1.
Ramon Magsaysay Award
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The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government. It is named after Ramon Magsaysay, the seventh President of the Philippines, the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives the prize to Asian individuals achieving excellence in their respective fields. As of 2016, recipients have come from twenty-two Asian countries, the 2016 awardees were Vientiane Rescue, Conchita Carpio-Morales, Dompet Dhuafa, Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers, T. M. Krishna and Bezwada Wilson. Compare to questions raised here, Singh Negi, Rajender, Magsaysay Award, Asian Nobel, Not so Noble. Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation Blog
2.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
3.
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
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The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is one of the professional graduate schools of Columbia University. Located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of New York City, it is the journalism school in the Ivy League and one of the oldest in the United States. The school was founded by Joseph Pulitzer in 1912, and offers Master of Science, in addition to graduate degree programs, the Journalism School houses the Pulitzer Prizes and directly administers several prizes, including the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award. It also co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards and publishes the Columbia Journalism Review, the Journalism School was founded with a bequest from Joseph Pulitzer. In 1892, Pulitzer offered Columbia Universitys president, Seth Low, the university initially turned down the money. Lows successor, Nicholas Murray Butler was more receptive to the plan and it took the university many years to act on Pulitzers $2 million gift and pitch for a journalism school. Classes began on September 30,1912, with a student body of about 100 undergraduate and graduate students from 21 countries, the building was still under construction at the time. In 1935 Dean Carl Ackerman led the transition to become the first graduate school of journalism in the United States. Classes of 60 students dug up stories in New York City during the day and drafted articles in a single, students choose from one of four specializations, newspaper, magazine, broadcast, or new media. Some students interested in reporting are part of Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism. The M. S. program is offered on a part-time basis. The school also offers dual-degree programs with Sciences Po in Paris, the nine-month master of arts program is for experienced journalists interested in focusing on a particular subject area, politics, science, business, or the arts. M. A. students work closely with Journalism School professors as well as professors from other departments at Columbia. The Ph. D. program draws upon the resources of Columbia University in an approach to the study of communications. The Journalism School administers many professional awards, a tradition that Joseph Pulitzer began when he established the school, until then, the boards decisions were ratified by the Universitys trustees. Prior to its divestiture in 1950, the board was charged with administrative oversight of the School of Journalism. Since 1976, the incumbent dean of the Journalism School has served as an ex member of the board. Professor Emeritus of Professional Practice in Magazine Journalism Charles Ornstein, adjunct associate professor Michael Schudson, professor Choire Sicha, Pulitzers School, Columbia Universitys School of Journalism, 1903-2003
4.
College of the Holy Spirit Manila
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The College of the Holy Spirit Manila, or simply CHSM, is a Catholic educational institution founded and being run by the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit in Manila, Philippines. Founded in 1913, College of the Holy Spirit Manila was established originally as Holy Ghost College through the invitation of then Manila Archbishop Jeremias Harty, located originally at Legarda Street, the present campus is now located in the historic Mendiola Street, inside the Malacañan Palace Complex. The college offers programs for high school, undergraduate courses, post-graduate degrees. The undergraduate programs include course in Arts and Education, Business, Fine Arts, the school also offers professional courses in Special Education, Caregiver Program and Women Leadership. Starting in the 2013 school year, it opened two new short courses in Digital Arts and Gerontology. Since then, the college undergoes voluntary accreditation, and the last March 6–7,2013 the college was re-accredited. CHSM was granted Level III re-accreditation status for arts, sciences and business programs by PAASCU with five years validity until 2018, as a SSpS school, for 98 years it was administered by SSpS religious sisters. On 11 June 2011, the SSpS Philippines North Provincial Leadership entrusted the administration of the school to its alumna Dr. Felina Co-Young, making her the first lay president of the college. The SSpS sisters remain in the school as heads of different administrative departments, the foundation of the College of the Holy Spirit Manila was through a mistaken response to an anonymous letter with a five-dollar bill. The SSpS sisters in Tayum of the province of Abra, Philippines thought it was from then Manila Archbishop Jeremias Harty, and thus sent a letter of gratitude to the Archbishop. The prelate responded that it was not from him but, pleased with the sisters, during the period, Archbishop Harty was calling religious orders to establish Catholic schools in Manila to preempt the spread of Protestantism in his archdiocese. Five SSpS sisters were sent to a house in Manila to start the second school of the congregation in the Philippines. Sisters Hieronyma, Sebastiana, Ludwiga, Laetitia and Gereona gave the nickname Holy Ghost Cottage for their foundation, dubbed by their benefactor Archbishop Harty as the poorest children of Manila, he donated several furniture for the use of the school. At the start of the school, it had 23 primary school pupils enrolled in the first semester, american Governor-General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison through the Division Superintendent of Schools granted Government Recognition and Permit to Operate in 1915. As years went on, enrollment increased such that the Sisters need to rent the house for them to hold classes. In 1919, there were a total of 274 grade-school pupils, as the school opened the secondary department, there was a need for expansion. Thus, the 12, 000-square-meter present campus located on the intersections of E. Mendiola Street, J. P Laurel Street, aguila Street was bought on 7 July 1920. With the buildings constructed, the school was moved to the Mendiola property on 25 March 1922
5.
