things, such as pins and tacks. In 1937, Schulz drew a picture of Spike and sent it to Ripleys Believe It or Not. His drawing appeared in Robert Ripleys syndicated panel, captioned, A hunting dog that eats pins, tacks, Schulz attended Richards Gordon Elementary School in Saint Paul, where he skipped two half-grades. He became a shy, timid teenager, perhaps as a result of being the youngest in his class at Central High School, a five-foot-tall statue of Snoopy was placed in the schools main office 60 years later. In February 1943, Schulzs mother Dena died after a long illness, at the time of her death, he had only recently been made aware that she suffered from cancer. Schulz had by all accounts been very close to his mother and her death made an impression on him. Around the same time, Schulz was drafted into the United States Army and he served as a staff sergeant with the 20th Armored Division in Europe, as a squad leader on a.50 caliber machine gun team. His unit saw combat only at the end of the war. Schulz said that he only had one opportunity to fire his machine gun, fortunately, he said, the German soldier he could have fired at willingly surrendered. Years later, Schulz proudly spoke of his wartime service, after being discharged in late 1945, Schulz returned to Minneapolis. He did lettering for a Roman Catholic comic magazine, Timeless Topix, Schulz himself had been a student of the school, taking a correspondence course from it before he was drafted. He worked at the school for a number of years while he developed his career as a comic creator until he was making money from comics to be able to do that full-time. It was in Lil Folks that Schulz first used the name Charlie Brown for a character, the series also had a dog that looked much like Snoopy. Lil Folks was dropped from the Pioneer Press in January 1950, later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate with the one-panel series Lil Folks, and the syndicate became interested. However, by that time Schulz had also developed a strip, using normally four panels rather than one, and reportedly to Schulzs delight
Charles M. Schulz
–
Charles M. Schulz in 1956, drawing
Charlie Brown
Charles M. Schulz
–
Schulz's high school yearbook photo, 1940
Charles M. Schulz
–
Schulz receiving his star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame at
Knott's Berry Farm in June 1996
Charles M. Schulz
–
Charles M. Schulz Highland Arena on Snelling Avenue and Ford Parkway in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
18.
Snoopy
–
Snoopy is Charlie Browns pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, since his debut on October 4,1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulzs childhood dogs and he is perhaps best known in this last alternate persona, wearing an aviators helmet and goggles and a scarf while carrying a swagger stick. Snoopy can be selfish and/or lazy at times, and had his share of moments where he is mocking his owner, Charlie Brown, but through it all, he has great love, care. All of his fantasies have a formula, Snoopy pretends to be something, usually world famous. His short novels are never published, and his Sopwith Camel is consistently shot down by his imaginary enemy, Schulz said of Snoopys character in a 1997 interview, He has to retreat into his fanciful world in order to survive. Otherwise, he kind of a dull, miserable life. I dont envy dogs the lives they have to live, Snoopy imagines himself to speak, but never actually does, much like with real life animals, the human characters are unaware of his musings. Though very rarely, he talks, but usually to himself and his thoughts are shown in thought balloons. The only exceptions are in the animated adaptions of the musicals Youre a Good Man, Charlie Brown, the Musical in which Snoopys thoughts are verbalized by Robert Towers and Cameron Clarke respectively. Snoopys doghouse defies physics and is shown to be bigger on the inside than the outside and it is also his airplane in his fantasies. In the 90s comic strips, he is obsessed with cookies, Snoopy appeared on the October 4,1950, strip, two days after the first strip. He was called Snoopy for the first time a month later, on March 16,1952, his thoughts were first shown in a thought balloon. Snoopy first appeared upright on his legs on January 9,1956. Despite his history of conflicted loyalties and his inability to remember Charlie Browns name and he joins Charlie Brown in walking out of a game of Ha-Ha Herman when Peppermint Patty insults Charlie Brown, unaware that Charlie Brown is within earshot. He also helps Charlie Brown recover his autographed baseball when a bully takes it, when Charlie Brown has to stop dedicating himself to making Snoopy happy, Snoopy replies, Dont worry about it. In The Peanuts Movie, Snoopy remains loyal to Charlie Brown, in early Peanuts strips, Charlie Brown was not Snoopys owner, and it was initially not clear who his owner actually was. The September 29,1951 strip implied that Snoopy was owned by Shermy, Snoopy frequently tries to kiss Lucy on the cheek and/or nose, which Lucy, who is afraid of dog germs, thoroughly hates
Snoopy
–
Snoopy imagines himself as a
World War One flying Ace, while imagining his doghouse as a
Sopwith Camel.
Snoopy
–
Snoopy's original appearance from October 4, 1950.
Snoopy
–
Statue at
Kennedy Space Center. Now located in the Apollo/Saturn V building.
19.
Scholastic Corporation
–
Products are distributed to schools and districts, to consumers through the schools via reading clubs and fairs, and through retail stores and online sales. The business has three segments, Children Book Publishing & Distribution, Education, and International, Scholastic holds the perpetual U. S. publishing rights to Harry Potter and The Hunger Games book series. Scholastic is the worlds largest publisher and distributor of childrens books, Scholastic also publishes instructional reading and writing programs, and offers professional learning and consultancy services for school improvement. Clifford the Big Red Dog serves as the mascot for Scholastic, in 1920, Maurice R. Robbie Robinson founded the business he named Scholastic Publishing Company in his hometown of Wilkinsburg, right outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a publisher of magazines, the first publication was The Western Pennsylvania Scholastic. It covered high school sports and social activities and debuted on October 22,1920, in 1926, Scholastic published its first book, Saplings, a collection of selected student writings by winners of the Scholastic Writing Awards. For many years the company continued its focus on serving the market, publishing low-cost magazines. The company continued under the name Scholastic Magazines throughout the 1970s, after World War II, cheap paperback books became available. In 1948, Scholastic entered the book club business with its division T. A. B. or Teen Age Book Club. In 1957, Scholastic established its first international subsidiary in Toronto Scholastic Canada, later moving to Markham, by the 1960s, international publishing locations were added in England, New Zealand and Sydney. In 1974, Richard Dick Robinson, the son of founder M. R. Robinson, named Chief Executive Officer in 1975 and Chairman in 1982, he remains in these positions. Scholastic now publishes 33 classroom magazines including Scholastic News, Action, Scope, Storyworks, SuperScience, Science World, Math and more, classroom Magazines have 15 million subscribers. The EdTech and Services business was sold to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2015 for $575 million and it continues to publish Harry Potter books, each title a best seller. Scholastics growth has continued by acquiring other media companies, in 2015, Scholastic acquired Troubadour, Ltd. in the U. K. During the 2000 presidential election, Scholastic organized the Scholastic News Kids Press Corps, founded in 1923 by Maurice R. These Awards have been the largest source of funding for teenage artists and writers. In the U. S. A, the process begins as young artists, the most outstanding works of art and writing from each region are forwarded to the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers in New York City to be reviewed on a national level. Panels of professional jurors select the award recipients
Scholastic Corporation
–
Scholastic Building (center)
20.
