1.
Samsung Electronics
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(Korean, 삼성전자, Hanja, 三星電子 is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Suwon, South Korea. Through extremely complicated ownership structure with some circular ownership, it is the division of the Samsung Group. It is the second largest information technology company by revenue. Samsung Electronics has assembly plants and sales networks in 80 countries, since 2012, Kwon Oh-hyun has served as the companys CEO. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones and smartphones fueled by the popularity of its Samsung Galaxy line of devices, Samsung has been the worlds largest television manufacturer since 2006, and the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones since 2011. Samsung Electronics is a part of the South Korean economy. Samsung Electric Industries was established as an industry Samsung Group in 1969 in Suwon and its early products were electronic and electrical appliances including televisions, calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines. In 1970, Samsung Group established another subsidiary, Samsung-NEC, jointly with Japans NEC Corporation to manufacture home appliances, in 1974, the group expanded into the semiconductor business by acquiring Korea Semiconductor, one of the first chip-making facilities in the country at the time. The acquisition of Korea Telecommunications, a switching system producer, was completed at the start of the next decade in 1980. By 1981, Samsung Electric Industries had manufactured over 10 million black-and-white televisions, one year later, Samsung became the third company in the world to develop a 64 kb DRAM. Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in 1988, in the South Korean market, sales were initially poor and by the early 1990s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the countrys mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung. Samsungs mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mid-1990s, Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change strategy. The company shelved the production of many under-selling product lines and instead pursued a process of designing and manufacturing components, in addition, Samsung outlined a 10-year plan to shrug off its image as a budget brand and to challenge Sony as the worlds largest consumer electronics manufacturer. It was hoped in this way Samsung would gain an understanding of how products are made and this patient vertical integration strategy of manufacturing components has borne fruit for Samsung in the late-2000s. As Samsung shifted away from markets, the company devised a plan to sponsor major sporting events. One such sponsorship was for the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano, Samsung had a number of technological breakthroughs, particularly in the field of memory which are commonplace in most electrical products today. This includes the worlds first 64Mb DRAM in 1992,256 Mb DRAM in 1994, in 2004, Samsung developed the worlds first 8Gb NAND Memory chip and a manufacturing deal was struck with Apple in 2005. In 2005, Samsung Electronics surpassed its Japanese rival, Sony, for the first time to become the worlds twentieth-largest and most popular consumer brand, in 2007, Samsung Electronics became the worlds second-largest mobile-phone maker, overtaking Motorola for the first time
2.
Comparison of mobile phone standards
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A comparison of mobile phone standards can be done in many ways. Global System for Mobile Communications and IS-95 were the two most prevalent 2G mobile communication technologies in 2007, in 3G, the most prevalent technology was UMTS with CDMA-2000 in close contention. All radio access technologies have to solve the problems, to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users as efficiently as possible. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA for user and cell separation, UMTS, IS-95 and CDMA-2000 use CDMA. Time-division multiple access provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices, each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is using the channel at a specific moment. This is analogous to time-sharing on a computer server. Frequency-division multiple access provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies and this is used in GSM to separate cells, which then use TDMA to separate users within the cell. The receiver undoes the randomization to collect the bits together and produce the original data. As the codes are pseudorandom and selected in such a way as to cause interference to one another, multiple users can talk at the same time. This causes an added signal noise forcing all users to use more power, orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access uses bundling of multiple small frequency bands that are orthogonal to one another to provide for separation of users. The users are multiplexed in the domain by allocating specific sub-bands to individual users. This is often enhanced by also performing TDMA and changing the allocation periodically so that different users get different sub-bands at different times. For a classic example for understanding the difference of TDMA and CDMA. The room represents the available bandwidth, TDMA, A speaker takes turns talking to a listener, the speaker talks for a short time and then stops to let another couple talk. There is never more than one speaker talking in the room, the drawback is that it limits the practical number of discussions in the room. CDMA, any speaker can talk at any time, however uses a different language. Each listener can only understand the language of their partner, as more and more couples talk, the background noise gets louder, but because of the difference in languages, conversations do not mix
3.
GSM
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As of 2014 it has become the de facto global standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories. This expanded over time to include communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS. Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation UMTS standards followed by fourth-generation LTE Advanced standards, GSM is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the most common voice codec used, the decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States. In February 1987 Europe produced the very first agreed GSM Technical Specification, the MoU drew-in mobile operators from across Europe to pledge to invest in new GSM networks to an ambitious common date. In 1989, the Groupe Spécial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, in parallel, France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commission proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM, the former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri made the worlds first GSM call on July 1,1991, calling Kaarina Suonio using a network built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja. In the following year,1992, saw the sending of the first short messaging service message, work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993 called and DCS1800. Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, in the same year, the GSM Association formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998, in 2000 the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS-compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first UMTS network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part of GSM, worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first Multimedia Messaging Service were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational, EDGE services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004. By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the cellular network market. In 2005 the first HSDPA-capable network also became operational, the first HSUPA network launched in 2007. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008, GSM is a second-generation standard employing time-division multiple-Access spectrum-sharing, issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. GSM, for the first time, set a standard for Europe for wireless networks. It was also adopted by many countries outside Europe and this allowed subscribers to use other GSM networks that have roaming agreements with each other
4.