Mendiola Street
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Mendiola Street is a short thoroughfare in San Miguel, Manila, Philippines. The street is named after Enrique Mendiola, an educator, textbook author, as a street close to Malacañang Palace, the President of the Philippines official residence, it has been the site of numerous and sometimes bloody demonstrations. On the north end of the street is the Chino Roces Bridge, named in honor of Chino Roces, Mendiola Street starts at the intersection of Legarda Street and Claro M. Recto Avenue and ends at José P. Laurel Street, just outside Malacañang Palace. Four colleges and universities which forms a part of the University Belt are in Mendiola Street, to protect Malacañang Palace, the part of Mendiola Street that starts at the sentinel gate in front of the College of the Holy Spirit and La Consolacion College Manila is closed to vehicles. Vehicles are diverted to Concepcion Aguila Street, a side street that passes through residential areas of San Miguel district. The confrontation resulted in the deaths of four student demonstrators, on January 22,1987, crowd control troops opened fire on a protest rally of about 10,000 peasant farmers demanding genuine land reform from then-President Corazon Aquino. Thirteen of the protesters were killed and hundreds were injured in the incident now known as the Mendiola massacre and they demanded the release of Estrada. Mendiola Street and the vicinity around Malacañang Palace became a front line after the protesters tried to storm the Palace, casualties were high on both the Estrada supporters and government troops end. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared a state of emergency to stifle the rioting. GMANews. TV, Protest marks 21st anniversary of Mendiola Massacre -21 January 2008 gmanews. tv/video, Saksi, Mendiola Massacre anniversary march comes off peaceful,23 January 2008
6.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
7.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
8.
WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities
9.
Cambodia
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Cambodia, officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia has a population of over 15 million. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, practiced by approximately 95 percent of the population, the countrys minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams, and 30 hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh, the political, economic, the kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years. In 802 AD, Jayavarman II declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of Chenla under the name Kambuja. The Indianized kingdom built monumental temples including Angkor Wat, now a World Heritage Site, after the fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya in the 15th century, a reduced and weakened Cambodia was then ruled as a vassal state by its neighbours. In 1863 Cambodia became a protectorate of France which doubled the size of the country by reclaiming the north, the Vietnam War extended into the country with the US bombing of Cambodia from 1969 until 1973. Following the Cambodian coup of 1970, the king gave his support to his former enemies. Following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, Cambodia was governed briefly by a United Nations mission, the UN withdrew after holding elections in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The 1997 coup placed power solely in the hands of Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian Peoples Party, important sociopolitical issues includes widespread poverty, pervasive corruption, lack of political freedoms, low human development, and a high rate of hunger. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighbouring countries, agriculture remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and tourism leading to increased foreign investment and international trade. Cambodia scored dismally in an annual index ranking the rule of law in 102 countries, placing 99th overall, Cambodia also faces environmental destruction as an imminent problem. The most severe activity in this regard is considered to be the countrywide deforestation, the Kingdom of Cambodia is the official English name of the country. The English Cambodia is an anglicisation of the French Cambodge, which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer Kampuchea, Kampuchea is the shortened alternative to the countrys official name in Khmer, Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea. The Khmer endonym Kampuchea derives from the Sanskrit name Kambujadeśa, composed of देश, desa and कम्बोज, Kambujas, colloquially, Cambodians refer to their country as either Srok Khmer, meaning Khmers Land, or the slightly more formal Prateh Kampuchea, literally Country of Kampuchea. The name Cambodia is used most often in the Western world while Kampuchea is more used in the East. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of dates as of 6000 BC
10.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
11.
Yuan Longping
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Yuan Longping is a Chinese agricultural scientist and educator, known for developing the first hybrid rice varieties in the 1970s. Hybrid rice has since grown in dozens of countries in Africa, America. For his contributions, Yuan is sometimes called The Father of Hybrid Rice by the Chinese media, Yuan was born in Beijing, China in 1930. He graduated from the Southwest Agriculture Institute in 1953 and began his career at an agriculture school in Anjiang. He came up with an idea for hybridizing rice in the 1960s, since then, Yuan has devoted himself to the research and development of a better rice breed. In 1964, he happened to find a natural hybrid rice plant that had obvious advantages over others, greatly encouraged, he began to study the elements of this particular type. The biggest problem by then, was having no method to reproduce hybrid rice in mass quantities. Subsequent experiments proved his theory feasible, which was his most important contribution on hybrid rice, Yuan went on to solve more following problems. The first experimental hybrid rice species cultivated didnt show any significant advantage over common ones, so Yuan suggested crossbreeding rice with its further relative, in 1970, he found an important species of wild rice that he needed for the creation of high-yield hybrid rice species. In 1973, in cooperation with others, he was able to establish a complete process of creating and reproducing high-yield hybrid rice species. The next year they successfully cultivated a type of hybrid rice species which had great advantages and it yielded 20 percent more per unit than that of common ones, putting China in the lead worldwide in rice production. For this achievement, he was dubbed the Father of Hybrid Rice, at present, as many as 50 percent of Chinas total rice fields grow Yuan Longpings hybrid rice species and yield 60 percent of the rice production in China. Due to Yuans hard work, Chinas total rice output rose from 56,9 million tons in 1950 to 194,7 million tons last year, the annual yield increase is enough to feed 60 million people. The Super Rice Yuan is now working on has yields 30 percent higher than those of common rice, a record yield of 17,055 kilograms per hectare was registered in Yongsheng County in Yunnan Province in 1999. In January 2014, Yuan said in an interview that genetically modified food is the direction of food. Yuan married his student Deng Zhe in 1964, they have two children, Yuan Dingan and Yuan Dingjiang. In 1979, his technique for hybrid rice was introduced into the United States, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 1991 statistics show that 20 percent of the worlds rice output came from 10 percent of the worlds rice fields that grow hybrid rice. Four asteroids and a college in China have been named after him, Yuan won the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award of China in 2000, the Wolf Prize in Agriculture and the World Food Prize in 2004
12.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
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C. D. Deshmukh
