1.
Order of Distinction
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The Order of Distinction is a national order in the Jamaican honours system. It is the sixth in order of precedence of the Orders of Societies of Honour, the motto of the Order is Distinction Through Service. The Order of Distinction is conferred upon citizens of Jamaica who have rendered outstanding and important services to Jamaica, the former are made Members of the Order, and the latter are made Honorary Members. The Order has two ranks, the class of Commander, and the lower class of Officer. Commanders take place and precedence immediately after Members and Honorary Members of the Order of Jamaica, a Member or Honorary Member may be promoted from the rank of Officer to that of Commander. Commanders of the Order of Distinction are entitled to use the post-nominal letters CD in the case of Members, officers of the Order of Distinction are entitled to use the post-nominal letters OD in the case of Members, or OD in the case of Honorary Members. Jamaican Dental Association National Awards of Jamaica
2.
Kingston, Jamaica
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Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States. The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation. Greater Kingston, or the Corporate Area refers to areas under the KSAC, however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish. Kingston Parish had a population of 96,052, and St. Andrew parish had a population of 555,828 in 2001, Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west, Stony Hill to the north, Papine to the northeast and Harbour View to the east, communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew. Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town, Mavis Bank, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, two parts make up the central area of Kingston, the historic Downtown, and New Kingston. Both are served by Norman Manley International Airport and also by the smaller, Kingston was founded in July 1692 as a place for survivors of the 1692 earthquake that destroyed Port Royal. Before the earthquake, Kingston’s functions were purely agricultural, the earthquake survivors set up a camp on the sea front. Approximately two thousand people died due to mosquito-borne diseases, initially the people lived in a tented camp on Colonel Barrys Hog Crawle. The town did not begin to grow until after the destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, by 1716 it had become the largest town and the centre of trade for Jamaica. The government sold land to people with the regulation that they no more than the amount of the land that they owned in Port Royal. Gradually wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the lands north on the plains of Liguanea. The first free school, Wolmerss, was founded in 1729 and there was a theatre, first on Harbour Street, in 1755 the governor, Sir Charles Knowles, had decided to transfer the government offices from Spanish Town to Kingston. It was thought by some to be a location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston. By the end of the 18th century, the city contained more than 3,000 brick buildings, the harbour fostered trade, and played part in several naval wars of the 18th century
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Reggae fusion
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Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass. Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970s, artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed. It was not until the late 1990s when the term was coined, the subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, for some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for such as UB40. This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U. S, traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000. The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as Baby Boy, Breathe, Like Glue and Make It Clap, among many others. His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, Get Busy & Temperature. In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits All That She Wants, The Sign, other Eurodance artists such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regularly fused their style with Reggae as well. The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell Skatta Burrell, Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, Ramping Shop by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year. Holiday was also nominated and won for the Best Collaboration, in 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called Ranch Entertainment. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012 and its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture. While On A Mission was recognized as the official song and was applauded by some. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying It doesnt represent Jamaica 50, it doesnt reflect our culture or where our music is coming from. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight. Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic
7.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
8.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
9.
MCA Records
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MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s
10.
Universal Music Group
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Universal Music Group is an American-French global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. UMGs global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California and it is considered one of the Big Three record labels, along with Warner Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment. Universal Music was once the music attached to film studio Universal Pictures and its origins go back to the formation of the American branch of Decca Records in September 1934. The Decca Record Co. Ltd. of England spun American Decca off in 1939, MCA Inc. merged with American Decca in 1962. The present organization was formed when its parent company Seagram purchased PolyGram in May 1998, however, the name had first appeared in 1996 when MCA Music Entertainment Group was renamed Universal Music Group. The PolyGram acquisition included Deutsche Grammophon which traces its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone making Deutsche Grammophon UMGs oldest unit, UMGs Canadian unit traces its ancestry to a Berliner Gramophone breakaway firm the Compo Company. With the 2004 acquisition of Universal Studios by General Electric and merging with GEs NBC and this is the second time a music company has done so, the first being the separation of Time Warner and Warner Music Group. On June 25,2007, Vivendi completed its €1.63 billion purchase of BMG Music Publishing, after receiving European Union regulatory approval, doug Morris stepped down from his position as CEO on January 1,2011. Former chairman/CEO of Universal Music International Lucian Grainge was promoted to CEO of the company, Grainge later replaced him as chairman on March 9,2011. Morris became the chairman of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1,2011. With Grainges appointment as CEO at UMG, Max Hole was promoted to COO of UMGI, starting in 2011 UMGs Interscope Geffen A&M Records will be signing contestants from American Idol/Idol series. On January 2011, UMG announced it was donating 200,000 master recordings from the 1920s to 1940s to the Library of Congress for preservation, in March 2011, Barry Weiss became chairman & CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group & Universal Republic Records. Both companies are restructuring under Weiss, in December 2011, David Foster was named Chairman of Verve Music Group. Among the other companies that had competed for the music business was Warner Music Group which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid. However, IMPALA has said it would fight the merger, coincidentally, UMG sister company StudioCanal has owned the EMI Films library for several years. On September 21,2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in Europe, UMG divested Mute Records, Parlophone, Roxy Recordings, MPS Records, Cooperative Music, Now Thats What I Call Music. Jazzland, Universal Greece, Sanctuary Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Classics, Virgin Classics, the Beatles recorded music library was allowed to remain with UMG despite being considered part of Parlophone and is now managed by UMGs reorganized Capitol Music Group worldwide. Robbie Williams, who had recorded for Chrysalis, had his transferred to Universals Island Records
11.
Sting (musician)
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Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE, better known by his stage name Sting, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He was the songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band The Police from 1977 to 1984. He has included elements of rock, jazz, reggae, classical, new-age and he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording, in 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music, and was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014. He was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017, with The Police, Sting became one of the worlds best-selling music artists. Solo and with The Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records, in 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1s 100 greatest artists of rock, and he grew up near Wallsends shipyards, which made an impression on him. At eight or ten years old, he was inspired by the Queen Mother waving at him from a Rolls-Royce to divert from the shipyard prospect towards a more glamorous life. He helped his father deliver milk and by ten was obsessed with an old Spanish guitar left by a friend of his father. He attended St Cuthberts Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne and he visited nightclubs such as Club AGogo to see Cream and Manfred Mann, who influenced his music. After being a bus conductor, building labourer and tax officer, he attended Northern Counties College of Education from 1971 to 1974 and he taught at St Pauls First School in Cramlington for two years. Sting performed jazz in the evening, weekends and during breaks from college and he played with the Phoenix Jazzmen, Newcastle Big Band, and Last Exit. He gained his nickname after his habit of wearing a black, bandleader Gordon Solomon thought he looked like a bee, which prompted the name Sting. In the 1985 documentary Bring on the Night a journalist called him Gordon, to which he replied, My children call me Sting, my mother calls me Sting, in Time in 2011 he said, I was never called Gordon. You could shout Gordon in the street and I would just move out of your way, in January 1977, Sting moved from Newcastle to London and joined Stewart Copeland and Henry Padovani to form The Police. From 1978 to 1983 they had five UK chart-topping albums, won six Grammy Awards and their initial sound was punk-inspired, but they switched to reggae rock and minimalist pop. Their final album, Synchronicity, was nominated for five Grammy Awards including Album of the Year and it included their most successful song, Every Breath You Take, written by Sting, in 1983. While never formally breaking up, after Synchronicity the group agreed to concentrate on solo projects, as the years went by, the band members, particularly Sting, dismissed the possibility of reforming
12.