NBC
–
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
NBC
–
The
Comcast Building in
New York City (or the GE Building, originally the
RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.
NBC
–
National Broadcasting Company
NBC
–
Radio City West was located at
Sunset Boulevard and
Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.
NBC
–
Entrance at the GE Building.
21.
CBS
–
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
CBS
–
Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
CBS
–
Wholesome
Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth
CBS
–
When
Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS
–
CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.
22.
Mutual Broadcasting System
–
The Mutual Broadcasting System was an American radio network in operation from 1934 to 1999. In the golden age of U. S. radio drama, Mutual was best known as the network home of The Lone Ranger and The Adventures of Superman. For many years, it was a broadcaster for Major League Baseball, the National Football League. From the mid-1930s and for decades after, Mutual ran a highly respected news service accompanied by a variety of popular commentary shows, during the 1970s, Mutual pioneered the nationwide late night call-in radio show and introduced the country to Larry King. Of the four networks of American radios classic era, Mutual had for decades the largest number of affiliates. For the first 18 years of its existence, Mutual was owned and operated as a cooperative, Mutuals member stations shared their own original programming, transmission and promotion expenses, and advertising revenues. From December 30,1936, when it debuted in the West and its business structure would change after General Tire assumed majority ownership in 1952 through a series of regional and individual station acquisitions. Not long after the sale, one of the new executive teams was charged with accepting money to use Mutual as a vehicle for foreign propaganda. The networks reputation was damaged, but soon rebounded. Attempts at establishing cooperatively owned radio networks had been made since the 1920s, in 1929, a group of four radio stations in the major markets of New York City, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit organized into a loose confederation known as the Quality Network. Five years later, a similar or identical group of stations founded the Mutual Broadcasting System, Mutuals original participating stations were WOR–Newark, New Jersey, just outside New York, WGN–Chicago, WXYZ–Detroit, and WLW–Cincinnati. WOR and WGN, based in the two largest markets and providing the bulk of the programming, were the leaders of the group. On October 29,1934, Mutual Broadcasting System, Inc. was incorporated, with Bamberger, in contrast, the Mutual Broadcasting System was run as a true cooperative venture, with programming produced by and shared between the groups members. The majority of the programming, from WOR and WGN, consisted of musical features. WOR had The Witchs Tale, an anthology series whose hunner-an-thirteen-year-old narrator invited listeners to douse all lights. Now draw up to the fire an gaze into the embers. gaaaaze into em deep, an soon yell be across the seas, in th jungle land of Africa. Hear that chantin and them savage drums, WGN contributed the popular comedy series Lum and Abner. Detroits WXYZ provided The Lone Ranger, which had debuted in 1933 and was already in demand and it is often claimed that Mutual was launched primarily as a vehicle for the Western serial, but Lum and Abner was no less popular at the time
Mutual Broadcasting System
–
Lum and Abner, the latter of whom is seen in this advertisement reaching for a can of
Horlick's. The malted milk maker sponsored the show during its entire run on Mutual. It left Mutual for
NBC Blue after August 1935.
Mutual Broadcasting System
Mutual Broadcasting System
–
Orson Welles as
The Shadow. A predecessor in the role delivered the show's intro, with its famous catchphrase, "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows...." According to historian Frank Brady, Welles's "voice as the 'invisible' Shadow was perfect." The intro, however, also called for a sinister chuckle; Welles's effort "seemed more an adolescent giggle than a terrifying threat."
Mutual Broadcasting System
–
Mutual featured a variety of political voices, but none for so long as that of conservative commentator
Fulton Lewis Jr. Many later pundits "copied his style—mocking, ridiculing, full of denials, full of sweeping generalizations, and full of inside-dopesterism." WKIC was Mutual's affiliate in
Hazard, Kentucky.
23.
The Collier Hour
–
The Collier Hour, also known as Colliers Radio Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, was radios first major dramatic anthology. The Collier Hour offered adaptations of stories and serials from Colliers magazine in a move to increase subscriptions. Story segments during the program were introduced by a host known as the Editor. Three Sax Rohmer serials from the magazine were broadcast, each in 12 weekly parts, daughter of Fu Manchu was heard on Sundays from March 9,1930 to May 25. 1930 with Arthur Hughes as Dr. Fu Manchu, Sax Rohmer introduced Yuan Hee See Laughs, serialized on Sundays from March 1,1931 to May 17,1931. In 1929, the format was altered and The Collier Hour became a variety show, offering music, news, sports, Helen Hayes appeared on the show October 5,1930. Guests on the series included George M. Cohan, John D. Rockefeller, Franklin D. Roosevelt, william Adams played Uncle Henry, 1926–32. In the Shadow of Fu Manchu by Martin Grams, Jr
The Collier Hour
–
On December 1, 1929, The Collier Hour listeners heard
Sir Harry Lauder, as noted in this ad from the Enna Jettick Shoe Company promoting his appearance on its NBC Blue program. The text indicates that The Collier Hour --which was pre-empted that week to give Sir Lauder more airtime-- was also known as Collier's Radio Hour.
24.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
25.
Buenos Aires
–
Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
Buenos Aires
–
From the top, left to right:
Central Business District skyline, the
Palace of the Argentine National Congress,
Puente de la Mujer, Tango dancers in
San Telmo,
Casa Rosada, the
Metropolitan Cathedral,
Cabildo, the
Obelisco,
Teatro Colón,
La Recoleta Cemetery, the
Planetario within
Parque Tres de Febrero, and
Caminito.
Buenos Aires
–
Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port around 1628.
Buenos Aires
–
Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires.
Buenos Aires
–
Depiction of
Juan de Garay and the second founding of Buenos Aires, 1580
26.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
27.