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Sir Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh, CIE, ICS was an Indian civil servant and the first Indian to be appointed as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1943 by the British Raj authorities. He subsequently served as the Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet, after resignation from Union Cabinet he worked as Chairman of UGC. He served as Vice-Chancellor of University of Delhi and he was also President of Indian Statistical Institute from 1945 to 1964, Honorary Chairman of National Book Trust. He founded India International Center in 1959 and served as Lifetime President of it and he was also chairman of Indian Institute of Public Administration. He was schooled at Roha and Tala and at the Elphinstone High School, in 1912, Deshmukh passed the Matriculation Examination of the University of Bombay with record marks and secured the first Jagannath Shankarseth Scholarship in Sanskrit. In 1915 he went to England and graduated with a degree in Natural Sciences Tripos from Jesus College, Cambridge in 1917 and he was awarded the Frank Smart Prize in Botany and was also president of the Majlis Society. In 1918 he sat for, and topped, the Indian Civil Service Examination and he also served briefly as Joint Secretary to Government of India in the departments of education and health and was Custodian of Enemy Property. Deshmukh joined the Reserve Bank of India in 1939 and served successively as its Secretary to the Board, Deputy Governor and the Governor. He was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in August 1943 and is one of only two Deputy Governors of the Bank who have gone on to become its Governor, as Governor, Deshmukh helped establish the Industrial Finance Corporation and focused on the promotion of rural credit. The RBI was nationalised on January 1,1949 through the RBI Act,1948, in July 1949 Benegal Rama Rau succeeded Deshmukh as the Governor of the RBI. The delegation also succeeded in bringing the issues of poverty and development into the agenda of the IBRD and he was a member of the Board of Governors of both of these institutions from 1946-1956. In 1950, he was elected Chairman of the Joint Annual Meeting of the Boards of Governors of these institutions at its Paris Conference. Following Partition, the division of tax revenue and jute export duty between the Union and the states of India had to be decided based on the changed geographical realities. The Government of India appointed Deshmukh to resolve this matter pending the establishment of a Finance Commission. The Deshmukh Award, which was effected in 1950, factored in population in deciding the division of revenue and recommended grants in aid for various states, Deshmukh was one of 5 members of the Planning Commission when it was constituted in 1950 by a cabinet resolution. Deshmukh succeeded John Mathai as the Union Finance Minister in 1950 after Mathai resigned in protest over the transfer of powers to the Planning Commission. As Finance Minister, Deshmukh continued to remain a member of the Planning Commission and his successors as Finance Minister were also made members of the Commission thus establishing a convention of the Finance Minister being an ex officio member of the Commission. Deshmukhs term as Finance Minister covered the period of the First Five Year Plan and he employed deficit financing as a key tool in bringing about planned investment but inflation and revenue deficits became major challenges during this period
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Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
15.
Ali Sadikin
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Ali Sadikin was an Indonesian politician of Sundanese background. He was often called Bang Ali and he served as the governor of Jakarta, the countrys capital, from 1966 to 1977. He would be known as the governor of Jakarta from 1966-1977. Appointed by a weak Sukarno, he likely had the approval of Suharto. A former officer in the Indonesian Marine Corps, he saw the city as a battlefield and he sought to improve public services, clear out slum dwellers, ban becaks, and outlaw street peddlers. These areas he gave at minimal cost to such as the Jaya Group. For Abidin Kusno, Sadikin was part of a modernist program to attack irrationality, criminalize poverty, at the same time, he sought to kampung-ize city dwellers—to reinvest them with village sociality and mutual aid. Sadikin also tried to halt migration into Jakarta by declaring the city closed to newcomers and he issued residency cards in hope of enforcing the policy, but failed to curtail population growth. One of the earliest and most outspoken advocates of family planning, under Sadikin, Jakartan pilgrimage to Mecca and other holy places surged. Hungry for revenue for his projects, Sadikin legalized gambling and steambaths, after having allegedly allowed Golkar to lose an election in Jakarta, Sadikin was removed from office. Despite Sadikins heavy-handed urban reforms, he is cited as a popular leader. In 1978, mass student protests embroiled the capital, and students nominated Sadikin as an alternative president, in 1980, Sadikin helped found and lead the Petition of Fifty, a group of powerful and highly influential critics of the New Order. He regularly hosted their meetings at his home, though he remained a resolute statist in favor of militarism, he opposed Suhartos consolidation of power in the government and military. It is likely that Sadikins stature and popularity both bolstered the Petition of Fifty and helped to shield it from more severe repression, Sadikin died in Singapore on 20 May 2008. Pers Bertanya, Bang Ali Menjawab by Ali Sadikin, Ramadhan K. H. Pustaka Jaya
16.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
17.
Laos
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Present day Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to the kingdom of Lan Xang Hom Khao, which existed for four centuries as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Due to Lan Xangs central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom was able to become a hub for overland trade. After a period of conflict, Lan Xang broke off into three separate kingdoms— Luang Phabang, Vientiane and Champasak. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three territories uniting to form what is now known as the country of Laos and it briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a civil war ended the monarchy. Laos is a one-party socialist republic and it espouses Marxism and is governed by the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party, in which the party leadership is dominated by military figures. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Vietnam Peoples Army continue to have significant influence in Laos, other large cities include Luang Prabang, Savannakhet, and Pakse. Laos is a country with the politically and culturally dominant Lao people making up approximately 60 percent of the population. Mon-Khmer groups, the Hmong, and other hill tribes, accounting for 40 percent of the population, live in the foothills. It is a member of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, Laos applied for membership of the World Trade Organization in 1997, on 2 February 2013, it was granted full membership. According to the anti-corruption non-governmental organisation Transparency International, Laos remains one of the most corrupt countries in the world and this has deterred foreign investment and created major problems with the rule of law, including the nations ability to enforce contract and business regulation. This has contributed to a third of the population of Laos currently living below the poverty line. Laos has an economy, with one of the lowest annual incomes in the world. In 2014, the country ranked 141st on the Human Development Index, according to the Global Hunger Index, Laos ranks as the 29th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation. Laos has also had a human rights record. In the Lao language, the name is Muang Lao or Pathet Lao. Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos, archaeological evidence suggests agriculturist society developed during the 4th millennium BC
18.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
19.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
20.
