1.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
2.
Commander
–
Commander is a common naval and air force officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organisations, Commander is also a generic term for an officer commanding any armed forces unit, for example platoon commander, brigade commander and squadron commander. In the police, terms such as commander and incident commander are used. Commander is a used in navies but is very rarely used as a rank in armies. In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns, the Royal Navy shortened master and commander to commander in 1794, however, the term master and commander remained in common parlance for several years. The equivalent American rank master commandant remained in use changed to commander in 1838. A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain, in the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4. Various functions of commanding officers were also styled Commandeur, in the navy of the Dutch Republic, anyone who commanded a ship or a fleet without having an appropriate rank to do so, could be called a Commandeur. This included ad hoc fleet Commanders and acting Captains, in the fleet of the Admiralty of Zealand however, commandeur was a formal rank, the equivalent of Schout-bij-nacht in the other Dutch admiralties. The Dutch use of the title as a rank lives on in the Royal Netherlands Navy, in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, however, this rank is known by the English spelling of Commodore which is the Dutch equivalent of the British Air Commodore. The rank of commander in the Royal Australian Navy is identical in description to that of a commander in the British Royal Navy, RAN chaplains who are in Division 1,2 and 3 have the equivalent rank standing of commanders. This means that to officers and NCOs below the rank of commander, or wing commander, the chaplain is a superior. To those officers ranked higher than commander, the chaplain is subordinate, although this equivalency exists, RAN chaplains who are in Division 1,2 and 3 do not actually wear the rank of commander, and they hold no command privilege. In France, the rank of commander exists as capitaine de frégate and it is senior to capitaine de corvette, and junior to capitaine de vaisseau. The rank of commander was used in the Imperial Japanese Navy, though the modern rank is translated as commander in English, its literal translation is captain second rank. The rank is equivalent to that of a commander in the U. S. Navy, Commander is a rank in the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem, and is denoted by the post-nominal letters CLJ. The corresponding rank in the Polish Navy is komandor porucznik, in the Russian Navy the equivalent rank to commander is captain of the second rank. The rank was introduced in Russia by Peter the Great in 1722, from the introduction of the Russian Table of Ranks to its abolition in 1917, captain of the second rank was equal to a court councillor, at the sixth level out of 14 ranks
3.
Fleet Air Arm
–
The Fleet Air Arm is the branch of the British Royal Navy responsible for the operation of naval aircraft. The Fleet Air Arm currently operates the AgustaWestland Merlin, Westland Sea King, and AgustaWestland Wildcat helicopters, helicopters such as the Lynx and Westland Wasp have been deployed on smaller vessels since 1964, taking over the roles once performed by biplanes such as the Fairey Swordfish. During the Second World War, the Fleet Air Arm operated aircraft on ships as well as land-based aircraft that defended the Royal Navys shore establishments, British naval flying started in 1909, with the construction of an airship for naval duties. The Naval Wing of the RFC lasted until July 1914 when the Royal Navy reformed its air branch, under the Air Department of the Admiralty, naming it the Royal Naval Air Service. By the outbreak of the First World War, in August 1914, the RNAS had more aircraft under its control than the remaining RFC. In April 1918 the RNAS, which at this time had 67,000 officers and men,2,949 aircraft,103 airships and 126 coastal stations, merged with the RFC to form the Royal Air Force. On 1 April 1924, the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Air Force was formed, encompassing those RAF units that normally embarked on aircraft carriers, over the following months RAF Fleet Air Arm Fairey IIID reconnaissance biplanes operated off Hermes, conducting flying trials. On 24 May 1939 the Fleet Air Arm was returned to Admiralty control under the Inskip Award, at the onset of the Second World War, the Fleet Air Arm consisted of 20 squadrons with only 232 aircraft. By the end of the war the strength of the Fleet Air Arm was 59 aircraft carriers,3,700 aircraft,72,000 officers and men. During the war, the FAA operated fighters, torpedo bombers, following the Dunkirk evacuation and the commencement of the Battle of Britain, the Royal Air Force soon found itself critically short of fighter pilots. In the summer of 1940, the RAF had little more than 800 fighter pilots, with this desperate situation the RAF was forced to call upon the Admiralty for Fleet Air Arm assistance. The aircraft carrier had replaced the battleship as the Fleets capital ship, the top scoring fighter ace with 17 victories was Commander Stanley Orr, the Royal Marine ace was Ronald Cuthbert Hay with 13 victories. A number of Royal Marines served as FAA pilots during the war, after the war the FAA needed to fly jet aircraft from their carriers. The jet aircraft of the era were considerably less effective at low speeds than propeller aircraft, the FAA took on its first jet, the Sea Vampire, in the late 1940s. The Sea Vampire was the first jet credited with taking off, the Air Arm continued with high-powered prop aircraft alongside the new jets resulting in the FAA being woefully outpowered during the Korean War. Nevertheless, jets were not yet wholly superior to propeller aircraft, as jets became larger, more powerful and faster they required more space to take off and land. The US Navy simply built much larger carriers, the Royal Navy had a few large carriers built and completed after the end of the war but another solution was sought. An associated British invention, intended to more precise optical guidance to aircraft on final approaching the deck, was the Fresnel lens optical landing aid
4.
801 Naval Air Squadron
–
801 Naval Air Squadron was a Fleet Air Arm squadron of the Royal Navy formed in 1933 which fought in World War II, the Korean War and the Falklands War. The squadron was formed on 3 April 1933 as part of the Fleet Air Arm, the squadron was equipped with the Fairey Flycatcher and Hawker Nimrod aboard HMS Hermes. The Flycatchers were replaced in 1934 by the Hawker Osprey and the Nimrods were retired in 1936, the squadron was re-equipped with the Blackburn Skua and Gloster Gladiator in 1939 just before the squadron was transferred to the Admiralty. In September,801 Squadron embarked on Furious for raids on the parts of the Norwegian coast. In 1943880 Naval Air Squadron formed the 30 Naval Fighter Wing on HMS Implacable, in June 1945, naval fighter wings were reformed as carrier groups with 801 NAS,828 NAS,880 NAS and 1771 NAS becoming the 8th Carrier Air Group. In August 1941 they re-equipped with Sea Hurricanes at RNAS Yeovilton, the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean aboard Argus, then to Eagle. During this deployment 801 NAS claimed thirteen enemy aircraft of various types, Two of the Fulmars were brought down by friendly fire. In March 1951,801 NAS received Hawker Sea Furys and the squadron saw service during the Korean War flying from Glory. Glory was deployed in theatre from 3 April 1951 to 30 September 1951,801 NAS was embarked on the second tour of duty. Sea Furies could be armed with two bombs or four rockets and drop tanks in both cases. The aircraft were used in the ground attack role armed with bombs and rockets. On 18 March 1962,801 squadron was reformed at Lossiemouth in the role with Buccaneers. In July 1962 they embarked 10 aircraft in Victorious for the Far East, the squadron subsequently received the 1967 Boyd Trophy, an annual award for the best squadron in the Fleet Air Arm, for its efforts in bringing the Buccaneer into service. 801 transferred to Hermes with 7 aircraft in 1968 for a spell in Eastern waters. In March 1969 the ship returned home to spend the year in Home. The squadron eventually disbanded at Lossiemouth on the 21 July 1970, in January 1981 the squadron re-equipped with the Sea Harrier FRS.1 at RNAS Yeovilton. The squadron operated the Sea Harrier equipped with Blue Fox radars aboard Invincible during the Falklands War, the squadron was supplemented by five pilots from 899 NAS and was under the command of Lieutenant Commander Nigel Sharkey Ward. Flight Lieutenant Paul Barton Lieutenant Mike Watson 801 Squadron shot down 8 Argentine aircraft,1 May 1982 - A Mirage III of FAA Grupo 8 shot down north of West Falkland by Barton using a Sidewinder
5.