Major Lazer
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Major Lazer is an American electronic music trio composed of record producer Diplo, Jillionaire, and Walshy Fire. It was founded by Diplo and Switch, but Switch left in 2011 and its music spans numerous genres, mixing reggae with dancehall, reggaeton, house, and moombahton. Major Lazer has released three albums, Guns Dont Kill People. Lazers Do in 2009, Free the Universe in 2013, and it also released an EP entitled Apocalypse Soon in March 2014, which featured vocal contributions from Pharrell Williams and Sean Paul. Major Lazer has also produced Reincarnated, the reggae album by Snoop Dogg under his Snoop Lion persona. Originally made up of DJs Diplo and Switch, the two were introduced while working with M. I. A, the duos first album Guns Dont Kill People. Lazers Do was released on 16 June 2009, on Downtown Records and it was recorded in Jamaica at Tuff Gong Studios. This is the first release to come out of the partnership between Downtown Records and Diplos label Mad Decent. Major Lazer ended a US tour last summer, the albums first single was Hold the Line, the video for which, directed by Eric Wareheim, was nominated for a MTV Video Award in the Breakthrough Video category. Hold the Line was also featured in the video game FIFA10, the track Zumbie has a music video that features comedian Andy Milonakis. Music videos for the songs Pon de Floor, Keep It Going Louder, in June 2009, Major Lazer were featured for the first time on the cover of the publication The FADER, in its 62nd issue. Major Lazer performed at the Falls Music & Arts Festival on 30 December 2009 and they also performed at the Pitchfork Music Festival in July 2010 and the Sasquatch Music Festival on Monday 30 May 2011. Live visuals were created by Pomp&Clout, Major Lazer performed at the 2011 Outside Lands festival in San Francisco. A mixtape with La Roux entitled Lazerproof was made available for download on 26 May. Diplo posted cover art on his Twitpic and it is the character Major Lazer in War Machines silver suit, Elly Jackson of La Roux in the signature Iron Man suit, and Whiplash, the villain in the Iron Man 2 movie. On 20 June 2010, the released a EP titled Lazers Never Die. It contained two new songs and three remixes, by Thom Yorke and others, Switch provided production for Beyoncés Run the World, which sampled Pon de Floor. Major Lazer also features in the track, Look at Where We Are, from the version of Hot Chips album In Our Heads
13.
Ne-Yo
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Shaffer Chimere Smith, better known by his stage name Ne-Yo, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor. Ne-Yo gained fame for his abilities when he penned his 2004 hit Let Me Love You for singer Mario. The singles successful release in the United States prompted a meeting between Ne-Yo and Def Jams label head, and the signing of a recording contract. Ne-Yos debut album was In My Own Words, released in 2006, the album was critically successful, reaching number one on the Billboard 200. It is certified platinum in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Ne-Yos first single Stay, was released in September 2005. The song was a success on the R&B charts, but failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and his second single, So Sick was first released in November 2005. In the US, it was a success, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100. When Youre Mad and Sexy Love were released afterwards from the album in 2006, reaching number 15 and number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In April 2007, Ne-Yo released his studio album, Because of You. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards, Ne-Yos third studio album, Year of the Gentleman, was released internationally in August 2008. Year of the Gentleman has been certified platinum twice in the US, the third single, Mad, peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Ne-Yos fourth studio album, Libra Scale was released in November 2010, though Libra Scale reached number one in the UK R&B Singles and Albums Charts, number 9 on the US Billboard 200, it sold less than the previous albums. Three single were released from the album, UK number-one hit Beautiful Monster, as well the R&B singles Champagne Life, Ne-Yo released his fifth album, R. E. D. in November 2012. His mainstream lead single Let Me Love You, released in July 2012, was certified platinum in US, Ne-Yo released his sixth album Non-Fiction in January 2015. On July 12,2016, Ne-Yo was a guest judge on NBCs Americas Got Talent judge cuts, Shaffer Smith was born in Camden, Arkansas. His father is of African American and Chinese descent, and his mother is African-American, as a young child, he was raised by his mother after she separated from his father. In hopes of better opportunity, his mother relocated the family to Las Vegas, Nevada. While in the Las Vegas Academy, Smith adopted the stage name GoGo and joined an R&B group called Envy, the group disbanded in 2000, and Smith continued to write songs for other artists before starting his solo career
14.
Sean Paul
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Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques, is a Jamaican rapper, singer, songwriter, musician, producer and actor. Sean Paul was born in Kingston, Jamaica to parents Garth and his mother is a well-known painter. His paternal grandfather is from a family that had emigrated from Portugal and his grandmother was Afro-Caribbean, his mother is of English. Sean Paul was raised as a Catholic, though aware that his grandfather came from an old respected Jamaican Jewish family, many members of his family are swimmers. His grandfather was on the first Jamaican mens national water polo team and his father also played water polo for the team in the 1960s, and competed in long-distance swimming, while Pauls mother was a backstroke swimmer. Paul played for the water polo team from the age of 13 to 21. Harding eventually met the singer when Paul came by his studio to ask for some advice, during the meeting Paul recorded a vocal over Hardings rhythm track and in the process created the song Baby Girl. Paul began hanging out at the every day, and the pair collaborated on several more tracks. When they recorded Infiltrate they decided they had something good enough to get on the radio, as Sean Paul started to attract local attention, Harding began looking after his affairs. He later told HitQuarters that his support of Pauls fledgling career initially led him assuming the roles of DJ, manager, road manager, Paul made a quick cameo appearance in the 1998 film Belly on stage performing. He made a successful collaboration with DMX & Mr. Vegas as a soundtrack of the film. In 2000, Paul released his album, Stage One with VP Records. In 2002, he began working extensively with a team of producers and choreographers from Toronto, namely Jae Blaze and Blaze Entertainment and announced the release of his second album, Dutty Rock. Pushed by the success of the singles Gimme the Light and the Billboard Hot 100 topper, Get Busy, the album Dutty Rock won the Reggae Album of the year at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2004. His single Get Busy was also nominated for best Rap Song in that year, simultaneously, Sean Paul was heard on Beyoncés U. S. #1 single Baby Boy and Blu Cantrells Breathe, a chart hit in Europe. Both helped to push his reputation further still in the United States and he appeared on Punkd,106 & Park, Sean Paul Respect, Making the Video and his music videos have been broadcast on MTV and BET. Pauls third album The Trinity was released on 27 September 2005, the album produced five big hits, We Be Burnin, Ever Blazin, Give It Up to Me, Never Gonna Be the Same and the U. S. chart-topping smash hit Temperature. The video of Give It Up to Me was featured in the movie Step Up in 2006 and he also won an American Music Award for Give It Up to Me beating Kanye West and Nick Lachey who were also nominated for the award
15.