Akhtar Hameed Khan
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Akhtar Hameed Khan was a Pakistani development practitioner and social scientist. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries and his particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model. It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of law from Michigan State University. In the 1980s he started a Bottom Up community development initiative of Orangi Pilot Project, based in the outskirts of Karachi and he also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to family planning, for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him recognition and high honours in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects, apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and travelogues in Urdu. Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in Agra and he was among the four sons and three daughters of Khansaahib Ameer Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum. His father, an inspector, was inspired by the reformist thinking of Syed Ahmed Khan. In his early age, Khans mother introduced him to the poetry of Maulana Hali and Muhammad Iqbal, the sermons of Abul Kalam Azad, and this upbringing influenced his interest in historical as well as contemporary social, economic, and political affairs. Khan attended Government High School at Jalam, and completed his education in 1930 at Agra College where he studied English literature and he read English literature, history, and philosophy for a Bachelor of Arts degree at Meerut College in 1932. At that point, his mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis and she died in the same year at the age of 36. Khan continued his studies and was awarded a Master of Arts in English Literature from Agra University in 1934 and he worked as a lecturer at Meerut College before joining the Indian Civil Service in 1936. As part of the ICS training, he was sent to read literature and history at Magdalene College, Cambridge, during the stay, he developed a close friendship with Choudhary Rahmat Ali. Khan married Hameedah Begum in 1940, together, they had three daughters and a son. After Hameedah Begums death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, during his ICS career, Khan worked as collector of revenue, a position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of East Bengal. The Bengal famine of 1943 and subsequent inadequate handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, I realised that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, during this period, he was influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche and Mashriqi, and joined the Khaksar Movement. He quit the movement and turned to Sufism, according to Khan, I had a profound personal concern, I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict
21.
Hilario Davide Jr.
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Hilario Gelbolingo Davide Jr. GCSS, is a former Ambassador/Permanent Representative of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations in New York City. He was the 20th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, as the highest judicial officer, he presided over the Supreme Court of the Philippines. On June 30,2010, President Noynoy Aquino announced that Davide will head a commission that will investigate important issues in the country. He completed his education at Argao Central Elementary School and secondary education at Abellana Vocational High School. He took and passed the bar examinations given that same year, from 1959 to 1963, Davide worked as private secretary to the vice-governor and later governor of the province of Cebu. From 1962 to 1968, he was a faculty member of the College of Law of Southwestern University in Cebu City and this university, three decades later, would confer on him a degree of Doctor of Laws in 1999. Davides first opportunity to get into the scene was when he was elected as Delegate of the 4th District of Cebu to the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He became Chairman of the Committee on Duties and Obligations of Citizens and he was among three delegates who introduced the most number of reform proposals. The reforms adopted under the Constitutional Convention were, however, short-lived, in 1978, he was elected assemblyman for Cebu in the Interim Batasang Pambansa under the opposition party Pusyon Bisaya and became one of martial laws staunch critics. As an oppositionist in the ruling party-dominated legislative body, he was its first Minority Floor Leader and he filed the most number of bills of national significance, as well as resolutions to lift martial law. He also sought legislative investigations of graft and corruption in government, in February 1988, President Aquino appointed Davide as Chairman of the Commission on Elections. He was the sponsor of the COMELECs Rules of Procedure. This presidential commission was tasked to conduct an investigation on the rebellion, furthermore, Congress passed Republic Act No. On January 24,1991, Davide was appointed by then-President Aquino as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, from January 2,1996 to August 30,1997, he sat as a member of the Senate Electoral Tribunal. On November 30,1998, he was appointed by President Joseph Estrada as the 20th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and he took his oath of office at the new Bonifacio Shrine in the City of Manila. He became known as the Centennial and Millennial Chief Justice and he was the presiding judge in the impeachment trial against then-President Estrada in December 2000. By declaring her the constitutional successor it averted potential violence and military takeover of power, Davide retired as chief magistrate on December 20,2005 after he reached the mandatory retirement age of 70. However, on January 24,2006, President Arroyo appointed him as Senior Presidential Adviser on Electoral Reforms during a Council of State meeting convened by the President and he recommended measures and policies to the President that would help reform the countrys electoral system
22.