Falklands War
–
It began on Friday,2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had claimed over them. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval force to engage the Argentine Navy. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, in total,649 Argentine military personnel,255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities. The conflict was an episode in the protracted confrontation over the territories sovereignty. Argentina asserted that the islands are Argentine territory, and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory, the British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841. Falkland Islanders, who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are descendants of British settlers. The conflict has had an effect in both countries and has been the subject of various books, articles, films, and songs. Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the military government. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative Party government, bolstered by the outcome, was re-elected the following year. The cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect in Britain than in Argentina, diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid, Spain, at which the two governments issued a joint statement. No change in either countrys position regarding the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands was made explicit, in 1994, Argentinas claim to the territories was added to its constitution. In December 1981 there was a change in the Argentine military regime, bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri, Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo. Anaya was the architect and supporter of a military solution for the long-standing claim over the islands. Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy, the newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the islands, ending in direct actions late in 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless. The Royal Navy ice patrol vessel HMS Endurance was dispatched from Stanley to South Georgia in response, the Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April. Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker, on 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings off the Falkland Islands. The invasion was met with a defence organised by the Falkland Islands Governor Sir Rex Hunt. Word of the invasion first reached Britain from Argentine sources, a Ministry of Defence operative in London had a short telex conversation with Governor Hunts telex operator, who confirmed that Argentines were on the island and in control
6.
Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
–
The DSC, which may be awarded posthumously, is granted in recognition of. Gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea, the award was originally created in 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross, for award to warrant and junior officers ineligible for the DSO. It was renamed the Distinguished Service Cross in October 1914, eligibility being extended to all officers below the rank of lieutenant commander. In 1931, the award was made available to members of the Merchant Navy, the DSC now serves as the third level award for gallantry at sea for all ranks. Since 1916, bars to the DSC have been awarded in recognition of the performance of acts of gallantry meriting the award. Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal DSC and this DSC is a plain silver cross with rounded edges. The obverse has a centre within which can be seen the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch at the time of award. From 1940 year of issue has been engraved on lower limb of cross, the reverse is plain apart from the hallmark and the ribbon is attached via a hall-marked silver ring. The ribbon has three stripes of dark blue, white and dark blue. Only one person has ever awarded the Distinguished Service Cross four times. Norman Eyre Morley served in the Royal Naval Reserve during World War I and he was awarded the DSC for the first time in 1919. He was awarded his second DSC in 1944 and he was awarded the DSC a further two times in 1945. He gained an entry into the Guinness Book of Records as the most decorated reserve officer, awarded DSC in 1940,1942, and 1944. Thomas Le Mesurier, served in the Royal Air Force during World War I as an ace credited with seven aerial victories. Awarded DSC twice in 1917 and in 1918, george James Macdonald, served in the Royal New Zealand Navy Richard Minifie, served in the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I. Awarded DSC in twice in 1917 and in 1918, stanley Orr, served in the Royal Navy during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1940,1941, and 1944, peter Piper, served in the Royal Naval Reserve during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1939 and twice in 1941, recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross British and Commonwealth orders and decorations Mackay, J. and Mussel, J. Medals Yearbook –2005,2004, Token Publishing
7.
Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
–
A bar is added to the ribbon for holders who are awarded a second AFC. The award was established on 3 June 1918, during the First World War, approximately 680 were awarded. During the Second World War,2,001 decorations were awarded,58 honorary awards were made to aircrew from other non-Commonwealth countries. Recipients of the Air Force Cross are entitled to use the post-nominal letters AFC, a bar is added to the ribbon of holders of the AFC for each additional award. The medal is a cross,60 mm high and 54 mm wide, representing aircraft propeller blades. The obverse depicts Hermes, riding on the wings of a holding a laurel wreath. At the top of the arm is the royal crown. The suspender is straight and decorated with laurel wreaths, the ribbon was originally white with red broad horizontal stripes, but changed in 1919 to the current white with red broad diagonal stripes at a 45-degree angle. George Bulman, awarded the AFC three times for services as a test pilot, geoffrey Dhenin, awarded the AFC twice for his role in the British nuclear weapons tests in Australia. Marshal of the Royal Air Force Andrew Humphrey, awarded the AFC three times, Willie Read, awarded the AFC three times, H. P. Ruffell Smith, awarded the AFC three times. Peter Thorne, awarded the AFC three times, British and Commonwealth orders and decorations Page including text from the London Gazette dated 5 December 1919, establishing DFC, AFC, DFM and AFM
8.
Fighter pilot
–
A fighter pilot is a military aviator trained to engage in air-to-air combat while in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft. Fighter pilots undergo specialized training in aerial warfare and dogfighting, a fighter pilot with at least five air-to-air kills becomes known as an ace. Fighter pilots are one of the most highly regarded and desirable positions of any air force, selection processes only accept the elite out of all the potential candidates. An individual who possesses an academic record, physical fitness, healthy well-being. Candidates are also expected to exhibit strong leadership and teamwork abilities, as such, in nearly all air forces, fighter pilots, as are pilots of most other aircraft, are commissioned officers. Fighter pilots must be in health to handle the physical demands of modern aerial warfare. Excellent heart condition is required, as the increased Gs a pilot experiences in a turn can cause stress on the cardiovascular system, one G is equal to the force of gravity experienced under normal conditions, two Gs would be twice the force of normal gravity. Some fighter aircraft regularly accelerate to up to 9 Gs, Fighter pilots also require strong muscle tissue along the extremities and abdomen, for performing an anti-G straining maneuver when performing tight turns and other highly accelerated maneuvers. Better-than-average visual acuity is also a desirable and valuable trait. Modern medium and long range active radar homing and semi-active radar homing missiles can be fired at targets outside or beyond visual range, however, when a pilot is dogfighting at short-range, his position relative to the opponent is decidedly important. Outperformance of another pilot and that aircraft is critical to maintain the upper-hand. A common saying for dogfighting is lose sight, lose fight, if one pilot had a greater missile range than the other, he would choose to fire his missile first, before being in range of the enemys missile. Normally, the facts of an enemys weapon payload is unknown, attacks from missiles are usually countered with electronic countermeasures and chaff. Missiles like the AIM-120 AMRAAM, however, can home in on jamming signals. Dogfighting at 1 to 4 miles is considered close, Pilots perform stressful maneuvers to gain advantage in the dogfight. Pilots need to be in shape in order to handle the high G-forces caused by aerial combat. A pilot flexes his legs and torso to keep blood from draining out of the head and this is known as the AGSM or the M1 or, sometimes, as the grunt. Many early air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles had very simple infrared homing guidance systems with a field of view
9.
Britannia Royal Naval College
–
Britannia Royal Naval College, commonly known as Dartmouth, is the initial officer training establishment of the British Royal Navy. It is located on a hill overlooking the port of Dartmouth, Devon, Royal Naval officer training has taken place in Dartmouth since 1863. The buildings of the current campus were completed in 1905, earlier students lived in two wooden hulks moored in the River Dart. Since 1998, BRNC has been the centre for Royal Naval officer training. The training of officers at Dartmouth dates from 1863, when the wooden hulk HMS Britannia was moved from Portland. In 1864, after an influx of new recruits, Britannia was supplemented by HMS Hindostan, prior to this, a Royal Naval Academy had operated for more than a century from 1733 to 1837 at Portsmouth, a major naval installation. The original Britannia was replaced by the Prince of Wales in 1869, the foundation stone for a new building at the college was laid by King Edward VII in March 1902. Sir Aston Webb designed the college at Dartmouth, which was built by Higgs and Hill. The first term of cadets entered at the R. N, College Osborne were transferred to Dartmouth in September 1905. The college was known as the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. As a Royal Naval shore establishment, it was known also by the ship name HMS Britannia. The college was named in 1953, when the name Britannia was given to the newly launched royal yacht HMY Britannia, the training ship moored in the River Dart at Sandquay, currently the former Sandown class minehunter HMS Cromer, continues to bear the name Hindostan. Cadets originally joined the Royal Naval College, Osborne, at the age of 13 for two years study and work before joining Dartmouth and they studied there for four years there before starting sea training at age 17. The entry age for the Naval College was changed to 16 in 1948, until 1941, Dartmouth was in effect a specialised boarding school, with parents paying fees for tuition and board. During the Second World War, after six Focke-Wulf aircraft bombed the College in September 1942, students, two bombs had penetrated the Colleges main block, causing damage to the quarterdeck and surrounding rooms. In the early 21st century, officer cadets, as they are known until passing out from the college, while most cadets join BRNC after finishing university, some join directly from secondary school. All spend between 30 and 49 weeks at the college, depending on specialisation, a large contingent of foreign and Commonwealth students are part of the student body. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary sends its cadets to BRNC for an 8-week initial officer training course
10.