Mohombi
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Mohombi Nzasi Moupondo, known professionally as Mohombi, is a Swedish-Congolese singer-songwriter and dancer. He grew up in Kista near Stockholm, Mohombi was RedOnes first signing to 2101 Records in joint venture with Universal Music Group. From 2000 to 2008 Mohombi was part of the Swedish hip hop group Avalon with his brother Djo Moupondo, Mohombi released his debut solo single Bumpy Ride in August 2010. The single became a worldwide Hit, sold gold & platinum and charted top-ten in several countries, Mohombi was born to a Swedish mother and a Congolese father. Raised in the Congo, Mohombi and his family escaped the country for Stockholm. When he turned 20 years old, Mohombi rented a room in Radio 1 UAEs Simon Bs childhood house just to get to him better. His parents regularly exposed him to varied musical influences early on in his childhood so that Mohombi soon developed his passion for song. Mohombi studied at Rytmus Music High School in Stockholm and made his debut at seventeen in the Swedish revival production of the cult show Wild Side Story. He pursued his studies and obtained his bachelors degree in music and he speaks Swedish, French, English, Swahili, Spanish and Lingala. It debuted at nine on the Swedish Singles Chart. In Los Angeles Mohombi was introduced through friends to producer RedOne, the singers debut single, Bumpy Ride is the first release on RedOnes label 2101 Records, a joint venture with Universal. It was released in the United States on 24 August 2010, Mohombi released Miss Me as his debut single in the United Kingdom on 31 October 2010. His third single called Dirty Situation was released in Europe on 11 November, Dirty Situation is played at the beginning and then again later on in the middle of the music video for Miss Me. Mohombis debut album, MoveMeant was released in Europe Monday 28 February 2011, Mohombi features on track Hula hoop of the 2011 release of Stella Mwangi album Kinanda. Mohombis single, Coconut Tree features Nicole Scherzinger, on 2 September 2011 Mohombi released another single called Maraca on iTunes in Sweden. Mohombi also recorded the song Suave with Nayer & Pitbull and he was nominated for Best Swedish Act at the 2011 European Music Awards in Belfast. This Must Be Pop listed him 7th in their Top 10 of 2012, on 16 December 2011, he appeared as musical guest on The Voice of Romania
16.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
17.
Oh Carolina
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Oh Carolina is a 1958 song by John Folkes recorded by the Folkes Brothers in 1960 and by Shaggy in 1993. The original version of the song was recorded by Jamaican vocal trio the Folkes Brothers, the song was written by John Folkes in 1958 about his girlfriend. The group had met Buster while auditioning at Duke Reids liquor store, according to the brothers, Buster paid them £60 for the recording. The tracks piano riff was performed by Owen Gray, the single was licensed to Blue Beat Records for release in the UK in 1961. The two tracks on the single were the songs recorded by The Folkes Brothers as a trio. Mico and Junior Folkes re-recorded the song without John for the 2011 album Dont Leave Me Darling, oh Carolina was later reissued on the Prince Buster label. The song was recorded in 1973 by Count Ossie, on his album Grounation. Oh Carolina was recorded by Jamaican musician Shaggy, and released as the single from his 1993 debut album Pure Pleasure. Produced by Sting International, it became an international hit, in the United Kingdom, it became the first of Shaggys four chart-topping singles, spending two weeks at the summit of the UK Singles Chart in March 1993. The song fared well in the United States, peaking at number fifty nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song received major airplay on American alternative rock radio. Shaggys version also appeared on the soundtrack of the 1993 film Sliver, following the success of Shaggys version, John Folkes was involved in a legal dispute with Prince Buster over the authorship. Folkes claim was upheld in the UK high court in 1994, in 1993, Vic Sotto, Francis Magalona, Richie DHorsie and Michael V. covers a tagalog version of the same song from the movie Ano Ba Yan. In February 1995, South Korean pop-group Roora released a Korean version, with the title 날개 잃은 천사
18.
Boombastic (song)
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Boombastic is a song released by Jamaican-American musical artist Shaggy from his third studio album, Boombastic. Released in June 1995, the single achieved success in many countries, including Ireland, UK, Sweden, New Zealand, and Australia. It spent a week at one on the U. S. Billboard R&B chart. It also reached three on the Billboard Hot 100. A remix featuring Sting International features a sample of Marvin Gayes Lets Get It On was released in January 1996, the latter is featured on some versions of the Boombastic album as a bonus track. Boombastic gained popularity after being featured in a popular Levis television commercial, the song is featured in the films Barnyard, Mr. Beans Holiday, George of the Jungle, and The Wild Thornberrys Movie. Boombastic also appears in a 2015 Tide detergent commercial from the Philippines featuring Alden Richards and it is also featured in the video game Donkey Konga 2. In 2016, it reappeared in a Chase Bank television commercial
19.
It Wasn't Me
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It Wasnt Me is the first single from Jamaican-American reggae artist Shaggys multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot. The song features vocals from English-Jamaican singer Rikrok, the lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend caught him having sex with another woman. His friends advice is to deny everything, despite evidence to the contrary. It was the single of 2001 in the United Kingdom, selling over 1.15 million copies that year. The song was featured on the 2001 compilation album Now Thats What I Call Music. 6 In the U. S. the song was the first #1 single of the 21st century according to Billboard Magazine, the lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having sex with another woman. His friends advice is to deny everything, despite evidence to the contrary. Ultimately, the narrator says that the advice makes no sense at all and it Wasnt Me was originally never intended to be released as a single. He played the song on American radio the day, and in an interview, claimed. Within a couple of days, it was our number-one requested song, the song was then released as the albums first single in September 2000, following its radio success. The song is written in the key of C, in the Mixolydian mode, the song was spoofed by Bob Rivers, as Shaggy One Handed, making a reference to the Scooby-Doo character, Shaggy Rogers. The video focused on him being caught masturbating by his mother, the song was also spoofed on Svengoolie. On The Chris Moyles Show, the song was used as a call with Shaggy trying to book a taxi. It Wasnt Me was Shaggys first number-one hit in the United States, the song peaked at number two for two weeks from December 16,2000 to December 23,2000. On December 30,2000, it was bumped down one position to number three and it moved back up to the number two spot on January 4,2001. The song also reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 4,2001, selling 345,000 copies and it also reached number one in Australia on April 1,2001. It is also the 11th biggest selling single of the 21st century in the United Kingdom, as of August 2014, it is the 49th best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 399,500 units sold. The music video was directed by Stephen Scott and it starts out with Rikrok running to Shaggys mansion to explain to him what has just happened
20.