Jesse Robredo
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Robredo was a member of the Liberal Party. Beginning in 1988, Robredo served six terms as Mayor of Naga City in Camarines Sur, in recognition of his achievements as Naga City mayor, Robredo was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2000, the first Filipino mayor so honored. He was appointed to the Cabinet of President Aquino in July 2010, on August 18,2012, the Piper PA-34-200 Seneca I aircraft carrying Secretary Robredo crashed off the shore of Masbate Island. He was scheduled to go home and watch his daughters swimming competition in Naga City, the Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government said that the pilot sent a distress call to the Masbate airport requesting an emergency landing. The airplane never made it to the airport and crashed in the sea, Robredos body was retrieved three days later, August 21,800 meters from the shore and 180 feet below sea level. Jesse Manalastas-Robredo was born on May 27,1958 in Naga City to Jose Chan Robredo, Sr. a Filipino Chinese and his ethnic Bicolano wife, Robredo obtained his undergraduate degrees in industrial management engineering and mechanical engineering at De La Salle University. He was later accepted as an Edward Mason Fellow and graduated with a Masters of Public Administration degree from Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1999. He studied at Naga Parochial School, a private Catholic school where he began to hone his talent, the school was known and had established a record for winning Bicols annual province-wide chess tournament and Robredos brother had been among its champions. However, when it was Robredos turn to represent his school, Robredo entered high school at Ateneo de Naga University in 1970 and was in junior year when President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in September 1972. The university administration immediately called an assembly and warned its students against getting involved in anti-government activities – which could result in the school being closed down, when Robredos immediate superior transferred to Magnolia Ice Cream, San Miguel Corporations ice cream division, he was invited to come along. He was assigned to planning and concurrently functioned as staff assistant to the physical distribution director. It is while working at the BRBDP he met fellow Nagueño Leni Gerona, in 1988, Robredo was elected mayor of Naga City at age 29, the youngest mayor in Philippine history. His three terms as mayor ended on June 30,1998 and he was again elected as City Mayor in 2001 and finished his second three terms on June 30,2010. He served for a total of nineteen years as Naga City Mayor before being appointed on July 9,2010 as Secretary of the Department of Interior and Local Government. Robredo was able to transform Naga City from being dull and lethargic to being one of the Most Improved Cities in Asia, Robredo also chairs the Metro Naga Development Council. He served as chairman of the Regional Development Council, the planning and coordinating body of Bicols six provinces and seven cities. Benigno Aquino III was Secretary of Interior and Local Government, until Aquino named Robredo to succeed him, at least two politicians from Bicol, Luis Ortega and Luis Villafuerte, Sr. expressed opposition to Robredos confirmation by the Commission on Appointments of which Villafuerte himself was a member. In March 2012, the Commission on Appointments bypassed Robredos nomination and his nomination was bypassed again in June 2012
23.
Jovito Salonga
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Salonga was the 14th President of the Senate of the Philippines serving from 1987 to 1992. Jovito Salonga was born in poverty in Pasig on June 22,1920 and his father was a Presbyterian pastor, Esteban Salonga and his mother, Bernardita Reyes, was a market vendor. Jovito Salonga, the youngest of five brothers, worked his way through college and law school as a proofreader in the firm of his eldest brother. During his senior year at the College of Law at the University of the Philippines, due to the advent of World War II, he postponed taking the Philippine Bar Examination until 1944, when he and Jose Diokno both topped with a grade point average of 95. 3%. A few months after the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Salonga went underground, in April 1942, he was captured and tortured by the Japanese Military Police in Pasig in the presence of his aging father. He was transferred to Fort Santiago and several other prisons where he was subjected to further persecution. On June 11,1942, he was sentenced to 15 years of labor by the Japanese and incarcerated at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa. After passing the bar, he went back to the U. P, College of Law where he earned an LL. B in 1946. He traveled to the U. S. when he won a scholarship to attend Harvard for his masters degree, recommended by Harvard professor Manley Hudson to Yale Law School, he was awarded a fellowship at Yale University where he earned a doctorate in 1949. He however turned down their offer of a faculty position because he felt he should participate in his countrys post-war reconstruction and he was honored with the Ambrose Gherini Prize for writing the best paper in international law. At Yale, he met Jose Laurel, son of wartime President Jose P. Laurel, in February 1948, he married Lydia Busuego in Cambridge, Massachusetts who gave birth to their son, Esteban Fernando Salonga. Salonga returned to the Philippines and engaged in the teaching and practice of law and he authored several books on corporate law and international law, and was appointed Dean of the College of Law, Far Eastern University in 1956. On December 16,1988, Arizona State University selected him to receive an honorary degree, in the November 1961 elections, he bested his two opponents by an overwhelming margin. Shortly after his election, he tangled with one of the best debaters of the opposing party and he also composed a seminal article, published and editorialized in various papers, on the Philippines territorial claim to North Borneo. In June 1962, President Macapagal filed the Philippine petition against Malaysias alleged illegal expropriation of North Borneo, Salonga was appointed to head the delegation in the January 1963 London negotiations. After one term, Salonga was chosen to run for Senate under the LP banner in the 1965 elections, despite limited financial resources and the victory of NP candidate Marcos as president, Salonga was elected senator, garnering the most number of votes. In 1967, he was Benigno Aquino, Jr. s chief lawyer in the lawsuit filed against the latter by President Marcos. Largely through Salongas skills in jurisprudence, Aquino won his case before the Commission on Elections, subsequently, Marcos appeals to the Supreme Court and Senate Electoral Tribunal were overturned, granting a final victory to Salonga and Aquino
24.
Miriam Defensor Santiago
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Miriam Palma Defensor Santiago was a Filipino politician and judge, who served in all three branches of the Philippine government – judicial, executive, and legislative. Santiago was named one of The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World in 1997 by The Australian magazine, in 1988, Santiago was named laureate of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service, with a citation for bold and moral leadership in cleaning up a graft-ridden government agency. She ran in the 1992 presidential elections but was defeated in an election marred by allegations of impropriety by the victor, the quote, Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting. Santiago became senator of the republic in 1995 and authored the most number of laws and she ran again for president in the 1998 presidential elections but lost after heavy black propaganda against her which were eventually proven false. She became an icon of incorruptibility, honest government service, and she was given numerous awards and recognition for her fight against corruption in the country. In 2012, Santiago became the first Filipina and the first Asian from a country to be elected a judge of the International Criminal Court. She later resigned the post, citing chronic fatigue syndrome, which turned out to be lung cancer, in 2016, she became part of the International Advisory Council of the International Development Law Organization, an intergovernmental body that promotes the rule of law. Santiago served three terms in the Philippine Senate, following her death, she was called by her supporters as the best president we never had. Santiago was known as the Dragon Lady, the Platinum Lady, the Incorruptible Lady, the Tiger Lady, and most popularly, Santiago was born Miriam Palma Defensor in Iloilo City, to Benjamin Defensor, a local judge, and Dimpna Palma, a schoolteacher. She was the eldest of seven children and she graduated valedictorian in grade school, high school, undergraduate school, and law school in the Diliman campus. In 1965, Santiago graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in science, magna cum laude from the University of the Philippines Visayas with a 1.0 GPA. After graduation, she was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and she proceeded to the University of the Philippines College of Law. There, she was champion in numerous contests and debates. She became the first female editor of the student newspaper, The Philippine Collegian and she graduated Bachelor of Laws, cum laude, from the University of the Philippines College of Law in Diliman. Santiago went on a fellowship to the United States, and earned the degrees Master of Laws and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees at the University of Michigan and she finished both degrees in a period of only one and a half years. Following school she took a position as assistant to the justice secretary. She also taught science at the Trinity University of Asia. She was law professor at the University of the Philippines Diliman and she has studied at several universities, including Oxford and Harvard law summer schools, Cambridge, and The Hague Academy of International Law
25.