Pall Mall (cigarette)
–
Pall Mall is a brand of cigarettes produced by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and internationally by British American Tobacco at multiple sites. As of 2012, Pall Mall is R. J. Reynolds highest selling brand, the Pall Mall brand was introduced in 1899 by the Black Butler Company in an attempt to cater to the upper class with the first premium cigarette. It is named after Pall Mall, a street in London. In 1907, Pall Mall was acquired by American Tobacco with the sale of Butler & Butler. The new owners used the brand to test innovations in cigarette design, such as, in 1939, the king-size. Pall Mall reached the height of its popularity in 1960 when it was the number one brand of cigarette in America, the gambles in design had paid off and so the company introduced longs, or 100mm cigarettes, in 1966. It would later be edged out in 1966 by Winston cigarettes, ironically, in the 1940s, Pall Mall had its own grammatically incorrect slogan which touted it as the cigarette which travels the smoke further, referencing the longer 85mm length. Their famous slogan during the 50s and early 60s was OUTSTANDING. in 1994, Pall Mall and Lucky Strike were purchased by Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation as the former American Tobacco company shed its tobacco brands. In 2001, Pall Mall was re-branded as a savings brand, Brown & Williamson merged with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company on July 30,2004, with the surviving company taking the name, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. R. J. Reynolds continues to make unfiltered and filtered styles of Pall Mall for the U. S. market, British American Tobacco makes and sells Pall Mall outside the U. S. Pall Mall currently is in the Growth Brand segment of the R. J, within British American Tobacco, Pall Mall is one of their four drive brands. This compares with former top-seller Camel, which has not performed as well over the period, Pall Mall is now Reynolds most popular cigarette, along with Newport and Camel. In October 2012, Reynolds debuted two new versions of its menthol cigarette, Pall Mall Black, described as full flavor, the traditional menthol style is called Pall Mall Green. Pall Mall is currently sold as a Canadian discount brand in Red, rothmans produces American-style Pall Mall cigarettes which are priced as a premium brand. The famous Pall Mall logo has large art nouveau lettering spelling out Pall Mall on the top front of the pack, on the face is a white coat of arms on the front and back of the package. Showing two regal lions pawing the sides and a helmet on top, the inside of the shield reads Per aspera ad Astra or Through hardships to the stars. There is a banner underneath the shield that holds another Latin phrase, the famous Pall Mall slogan, Wherever Particular People Congregate, appears beneath the coat of arms. Generally speaking, there are different designs for Pall Mall packs and it can be always identified on which market one or another pack of Pall Mall was bought
Pall Mall (cigarette)
–
Pall Mall packet
Pall Mall (cigarette)
–
Pall Mall
Pall Mall (cigarette)
–
Pall Mall in Spanish
Pall Mall (cigarette)
–
Subsidiaries
28.
General Foods
–
General Foods Corporation was a company whose direct predecessor was established in the USA by Charles William Post as the Postum Cereal Company in 1895. The name General Foods was adopted in 1929, after corporate acquisitions. In November 1985, General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies for $5.6 billion, in December 1988, Philip Morris acquired Kraft, Inc. and, in 1990, combined the two food companies as Kraft General Foods. General Foods was dropped from the name in 1995 and now exists only as part of a brand name for a flavored coffee-based beverage. C. W. Post established his company in Battle Creek, Michigan, having lived there since 1891, Dr. Kellogg, with his brother W. K. Kellogg, had developed a dry corn flake cereal that was part of their patients’ diet, posts first product, introduced in 1895, was not a cereal, however, but a roasted, cereal-based beverage, Postum. Having developed an aversion to coffee during his time in the sanitarium and its advertising slogan, which he coined himself, was Theres a Reason. Postums main ingredients were naturally caffeine-free wheat grain, bran, initially, Postum had to be brewed like coffee, but in 1911, Post introduced a powdered, instant formulation. This version of the product was manufactured in Battle Creek until it was discontinued in 2007, in 1897, Post introduced his first dry cereal, a crunchy blend of wheat and barley, which he called Grape Nuts. His first corn-flake product was introduced as Elijahs Manna in 1904, owing to consumer resistance to the biblical reference, it was renamed Post Toasties in 1907. Post was a businessman who believed that advertising and aggressive marketing were the keys to a successful enterprise. Within 10 years of its incorporation, his Postum Cereal Company had more than $10 million in capital and was spending $400,000 a year on advertising, sums which were remarkable for the period. Although he vigorously opposed labor unions, his employees were the highest-paid in his industry and he even developed a factory town in which he sold homes to his workers at favorable rates. Postum Cereal Company lost its founder in 1914, Post underwent an apparently successful appendectomy at the Mayo Clinic, but shortly after returning home to recuperate, he died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Post had for years suffered from bouts of illness and depression, while his death was without warning, his company was not left rudderless. His daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, had raised in the business and was familiar with virtually every aspect of its operations. She assumed control of the now $20-million Postum Company and managed its affairs for the eight years. While she did not oversee major product innovations, she did have a feel for business
General Foods
–
General Foods 1937 Specimen Stock Certificate
General Foods
–
General Foods' final logo, designed by
Saul Bass, was used from 1985 until the merger with Kraft in 1990.
29.
Warner Bros.
–
Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
–
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
–
Lobby card from Open Your Eyes (1919)
Warner Bros.
–
Lobby card from
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
30.
Vitaphone
–
Vitaphone was a sound film system used for feature films and nearly 1,000 short subjects made by Warner Bros. and its sister studio First National from 1926 to 1931. Vitaphone was the last major analog sound-on-disc system and the one which was widely used. The soundtrack was not printed on the film itself, but issued separately on phonograph records, the discs, recorded at 33 1⁄3 rpm and typically 16 inches in diameter, would be played on a turntable physically coupled to the projector motor while the film was being projected. Many early talkies, such as The Jazz Singer, used the Vitaphone system, the name Vitaphone derived from the Latin and Greek words, respectively, for living and sound. The Vitaphone trademark was later associated with cartoons and other subjects that had optical soundtracks. Wente had created in 1916 and greatly improved in 1922, the business was established at Western Electrics Bell Laboratories in New York City and acquired by Warner Bros. in April 1925. Warner Bros. introduced Vitaphone on August 6,1926 with the release of their silent feature Don Juan, the feature was preceded by a program of short subjects with live-recorded sound, nearly all featuring classical instrumentalists and opera stars. Don Juan was able to draw huge sums of money at the box office, after its financial failure, Paramount head Adolph Zukor offered Sam Warner a deal as an executive producer for Paramount if he brought Vitaphone with him. Harry eventually agreed to accept Sams demands, dance band leader Henry Halstead is given credit for starring in the first Vitaphone short subject filmed in Hollywood instead of New York. Carnival Night in Paris featured the Henry Halstead Orchestra and a cast of hundreds of costumed dancers in a Carnival atmosphere, from the perspective of the cast and crew on the sound stage, there was little difference between filming with Vitaphone and a sound-on-film system. In the early years of sound, the cameras and their operators were enclosed in soundproofed booths with small windows made of thick glass. Cables suspended the microphones in fixed positions just above camera range, the recording machines were usually located in a separate building to completely isolate them from sound stage floor vibrations and other undesirable influences. The audio signal was sent from a monitoring and control booth to the recording room over a heavy shielded cable. Synchronization was maintained by driving all the cameras and recorders with synchronous electric motors powered from a common source, except for the unusual disc size and speed, the physical record-making process was the same one employed by contemporary record companies to make smaller discs for home use. The recording lathe cut an audio-signal-modulated spiral groove into the surface of a thick round slab of wax-like material rotating on a turntable. If problems were found, the scene could then be re-shot while everything was still in place, a Vitaphone-equipped theater had normal projectors which had been furnished with special phonograph turntables and pickups, a fader, an amplifier, and a loudspeaker system. The projectors operated just as motorized silent projectors did, but at a speed of 24 frames per second. When the projector was started, it rotated the linked turntable, the Vitaphone process made several improvements over previous systems, Amplification – The Vitaphone system used electronic amplification based on Lee De Forests Audion tube
Vitaphone
–
The Warner Bros. Vitaphone logo.