Hawker Hunter
–
The Hawker Hunter is a transonic British jet-powered fighter aircraft that was developed by Hawker Aircraft for the Royal Air Force during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It was designed to take advantage of the newly developed Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engine and the swept wing, on 7 September 1953, the modified first prototype broke the world air speed record for jet-powered aircraft, achieving a speed of 727.63 mph. The all-weather/night fighter role was filled by the Gloster Javelin, successively improved variants of the type were produced, adopting increasingly more capable engine models and expanding its fuel capacity amongst other modifications being implemented. Hunters were also used by two RAF display teams, the Black Arrows, who on one occasion looped a record-breaking 24 Hunters in formation, and later the Blue Diamonds, the Hunter was also widely exported, serving with a total of 21 overseas air forces. Two-seat variants remained in use for training and secondary roles with the RAF, sixty years after its original introduction it was still in active service, being operated by the Lebanese Air Force until 2014. Overall,1,972 Hunters were manufactured by Hawker Aircraft and its successor, Hawker Siddeley, in British service, the Hunter was replaced in its principal roles by the Lightning, the Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. During 1945, the Second World War came to a close, Aviation author Derek Wood refers to this policy as being, a fatal error of judgement which was to cost Britain a complete generation of fighters and heavy bomber aircraft. By this time, it had become apparent that newly developed jet propulsion would form the future of fighter aircraft development. Many companies were quick to devise their own designs to harness this means of propulsion, Hawker Aviations chief designer, Sydney Camm, had proposed the Hawker P.1040 for the RAF, but the demonstrator failed to interest them. Further modifications to the design resulted in the Hawker Sea Hawk carrier-based fighter. However, the Sea Hawk possessed a straight wing and was powered by the Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine, both features that rapidly became obsolete. Seeking better performance and fulfilment of the Air Ministry Specification E. 38/46, Sydney Camm designed the Hawker P.1052, which was essentially a Sea Hawk outfitted with a 35-degree swept wing. As a private venture, Hawker proceeded to convert the second P.1052 prototype into the Hawker P.1081 with swept tailplanes, a fuselage. In 1951, the sole P.1081 prototype was lost in a crash, in 1946, the British Air Ministry issued Specification F. 43/46, which sought a daytime jet-powered interceptor aircraft. Camm promptly prepared a new design for a fighter that would be powered by the upcoming Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet. Initially fitted with an air intake in the nose and a T-tail. The intakes were moved to the roots to make room for weapons and radar in the nose. On 20 July 1951, the P.1067 made its flight, flown by Neville Duke, from RAF Boscombe Down
11.
De Havilland Sea Vixen
–
The de Havilland DH.110 Sea Vixen is a twin boom, twin-engined 1950s–60s British two-seat jet fighter operated by the Fleet Air Arm. It was designed by de Havilland during the late 1940s at its facility in Hatfield, developed from an earlier first generation jet fighter, the Sea Vixen was a carrier-based fleet defence fighter that served into the 1970s. Initially produced by de Havilland, it was known as the Hawker Siddeley Sea Vixen after de Havilland became a part of the Hawker Siddeley group in 1960. The Sea Vixen had the distinction of being the first British two-seat combat aircraft to achieve supersonic speed, operating from British aircraft carriers, it was used in combat in Tanganyika and in Yemen during the Aden Emergency. In 1972, the Sea Vixen was phased out in favour of the mach 2-capable McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II interceptor, a single example remains airworthy today in the UK and is displayed regularly at airshows. In 1946, the de Havilland Aircraft Company conducted discussions with the British Admiralty on its requirements for a future jet-powered all-weather fighter aircraft and it would also have a moderate wing loading for manoeuvrability at altitude and acceptable take-off and landing performance from carriers. Highly effective flaps would be needed for landing, De Havilland decided to pursue development of a design to meet the requirements of the Royal Navy. The proposed aircraft, which was designated as the DH110 by de Havilland, was a twin-engined all-weather fighter. The DH 110s design shared the layout of the de Havilland Vampire and Venom, had an all-metal structure, a 45° swept wing. It was to be powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engines, each capable of generating 7,500 lbf of thrust, once in flight, the DH110 had the distinction of being the first British two-seat combat aircraft to achieve supersonic speed. In response, nine DH110 prototypes were ordered for the RAF, the RAF decided to cut its order to two prototypes. Despite this setback, de Havilland elected to work on the DH110 while trying to recapture official interest in the type. On 26 September 1951, a prototype was completed and conducted its maiden flight from Hatfield Aerodrome. Early flight tests of the prototype demonstrated that the aircrafts performance exceeded expectations, by the following year, however, tragedy struck while the DH110 was demonstrated at the Farnborough Airshow on 6 September 1952. Following a demonstration of its ability to break the barrier during a low level flight. Debris landed in the midst of spectators and killed 31 people, subsequent investigation of the accident traced the failure to faulty design of the end sections of the main spar, which resulted in the outer ends of the wings shearing off during a high-rate turn. One of the hit an area crowded with spectators at the end of the runway. Other spectators were injured by debris from the cockpit landing close to the main spectator enclosures alongside the runway, in response to the loss of the first prototype de Havilland introduced modifications to the design which were implemented on the remaining second prototype
12.
892 Naval Air Squadron
–
892 Naval Air Squadron was a carrier-based fighter squadron of the British Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm. It was formed in 1943, flying Grumman Martlets, and was the only operational Fleet Air Arm squadron to fly the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FG.1,892 Naval Air Squadron was first formed in July 1942 at Norfolk, Virginia, equipped with six Grumman Martlet IV fighters. It operated Martlets from escort carriers, flying from HMS Battler and HMS Archer. It reformed in April 1945 as a fighter squadron, flying Grumman Hellcat II NFs off HMS Ocean. Post war, it operated de Havilland Sea Venom and de Havilland Sea Vixen fighters, in 1968 the squadron operated the widely acclaimed Simons Sircus aerobatic team, led by Lt Cdr Simon Idiens. 892 Naval Air Squadron was reformed on 31 March 1969, and was the Royal Navy’s only operational Phantom FG.1 unit. In 1964 the Royal Navy had envisaged operating 143 Phantoms with a carrier fleet of HMS Ark Royal, HMS Eagle. As a result, the number of Phantoms planned to be operated was cut to 134, eventually only 48 examples were ordered, which was enough for two squadrons of 12 aircraft each for Ark Royal and Eagle, and with additional aircraft for a training squadron and reserves. However, as aircraft were beginning to be delivered during 1968 Eagle’s refit was cancelled and 20 aircraft were allocated to the RAF. Lt Cdr Brian Davies, and Lt Cdr Peter Goddard set a record for time from New York to London of 4 hours 46 minutes and 57 seconds. With HMS Ark Royal ready, Phantoms from 892 NAS were embarked and operations could begin, shortly afterwards 767 NAS was disbanded with the personnel and equipment moving to the Phantom Training Flight, and based at RAF Leuchars, Fife, Scotland in 1972. 892 was also to move base from RNAS Yeovilton to RAF Leuchars in the same year, throughout the 1970s the unit was involved in a variety of NATO and Royal Navy exercises. However, the maintenance of the Phantom was to consistently plague the aircraft, despite great efforts by crew. These efforts were depicted in the BBC documentary Sailor, with HMS Ark Royal due to pay off in December 1978 it was confirmed that there was to be no future for 892 Squadron. On 27 November 1978 XT870/012 became the last aircraft to be catapulted from a British aircraft carrier,892 NAS was disbanded on 15 December 1978 and its Phantom FG. 1s were transferred to No.111 Squadron RAF at RAF Leuchars
13.