Haydee Yorac
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Haydee Bofill Yorac was a Filipino public servant, law professor and politician. Yorac was born on March 4,1941 in the municipality of Saravia and she earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of the Philippines in 1962. She placed 8th in the 1962 Philippine Bar Examinations with an 86. 95% rating and she was a member of Purple Feather( Law Honor Society while a student of law. She also earned a Master of Laws major in Public International Law, minor in Anthropology from Yale University in New Haven, Yorac taught and served in the Admissions Screening Committee of the University of the Philippines College of Law. She was an Assistant Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of the Philippines Diliman and she also became the chief legal counsel of the University of the Philippines for a few years. She was appointed by then President Corazon Aquino to serve as Commissioner of the Philippine Commission on Elections in 1986, Yorac vied for a seat in the Philippine Senate in the 1998 national elections through the Reporma–LM party of Renato de Villa but lost. Yorac battled with ovarian cancer and died on September 13,2005 in Chicago and her remains were buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. She was succeeded as PCGG Chairperson by veteran lawyer and constitutionalist Camilo Sabio, 1-4, 6-7 Integrated Bar of the Philippines Philippine Society of International Law American Society of International Law Free Legal Assistance Group U. P
26.
Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
27.
Goh Keng Swee
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Goh Keng Swee, DUT was the second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore between 1973 and 1984, and a Member of Parliament for the Kreta Ayer constituency for a quarter of a century. Born in Malacca in the Straits Settlements into a Peranakan family, from 1945 onwards he worked for the Department of Social Welfare, eventually rising to become its Director. In 1958 he resigned from the Civil Service to work full-time for the Peoples Action Party, upon Singapores independence on 9 August 1965, Goh became the nations first Minister for the Interior and Defence. He subsequently served as Finance Minister, Minister for Defence and Minister for Education. M, Rothschild & Sons Ltd. and Vice-Chairman of Hong Leong Asia Ltd. In 1972, Goh was the recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services, following his retirement from politics, in 1985 Goh was awarded the Darjah Utama Temasek, First Class, Singapores highest civilian honour. He was also made the first Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Development Board Society in 1991, Goh was diagnosed with bladder cancer in September 1983 and he retired from politics in December 1984. He kept a low profile but remained active with various organisations where he served on the board or as an adviser, after he married Phua Swee Liang in 1991, the couple travelled widely to places such as Australia and Hawaii. However, a series of strokes in the late 1990s and early 2000s took a toll on him. He was bedridden in his years and died on 14 May 2010. Goh Keng Swee was born in Malacca in the Straits Settlements on 6 October 1918 into a middle-income Peranakan family, Goh was given the Christian name Robert, which he disliked and refused to respond to. When he was two old, his family moved from Malacca to Singapore where his maternal grandparents owned several properties. The Gohs later relocated to the Pasir Panjang rubber estate when his father work there. In common with many Peranakan families, the Gohs spoke both English and Malay at home, church services were held at home on Sundays in Malay, Goh himself attended this church as well. He then joined the colonial Civil Service as a tax collector with the War Tax Department but, shortly after the start of World War II, he joined the Singapore Volunteer Corps, a local militia, but returned to his previous work after the fall of Singapore. Goh married Alice Woon, a secretary who was a colleague, in 1942 and they had their child, Goh Kian Chee. In 1945 he relocated his family to Malacca, but they returned to Singapore the following year after the Japanese occupation ended. That year, he joined the Department of Social Welfare, and was active in post-war administration and he became supervisor of the Departments Research Section six months later. Goh won a scholarship enabled him to further his studies at the London School of Economics
28.
Thailand
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Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282
29.
Anand Panyarachun
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Anand Panyarachun was Thailands Prime Minister twice, between 1991–1992 and once again in 1992. He was effective in initiating economic and political reforms, one of which was the drafting of Thailands Peoples Constitution, Anand received a Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 1997. Anand was the youngest child of twelve children of a family of Mon heritage on his fathers side. According to Anand himself, he inherited his Chinese heritage from his maternal grandmother and his Chinese ancestors first came to Thailand in the mid-18th century and eventually became one of the most prominent Hokkien families in Thailand. He is distantly related to Korn Chatikavanij through this branch of his family, Anand attended Dulwich College and later read law at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduate with honours in 1955. Anand spent 23 years in the service, serving at times as the Ambassador of Thailand to the United Nations, Canada, the United States. In January 1976 he was appointed Permanent Secretary of the foreign ministry and he became the Vice-Chairman of the Saha-Union Group in 1979 and the Chairman of the Board of Directors in 1991. He has been a Director of Siam Commercial Bank since 1984, as in previous Thai coups, the military formed a National Peace Keeping Council to run the country. To shore up its image and gain the trust of King Bhumibol, Anand, closely linked to the palace and held in respect by both the bureaucracy and the business community, proved acceptable to the people and the international community. He was regarded as being astute and disciplined, and had never associated with any financial scandal. Upon accepting the position of minister, Anand was quick to declare that he did not agree with everything the junta had done. He further angered the NPKC by suggesting that the imprisoned Chatichai be released immediately upon a cabinet being appointed, the interim constitution that was promulgated on 1 March reconfirmed the intention of the NKPC to retain substantial control. However, Anand was allowed relative freedom to select his own cabinet members, for the entire period of his premiership Anand faced constant pressure from the junta leaders, who tried to influence government decisions in order to gain financial benefits. Anand filled his cabinet with well-known academics, technocrats, and ex-bureaucrats with proven records, the strong guiding hand of privy councillor Prem Tinsulanonda could be seen. Amongst those selected by Anand were Prems previous finance minister and economic advisor, a senior diplomat during the years Prem served as prime minister became foreign minister. The technocratic orientation of the cabinet substantially diminished the fears of foreign investors, Anands administration proved more hard-working than his predecessors. The administration worked on its task of implementing a long list of much-needed reforms and its emphasis on education, public health, exports, agriculture, industry, environment, and improvement in living conditions, met with widespread approval. In a Bangkok poll in late-July 1991,61 percent of respondents felt that the Anand government was more honest than previous administrations
30.