Vitaphone
–
A Vitaphone projection setup at a 1926 demonstration. Engineer E. B. Craft is holding a soundtrack disc. The turntable, on a massive tripod base, is at lower center.
31.
Alfred J. Goulding
–
Alfred John Alf Goulding was an Australian-born vaudevillian, who became an American film director and screenwriter. He directed 182 films between 1917 and 1959 and is credited with having Harold Lloyd wear his trademark glasses and he was born on January 26,1885 in Melbourne, Australia to Francis Thomas Goulding and Margaret Davies Walsh. He was the youngest brother of the opera singer Elsa Goulding, by 1900 he was regularly singled out in reviews as one of the Company’s most entertaining performers, Master Alf. Goulding came in for a share of applause, and he certainly won it fairly in his comic pieces. By 1907, Goulding was stage managing for the company and he arrived with the Pollard troupe in the US in 1908. According to Brent Walker, Goulding then travelled to Britain where he worked on stage with Stan Laurel, for several years, after which he returned to the US. By 1911 he was performing on stage in North America and directing his own shows, sometimes in collaboration with former Pollard performers Daphne Pollard. In 1912, he broke into movies, acting and then after 1916 and he then joined Hal Roach, directing many Harold Lloyd shorts. In 1939 he re-entered the United States illegally and was jailed as an alien, Goulding wrote and directed a wartime film made in Australia in 1942, A Yank in Australia, which was not a success. His final film was Laffing Time which he directed in 1959 and he had by this time, over 180 directorial credits to his name. He died in Hollywood, California from pneumonia on April 5,1972 and he married Gladys Watson on October 28,1911 in Seattle, Washington. She died on April 19,1920 in Hollywood, California, on June 17,1920 in Glendale, California, he married Hazel Marcella OBrien and they divorced around 1925. His third marriage was on December 8,1925 when he married Audrey H. Faught in Vancouver and she was 25 years younger than him. They divorced in 1933, she claimed that he beat her and she was awarded custody of their three children. He married actress Diana Seaby in Mexico in 1934 and they married again in San Bernardino, California on July 30,1934 to ensure that the marriage was legal in the United States. She was 29 years younger than him and they divorced in 1941 in Dade County, Florida. He appears to have married Suzanne Raphael in 1941 and they divorced by 1952 and he married his last wife, Rita J. Lunniss in 1952 in Middlesex, England who later changed her name to Betty Goulding. Alfred J. Goulding at the Internet Movie Database
Alfred J. Goulding
32.
Egypt
–
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
Egypt
–
The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.
Egypt
–
Flag
Egypt
–
The Greek Ptolemaic queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion at the
Temple of Dendera.
Egypt
–
The 1803
Cedid Atlas, showing
Ottoman Egypt.
33.
Algeria
–
Algeria, officially the Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, the country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes. Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999, Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria. Algeria is a regional and middle power, the North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy. According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world, Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent, most of Algerias weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC, the countrys name derives from the city of Algiers. The citys name in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāir, a form of the older Jazāir Banī Mazghanna. In the region of Ain Hanech, early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa were found, neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles similar to those in the Levant. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of Middle Paleolithic Flake tool techniques, tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called Aterian. The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called Iberomaurusian and this industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghreb between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. Neolithic civilization developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC and this life, richly depicted in the Tassili nAjjer paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The amalgam of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a native population that came to be called Berbers. These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages, as Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilization was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, by the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthages North African territory, the Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars
Algeria
–
Ancient
Roman Empire ruins of
Timgad. Street leading to the Arch of Trajan.
Algeria
–
Flag
Algeria
–
Ancient Roman theatre in Djémila
Algeria
–
Numidia along with Egypt, Rome, and Carthage 200 BCE
34.
Morocco
–
Morocco, officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a mountainous interior, large tracts of desert. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of 446,550 km2 and its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Tetouan, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, a historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, the Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1666. In 1912 Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with a zone in Tangier. Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African, Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. Morocco annexed the territory in 1975, leading to a war with indigenous forces until a cease-fire in 1991. Peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy, the king can issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister, Moroccos predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Tamazight. The Moroccan dialect, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken, Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa, the full Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah translates to Kingdom of the West, although the West in Arabic is الغرب Al-Gharb. The basis of Moroccos English name is Marrakesh, its capital under the Almoravid dynasty, the origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed, but is most likely from the Berber words amur akush or Land of God. The modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc, in Turkish, Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its ancient capital of Fes. The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of the Spanish Marruecos, the area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Maghreb was more fertile than it is today, twenty-two thousand years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture, which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have been suggested between the Iberomaurusian Mechta-Afalou burials and European Cro-Magnon remains, the Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in Morocco
Morocco
–
Berber Roman King
Ptolemy of Mauretania.
Morocco
–
Flag
Morocco
–
Roman mosaic of Diana in
Volubilis.
Morocco
–
Morocco, Safi ceramic vessel Jobbana
35.