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
–
It first entered service in 1960 with the U. S. Navy. Proving highly adaptable, it was adopted by the U. S. Marine Corps and the U. S. Air Force. The Phantom is a fighter with a top speed of over Mach 2.2. It can carry more than 18,000 pounds of weapons on nine hardpoints, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground missiles. The F-4, like other interceptors of its time, was designed without an internal cannon, later models incorporated an M61 Vulcan rotary cannon. Beginning in 1959, it set 15 world records for performance, including an absolute speed record. The Phantom has the distinction of being the last U. S. fighter flown to attain ace status in the 20th century. The F-4 Phantom II remained in use by the U. S. in the reconnaissance and Wild Weasel roles in the 1991 Gulf War, finally leaving service in 1996. It was also the aircraft used by both U. S. flight demonstration teams, the USAF Thunderbirds and the US Navy Blue Angels. The F-4 was also operated by the forces of 11 other nations. Israeli Phantoms saw extensive combat in several Arab–Israeli conflicts, while Iran used its fleet of Phantoms in the Iran–Iraq War. Phantoms remain in front line service with five countries, Phantom production ran from 1958 to 1981, with a total of 5,195 built, making it the most numerous American supersonic military aircraft. The F-4 is currently used by Greece, Iran, Japan, South Korea and it has been recently used in combat against the Islamic State. In 1952, McDonnells Chief of Aerodynamics, Dave Lewis, was appointed by CEO Jim McDonnell to be the preliminary design manager. With no new aircraft competitions on the horizon, internal studies concluded the Navy had the greatest need for a new and different aircraft type, in 1953, McDonnell Aircraft began work on revising its F3H Demon naval fighter, seeking expanded capabilities and better performance. The company developed several projects including a variant powered by a Wright J67 engine, the J79-powered version promised a top speed of Mach 1.97. On 19 September 1953, McDonnell approached the United States Navy with a proposal for the Super Demon, the Navy was sufficiently interested to order a full-scale mock-up of the F3H-G/H, but felt that the upcoming Grumman XF9F-9 and Vought XF8U-1 already satisfied the need for a supersonic fighter. On 26 May 1955, four Navy officers arrived at the McDonnell offices and, within an hour, because the Navy already had the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk for ground attack and F-8 Crusader for dogfighting, the project now had to fulfill the need for an all-weather fleet defense interceptor
14.
HMS Ark Royal (R09)
–
Ark Royal was the sister ship to HMS Eagle, which was initially named HMS Audacious, hence the name of the class. Four Audacious-class ships were laid down, but two were cancelled when World War II ended, and construction of the two was suspended for several years. Both surviving ships were upgraded throughout their lifetimes. The ship was originally designated Irresistible, but was renamed Ark Royal prior to launch, the immediately previous Ark Royal, also an aircraft carrier, was torpedoed off Gibraltar on 14 November 1941 with the loss of one member of the ships company. She was launched in 1950, and her completion took five more years, in this time, she underwent redesign and, when completed, she was markedly different from her sister ship. Shortly before her launch from the Cammell Laird shipyard, an image of the ship painted with her white undercoat was captured by the pictorialist photographer Edward Chambré Hardman and this has been exhibited many times under the name Where Great Ships Are Built and later Birth of the Ark Royal. When commissioned, she had a 5, Ark Royal was the first ship to be constructed with an angled flight deck and steam catapults, as opposed to having them added after launching. These innovations allowed aircraft to land and take off from the carrier at the same time and her flight deck as built was 800 by 112 feet. About a year after commissioning, her forward port 4.5 inch guns were removed to improve aircraft operations over the angled deck, four years later, the port deck-edge lift and the forward starboard 4.5 inch guns were also removed. After the 1964 refit only one twin 4. 5-inch gun mount remained aft on port, significantly, Ark Royal was the first and only RN carrier fitted with USN carrier approach, AN-SPN35 radar, increasing night aircraft operational capability and safety. Her flight deck size was increased port aft however, giving her extra deck-park space for her airgroup that Eagle did not have and she was also fitted for four Sea Cat missile launchers, but they were never installed, so she emerged from this refit with no defensive armament. Ark Royal was then scheduled for at the most only five years service by a new government policy to scrap the carriers by 1975. Initially on entry into service, the ship had a complement of up to 50 aircraft comprising Sea Hawks, Sea Venoms, Gannets, Skyraiders, as later aircraft types grew in size and complexity, her air group fell to below 40 when she left service in 1978. Ark Royal participated in exercises as part of the British fleet and NATO squadrons. In 1963, she carried out trials for a new type of Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing aircraft, the Hawker P.1127, which later developed into the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The same aircraft, now having been redesigned and developed as the British Aerospace Sea Harrier, was accepted as the primary strike capability of the last Ark Royal from 1980 onwards. She was part of the Beira Patrol enforcing the blockade of Rhodesia in 1965. The 1966 Defence White Paper planned the end of British carriers in the early 1970s but she went into dock for her refit to head off dockyard redundancies and the likely political issues
15.
Allied Forces Northern Europe
–
Allied Forces Northern Europe was the northern Major Subordinate Command of NATOs Allied Command Europe, located at Kolsås outside Oslo. In the case of war with the Soviet Union, AFNORTH would assume command of all Allied forces in northern Europe and Germany north of Elbe/Hamburg. For much of its existence its commander-in-chief was a British Admiral or General, the chief-of-staff was always a German Vice Admiral. S. The leadership of AFNORTH additionally included a Land Deputy, a Sea Deputy, and an Air Deputy, Headquarters Allied Air Forces Northern Europe was created by SHAPE on 29 March 1951. Taylor, U. S. Air Force, was assigned as its commander on 2 April 1951, the Headquarters was established in London on 1 June 1951 and later transferred to Oslo, Norway on 22 June 1951. By June 1952 no units had been earmarked or allocated for it, Major General Homer L. Sanders held command September 1954-September 1957. Major General Carl D. Peterson became Air Deputy in June 1977, until the formation of BALTAP around 1962, AFNORTH comprised Allied Land Forces Norway, Allied Land Forces Denmark, and Allied Air Forces and Allied Naval Forces, Northern Europe. In 1989 at the end of the Cold War AFNORTHs major subordinate commands were Allied Forces North Norway, Allied Forces South Norway, and Allied Forces Baltic Approaches. BALTAP comprised AIRBALTAP, NAVBALTAP, LANDZEALAND, responsible for the defence of Zealand and the other Danish islands. From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg. LANDJUT comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division, LANDJUT was planned to be reinforced in time of war by the United Kingdom Mobile Force, primarily 1st Infantry Brigade and the US Armys 9th Infantry Division. In case of war with the Warsaw Pact AFNORTH would have moved its headquarter to the command center at Kolsås. HQ AFNORTH Kolsås closed on the morning of 30 June 1994, the HQ that replaced it, HQ Allied Forces Northwestern Europe, located at RAF High Wycombe in the United Kingdom, was activated in the afternoon of 30 June 1994. AFNORTHWEST consisted of AIRNORTHWEST, NAVNORTHWEST, and COMNORTH, an amalgamation of Allied Forces North and South Norway, in addition, in various circumstances BALTAP naval forces would report to either CINCNORTHWEST or COMNAVNORTHWEST. AFCENT, located in Brunssum the Netherlands, was renamed AFNORTH, AFNORTHWEST was disestablished on 3 March 2000, CINCNORTHWEST transferring his authority to RHQ AFNORTH the same day. In the year 2004, it was renamed, to Joint Force Command Brunssum. The headquarters facility at Kolsås is now used by the Norwegian defence logistics organization
16.