Chamlong Srimuang
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Major General Chamlong Srimuang is a Thai activist and former politician. Chamlong had supported the junta that overthrew Thaksin in a coup. A devout Buddhist and follower of the Santi Asoke sect, he is now celibate, a vegetarian and he received a Ramon Magsaysay Award for his government service. Chamlongs father, a Chinese immigrant from Shantou, died when Chamlong was a baby and his mother was of Chinese ancestry, but was born in Thailand. Chamlong had a brother who was sent to live in China with his grandmother. Following his fathers death, Chamlongs family moved into the home of a naval officer. They later lived with his mothers aunt, where she and Chamlong spun jute thread, when Chamlong was twelve, his mother married Chote Srimuang, a postman, and Chamlong took his last name. Chamlong went to Ban Somdej Chao Phraya High School in Thonburi and he then entered the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School, Thailand and was accepted into Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, where he graduated in Class 7. He developed a relationship with his classmates Pallop Pinmanee and Manoonkrit Roopkachorn. Newly commissioned Second Lieutenant Chamlong was assigned to the Signal Corps in Bangkok as a platoon leader and he received advanced training in military communications at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and Fort Gordon, Georgia. On his return to Thailand, he married Sirilak Kheolaor on 14 June 1964 and they had met during an Army-Navy rugby match when Chamlong was a cadet. Soon afterwards, Chamlong was sent to the Schofield Barracks in Hawaii for a course on military signal equipment. He later served in Laos as a communications officer supporting Thai units fighting the communist Pathet Lao and he returned to Thailand to attend the Army Command and General Staff College, and also underwent six months of counterinsurgency training. He served in South Vietnam for one year, before being assigned to the Bangkok-based Thailand Military Research, in 1972, Chamlong attended the U. S. Navy’s Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, where he completed a two-year management course. For his masters thesis, he wrote a study of labor unrest in Thailand. Following his graduation, he returned to the Military Research and Development Center, during the 1970s, Chamlong and other Class 7 alumni formed the Young Military Officers Group, commonly referred to as the Young Turks. The Young Turks espoused an ideology of incorruptible leadership and anti-leftism, the Young Turks supported the military coup against the elected government of Seni Pramoj, following the bloody 6 October 1976 incident. The role the Young Turks played in the massacre of student demonstrators gathered at Thammasat University
31.
Puey Ungphakorn
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Puey Ungphakorn, MBE was a Thai economist who served as Governor of the Bank of Thailand and Rector of Thammasat University. He was the author of From Tomb to Womb, The Quality of Life of a South-East Asian and his studies were interrupted by the Second World War, when he joined the Free Thai resistance movement opposed to the pro-Japanese military regime of Plaek Phibunsongkhram. He was captured as a prisoner of war in 1944 after parachuting into Chai Nat Province on a reconnaissance mission, Puey completed his studies after the war, receiving a doctorate in 1948. He joined the Ministry of Finance in 1949, serving in a progression of senior posts before becoming central bank governor in 1959. At 43, and serving for over 12 years, until 1971, as governor, he played a central role in shaping Thailands economic development policies during the governments of Field Marshals Sarit Dhanarajata and Thanom Kittikachorn. He also was a proponent of cooperation in Southeast Asia, leading to the establishment of regional financial. He was awarded the Magsaysay Award in the field of government service in 1965, an active academic, Puey was simultaneously Dean of the Faculty of Economics of Thammasat University from 1964 to 1972. In 1975 he was appointed Rector of Thammasat University, but resigned in protest following the massacre of student protesters on 8 October 1976. Tarred by nationalists as a leftist subversive, he was forced to flee the country for fear of his is safety. Puey was born the child of an immigrant Chinese fishmonger. In 1934 he was among the first group of students to enrol at the newly opened Thammasat University, after having briefly worked as a translator, Puey earned a government scholarship to study economics at the London School of Economics in 1938. Pueys studies were as a result interrupted, and he joined the Free Thai Movement resisting the pro-Japanese government, after the war, Puey was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the British forces and was made an Member of the Order of the British Empire. He resumed his studies, having won a Leverhulme Trust scholarship, in 1949 Puey became an economist in the Ministry of Finance. In 1953 he was appointed Managing Director of the National Economic Council, in 1953, Puey was appointed Deputy Governor of the Bank of Thailand. His international stature was recognised ceremoniously in 1964 when he became the first Thai to receive the Magsaysay Award for public service, equally important, this international recognition gave him an influence with Field Marshals Sarit Thanarat, Thanom Kittikachorn, and their cohorts which far exceeded his bureaucratic position. He served in both posts until Sanyas ministry was succeeded by the government of Seni Pramoj following elections in 1975. He also instituted a research project on raising the productivity. Dr Puey became the first chairperson of the AIT Board of Trustees from 1968 to 1973, Pueys explanation was that when he had joined the Free Thai Movement he had taken an oath never to seek or accept political appointment until after reaching the age of retirement
32.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
33.