Ruth Etting
–
Ruth Etting was an American singing star and actress of the 1920s and 1930s, who had over 60 hit recordings and worked in stage, radio, and film. Known as Americas sweetheart of song, her signature tunes were Shine On, Harvest Moon, Ten Cents a Dance and her other popular recordings included Button Up Your Overcoat, Mean to Me, Exactly Like You and Shaking the Blues Away. As a young girl in Nebraska, Etting had wanted to be an artist, she drew, at sixteen, her grandparents decided to send her to art school in Chicago. While Etting attended class, she found a job at the Marigold Gardens nightclub, after a time there. Etting, who enjoyed singing in school and church, never took voice lessons and she quickly became a featured vocalist at the club. Etting was then managed by Moe Snyder, whom she married in 1922, Snyder made arrangements for Ettings recording and film contracts as well as her personal and radio appearances. She became nationally known when she appeared in Flo Ziegfelds Follies of 1927, Etting intended to retire from performing in 1935, but this did not happen until after her divorce from Snyder in 1937. Harry Myrl Alderman, Ettings pianist, was separated from his wife when he, Snyder did not like seeing his former wife in the company of other men and began making telephone threats to Etting in January 1938. By October, Snyder traveled to Los Angeles and detained Alderman after he left a local radio station, saying he intended to kill Etting, Alderman, and his own daughter, Edith, who worked for Etting, Snyder shot Alderman. Three days after Alderman was shot, his wife filed suit against Etting for alienation of affections, while Alderman and Etting claimed to have been married in Mexico in July 1938, Aldermans divorce would not be final until December of that year. The couple was married during Moe Snyders trial for attempted murder in December 1938, Etting and Alderman relocated to a farm outside of Colorado Springs, Colorado, where they were primarily out of the spotlight for most of their lives. Her fictionalized story was told in the 1955 film Love Me Or Leave Me with Doris Day as Ruth Etting, Etting was born in David City, Nebraska in 1897 to Alfred, a banker, and Winifred Etting. Her mother died when she was five years old and she went to live with her paternal grandparents, George. Her father remarried and moved away from David City and was no longer a part of his daughters life. Ettings grandfather, George, owned the Etting Roller Mills, to the delight of his granddaughter, George Etting allowed traveling circuses, Etting was interested in drawing at an early age, she drew and sketched anywhere she was able. Her grandparents were asked to buy the textbooks she had used at the end of a school term because Etting had filled them with her drawings and she left David City at the age of sixteen to attend art school in Chicago. Etting got a job designing costumes at the Marigold Gardens nightclub and she gave up art school soon after going to work at Marigold Gardens. Before turning exclusively to performing, Etting worked as a designer for the owner of a shop in Chicagos Loop
Ruth Etting
–
Etting in 1937
Ruth Etting
–
Ruth Etting in a photo for her NBC Radio show.
Ruth Etting
–
Lobby card from No Contest!, 1934
36.
Joe Penner
–
Joe Penner was an American 1930s-era vaudeville, radio and film comedian. He was an ethnic Hungarian born as József Pintér in Nagybecskerek and he passed through Ellis Island as a child when his family emigrated to New York City. Penner developed his catch phrases in burlesque, in 1932 he toured in a vaudeville revue with Eddie Tamblyn, father of Russ. He was launched on his radio career by Rudy Vallée, appearances which led to his own Sunday evening half-hour, The Bakers Broadcast. Penner was a comic, noted for his famed catchphrase, Wanna buy a duck. Penners other memorable catchphrase, often triggered by someone elses double entendre remark, was and he was voted radios top comedian in 1934, but a 1935 dispute with the ad agency over the shows format resulted in Penner quitting The Bakers Broadcast on June 30,1935. Vox Pop began as a replacement series for Penner in 1935. A year later, he returned with The Joe Penner Show and his films include College Rhythm, New Faces of 1937, Mr Doodle Kicks Off, The Day the Bookies Wept and Millionaire Playboy. He was caricatured by Tex Avery and Friz Freleng in the cartoon, My Green Fedora. A Popeye the Sailor cartoon, and several pictures starring the bumbling stooge Egghead and he also made a cameo in the Disney cartoon Mother Goose Goes Hollywood in which he says, Wanna buy a duck. and then shows Donald Duck on a plate. After covering the 1932–34 rise of Jack Pearl, Elizabeth McLeod summed up Penners popularity, a forgotten performer today to most, and little more than a footnote to the average OTR fan, Penner was a national craze in 1933–34. An added attraction was Penners in-character singing each week of a novelty song. Like Pearl, however, Penner was doomed to early decline by the sheer repetitiveness of his format, part of the reason for Penners relative obscurity in modern times is the paucity of surviving recordings of Penners work. His radio show aired in the early 1930s, widespread recording of radio shows began in 1936. Penner died of heart failure in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1941 and he was survived by his wife Eleanor May Vogt. Joe Penner and Rudy Vallee on The Fleishmanns Yeast Hour July 13,1933 Joe Penner at the Internet Movie Database Joe Penner biography Wanna Buy a Duck, Joe Penner at Find a Grave
Joe Penner
–
Joe Penner
Joe Penner
–
Harry Conn
Joe Penner
–
NBC's 30th anniversary show brought together (l to r)
Bob Burns,
Tommy Riggs, Charlie McCarthy,
Edgar Bergen,
Rudy Vallée and Joe Penner.
37.
Ted Husing
–
Edward Britt Ted Husing was an American sportscaster and was among the first to lay the groundwork for the structure and pace of modern sports reporting on television and radio. Husing was born in the Bronx, New York, and given the name Edmund, the youngest of three children of immigrant German parents, he was the only one to survive childhood. His father, Henry, was a fan of boxing champ Jimmy Edward Britt. By his tenth birthday, the name was changed to Edward Britt Husing. As a teenager, he took on the tag of Ted and he was active in four sports at Stuyvesant High School and was all-scholastic center in football. At age 16, he joined the National Guard and in World War I was assigned to watch over New Yorks harbor. Following the war, he floated between jobs such as carnival barker and payroll clerk, after he won an audition over 500 other applicants for announcer at New York City radio station WHN, Husing found his lifes calling. He was schooled under the tutelage of pioneer broadcaster Major J. Andrew White, there he covered breaking news stories and political conventions and assisted White during football commentaries. By 1926, Husing was working at WJZ, which made him its specialist in announcing dance programs, a newspaper article reported that Husing was selected for the job out of 610 applications for the position of announcer at station WJZ. As an announcer, Husings rapid manner of speech earned him the nickname Mile a Minute Husing and his use of descriptive language combined with a commanding voice made his broadcasts must-listen events. By 1927, he was voted seventh most popular announcer in a national poll, following a pay dispute, he moved to Boston, where he broadcast Boston Braves baseball games. Later in 1927, he returned to New York and helped his mentor, J. Andrew White, after cigar mogul William S. Paley bought the cash-strapped network in 1928, Ted Husing rose to new heights of glory and fame. At CBS, Husing took on a variety of events. In 1929, he was named director of WABC in addition to continuing his work as an announcer for the network. He was the voice of the popular March of Time program. Above everything, his work on sports gave Husing the greatest prominence and he covered events as diverse as boxing, horse racing, track and field, regattas, seven World Series, tennis, golf, four Olympic Games, Indianapolis 500 motor racing, and especially college football. In addition to his sports preeminence, Husing also did news/special events coverage for the CBS Radio Network, in the 1930s, he gave early tutelage to a budding CBS Radio announcer, Mel Allen, who, like Husing, would become a legendary sportscaster. In 1933-1934, he was host of the Oldsmobile Program, providing news to complement music from other participants on the program
Ted Husing
–
Ted Husing in April, 1930
38.