British Aerospace Sea Harrier
–
It first entered service with the Royal Navy in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS1 and became informally known as the Shar. The Sea Harrier served in the Falklands War, and the Balkans conflicts and its usage in the Falklands War was its most high profile and important success, where it was the only fixed-wing fighter available to protect the British Task Force. The Sea Harriers shot down 20 enemy aircraft during the conflict with one lost to ground fire. They were also used to ground attacks in the same manner as the Harriers operated by the Royal Air Force. The Sea Harrier was marketed for sales abroad, but by 1983 India was the only operator other than Britain after sales to Argentina, the aircraft was withdrawn from service early by the Royal Navy in 2006. The Sea Harrier remained in service for another decade with the Indian Navy until its retirement in 2016 thus ending the career of the historic British jet. By 1960, the last battleship, HMS Vanguard, was retired from the Navy, perhaps the biggest sign of the new trend towards naval austerity came in 1966, when the planned CVA-01 class of large aircraft carriers destined for the Royal Navy was cancelled. During this time, requirements within the Royal Navy began to form for a vertical and/or short take-off, afterward, the first V/STOL tests on a ship began with a Hawker Siddeley P.1127 landing on HMS Ark Royal in 1963. A second concept for the future of naval aviation emerged in the early 1970s as the first of a new class of through deck cruisers was planned and these ships were ordered as the Invincible class in 1973, and are now popularly recognised as aircraft carriers. Almost immediately upon their construction, a ski-jump was added to the end of the 170-metre deck, the Royal Air Forces Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR1s had entered service in April 1969. A navalised variant of the Harrier was developed by Hawker Siddeley to serve on the upcoming ships, in 1975, the Royal Navy ordered 24 Sea Harrier FRS.1 aircraft, the first of which entered service in 1978. During this time Hawker Siddeley became part of British Aerospace through nationalisation in 1977, by the time the prototype Sea Harrier was flown at Dunsfold on 20 August 1978 the order had been increased to 34. The Sea Harrier was declared operational in 1981 on board the first Invincible class ship HMS Invincible, the first flight of the prototype took place in September 1988 and a contract was signed for 29 upgraded aircraft in December that year. In 1990, the Navy ordered 18 new-build FA2s, at a unit cost of around £12 million, the first aircraft was delivered on 2 April 1993. The Sea Harrier is an aircraft designed to fill strike, reconnaissance. It features a single Rolls-Royce Pegasus turbofan engine with two intakes and four vectorable nozzles and it has two landing gear on the fuselage and two outrigger landing gear on the wings. The Sea Harrier is equipped with four wing and three fuselage pylons for carrying weapons and external fuel tanks, parts were changed to use corrosion resistant alloys or coatings were added to protect against the marine environment. After the Falklands War, the Sea Harrier was fitted with the new anti-ship Sea Eagle missile, the Blue Vixen formed the basis for development of the Eurofighter Typhoons CAPTOR radar
17.
700 Naval Air Squadron
–
700 Naval Air Squadron is a squadron of aircraft in the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm. Initial equipment comprised 42 Walruses together with 11 Seafoxes and 12 Swordfishes, on 21 June 1940, a Walrus of 700 Squadron on the cruiser HMS Manchester found the German battleship Scharnhorst but Manchester did not engage. The submarine was damaged and forced to surrender, and later scuttled off the Gulf of Guinea, the crew of Petty Officer P H Parsons, Sub Lt A D Corkhill and N A Evans were all awarded gallantry medals. 700 NAS was disbanded in March 1944, pilots transferring into 771 Naval Air Squadron,700 NAS re-emerged in August 1955 as a Fleet Requirements unit and from 1957 was based out of RNAS Lee-on-Solent to introduce the Westland Whirlwind HAS.7. Westland Wessex HAS.1 700Z NAS 1961-63, RNAS Lossiemouth, Blackburn Buccaneer S.1 700V NAS 1963-64, Westland Wessex HU.5 700W NAS 1963-64, RNAS Lossiemouth, Blackburn Buccaneer S.2 700H NAS 1967-. In October 1960 flight tests of landing and take-offs from HMS Vengeance with 27 launchings of the turboprop Fairey Gannet and 34 with the Hawker Sea Hawk,700 NAS disbanded again at RNAS Yeovilton in July 1961. However, a number of Intensive Flying Trials Units were subsequently formed under the 700 NAS title and these operated as independent units, each being identified by a suffix letter after the squadron number. More recently, the squadron was re-commissioned at RNAS Culdrose in December 1998 as 700M Squadron, 700M disbanded on 31 March 2008, transferring its aircraft and personnel to 824 Naval Air Squadron and also forming a new flight,824 OEU. The squadron reformed again as 700W NAS in May 2009 at Yeovilton as the Lynx Wildcat Fielding Squadron, 700W expects to receive up to five Wildcats from January 2013 for operational evaluation and conversion training. The squadron was disbanded in July 2014 when it was merged with 702 NAS to form 825 Naval Air Squadron and it was subsequently reformed as 700X NAS to undertake RPAS trials, and to act as a parent unit for the various ship-based flights operating the Insitu Scan Eagle UAV. The Squadrons of The Fleet Air Arm, helicopter History of 700 Squadron 700X Naval Air Squadron at Royal Navy. mod. uk
18.
Pebble Mill Studios
–
Pebble Mill Studios was a television studio complex owned by the BBC located in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England. As well as being the home of Midlands Today and BBC Radio WM, programmes produced at Pebble Mill included Pebble Mill at One, The Archers, Top Gear, Pebble Mill Studios closed in 2004 and was demolished in 2005. In the 1950s BBC Midlands was based in offices on Carpenter Road, the news studio was in a separate building in Broad Street which remained in operation until 1971. In the same complex, the studios also recorded drama productions in the former Delicia Cinema in Gosta Green, over time, these studios were too small for the expanding region and were hampered by being spread out across Birmingham. A change in BBC policy created the BBC Regions, based in Manchester, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow and these locations were created as National Production Centres, to produce television and radio productions for the areas in which they covered. Pebble Mill was designed to be an addition to Londons Wood Lane Television Centre, the lease for the site was acquired from the Calthorpe Estate on a peppercorn rent by the BBC. Plans for Pebble Mill were approved in 1967 and this followed construction of the studios, which was designed by John Madin founder of the John Madin Design Group. The original plan was to contain a Light Entertainment Studio a regional news studio, the Studio opened with EMI2001 cameras and was host to many programmes from London and locally produced programmes. During the early 1990s, the BBC technical resource department toured the UKs other BBC, ITV, sony Broadcast BVP-370s were chosen and during this period asbestos was removed from the studio, gallery spaces and air plant. In November 1997, work began on a major refurbishment of the studio, which included a control room. This £2.2 million upgrade took nine weeks and Studio A re-opened by the end of February 1998 as a digital widescreen facility one of the first in the BBC. Studio B was for local news and sport programming and was 40 ×25 ft in size and it had a combined control gallery with Lighting-Vision-Production and Sound all sited next to each other. This studio was used primarily for Midlands Today but also produced Network East, Studio B was located on the first floor looking out over the central quadrangle. There was a cargo lift close to the doors but there was a very tight right-angle turn to get into the studio. Next to the Studio was the Presentation Suite that was used for short Morning and Evening news opt-outs, the studios were originally intended to have a third drama studio - but this never materialised. Instead, the main foyer became Studio C, as space was needed for Pebble Mill at One, the Foyer had the suspended ceiling removed and a scaffold lighting rig installed. Audience seating replaced the reception desk and interview seating installed by the main windows, Pebble Mill at One then ended in 1986 but in 1988, Daytime Live was launched. It used the format as Pebble Mill at One and used the same content
19.