Angel (Shaggy song)
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Angel is a song by Jamaican reggae artist Shaggy featuring Rayvon. It was the follow-up to Shaggys US number-one hit It Wasnt Me, the song uses the bass line from The Joker by Steve Miller. The chorus melody is from Angel of the Morning, written by Chip Taylor and originally recorded by singer Evie Sands yet perhaps best known as sung by country pop artist Juice Newton. The song debuted at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending December 30,2000. The song first entered the top 40 at No.39 on the week ending January 20,2001. It peaked at No.1 on the chart on the week ending March 31,2001 for one week and it was the 17th most successful song of 2001 in the United States. It has sold 1,494,000 digital copies in the US as of April 2016, the song also reached number one in the United Kingdom, as well as number one in Australia, making the song an international chart topper. The success following the release, saw Shaggy clock up his second American and it was also a European success, at one point simultaneously topping the charts in the German-speaking territories of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It remains as his last successful single internationally, the music video was directed by Cameron Casey. German singer Max Raabe and Palast Orchester covered the song in a big band style, for his 2001 album, in 2001, the parody song You Ripped Off Angel was released by Adam Posegate and received airplay on the Dr. Demento Show. R&B artist Bei Maejor did a version of this song sampling the chorus and it appeared on his mixtape Upsideown2
21.
Shaggy Rogers
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Norville Shaggy Rogers is a fictional character in the Scooby-Doo franchise. He is a slacker and the long-time best friend and owner of his cowardly Great Dane Scooby-Doo. Shaggy is more interested in eating than solving mysteries and he and Scooby are the only characters to appear in all iterations of the franchise. Shaggy has a speech pattern, marked by his frequent use of the filler word like and. His nickname derives from the style of his sandy-blond hair. He also sports a rough goatee and his distinctive clothing consists of a green v-neck T-shirt and brownish red bell-bottom pants. In The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo and early made-for-TV movies, he wore a red v-neck, both Scooby and Shaggy are readily bribed with Scooby Snacks due to their mutual big appetites. Both display tendencies toward loafing and cowardice, both justify their hunger by insisting that Being in a constant state of terror makes us constantly hungry. Shaggys favorite dish is extra cheese pizza with pickles, due to being in track he has shown, in some instances, to be able to run even faster than Scooby, even when the latter is running on all fours. An early episode A Clue for Scooby-Doo reveals that his taste for unlikely food combinations is a consequence of an infant Shaggy receiving a garbage disposal unit for his first toy. In Scooby-Doo. and the Monster of Mexico, Fred states that the reason Shaggy eats so much is his high metabolism, camp Scare, in frustration at being trapped, he shakes the iron bars of an old-fashioned jail cell so hard they collapse. Shaggys typical immediate reaction to experiences or perceptions of supposed supernatural occurrences is terror-struck cowardice and this was explained in the Legend of the Phantosaur as a possible type of panic disorder, in this instance, he was temporarily cured with hypnotherapy. Krebs, as played by Bob Denver, Casey Kasem, the first voice actor for Shaggy, said that he originally felt uncomfortable after being assigned to Shaggy. Kasem stated that while he was hip to what hippies were about, Kasem had wanted to portray Fred Jones, and Frank Welker had wanted to portray Shaggy. Instead, the CBS network assigned Kasem to Shaggy and Welker to Fred, Kasem stated that as he continued to voice Shaggy, the character evolved. Kasem explained that the voice dynamics improved and that his laughs increasingly gained quality, Kasem added that Shaggy in 2002 is more frightened today than he was at the beginning. Kasem convinced the producers that Shaggy should be a vegetarian, like himself, radio disc-jockey, comedian, and actor Casey Kasem created the characters voice. Kasem voiced Shaggy for 28 years, from Scooby-Doo, Where Are You. in 1969 until the Bravo Dooby Doo episode of Johnny Bravo in 1997
22.
Scooby-Doo
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Scooby-Doo is an American animated cartoon franchise, comprising several animated television series produced from 1969 to the present day. The original series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You. was created for Hanna-Barbera Productions by writers Joe Ruby, following the success of the original series, Hanna-Barbera and its successor Warner Bros. –produced theatrical feature films. Scooby-Doo was originally broadcast on CBS from 1969 to 1975, when it moved to ABC, ABC aired the show until canceling it in 1986, and presented a spin-off featuring the characters as children, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, from 1988 until 1991. New Scooby-Doo series aired as part of Kids WB on The WB Network and its successor, The CW Network, Mystery Incorporated aired on Cartoon Network from 2010 to 2013, and Be Cool, Scooby-Doo. Debuted on Cartoon Network in 2015, repeats of the various Scooby-Doo series are broadcast frequently on Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang in the United States as well as other countries. In 2013, TV Guide ranked Scooby-Doo the fifth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time, in 1968, parent-run organizations, particularly Action for Childrens Television, began to protest about what they perceived as excessive violence in Saturday morning cartoons. Members of these served as advisers to Hanna-Barbera and other animation studios to ensure that their new programs would be safe for children. The result was The Archie Show, based upon Bob Montanas teenage humor comic book Archie, also successful were the musical numbers The Archies performed during each program. When The Mysteries Five were not performing at gigs, they were out solving spooky mysteries involving ghosts, zombies, Ruby and Spears were unable to decide whether Too Much would be a large cowardly dog or a small feisty dog. Silverman rejected their initial pitch, and after consulting with Barbera on next steps, lead character designer Takamoto, while designing the characters, consulted a studio colleague who happened to be a breeder of Great Danes. Ruby and Spears second pass at the show used Dobie Gillis as the template for the rather than Archie. The treatment retained the dog Too Much, while reducing the number of teenagers to four, removing the Mike character and retaining Geoff, Kelly, Linda, and W. W. As their personalities were modified, so were the names, Geoff became Ronnie – later renamed Fred, Kelly became Daphne, Linda Velma. The teens were now based on four characters from The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Dobie Gillis, Thalia Menninger, Zelda Gilroy and Maynard G. Krebs. The revised show was re-pitched to Silverman, who liked the material but, disliking the title Mysteries Five, Silverman presented Whos S-S-Scared. to the CBS executives as the centerpiece for the upcoming 1969–70 seasons Saturday morning cartoon block. CBS president Frank Stanton felt that the artwork was too scary for young viewers and, thinking the show would be the same. The rock band element was dropped, and more attention was focused upon Shaggy, the revised show was re-presented to CBS executives, who approved it for production. Made its CBS network debut on Saturday, September 13,1969 with its first episode, Scoobys speech patterns closely resembled an earlier cartoon dog, Astro from The Jetsons, also voiced by Messick
23.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
24.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991
25.