Thelma White
–
Thelma White was an American radio and film actress. White is best known for her role in the 1936 exploitation film Reefer Madness. Born Thelma Wolpa in Lincoln, Nebraska, White debuted in her familys circus show at age 2, acting as a living doll who would stand in place until she got a cue to begin cooing and wriggling. At the age of 10 she was dancing in vaudeville as part of The White Sisters, leading to jobs with the Ziegfeld Follies and her first film was A Night in a Dormitory co-starring Ginger Rogers. That job led to a number of films at Pathé Exchange. Whites most famous role arrived in Tell Your Children better known today as Reefer Madness, White appeared as Mae, the tough mistress of dope-dealer Jack. Jack encourages high school students to take a toke of marijuana, after which they involved in rape, prostitution, suicide. The film was a flop and vanished into the vaults for over 30 years, White continued to struggle through B-movies and small roles for the next few years, and in Hollywood circles was more known for her private life than any on-camera abilities. She was married three times, first to radio star Claude Stroud for five years, then a marriage to Max Hoffman. Her final marriage, to actor and costume designer Tony Millard, Tell Your Children was found in a vault in 1972 and rechristened Reefer Madness by pro-marijuana activists and a young movie distributor who saw the movie as having great comedic appeal. The film gained a following on college campuses for its nature as well as its crazed depiction of marijuana use. White, who had starred with W. C, fields and Jack Benny in her best years, was somewhat chagrined to be known for such a film. In 1987, she told the Los Angeles Times, Im ashamed to say that its the one of my films thats become a classic. She and her went to Alaska on several occasions with Rose Hobart. She continued to make appearances in B-movies such as The Bowery Boys film series, White was bedridden for five years and told she would never walk again. Although she did recover and appeared in a few late 40s films. Together with her band, she released the most famous hit Shoo Shoo Ya Mama in January 1946, White later worked as an agent, representing such actors as Robert Blake and James Coburn. Whites third husband, Tony Millard, died in 1999 and she had no children, and spent most of her time with her Mexican Hairless Dogs
Thelma White
–
White, as seen in
Reefer Madness
39.
Ray Collins (actor)
–
Ray Bidwell Collins was an American character actor in stock and Broadway theatre, radio, films, and television. With 900 stage roles to his credit, he one of the most successful actors in the developing field of radio drama. A friend and associate of Orson Welles for many years, Collins went to Hollywood with the Mercury Theatre company and made his debut in Citizen Kane. Collins appeared in more than 75 films and had one of his roles on television. Ray Bidwell Collins was born December 10,1889, in Sacramento, California, to Lillie Bidwell and his father was a newspaper reporter and dramatic editor on The Sacramento Bee. His mother was the niece of John Bidwell, pioneer, statesman and he began putting on plays with neighborhood children in Sacramento. Collins made his stage debut at age 13, at the Liberty Playhouse in Oakland. In July 1914, he and his first wife and their son moved to Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1922, he was part of a company called Vancouvers Popular Players which enacted plays at the original Orpheum Theatre. He operated his own company for five years at his own theatre. Collins toured in vaudeville and made his way to New York, Collins worked prodigiously in his youth. Between the ages of 17 and 30, he was said to have out of work as an actor for a total of five weeks. In 1924, after he opened in Conscience, he was almost continually featured in Broadway plays, at that point, Collins turned his attention to radio, where he was involved in 18 broadcasts a week, sometimes working as many as 16 hours a day. He also played parts in films starting in 1930, notably in a Vitaphone Varieties series based on Booth Tarkingtons Penrod stories. In 1934, Collins began an association with Orson Welles that led to some of his most memorable roles. They met when Welles joined the repertory cast of The American School of the Air, on radio, Collins was in the distinguished repertory cast of the weekly historical drama Cavalcade of America for six years. Collins and Welles worked together on series and others, including Welless serial adaptation of Les Misérables. Collins became a member of the company of Welless CBS Radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air and its sponsored continuation
Ray Collins (actor)
–
Ray Collins
Ray Collins (actor)
–
Ray Collins (front row right) at work on
CBS Radio 's
The March of Time
Ray Collins (actor)
–
Presenting The March of Time (Ray Collins at right)
Ray Collins (actor)
–
Ray Collins on the set of
Citizen Kane (1941)
40.
Warner Bros. Cartoons
–
Cartoons, Inc. was the in-house division of Warner Bros. Pictures during the Golden Age of American animation, one of the most successful animation studios in American media history, Warner Bros. Cartoons was primarily responsible for the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon short subjects, in 1944, Schlesinger sold the studio to Warner Bros. who continued to operate it as Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were briefly subcontracted to Frelengs DePatie-Freleng Enterprises studio from 1964 until 1967, Cartoons studio briefly re-opened in 1967 before shutting its doors for good two years later. That company continues to produce Looney Tunes-related works, in addition to television shows, hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising originated the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short subjects in 1930 and 1931, respectively. Both cartoon series were produced for Leon Schlesinger at the Harman-Ising Studio on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California, pictures releasing the films to theaters. The first Looney Tunes character was the Harman-Ising creation Bosko, The Talk-ink Kid, despite the fact that Bosko was popular among theater audiences, he could never match the popularity of Walt Disneys Mickey Mouse, or even Max Fleischers Betty Boop. In 1933, Harman and Ising parted company with Schlesinger over financial disputes, as a result, Schlesinger set up his own studio on the Warner Bros. lot on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. The Schlesinger studio got off to a start, continuing their one-shot Merrie Melodies. In 1935, Freleng helmed the Merrie Melodies cartoon I Havent Got a Hat, hardaway and King departed, and a new arrival at Schlesingers, Fred Tex Avery, took Frelengs creation and ran with it. Avery directed a string of cartoons starring Porky Pig that established the character as the studios first bona fide star, Schlesinger also gradually moved the Merrie Melodies cartoons from black and white, to two-strip Technicolor in 1934, and finally to full three-strip Technicolor in 1936. The Looney Tunes series would be produced in black-and-white for much longer, because of the limited spacing conditions in the Schlesinger building at 1351 N. From 1936 until 1944, animation directors and animators such as Freleng, Avery, Clampett, Jones, Arthur Davis, Robert McKimson, and Frank Tashlin worked at the studio. During this period, these creators introduced several of the most popular characters to date, including Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Bugs Bunny. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospective as the Looney Tune Lockout, by 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Productions as the most successful producer of animated shorts in the United States. Between 1942 and 1945, the Schelsinger studio produced a number of films for the United States military in support of its efforts in World War II, in 1944, Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. which renamed the company Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. and Edward Selzer, was appointed by Warner Bros. as the new head of the studio after Schlesinger retired. In September 1944 Frank Tashlin left, and in October 1946, tashlins unit was initially taken over by Robert McKimson who later took over Clampetts unit
Warner Bros. Cartoons
–
Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. Leon Schlesinger Productions
Warner Bros. Cartoons
–
Leon Schlesinger Productions studio
Warner Bros. Cartoons
–
Former Leon Schlesinger-Warner Bros. Cartoons studio 2003
41.