899 Naval Air Squadron
–
899 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Aircraft carrier based squadron. Latterly it was the Sea Harrier training squadron based at RNAS Yeovilton,899 Naval Air Squadron was reformed in 1979 as the training squadron for the Sea Harrier. It was initially based at RNAS Yeovilton until it was decommissioned in 2005 prior to the Stand up of 800 Naval Air Squadron GR7 at RAF Cottesmore,899 NAS saw service during the Second World War and was mostly deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. It was disbanded when the war ended, in 1955 the squadron was recommissioned and deployed to Egypt on Operation Musketeer during the Suez Crisis. During the 1960s, the squadron was deployed to the African continent a number of times, in 1965 it deployed on board HMS Eagle to Rhodesia in light of the governments dispute with the British Crown and issuing of its internationally unrecognised Unilateral Declaration of Independence. The squadron provided air support during the Beira Patrol blockade, remaining at sea for a record 72 days. In 1967, with the disintegration of the Protectorate of South Arabia, during this period the squadron operated Sea Vixen aircraft at R. N. A. S. Yeovilton and on board HMS Eagle,899 NAS did not take part directly in the Falklands War. However it supplied personnel to both 800 NAS and 801 NAS and it also allowed 809 Naval Air Squadron to be set up specially for the Falklands War. During the 1990s, the squadron was called into action for the Yugoslav Wars as part of NATO peacekeeping operations in Bosnia, from 1993 until its disbandment the squadron took on the role as the training squadron for Harrier pilots. 899 NAS trained personnel for the front line squadrons 800 Naval Air Squadron and 801 Naval Air Squadron and these squadrons were deployed as required in HMS Hermes, HMS Invincible, HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Royal. Sea Vixen Sea Harrier World War II Sicily 1943 Salerno 1943 Aegean 1944 South France 1944 History -899 Squadron — Sea Harrier Association
20.
HMS Brilliant (F90)
–
HMS Brilliant was a Type 22 frigate of the Royal Navy. Brilliant was part of the Task Force that took part in the Falklands War, on 21 May 1982 HMS Brilliant came under Argentine air attack outside San Carlos Water and was slightly damaged by cannon fire. On 23 May she joined HMS Yarmouth in the chase of the Argentinian supply ship ARA Monsunen and she rescued 24 survivors from Atlantic Conveyor on 25 May. Brilliant had sailed south with a pair of WE. 177A nuclear depth charges on board, to avoid complications arising from the Treaty of Tlatelolco, these were unloaded to RFA Fort Austin on 16 April 1982. In 1987 she became leader of the 2nd Frigate Squadron, in October 1990 she saw the first members of the Womens Royal Naval Service to serve officially on an operational warship. In January 1991, Brilliant deployed to the Persian Gulf as part of the Operation Granby Task Force and she decommissioned from Royal Navy service in 1996 and was sold to the Brazilian Navy on 31 August 1996 and renamed Dodsworth. F47 Dodsworth was sold for scrap and broken up at Aliağa, Turkey, the silhouette of HMS Brilliant is painted, with the date 21 May, on the side of Argentine Air Force IAI Finger serial number C-412. Also painted on C-412 is the silhouette of HMS Arrow and the date 1 May, fingers markings were painted soon after the war, they were seen during the November 2005 multi-national Exercise Ceibo in Argentina, and still there as of 2007. Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy, airForces Monthly Magazine February 2006, page 61. Argentine Aircraft Successes against British Ships F47 Dodsworth
21.
ADEN cannon
–
The Royal Small Arms Factory ADEN is a 30 mm revolver cannon used on many military aircraft, particularly those of the British Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm. Developed post-WWII primarily to meet British Air Ministrys requirement for increased lethality in aircraft armament, the ADEN was developed in the late 1940s as a replacement for the older Hispano-Suiza HS.40420 mm cannon used in British aircraft of World War II. It is based on the mechanism of the German Mauser MG 213C, a revolver cannon designed for the Luftwaffe. The ADEN entered service on the Hawker Hunter in 1954, the current version is the ADEN Mk 4. An improved version, the ADEN Mk 5, incorporates a multitude of changes to improve reliability and increase rate of fire slightly to 1. No new Mk 5s were built, but many older weapons were converted, several podded versions exist, including the installations scabbed below the fuselage of British Hawker Siddeley Harrier and Sea Harriers and the Swedish FFV Aden, which is used on the BAE Hawk. The FFV Aden contains the weapon and 150 rounds of ammunition, is 151.57 in long, the ADEN is very similar to the French DEFA cannon, and the two weapons use the same range of 30 mm ammunition. The lighter ammunition was also to produce a rate of fire,1,650 to 1,850 rounds per minute. Unfortunately, severe development problems plagued the ADEN25, which proved unable to meet its design weight target and it was finally cancelled in 1999. As a result, RAF Harrier GR.7 and GR.9 aircraft did not carry cannon, Fleet Air Arm Sea Harriers retained the 30 mm weapon until their retirement in 2006. Data from Janes Information Group Type, single-barrel automatic cannon Caliber,30 mm ×113 mm Operation, revolver chamber Length,1.64 m Weight,87
22.
Goose Green
–
Goose Green is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland in the Falkland Islands. It lies on Choiseul Sound, on the east side of the central isthmus,2 miles south-southwest of Darwin. With a population of about 40, it is the third largest settlement of the Falkland Islands, after Stanley, Goose Green has a shop and a small airfield. Local attractions include the nearby Bodie Suspension Bridge and the Vicar of Bray shipwreck, Goose Green farm itself is massive. At 430,000 acres, it is double the size of the farms at Port Howard, during the Falklands War, it was the scene of the Battle of Goose Green. Goose Green was established in 1875, as the site of a tallow factory, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, at the turn of the 20th century, many of the local inhabitants were Scottish, which in part is reflected by the nearby placename, Brenton Loch. There were thirteen people recorded as living here at that time, at about this time, Goose Green began to take off, A canning factory was opened in 1911 at Goose Green, and was extremely successful for nine years. It absorbed a large proportion of sheep, but during the slump of the postwar years. In 1927, the settlements huge sheep shearing shed was built, however, this claim is hard to verify. In 1979,100,598 sheep were shorn at Goose Green, up until the 1970s, Goose Green was the site of a boarding school, run by the state. Camp children boarded here, and there were 40 spaces, the boarding school was later transferred to Stanley, although the recent emphasis has been on locally based education. The school itself became an Argentine HQ, and was burnt down, a new school has been built for local children. The town population has shrunk since the Falklands War, in 1982, there were a hundred residents, in 2000 there were forty. It is now part of the Falkland Landholdings Corporation, a government-managed company, there are two listed buildings here, the Stone Cottage, and the village hall. The area is home to the Falkland Islands radar antenna array, part of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, the array, comprising 16 50-foot masts, began work in 2010. Goose Green was occupied by Argentine forces during the Falklands War, over one hundred islanders were imprisoned in the community hall, while over 1,200 Argentine troops occupied the settlement and nearby Darwin. The area is heavily mined. Battle of Goose Green Chris Keeble Ítalo Piaggi
23.