Dancehall
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Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, in the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably, with digital dancehall becoming increasingly characterized by faster rhythms. Dancehall music saw mainstream success in Jamaica throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, by the 2010s, dancehall began to heavily influence the work of established Western artists producers which has helped to further bring the genre into the Western music mainstream. Dancehall is named after Jamaican dance halls in which popular Jamaican recordings were played by local sound systems and they began in the late 1940s among people from the inner city of Kingston, who were not able to participate in dances uptown. Themes of social injustice, repatriation and the Rastafari movement were overtaken by lyrics about dancing, violence, around the same time, producer Don Mais was reworking old rhythms at Channel One Studios, using the Roots Radics band. Sound systems such as Killimanjaro, Black Scorpio, Gemini Disco, Virgo Hi-Fi, Volcano Hi-Power and Aces International soon capitalized on the new sound, deejay records became, for the first time, more important than records featuring singers. The early 1980s also saw the emergence of female deejays in dancehall music, such as Lady G, Lady Saw, other female dancehall stars include artistes like Diana King and in the late 1990s to the 2000s Ce Cile, Spice, Macka Diamond and more. In the mid-1980s, French Caribbean group Kassav, the first in the Caribbean to use MIDI technology, King Jammys 1985 hit, Sleng Teng by Wayne Smith, with an entirely-digital rhythm hook took the dancehall reggae world by storm. Many credit this song as being the first digital rhythm in reggae, however, this is not entirely correct since there are earlier examples of digital productions, such as Horace Fergusons single Sensi Addict produced by Prince Jazzbo in 1984. The Sleng Teng rhythm was used in over 200 subsequent recordings and this deejay-led, largely synthesized chanting with musical accompaniment departed from traditional conceptions of Jamaican popular musical entertainment. Dub poet Mutabaruka said, if 1970s reggae was red, green and gold and it was far removed from reggaes gentle roots and culture, and there was much debate among purists as to whether it should be considered an extension of reggae. This shift in style again saw the emergence of a new generation of artists, such as Buccaneer, Capleton and Shabba Ranks, the deejays became more focused on violence, with Bounty Killer, Mad Cobra, Ninjaman and Buju Banton becoming major figures in the genre. By the early 2000s, dancehall inspired pop music saw increased popularity in Jamaica, as well as in the United States and international markets. This was first seen with artists, such as Sean Paul whos single Get Busy became the first dancehall single to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The late 2000s saw domestic success for artists, such as Popcaan, Vybz Kartel, Konshens, Mr. Vegas. Donna P. Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview, such a drastic change in the popular music of the region generated an equally radical transformation in fashion trends, specifically those of its female faction. In lieu of traditional, modest rootsy styles, as dictated by Rastafari-inspired gender roles, women began donning flashy and this transformation is said to coincide with the influx of slack lyrics within dancehall, which objectified women as apparatuses of pleasure. These women would team up others to form modeling posses, or dancehall model groups
26.
Ska
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Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and it is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement Coxsone Dodd, some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods, later it became popular with many skinheads. There are multiple theories about the origins of the word ska, ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the skat. skat. skat. Ranglin asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes chink-ka and the latter goes ka-chink, a further theory is that it derives from Johnsons word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends. Jackie Mittoo insisted that the called the rhythm Staya Staya. Dominos rhythm, accentuating the offbeat as in the song Be My Guest, was a particular influence, to meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. Drums kept 4/4 time and the drum was accented on the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase, the upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso. One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release, the guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles, to create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga. Until Jamaica ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and this created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was Millie Smalls version of the R&B/shuffle tune, Smalls rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaicas first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. The Wailers covered The Beatles And I Love Her, and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone and they also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as Mongo Santamaria
27.
Sliver (film)
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Sliver is a 1993 erotic thriller film based on the Ira Levin novel of the same name about the mysterious occurrences in a privately owned New York high-rise apartment building. Phillip Noyce directed the film, from a screenplay by Joe Eszterhas, because of a major battle with the MPAA, the filmmakers were forced to make extensive reshoots before release. These reshoots actually necessitated changing the killers identity, the film stars Sharon Stone, William Baldwin and Tom Berenger. According to the movie, the tall and narrow building is located at 113 East 38th Street in Manhattan, placing it at 38th Street. The actual building used in the film is known as Morgan Court, located at 211 Madison Avenue New York, one block west, the building has since become a condominium development. It was built in 1985 and has 32 floors, while the movie made use of the buildings courtyard, the lobby was a Los Angeles film set. When he signed on to direct the film, Phillip Noyce remarked I liked the script a lot, or at least, I liked the idea of jumping on the Joe Eszterhas bandwagon. Carly Norris moves into an exclusive New York residential building, not long after the tenant, Naomi Singer. She immediately crosses paths with other tenants including the handsome Zeke, Carly and Zeke soon start meeting quite often, Carly eventually agrees to go to the gym with Zeke, who begins to turn her on by grabbing her hips while exercising. After hanging out for a while, they end up having sex, Carly is also being romantically pursued by Jack, a novelist who is another resident of her building. Two of Carlys neighbors die under suspicious circumstances, as she discovers more about Zeke and Jack, she begins to distrust both and also uncovers shocking secrets about other people who live around her. Carly eventually finds out that Jack killed Naomi because of his jealousy of Zeke, although she is both curious about and disturbed by the cameras, she sees footage of Zeke having sex with Naomi, as well as the murder of Naomi by Jack. Carly eventually destroys Zekes surveillance room and his video monitors, telling him to get a life before leaving him and he then veers the aircraft into the volcano as the end credits roll and leaves the audience to decide whether they survive. Preview audiences disliked the idea of the heroine turning immoral, all the film from the cameramen who actually crashed into a volcano in Hawaii and narrowly escaped death was removed. However, when Paramount released the version to video there was no male frontal nudity included. When originally released on VHS, the film was released in both an R-rated and an unrated version, in March 2006, to coincide with the theatrical release of Basic Instinct 2, which starred Stone, Sliver was released on DVD, this time unrated only. There are no features and although the film was presented theatrically in the 2.35 aspect ratio. In May 2006 an R-rated for-rent-only version was released to rental outlets, in 2013, the film was released on Blu-ray Disc, using the same matted 2.10 aspect ratio version of the R-rated theatrical cut
28.
Frankie Cutlass
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Frank Javiel Malave, better known by his stage name Frankie Cutlass, is an American Platinum producer, DJ, rapper, musician, writer, and remixer from Harlem, New York, United States. He is best known for his hits Puerto Rico Ho and Shake Whatcha Mama Gave Ya. Frankie Cutlass was born and raised in New York Citys Spanish Harlem also known as El Barrio, to Puerto Rican parents Delia Rivera Malave, a housewife, and Firpo Malave from Cayey, Puerto Rico. The youngest of nine children, he was raised in the housing development as actor. It was Cutlass brother who first inspired him to DJ, shortly after, he started working as a DJ at local parties and clubs. Cutlass first hit the scene at the age of 15 and one year later left school to embrace a full-time music career. He soon moved into production as well, working with Freestyle music artists such as TKA, K-7, Sa-Fire, The Cover Girls, George Lamond, Judy Torres, and Lisette Melendez. In 1994, Cutlass used his own label, Hoody Records, to produce The Frankie Cutlass Show, from which his single Puerto Rico played on the underground club circuit. By the mid-1990s, Cutlass was a member of the Funkmaster Flex team The Flip Squad and started spinning at special events, frankies interest had expanded into production as well as leading him to work with popular artists such as Notorious B. I. O. P. Keith Murray, Heltah Skeltah, the Lost Boyz and Roxanne Shanté, the third single, The Cypher, Pt.3, reunited several veterans of Marley Marl productions, including Biz Markie, Roxanne Shanté, Big Daddy Kane, and Craig G. His music found its way to success when Freak It Out by Doug E. Fatboy Slims Ya Mama featured in the Charlies Angels Part 1 soundtrack. In 2006 Cutlass returned with a new remix of the hit Puerto Rico, featuring Joell Ortiz, Lumidee, The King of the Cuatro Yomo Toro, Voltio and The Barrio Boys. In June 2016 Cutlass scored another platinum plaque by collaborating with DJ Khaled on his Gold single title For Free featuring Drake. The couple separated early 2006 and the marriage ended in 2008
29.