Merrie Melodies
–
Merrie Melodies is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. between 1931 and 1969, during the golden age of American animation. As with its parent series, Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies featured some of the most famous cartoon characters ever created, including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig and Elmer Fudd. Merrie Melodies was originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures from 1931 to 1933, Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies was outsourced to DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and Format Films from 1964 to 1967, cartoons resumed production for the series final two years. Three of the Merrie Melodies films won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, in 2013, TV Guide ranked the Warner Bros. Cartoons the third Greatest Cartoon of All Time, producer Leon Schlesinger had already produced one cartoon in the Looney Tunes series, based on music, and its success prompted him to try to sell a sister series to Warner Bros. His selling point was that the new cartoons would feature music from the soundtracks of Warner Bros. films and would serve as advertisements for Warner Bros. recordings. The studio agreed, and Schlesinger dubbed the series Merrie Melodies, walt Disney Productions had already scored with their Silly Symphonies. Since cartoon production usually began with a soundtrack, animating a piece of music made it easier to plot elements. The origins of the Merrie Melodies series begin with the failure of an action series of musical shorts called Spooney Melodies. These shorts were basically a type of music video that included segments with a popular artist singing along with appropriate background sequences. Warner Bros. wanted to promote this music because they had acquired the ownership of Brunswick Records along with four music publishers for US $28 million. Because of the success of their Looney Tunes series, Warner Bros. decided to develop a new series of animated shorts called Merrie Melodies. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising led the development and it was meant to be a series of musical cartoons that featured hit songs of the day, especially those then owned by Warner Bros. and featured in their musical films. In 1931, many of the featured the orchestra of Abe Lyman. The first cartoon of the new Merrie Melodies series was Lady, Ising attempted to introduce several characters in his Merrie Melodies films, such as Piggy, Foxy, and Goopy Geer. Eventually however, the series continued without any recurring characters, the shorts proved to be enormously popular with the public. In 1932, a Merrie Melodies cartoon, entitled Its Got Me Again. was nominated for the first Academy Award to be given for animation, when Harman and Ising left Warner Bros. in 1933, they took with them all rights to the characters they had created
Merrie Melodies
–
Title Card for Bingo Crosbyana
Merrie Melodies
–
The classic Merrie Melodies title card from the 1937 - 38 season.
42.
Cartoon
–
A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist, the concept originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, in the 21st century, cartoons could be published on the Internet. A cartoon is a drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster. Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom. In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations and this usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster, Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher, many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon. The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration, the sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites, although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels, editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are daily in newspapers worldwide. In the United States, they are not commonly called cartoons themselves, nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists
Cartoon
–
John Leech, Cartoon no.1: Substance and Shadow, 1843, satirized preparatory cartoons for frescoes in the Palace of Westminster, creating the modern meaning of "cartoon".
Cartoon
–
Example of a modern cartoon. The text was excerpted by cartoonist Greg Williams from the Wikipedia article on
Dr. Seuss.
Cartoon
–
Nast depicts the
Tweed Ring: "Who stole the people's money?" / "'Twas him."
43.
Tex Avery
–
Frederick Bean Tex Avery was an American animator, cartoonist, and director, known for producing animated cartoons during the golden age of American animation. His most significant work was for the Warner Bros, disneys cute and cuddly creatures, under Averys guidance, were transformed into unflappable wits like Bugs Bunny, endearing buffoons like Porky Pig, or dazzling crazies like Daffy Duck. Even the classic tale, a market that Disney had cornered, was appropriated by Avery. Averys style of directing encouraged animators to stretch the boundaries of the medium to do things in a cartoon that could not be done in the world of live-action film, an often-quoted line about Averys cartoons was, In a cartoon you can do anything. He also performed a great deal of work in his cartoons, usually throwaway bits. Avery was born to George Walton Avery and Mary Augusta Jessie in Taylor and his father was born in Alabama and his mother was born in Chickasaw County, Mississippi. His paternal grandparents were Needham Avery and his wife, Lucinda C and his maternal grandparents were Frederick Mumford Bean and his wife Minnie Edgar. His paternal great-grandparents were John Walton Avery and wife Elizabeth Brannon Avery, Avery, nicknamed Tex, Fred, and Texas, was born and raised in Taylor, Texas. Taylor was a town in the vicinity of Austin. Avery graduated in 1926 from North Dallas High School, a popular catchphrase at his school was Whats up, doc. which he would later utilize for Bugs Bunny in the 1940s. On January 1,1928, Avery arrived in Los Angeles and he spent the following months working in menial jobs. According to animation historian Michael Barrier, these jobs included working in a warehouse, working on the docks at night, loading fruits and vegetables and he began his animation career when hired by the short-lived Winkler studio. He was only an inker, inking cels for animated films in the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit series. Avery then moved to a new studio, Universal S tudio Cartoons (later known as Walter Lantz Productions and he was again employed as an inker, but moved rapidly up the studios hierarchy. By 1930, Avery had been promoted to the position of animator, Avery at the start of his animation career continued being employed by the Walter Lantz Studio in the early 1930s. He worked on the majority of the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons from 1931 to 1935 and he is shown as animator on the original title card credits on the Oswald cartoons. He later claimed to have directed two cartoons during this time, during some office horseplay at the Lantz studio, a thumbtack flew into Averys left eye and caused him to lose his sight in that eye. Some speculate it was his lack of perception that gave him his unique look at animation
Tex Avery
–
Tex Avery
44.
Egghead (Looney Tunes)
–
Elmer J. Fudd is a fictional cartoon character and one of the most famous Looney Tunes characters, and the de facto archenemy of Bugs Bunny. He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon and his aim is to hunt Bugs, but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters. He speaks in a way, replacing his Rs and Ls with Ws. Be vewy vewy quiet, Im hunting wabbits, as well as his trademark laughter, the best known Elmer Fudd cartoons include Chuck Jones masterpiece Whats Opera, Doc. The Rossini parody Rabbit of Seville, and the Hunting Trilogy of Rabbit Season/Duck Season shorts with Fudd, Bugs Bunny, an earlier character named Egghead set some of Elmers characteristics before the characters most famous trademarks were set. Tex Avery introduced a new character in his cartoon short Egghead Rides Again, Egghead initially was depicted as having a bulbous nose, funny/eccentric clothing, a voice like Joe Penner and an egg-shaped head. Many cartoon historians believe that Egghead evolved into Elmer over a period of a couple of years, Egghead made his second appearance in 1937s Little Red Walking Hood and then in 1938 teamed with Warner Bros. newest cartoon star Daffy Duck in Daffy Duck and Egghead. Egghead continued to make appearances in the Warner cartoons in 1938, such as in The Isle of Pingo Pongo and A-Lad-In Bagdad. In A Feud There Was, Egghead made his entrance riding a scooter with the words Elmer Fudd, Peacemaker displayed on the side. Egghead shifts from having a Moe Howard haircut to being bald, and wears a derby, a baggy suit. Egghead returned decades later in the compilation film Daffy Ducks Quackbusters. More recently, he made a cameo appearance at the end of Looney Tunes, Back in Action and was also given in his own story. One animation history suggests that the Egghead character was based on Ripleys Believe It or Not, cartoonist and entertainer Robert Ripley, while the name Elmer Fudd might have been a reference to the then-popular hunter Elmer Keith. In the 1939 cartoon Dangerous Dan McFoo, a new voice actor, Bryan, was hired to provide the voice of the hero dog character. It was in this cartoon that the popular voice of Elmer Fudd was created. Elmer Fudd has since been the chief force in the majority of the Bugs Bunny cartoons. Barrier notes, Elmer Fudd was not a version of his fellow Warner Bros. character Egghead. By Elmers being identified in a Warner publicity sheet for Cinderella Meets Fella as Eggheads brother, in 1940, Egghead–Elmers appearance was refined, giving him a chin and a less bulbous nose and Arthur Q
Egghead (Looney Tunes)
–
Elmer Fudd, resembling Egghead early in his career, is annoyed by
a rabbit in
Elmer's Candid Camera.