High Speed Packet Access
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A further improved 3GPP standard, Evolved High Speed Packet Access, was released late in 2008 with subsequent worldwide adoption beginning in 2010. The newer standard allows bit-rates to reach as high as 337 Mbit/s in the downlink and 34 Mbit/s in the uplink, however, these speeds are rarely achieved in practice. The first HSPA specifications supported increased peak data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s in the uplink. It also reduced latency and provided up to five times more capacity in the downlink. HSDPA has been introduced with 3GPP Release 5, which accompanies a improvement on the uplink providing a new bearer of 384 kbit/s. The previous maximum bearer was 128 kbit/s, as well as improving data rates, HSDPA also decreases latency and so the round trip time for applications. HSPA+ introduced in 3GPP Release 7 further increases data rates by adding 64QAM modulation, MIMO and Dual-Cell HSDPA operation, even higher speeds of up to 337.5 Mbit/s are possible with Release 11 of the 3GPP standards. The first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3GPP release 5, phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of 14.0 Mbit/s with significantly reduced latency. The improvement in speed and latency reduces the cost per bit, further new features are the High Speed Downlink Shared Channels, the adaptive modulation QPSK and 16QAM and the High Speed Medium Access protocol in base station. The upgrade to HSDPA is often just an update for WCDMA networks. In general voice calls are prioritized over data transfer. The following table is derived from table 5. 1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS25.306 and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. The per-cell per-stream data rate is limited by the Maximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTI, so for example Cat 10 can decode 27952 bits/2 ms =13.976 MBit/s. Categories 1-4 and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3, Dual-Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams, respectively. The data rates given in the table are rounded to one decimal point, further UE categories were defined from 3GGP Release 7 onwards as Evolved HSPA and are listed in Evolved HSDPA UE Categories. Notes, As of 28 August 2009,250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks support 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data throughput, a growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and 28 Mbit/s. CDMA2000-EVDO networks had the lead on performance, and Japanese providers were highly successful benchmarks for it
5.
LTE (telecommunication)
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In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements, the standard is developed by the 3GPP and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series. The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Advanced specification. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced, to differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as True 4G. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and is a trademark owned by ETSI for the wireless data communications technology. However, other nations and companies do play an role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of data networks using new DSP techniques. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, the evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to commence in 2013, additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s, LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, the simpler architecture results in lower operating costs. In 2004, NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE as the international standard, in September 2006, Siemens Networks showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an HDTV video in the downlink and playing a game in the uplink have been demonstrated
6.
Form factor (mobile phones)
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The form factor of a mobile phone is its size, shape, and style, as well as the layout and position of its major components. There are three major form factors – bar phones, flip phones, and sliders – as well as sub-categories of these forms, a bar phone takes the shape of a cuboid, usually with rounded corners and/or edges. The name is derived from the resemblance to a chocolate bar in size. This form factor is used by a variety of manufacturers, such as Nokia. Bar type mobile phones commonly have the screen and keypad on a single face, the Samsung SPH-M620 has a unique bar style, offering different devices on either side of the bar, a phone on one side, and a digital audio player on the other. Sony Ericsson also had a well-known MarsBar phone model CM-H333, brick is a slang term almost always used to refer to large, outdated bar-type phones, typically early mobile phones with large batteries and electronics. Such early mobile phones, such as the Motorola DynaTAC, have been displaced by newer models which offer greater portability thanks to smaller antennas. A slate or touchscreen phone is a subset of the bar form that, like a computer, has few physical buttons, instead relying upon a touchscreen. The first commercially available touchscreen phone was the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, the iPhone released in 2007 is largely responsible for the influence and achievement of this design as it is currently conceived. Since mid-2010s almost all come in touchscreen slate form. The phablet or smartlet is a subset of the slate/touchscreen, which in turn is a subset of the bar form, a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet, phablets are a class of mobile device designed to combine or straddle the functions of a smartphone and tablet. Phablets typically have screens that measure between 5.5 and 7, a flip or clamshell phone consists of two or more sections that are connected by hinges, allowing the phone to flip open then fold closed in order to become more compact. When flipped open, the speaker and microphone are placed closer to the operators ear and mouth. When flipped shut, the phone becomes smaller and more portable than when it is opened for use. Motorola was once owner of a trademark for the flip phone. Motorola was the manufacturer of the famed StarTAC flip phone, in 2010, Motorola introduced a different kind of flip phone with its Backflip smartphone. When closed, one side is the screen and the other is a physical QWERTY keyboard, the hinge is on a long edge of the phone instead of a short edge, and when flipped out the screen is above the keyboard. Clamshell came to be used as generic for this form factor, flip phone referred to phones that opened on the vertical axis