Levi Strauss & Co.
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/ˌliːvaɪ ˈstraʊs/ is a privately owned American clothing company known worldwide for its Levis /ˌliːvaɪz/ brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, the companys corporate headquarters is located in the Levis Plaza in San Francisco. Levi Strauss started the business at the 90 Sacramento Street address in San Francisco and he next moved the location to 62 Sacramento Street then 63 &65 Sacramento Street. Jacob Davis, a Latvian Jewish immigrant, was a Reno, Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they go into business together. After Levi accepted Jacobs offer, on May 20,1873, Patent 139,121 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patented rivet was later incorporated into the companys jean design, contrary to an advertising campaign suggesting that Levi Strauss sold his first jeans to gold miners during the California Gold Rush, the manufacturing of denim overalls only began in the 1870s. The company created their first pair of Levis 501 Jeans in the 1890s, modern jeans began to appear in the 1920s, but sales were largely confined to the working people of the western United States, such as cowboys, lumberjacks, and railroad workers. Levi’s jeans apparently were first introduced to the East during the dude ranch craze of the 1930s, another boost came in World War II, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold only to people engaged in defense work. Between the 1950s and 1980s, Levis jeans became popular among a range of youth subcultures, including greasers, mods, rockers. Levis popular shrink-to-fit 501s were sold in a unique sizing arrangement, the indicated size referred to the size of the prior to shrinking. The company still produces these unshrunk, uniquely sized jeans, additionally, the back pocket rivets, which had been covered in denim since 1937, were removed completely in the 1950s due to complaints they scratched furniture. The acquisition led to the introduction of the modern stone washing technique, simpkins is credited with the companys record-paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from 16 plants to more than 63 plants in the United States from 1964 to 1974 and 23 overseas. As a result, Levis plants were perhaps the highest performing, best organized, the Dockers brand, launched in 1986 and which is sold largely through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to fade. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1996 and led by CEO Jorge Bardina, Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the companys $2.6 billion outstanding debt. As of 2016, most Levis jeans are made outside the US, though a few of the higher-end, labor history, distributing more than $9 million in restitution to some 1,200 employees. Levi Strauss claimed no knowledge of the offenses, then severed ties to the Tan family and instituted labor reforms, during the mid- and late-1990s, Fuerza Unida picketed the Levi Strauss headquarters in San Francisco and staged hunger strikes and sit-ins in protest at the companys labor policies. The company took on debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of leveraged stock buyouts among family members. The corporations bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the companys Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K. K
30.
Maxi Priest
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Max Alfred Maxi Elliott, known by his stage name Maxi Priest, is an English reggae vocalist of Jamaican descent. Maxi Priest was born in Lewisham, London, the second youngest of nine brothers and sisters and his parents moved to England from Jamaica to provide more opportunity for their family and he grew up listening to gospel, reggae, R&B, and pop music. He first learned to sing in church, encouraged by his mother who was a Pentecostal missionary. Maxi grew up listening to Jamaican greats such as Dennis Brown, John Holt, Ken Boothe and Gregory Isaacs, as well as singers like Marvin Gaye, Al Green, as a teenager, he lifted speaker boxes for the Jah Shaka and Negus Negast sound-systems. He was also a member of Saxon Studio International. It was with Saxon that Maxi began performing at youth clubs and house parties. His music is closer to R&B, and pop, than to reggae music itself. His cousin, Jacob Miller, an icon, was the frontman in the popular reggae group Inner Circle. Priests musical career began with him singing on the South London reggae soundsystem Saxon Studio International and his first major album was the self-titled Maxi Priest which, along with his cover of Cat Stevens Wild World, established him as one of the top British reggae singers. He is one of only two British reggae acts to have an American Billboard number one, Close to You in 1990, a duet with Roberta Flack, Set the Night to Music, reached the American Top Ten in 1991. His duet with Shaggy in 1996, That Girl, was also a hit in the United States, in the latter half of his recording career, Priest has favoured working alongside other artists, both established and up-and-coming. He has worked with Sly and Robbie, Shaggy, Beres Hammond, Jazzie B, Apache Indian, Roberta Flack, Shurwayne Winchester, Shabba Ranks, Priest had joined UB40 on tour in 2007, culminating in sell-out shows at the National Exhibition Centre in Solihull in December. He will only be appearing with them for new recording. In 2012, Maxi Priest recorded a cover of Japanese band Larc~en~Ciels song Vivid Colors for the bands English-language tribute album and his 2014 album Easy to Love entered the Billboard Top Reggae Albums chart at no.2. However, despite coming on as a substitute at the age of 43, official website Maxi Priest at Wenig-LaMonica Associates
31.
Hot Shot (album)
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Hot Shot is the fifth studio album released by Jamaican-American singer Shaggy. The album was first released on August 8,2000, in the United States, before being issued in the United Kingdom on April 8,2001, the revised UK edition was also released in Europe, but without the song Why You Mad at Me. Hot Shot went on to be certified six times platinum in the United States according to the RIAA, the album has sold an estimated 10 million copies worldwide. A remix album, entitled Hot Shot Ultramix, was released in June 2002, four singles were released from the album, It Wasnt Me, Angel, Luv Me, Luv Me and the double A-side single Dance & Shout / Hope
32.