Egghead (Looney Tunes)
–
Elmer in
Rabbit Fire (1951)
Egghead (Looney Tunes)
–
The original voice of Elmer Fudd, Arthur Q. Bryan.
45.
Elmer Fudd
–
Elmer J. Fudd is a fictional cartoon character and one of the most famous Looney Tunes characters, and the de facto archenemy of Bugs Bunny. He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon and his aim is to hunt Bugs, but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters. He speaks in a way, replacing his Rs and Ls with Ws. Be vewy vewy quiet, Im hunting wabbits, as well as his trademark laughter, the best known Elmer Fudd cartoons include Chuck Jones masterpiece Whats Opera, Doc. The Rossini parody Rabbit of Seville, and the Hunting Trilogy of Rabbit Season/Duck Season shorts with Fudd, Bugs Bunny, an earlier character named Egghead set some of Elmers characteristics before the characters most famous trademarks were set. Tex Avery introduced a new character in his cartoon short Egghead Rides Again, Egghead initially was depicted as having a bulbous nose, funny/eccentric clothing, a voice like Joe Penner and an egg-shaped head. Many cartoon historians believe that Egghead evolved into Elmer over a period of a couple of years, Egghead made his second appearance in 1937s Little Red Walking Hood and then in 1938 teamed with Warner Bros. newest cartoon star Daffy Duck in Daffy Duck and Egghead. Egghead continued to make appearances in the Warner cartoons in 1938, such as in The Isle of Pingo Pongo and A-Lad-In Bagdad. In A Feud There Was, Egghead made his entrance riding a scooter with the words Elmer Fudd, Peacemaker displayed on the side. Egghead shifts from having a Moe Howard haircut to being bald, and wears a derby, a baggy suit. Egghead returned decades later in the compilation film Daffy Ducks Quackbusters. More recently, he made a cameo appearance at the end of Looney Tunes, Back in Action and was also given in his own story. One animation history suggests that the Egghead character was based on Ripleys Believe It or Not, cartoonist and entertainer Robert Ripley, while the name Elmer Fudd might have been a reference to the then-popular hunter Elmer Keith. In the 1939 cartoon Dangerous Dan McFoo, a new voice actor, Bryan, was hired to provide the voice of the hero dog character. It was in this cartoon that the popular voice of Elmer Fudd was created. Elmer Fudd has since been the chief force in the majority of the Bugs Bunny cartoons. Barrier notes, Elmer Fudd was not a version of his fellow Warner Bros. character Egghead. By Elmers being identified in a Warner publicity sheet for Cinderella Meets Fella as Eggheads brother, in 1940, Egghead–Elmers appearance was refined, giving him a chin and a less bulbous nose and Arthur Q
Elmer Fudd
–
Elmer Fudd, resembling Egghead early in his career, is annoyed by
a rabbit in
Elmer's Candid Camera.
Elmer Fudd
–
Elmer in
Rabbit Fire (1951)
Elmer Fudd
–
The original voice of Elmer Fudd, Arthur Q. Bryan.
46.
20th Century Fox
–
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
20th Century Fox
–
Logo used as of 2013
20th Century Fox
–
Entrance to 20th Century Fox studio lot.
20th Century Fox
–
Carmen Miranda in
The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.
20th Century Fox
–
Alice Faye,
Don Ameche, and
Carmen Miranda in
That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941.
47.
Film short
–
A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
Film short
–
William Garwood starred in numerous short films, many of which were only 20 minutes in length
48.
Titanic
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Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster, the first class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. A high-power radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger marconigrams and for the operational use. Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people—slightly more than half of the number on board, after leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, the collision caused the ships hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea, she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some members were evacuated in lifeboats. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a women and children first protocol for loading lifeboats, at 2,20 a. m. she broke apart and foundered—with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene, where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors. The disaster was greeted with shock and outrage at the huge loss of life. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to improvements in maritime safety. One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, which still governs maritime safety today. Additionally, several new regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications—which could have saved many more passengers. The wreck of Titanic, first discovered over 70 years after the sinking, remains on the seabed, since her discovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory is kept alive by numerous works of culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits. Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic, the name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Lines fleet, Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be back into her old spot on White Stars New York service after Titanics loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin
Titanic
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RMS Titanic departing
Southampton on 10 April 1912
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Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo
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Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station.
Titanic
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The gymnasium on the Boat Deck, which was equipped with the latest exercise machines
49.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
Paramount Pictures
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Logo used as of 2012
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures logo, based on a design by founder
William Wadsworth Hodkinson, from 1917 to 1967.
Paramount Pictures
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Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.
Paramount Pictures
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The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and
Popeye shorts.
50.
Indiana Jones
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Henry Indiana Jones Jr. is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the heroes of 1930s film serials. The character is featured in novels, comics, video games. Jones is also featured in the Disney theme park attraction, Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, the character is distinguished by his appearance, sense of humor, deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages, and fear of snakes. Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones has become one of cinemas most famous characters, in 2003, the American Film Institute ranked him the second greatest film hero of all time. He was also named the 6th Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine, Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture. Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries and these two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time, opened in 1995 and 2001, respectively, however, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Fords likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts. In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced with ones resembling Ford, Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a roller coaster engineered by Intamin, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a film production. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films, stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show. Also at Disneys Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction and he also attended the University of Chicago. In this first adventure, he is pitted against the Nazis, in consequence, Dr Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant. He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah, the Nazis are led by Joness archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent. In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and he is aided by Short Round, a young boy, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott. The film was a movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father
Indiana Jones
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Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones in
Raiders of the Lost Ark
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Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana Jones
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Action on the set of Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Orlando, Florida.
Indiana Jones
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Harrison Ford as the mature Jones in
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