IAI Nesher
–
The Israel Aircraft Industries Nesher is the Israeli version of the Dassault Mirage 5 multi-role fighter aircraft. Most were later sold to the Argentine Air Force as Daggers, Israel had to replace more than 60 aircraft lost during the Six Day War and the War of Attrition which followed. Before the war, Israel began co-development with Dassault to build the Mirage 5 and it was built by Israel. Dassault Aviation had developed the Mirage 5 at the request of the Israelis, the Israeli Air Force wanted the next version to have less all-weather capability in exchange for improved ordnance carrying capacity and range as the weather in the Middle East is mostly clear. In January 1969, the French government arms embargo on Israel prevented the first 30 Mirage 5 aircraft plus optional 20 from being delivered and cut off support for the existing Mirage IIICJ fleet. This was a setback for the Israeli Air Force, who needed the new Mirage to compensate for the losses of the Six Day War and was using the Mirage IIIC. Israel then decided to produce the airframes as it had the necessary plans, however, some sources claim Israel actually received 50 Mirage 5s in crates from the French Air Force, while the AdA took over the 50 aircraft originally intended for Israel. French made parts were also believed to have been supplied to build the first IAI Kfir, production began in 1969 with the first empty airframes with no weapons, electronics, seat, or engine included, delivered directly from Dassault Aviation. The first Raam A was delivered in May,1971, in November,1971 the plane was renamed Nesher. Fifty-one Nesher fighters and ten Nesher two-seat trainers were built in all, the Nesher had simpler avionics than the Mirage IIIC and was slightly less maneuverable. However, it had longer range and bigger payload, the reduced maneuverability did not prevent the Nesher from performing well in air combat during the Yom Kippur war. The result was the IAI Kfir,51 Nesher fighters and 10 Nesher two-seat trainers were built for the IAF. The first Nesher prototype flew in September 1969, with deliveries to the IAF beginning in May 1971. These aircraft performed well during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, claiming over a hundred kills, after their service with the IAF had come to an end, many Neshers were refurbished and sold to Argentina as Daggers. In the last role, they damaged HMS Antrim, Brilliant, Broadsword, Ardent, Arrow, eleven Daggers were lost in combat. In the 1979 contract with IAI, the Argentine Air Force stipulated that the Daggers would be equipped with new avionics, the program, named Finger, was underway in 1982 when the Falklands War broke out. With the war over, as some of these systems were made by the British Marconi Electronic Systems, the replacement of such systems took the planes to the final Finger IIIB standard mainly by replacing the British equipment with French-built Thomson-CSF. Nesher S, Single-seat ground-attack fighter version for the Israeli Air Force, Nesher T, Two-seat training version for the Israeli Air Force
24.
Lockheed C-130 Hercules
–
The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed. Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally designed as a troop, medevac and it is now the main tactical airlifter for many military forces worldwide. Over forty variants and versions of the Hercules, including a civilian one marketed as the Lockheed L-100, the C-130 entered service with the U. S. in the 1950s, followed by Australia and others. During its years of service, the Hercules family has participated in numerous military, the C-130 Hercules is the longest continuously produced military aircraft at over 60 years, with the updated Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules currently being produced. The new transport would have a capacity of 92 passengers,72 combat troops or 64 paratroopers in a compartment that was approximately 41 feet long,9 feet high. Unlike transports derived from passenger airliners, it was to be designed from the ground-up as a transport with loading from a hinged loading ramp at the rear of the fuselage. A key feature was the introduction of the Allison T56 turboprop powerplant, as was the case on helicopters of that era, such as the UH-1 Huey, turboshafts produced much more power for their weight than piston engines. Lockheed would subsequently use the engines and technology in the Lockheed L-188 Electra. The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter also had a ramp, which made it possible to drive vehicles onto the plane. The ramp on the Hercules was also used to airdrop cargo, the new Lockheed cargo plane design possessed a range of 1,100 nmi, takeoff capability from short and unprepared strips, and the ability to fly with one engine shut down. Fairchild, North American, Martin, and Northrop declined to participate, the remaining five companies tendered a total of ten designs, Lockheed two, Boeing one, Chase three, Douglas three, and Airlifts Inc. one. The contest was an affair between the lighter of the two Lockheed proposals and a four-turboprop Douglas design. The Lockheed design team was led by Willis Hawkins, starting with a 130-page proposal for the Lockheed L-206, both Hibbard and Johnson signed the proposal and the company won the contract for the now-designated Model 82 on 2 July 1951. The first flight of the YC-130 prototype was made on 23 August 1954 from the Lockheed plant in Burbank, the aircraft, serial number 53-3397, was the second prototype, but the first of the two to fly. The YC-130 was piloted by Stanley Beltz and Roy Wimmer on its 61-minute flight to Edwards Air Force Base, Jack Real, kelly Johnson flew chase in a Lockheed P2V Neptune. After the two prototypes were completed, production began in Marietta, Georgia, where over 2,300 C-130s have been built through 2009. The initial production model, the C-130A, was powered by Allison T56-A-9 turboprops with three-blade propellers, deliveries began in December 1956, continuing until the introduction of the C-130B model in 1959. Some A-models were equipped with skis and re-designated C-130D, four-bladed Hamilton Standard propellers replaced the Aeroproducts three-blade propellers that distinguished the earlier A-models
25.
AIM-9 Sidewinder
–
The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a short-range air-to-air missile developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s. Entering service in 1956, variants and upgrades remain in service with many air forces after six decades. The United States Air Force purchased the Sidewinder after the missile was developed by the United States Navy at China Lake, the majority of Sidewinder variants utilize infrared homing for guidance, the AIM-9C variant used semi-active radar homing and served as the basis of the AGM-122 Sidearm anti-radar missile. The Sidewinder is the most widely used missile in the West, with more than 110,000 missiles produced for the U. S. and 27 other nations and it has been built under license by some other nations including Sweden. The AIM-9 is one of the oldest, least expensive, and most successful air-to-air missiles, when firing a Sidewinder, American and NATO pilots use the brevity code FOX-2. In addition to fixed-wing aircraft, some helicopters, such as the AH-1 SuperCobra. The missile was designed to be simple to upgrade, the United States Navy hosted a 50th anniversary celebration of its existence in 2002. Boeing won a contract in March 2010 to support Sidewinder operations through to 2055, the AIM-9 is made up of a number of different components manufactured by different companies, including Aerojet and Raytheon. The missile is divided into four sections, guidance, target detector, warhead. The guidance and control unit contains most of the electronics and mechanics that enable the missile to function. At the very front is the IR seeker head utilizing the rotating reticle, mirror, and five CdS cells or pan and scan staring array, electric motor, and armature, all protruding into a glass dome. Directly behind this are the electronics that gather data, interpret signals, an umbilical on the side of the GCU attaches to the launcher, which detaches from the missile at launch. To cool the head, a 5,000 psi argon bottle is carried internally in Air Force AIM-9L/M variants. The AIM-9X model contains a Stirling cryo-engine to cool the seeker elements, two electric servos power the canards to steer the missile. At the back of the GCU is a gas generator or thermal battery to provide electrical power. The AIM-9X features high off-boresight capability, together with JHMCS, this missile is capable of locking on to a target that is in its field of regard said to be up to 90 degrees off boresight. Next is a detector with four IR emitters and detectors that detect whether the target is moving farther away. When it detects this action taking place, it sends a signal to the warhead safe, versions older than the AIM-9L featured an influence fuze that relied on the targets magnetic field as input
26.
RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)
–
Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton, or RNAS Yeovilton, is an airfield of the Royal Navy and British Army, sited a few miles north of Yeovil, Somerset. The site consists of 1,000 acres of airfield sites plus ranges, Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton is a large multi-role air station with an annual budget of some £61 million. The airfield is home to the Fleet Air Arm Museum. In 1938, the potential of the land at Yeovilton for use as an airfield was spotted by Westland Aircrafts chief test pilot Harald Penrose, the owners, however – the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of the Church of England – refused to sell it. In 1939, the Admiralty Air Division commandeered 417 acres of the land, the runways being completed in 1941 despite problems with poor drainage. A main runway of 3,645 ft and three runways each of 3,000 ft had been constructed. 750 Naval Air Squadron was formed at RNAS Ford on 24 May 1939 from the Royal Navy Observer School and they were joined by 751 and 752 Squadrons with the Naval Air Fighter School soon following. In addition Westland Aircraft developed a facility at the site. From July 1940, the site was subjected to Luftwaffe bombing on several occasions, several units which were preparing for embarkation were also stationed at the site during the Second World War. Because of pressure on space at the airfield, satellite sites were set up at Charlton Horethorne, a centre for Air Direction Radar was also established at Speckington Manor on the edge of the airfield. After the end of the war, Yeovilton became one of the main centres for the Royal Navy. In 1952, Yeovilton became the base for the fleets all-weather fighters. The runways were extended by Taylor Woodrow in 1952 and 1957 to cope with jet aircraft. In May 1953, it became the headquarters of Flag Officer Flying Training, the 1970s saw the Flag Officer, Naval Air Command, transferring from RNAS Lee-on-Solent. Royal Navy fixed wing operations were phased out, and the Phantoms transferred to the RAF, a ski-jump was installed to enable practice of ski-jump assisted take-offs. In the mid 1980s Defence Estates announced that many of the Royal Navy ratings married quarters at RNAS Yeovilton were surplus to requirements. As a result, The Welbeck Estate Group acquired in the town of Ilchester two entire estates of apartments in Hermes Place and Lyster Close that were used by personnel at HMS Heron. These were refurbished and sold to local buyers, since 1993 the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church has been the Church of St Bartholomew in Yeovilton
27.
Grenada
–
Grenada is an island country consisting of Grenada itself and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent, Grenada is also known as the Island of Spice because of the production of nutmeg and mace crops, of which it is one of the worlds largest exporters. Its size is 344 square kilometres, with a population of 110,000. The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada dove, before the arrival of Europeans, Grenada was inhabited by indigenous Arawaks and, subsequently, Island Caribs. Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his voyage to the Americas. Although it was deemed the property of the King of Spain, French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century. On 10 February 1763 Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris, British rule continued, except for a period of French rule between 1779 and 1783, until 1974. From 1958 to 1962 Grenada was part of the Federation of the West Indies, on March 3,1967, Grenada was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an Associated State. Herbert Blaize was the first Premier of the Associated State of Grenada from March to August 1967, Eric Gairy served as Premier from August 1967 until February 1974. Independence was granted on February 7,1974, under the leadership of Eric Gairy, Bishop was later freed by popular demonstration and attempted to resume power, but was captured and executed by soldiers. On October 25,1983, combined forces from the United States, the invasion was highly criticised by the governments of Britain, Trinidad and Tobago, and Canada, along with the United Nations General Assembly. Elections were held in December 1984 and were won by the Grenada National Party under Herbert Blaize who served as minister until his death in December 1989. On September 7,2004, after being hurricane-free for 49 years, the island was hit by Hurricane Ivan. On July 14,2005, Hurricane Emily struck the northern part of the island, the origin of the name Grenada is obscure, but it is likely that Spanish sailors renamed the island for the city of Granada. By the beginning of the 18th century, the name Grenada, on his third voyage to the region in 1498, Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada and named it La Concepción in honour of the Virgin Mary. It is said that he may have named it Assumpción. However, history has accepted that it was Tobago he named Assumpción, in 1499, the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci travelled through the region with the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda and mapmaker Juan de la Cosa. Vespucci is reported to have renamed the island Mayo, which is how it appeared on maps for around the next 20 years, in the 1520s the Spanish named the islands to the north of Mayo as Los Granadillos, presumably after the mainland Spanish town
28.
The London Gazette
–
The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the UK, having been first published on 7 November 1665 as The Oxford Gazette. This claim is made by the Stamford Mercury and Berrows Worcester Journal. It does not have a large circulation, in turn, The London Gazette carries not only notices of UK-wide interest, but also those relating specifically to entities or people in England and Wales. However, certain notices that are only of specific interest to Scotland or Northern Ireland are also required to be published in The London Gazette, the London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes are published by TSO on behalf of Her Majestys Stationery Office. They are subject to Crown Copyright, the London Gazette is published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The official Gazettes are published by The Stationery Office, the content, apart from insolvency notices, is available in a number of machine-readable formats, including XML and XML/RDFa via Atom feed. The London Gazette was first published as The Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665. Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, the Gazette was Published by Authority by Henry Muddiman, and its first publication is noted by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The King returned to London as the plague dissipated, and the Gazette moved too, the Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense, it was sent by post to subscribers, not printed for sale to the general public. Her Majestys Stationery Office took over the publication of the Gazette in 1889, publication of the Gazette was transferred to the private sector, under government supervision, in the 1990s, when HMSO was sold and renamed The Stationery Office. In time of war, dispatches from the conflicts are published in The London Gazette. People referred to are said to have mentioned in dispatches. When members of the forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here. Man tally-ho, Miss piano, Wife silk and satin, Boy Greek and Latin, the phrase gazetted fortune hunter is also probably derived from this. Notices of engagement and marriage were also published in the Gazette. Gazettes, modelled on The London Gazette, were issued for most British colonial possessions
29.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
30.
Imperial War Museum
–
Imperial War Museums is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England, three of which are in London. Founded as the Imperial War Museum in 1917, the museum was intended to record the civil and military war effort and sacrifice of Britain, the museums remit has since expanded to include all conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces have been involved since 1914. As of 2012, the aims to provide for, and to encourage. Originally housed in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill, the museum opened to the public in 1920. The outbreak of the Second World War saw the museum expand both its collections and its terms of reference, but in the period, the museum entered a period of decline. The 1960s saw the museum redevelop its Southwark building, now referred to as Imperial War Museum London, during the 1970s, the museum began to expand onto other sites. The first, in 1976, was an airfield in Cambridgeshire now referred to as IWM Duxford. In 1978, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Belfast became a branch of the museum, in 1984, the Cabinet War Rooms, an underground wartime command centre, was opened to the public. From the 1980s onwards, the museums Bethlem building underwent a series of multimillion-pound redevelopments, finally,2002 saw the opening of IWM North in Trafford, Greater Manchester, the fifth branch of the museum and the first in the north of England. In 2011, the museum rebranded itself as IWM, standing for Imperial War Museums, the museum is funded by government grants, charitable donations, and revenue generation through commercial activity such as retailing, licensing, and publishing. General admission is free to IWM London and IWM North, the museum is an exempt charity under the Charities Act 1993 and a non-departmental public body under the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. As of January 2012, the Chairman of the Trustees is Sir Francis Richards, since October 2008, the museums Director General has been Diane Lees. On 27 February 1917 Sir Alfred Mond, a Liberal MP and First Commissioner of Works and this proposal was accepted by the War Cabinet on 5 March 1917 and the decision announced in The Times on 26 March. A committee was established, chaired by Mond, to oversee the collection of material to be exhibited in the new museum, there was an early appreciation of the need for exhibits to reflect personal experience in order to prevent the collections becoming dead relics. Sir Martin Conway, the Museums first Director General, said that exhibits must be vitalised by contributions expressive of the action, the experiences, the valour and the endurance of individuals. The museums first curator and secretary was Charles ffoulkes, who had previously been curator of the Royal Armouries at the Tower of London, in July 1917 Mond made a visit to the Western Front in order to study how best to organise the museums growing collection. While in France he met French government ministers, and Field Marshal Haig, in December 1917 the name was changed to the Imperial War Museum after a resolution from the India and Dominions Committee of the museum. The museum was opened by The King at the Crystal Palace on 9 June 1920, shortly afterwards the Imperial War Museum Act 1920 was passed and established a Board of Trustees to oversee the governance of the museum
31.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