Merrilee Rush
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Merrilee Rush is an American singer, best known for her recording of the song Angel of the Morning, a Top 10 hit which earned her a Grammy nomination for female vocalist of the year in 1968. Rush was born in Seattle, Washington and she grew up in Seattles North End, and studied classical piano from a young age. In 1960, she auditioned and became the singer for the Amazing Aztecs, a Seattle-area rock & roll band led by saxophone player Neil Rush, in 1965 the pair formed Merrilee Rush and the Turnabouts, who soon became a popular act on the Pacific Northwests teen dancehall circuit. While in Memphis, Tennessee, Raiders lead vocalist Mark Lindsay introduced Rush to record producer Chips Moman, Rushs version of Angel of the Morning was recorded at Momans American Studio in Memphis in early 1968, and was produced by Moman and Tommy Cogbill. Released by Bell Records, the song climbed to #7 in late June 1968 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, the one millionth sale of this record was reported by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1970. Although credited to Merrilee Rush and the Turnabouts, both the single and subsequent album were recorded using the musicians who played on Elvis Presleys famous Memphis recordings. Angel of the Morning garnered Rush a Grammy Award nomination for best Contemporary Pop Female Vocalist of the year and she was nominated along with Barbra Streisand, Dionne Warwick, Aretha Franklin, and Mary Hopkin. The song Angel of the Morning was written and composed by the songwriter Chip Taylor, the song has also been featured in the major motion pictures Jerry Maguire and Fingers. In 1971, she signed with Scepter Records and released one single, while that was Rushs lone release on Scepter, she cut several tracks for the label including a femme version of the Billy Joel song Shes Got a Way. In 1976 Rush signed with United Artists Records, which released three singles, Could It Be Love I Found Tonight, Save Me, and Rainstorm and her self-titled album for United Artists was released in 1977. By the turn of the 21st century, Rush was living in the countryside near Seattle, Washington and she continued to perform with her own band in rock and roll nostalgia shows across the country. She is married to singer-songwriter and entertainer Billy Mac, and together they have a successful Old English Sheepdogs breeding business, in 1989, the Northwest Area Musicians Association honored Rush with membership in the NAMA Hall of Fame. In 2003, Rush appeared in the PBS special At the Drive-In along with Jan Berry and Dean Torrence, Fabian, Bobby Vee, Chris Montez, Dodie Stevens, Rushs Angel Of The Morning album has been re-published on compact disc via the Rev-Ola record label. All tracks are available digitally from the Arista/Legacy label. Merrilee Rush official site Billy Mac official site Gary James interview IMDBs At the Drive-In entry
33.
Angel of the Morning
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The songs narrator describes the breakup of a presumably illicit love affair, If mornings echo says weve sinned, well, it was what I wanted now. Other early recordings of the song were made in 1967 by Danny Michaels for Lee Hazlewoods LHI label, Angel of the Morning finally became a hit in 1968 via a recording by Merrilee Rush made that January at American Sound Studios in Memphis with Chips Moman and Tommy Cogbill producing. Rush had come to Memphis through the group she fronted, the Turnabouts, being the act for a Paul Revere. The Angel of the Morning single was released in February 1968 to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 that June peaking at No.7. A No.1 hit in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, Angel of the Morning earned Rush a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance, Female. Rush would cut a new version of the song for her 1977 eponymous album release, in the United Kingdom where the Merrilee Rush version had failed to reach the Top 50 stalling at No. 55, Angel of the Morning reached No.29 in August 1968 via a rendition by P. P, arnold who had sung background on the 1967 Billie Davis version, Arnolds version was produced by Andrew Loog Oldham. In 1977 Mary Mason also had a UK Top 30 hit with her version, British act Guys n Dolls had a hit in the Netherlands in 1977 with Angel of the Morning, their version reaching No.11 on the Dutch chart. Previously Angel of the Morning had appeared on the Billboard C&W chart via a rendition by Connie Eaton. Newtons version reached No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100, No.22 on the Billboard country music chart, the recording also earned Newton a Grammy nomination in the same category as Rushs 1968 hit. More than 1 million units of Newtons single of the song were sold in the United States, notably, Newtons video for Angel of the Morning was the first country-music music video aired on MTV, it first aired in 1981. In the UK, this recording reached No.43 on the UK Singles Chart, Newton recorded the song again in 1998 for her The Trouble with Angels album. The song Angel, by reggae artist Shaggy, heavily samples Angel of the Morning, using the melody with different words for the sung refrain and it reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 31,2001. Swedish singer Jill Johnson released Angel of the Morning, with lyrics in English and this version peaked at No.30 at the Swedish singles chart. In 1972, Taylor released a version on Buddah 325 and it reached #101 in the Record World survey. In 1996, Taylor released a version on the album Hit Man, in 1999, a version by Taylor appeared on the KGSR fundraiser CD Broadcasts Vol.7. In 2004, Taylor released a version of the song with his singer/songwriter partner Carrie Rodriguez on the album of the same name. In 1968, the American singer Joya Landis recorded a late rocksteady/early reggae version of song in Jamaica for producer Arthur Duke Reid
34.
Juice Newton
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Judy Kay Juice Newton is an American pop and country singer, songwriter, and musician. Newton has several Gold and Platinum records to her credit, including Juice, Quiet Lies, Newton was born on February 18,1952, in Lakehurst, New Jersey, United States, and graduated from First Colonial High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Her mother encouraged her interest in music, giving her a guitar during her school years. After graduating from school, Newton attended Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, CA. She then formed a band with guitarist and songwriter Otha Young. In the early 1970s, Newton, Otha Young and Tom Kealey formed a band that would eventually be called Juice Newton & Silver Spur that was signed to RCA Records. The group released two albums for RCA in 1975 and 1976, and scored only one charting single with Love Is a Word. The band was dropped by RCA then joined Capitol Records in 1977, in late 1977, Newton went solo and continued to record for Capitol, although Silver Spur would remain the name of her backup band until 1982. That year, Newton provided backing vocals for Bob Welchs platinum solo debut album on three tracks, including his hit Ebony Eyes, later in 1977, Its a Heartache became Newtons first solo record and a major hit in Mexico, where it was eventually certified Gold. In 1978, Newton released the song in the United States, also in 1978, The Carpenters version of the Newton/Young-penned song Sweet, Sweet Smile reached the Top 10 on both the Country and Adult Contemporary charts, and #44 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Newtons solo debut album, Well Kept Secret, was released later in 1978 and stands as Newtons most rock-oriented record, neither the record nor its sole single Hey Baby charted, though Capitol Records proceeded to renew Newtons contract. Capitols investment in Newton began to pay off in 1979, when Newton had her first Top-40 Country hit with Lets Keep It That Way. Later that year, the album Take Heart featured five modestly charting singles, Until Tonight, Any Way That You Want Me, You Fill My Life, Lay Back In The Arms of Someone, and Sunshine. The latter became Newtons second top-40 single on the charts in 1980, with You Fill My Life reaching No.41. Both of Newtons initial solo efforts performed with modest success but failed to have lasting impacts on the album charts, in 1981, Newtons third solo album, simply titled Juice, was released. A fourth single, Ride Em Cowboy, was lifted from Juice in 1984 to support Newtons first Greatest Hits album, Newtons video for Angel of the Morning was the first country-music video to air on MTV and the 40th video to air on the channel. Newton was the female solo artist to be featured on MTV its first air date, after videos by Pat Benatar. Juice sold more than a million copies in the United States, Angel of the Morning and The Sweetest Thing each reached No.1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, where Newton would chart regularly for the next several years
35.
Steve Miller Band
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The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco, California. The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals and it is best known today for a string of mid-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock radio, as well as several earlier acid rock albums. Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band, shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the band’s landmark contract with Capitol/EMI Records in 1967, the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band. In February 1968, the band recorded its album, Children of the Future. It went on to produce the albums Sailor, Brave New World, Your Saving Grace, Number 5, Rock Love, the bands Greatest Hits 1974–78, released in 1978, sold over 13 million copies. The band continued to produce more albums and in 2014 toured with the rock band Journey, in 2016, Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band was contracted to Epic Records after playing many Chicago clubs and they also appeared on Hullabaloo with the Four Tops and the Supremes. Miller left the group to go to San Francisco, where the scene was flourishing. He then formed the Steve Miller Blues Band, Harvey Kornspan, managing partner, wrote and negotiated the bands landmark contract with Capitol/EMI Records then-president Alan Livingston in 1967. Shortly after, the name was shortened to the Steve Miller Band in order to broaden its appeal. Guitarist Boz Scaggs joined the band soon after and the group performed at the Magic Mountain Festival, in February 1968, while in England, the band recorded their debut album Children of the Future at Olympic studios with Glyn Johns as engineer/producer. The album did not score among the Top 100 album chart, the second album Sailor appeared in October 1968 and climbed the Billboard chart to #24. Successes included the single Living in the USA, Brave New World featured the songs Space Cowboy and My Dark Hour. Paul Ramon played drums, bass and sang backing vocals and this was followed by Your Saving Grace and Number 5. In 1971, Miller broke his neck in a car accident, capitol Records released the album Rock Love, featuring unreleased live performances and studio material. This is one of two Steve Miller Band albums not to be released on CD, the other being Recall the Beginning. A Journey from Eden, in 1972, the double album compilation Anthology was released, containing 16 songs from the bands first five albums. The style and personnel of the band changed radically with The Joker, concentrating on straightforward rock, the title track became a #1 single and was certified platinum, reaching over one million sales. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on January 11,1974, three years later, the band returned with the album Fly Like an Eagle, which charted at #3
36.
The Joker (Steve Miller Band song)
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The Joker is a song by the Steve Miller Band from their 1973 album The Joker. It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the word pompatus. The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974 and this reissue of The Joker also topped the Irish Singles Chart, the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart, the Dutch Nationale Top 100 and the Dutch Top 40. The first line of the lyrics is a reference to the song Space Cowboy from Millers Brave New World album, following lines refer to two other songs, Gangster of Love from Sailor and Enter Maurice from Recall the Beginning. A Journey from Eden. The song is noted for its wolf whistle played on a guitar after the lovey dovey parts. The line some people call me Maurice / Cause I speak of the pompatus of love was written after Miller heard the song The Letter by The Medallions. In The Letter, writer Vernon Green made up the word puppetutes, meaning a paper-doll erotic fantasy figure, however, Miller misheard the word, the song was released as a single. Black Train Jack covered it on their album Youre not alone, fettes Brot did a German rendition of the song in 2001, retitled as The Großer. Fatboy Slim reworked the song on his 2004 album Palookaville, featuring Bootsy Collins on lead vocals and this cover version reached No.32 on the UK Singles Chart in 2005. Mike Myers did a cover to the song, playing a sitar, post-grunge band Puddle of Mudd covered it on their covers album Re, overed. In 1998, Todd Snider covered the song on his Viva Satellite album, spearhead recorded a cover for the compilation CD Hempilation 2. Darkbuster covered the song as Space Cowboy on their album 22 Songs Youll Never Want to Hear Again, twiztid recorded a cover of the song, which appeared on their 2004 compilation Cryptic Collection Vol.3. In 2006, Jason Mraz covered the song for the soundtrack to the film Happy Feet and this recording was produced by Josh Deutsch and John Powell. On the soundtrack album Happy Feet, Music from the Motion Picture, in 2013, The Voice Australia finalist, Danny Ross covered the song on his debut album, As The Crows Flies. In 2014, Ace Frehley covered the song on his album Space Invader The song was covered live by The Smashing Pumpkins in 1992, kurt Elling performed live during a concert in the Czech Republic in 2006. Tim McGraw performed it during the Soul2Soul 2007 tour with his wife Faith Hill and they Might Be Giants have played it live on occasion, and included a cover of it on their podcast. 311 performed it live in New Orleans on 311 Day, Puddle of Mudd performed the song at DC101 Chili Cook-Off on May 16,2009 Jack Johnson often performs the song live during his 2010 To the Sea world tour and did so in Vancouver on October 1,2010. Luke Bryan often performs the song near the end of his concerts, the Joker was sampled in the song Summer and Lightning by Electric Light Orchestra from their 1977 album, Out of the Blue
37.
Rikrok
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Ricardo George Ducent, known by his stage name Rikrok, is an English Jamaican singer. He is most famous for his appearance on the video of Shaggys 2000 single It Wasnt Me. Rikrok was born in London on 17 June 1972 and his parents migrated from Jamaica to England in the mid-1960s in search of greater economic opportunities. Regarding his Jamaican influences during childhood, Rikrok noted [when I was growing up it was pretty much Jamaican people who came over and my father was a big reggae fan, especially of Gregory Isaacs, John Holt and Dennis Brown. He had a big record collection and on Sundays he would play all day at home. Rikrok was eleven years old when he returned to Jamaica with his family, while attending Manchester High School in Mandeville, Jamaica, he discovered his singing talent and soon realized he had a flair for songwriting. One day I was listening to Babyfaces Tender Lover album and I remember thinking, I could probably be a songwriter, so I wrote a song, put it down, came back to it and tried it again. Then I started writing more and more songs, I wasn’t really good at it first, some of them were really corny, really stupid. But it was just a hobby and I never thought anything because it seemed like a completely unreachable dream being in the music business, after completing high school, Rikrok enrolled in Jamaicas University of the West Indies. In 1995 he became a singer for Patra. When that tour ended, he returned to UWI to complete his education, after a brief stint performing with the Jamaican R&B/reggae vocal quartet, Lust, Rikrok was offered a songwriting deal by Shaggy’s manager, Robert Livingston. He would write songs and create rhythms on his home computer, then send the demos to Livingston in New York
38.
Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration
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The Michael Jackson, 30th Anniversary Celebration was a 2001 New York City revue show by Michael Jackson. It took place on September 7,2001 and September 10,2001, in late November 2001, the CBS television network aired the concerts as a two-hour special in honor of Michael Jacksons thirtieth year as a solo entertainer. The show was edited from footage of two separate concerts Michael had orchestrated in New York Citys Madison Square Garden on September 7, the shows sold out in five hours. Ticket prices were pops most expensive ever, the best seats cost $10,000 and included a dinner with Michael Jackson, the show was choreographed by Glenn Douglas Packard & Brian Thomas, they were nominated for a Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography. The show was presented by David Gest, World Events LLC and Clear Channel Entertainment in conjunction with American Airlines, American Eagle, Jackson reportedly earned $7.5 million for each of the two concerts. The concert official Boxscore was $10,072,105 for both concerts, to some fans, Jackson appeared more disoriented in the first concert as he only did one short moonwalk and improvised the ending of the Billie Jean performance. To explain Jacksons disoriented appearance, David Gest claimed in his film Michael Jackson, however, Jackson himself stated that he did not rehearse for the first concert. In Jermaines book You Are Not Alone, Michael Through a Brothers Eyes, Jermaine Jackson stated that Michael was taking Demerol, Choreographer Choreographer and dancer, Glenn Douglas Packard Choreographer and dancer Brian Thomas
39.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
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