Jiang Menglin
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Jiang Menglin, also known as Chiang Monlin, was a Chinese educator, writer, and politician. Between 1919 and 1927, he served as the President of Peking University. He later became the president of National Chekiang University, in the early 1950s, he was head of the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction in Taiwan. Jiang was born in Yuyao, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province on 20 Jan 1886, jiang studied at Zhejiang Advanced College in Hangzhou in 1903. In 1908, he went to America and studied at University of California, at first, he majored in agriculture, and then he turned to pedagogy. Jiang obtained his Ph. D. from Columbia University under John Deweys guidance, jiang served as the Minister of Education of the Republic of China from 1928-1930. Jiang was the General Secretary of Executive Yuan of the Republic of China from 1945 to 1947 and he was also the Chairman of the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction in the late 1940s and 1950s. Taiwan Land Reform Museum Monlin Chiang, Tides from the West, A Chinese Autobiography （Chinese, 《西潮：蒋梦麟回忆录》）
34.
Myanmar
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Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in South East Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. About one third of Myanmars total perimeter of 5,876 km, forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km along the Bay of Bengal, the countrys 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres in size and its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city and former capital city is Yangon. Early civilizations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma, the Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur. The British invaded Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a nation and then, following a coup détat in 1962. For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife, during this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, there is, however, continuing criticism of the governments treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses, Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2013, its GDP stood at US$56.7 billion, the income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government. As of 2016, according to the Human Development Index, Myanmar had a level of human development. The renaming remains a contested issue, many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country. The countrys official name is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead, in English, the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar /ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group, Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from Bamar, the colloquial form of the groups name
35.
Dominion of Ceylon
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In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon. In 1972, the became a republic within the Commonwealth. It is a country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres off the southern coast of India. The country was a centre of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times as well as having a strong Hindu presence, during World War II, Ceylon served as an important base for the Allied forces in the fight against the Japanese Empire. Following World War II, public pressure for independence increased, the British Colony of Ceylon achieved independence on 4 February 1948, with an amended constitution taking effect on the same date. Independence was granted under the Ceylon Independence Act 1947, military treaties with the United Kingdom preserved intact British air and sea bases in the country, British officers also continued to fill most of the upper ranks of the Army. Don Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Ceylon, later in 1948, when Ceylon applied for United Nations membership, the Soviet Union vetoed the application. In 1949, with the concurrence of the leaders of the Sri Lankan Tamils, in 1950, Ceylon became one of the original members of the Colombo Plan, and remains a member as Sri Lanka. Don Senanayake died in 1952 after a stroke and he was succeeded by his son Dudley, however, in 1953 – following a massive general strike or Hartal by the leftist parties against the UNP – Dudley Senanayake resigned. He was followed by John Kotelawala, a politician and an uncle of Dudley. Kotelawala did not have the prestige or the political acumen of D. S. Senanayake. He brought to the fore the issue of national languages that D. S. Senanayake had suspended, the Queen of Ceylon, Elizabeth II, toured the island in 1954 from 10–21 April. Bandaranaike was a politician who had fostered the Sinhala nationalist lobby since the 1930s and he replaced English with Sinhalese as the official language. He was the chief Sinhalese spokesmen who attempted to counter the communal politics unleashed by G. G. Ponnambalam, the bill was known as the Sinhala Only Bill, and also made Sinhalese the language taught in schools and universities. This caused Tamil riots, as they spoke the Tamil language and these riots culminated in the assassination of the prime minister, Bandaranaike. His widow, Sirimavo, succeeded her husband as leader of the SLFP and was elected as the worlds first female prime minister, in 1957 British bases were removed and Sri Lanka officially became a non-aligned country. The Paddy Lands Act, the brainchild of Philip Gunawardena, was passed, elections in July saw Sirimavo Bandaranaike become the worlds first elected female head of government. Her government avoided further confrontations with the Tamils, but the anti-communist policies of the United States Government led to a cut-off of United States aid and a growing economic crisis
36.
Gao Yaojie
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Gao Yaojie is a Chinese gynecologist, academic, and AIDS activist in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. Gao has been honored for her work by the United Nations and Western organizations and her split with the Chinese authority on the transmission and the seriousness of the AIDS epidemic in China hinders her further activities and resulted in her leaving for the United States in 2009. She is now living alone in uptown Manhattan, New York City, Gao was born in Cao County, Shandong Province in 1927. A retired professor at the Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gao is a doctor who specialized in ovarian gynecology. She graduated from the School of Medicine at Henan University in 1954, however, because of her intellectual background Dr. Gao was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, leaving her in ill health. She worked as a gynecologist in the Henan Chinese Medicine Hospital in 1974, was promoted to professor in 1986, Dr. Gao was a member of the Henan People’s Congress. In 1996 Gao Yaojie started doing AIDS prevention work and treating people afflicted with AIDS in Henans villages at her own expense and she visited over 100 Henan villages and treated over 1000 people. She self-published her book Prevention of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases and her newsletter Knowledge for HIV Prevention went to 15 issues and a total printing of 530,000 copies. She used the $20,000 Jonathan Mann Award and $10,000 in contribution to reprint her book, since 2000, most of her efforts has been focused on helping AIDS orphans in Henans villages. It was by accident that Gao embarked on the road of anti-AIDS education, on April 7,1996, a Henan hospital received a woman patient but found it difficult to diagnose her disease. Gao was invited to attend the consultation, at last, the patient, surnamed Ba, was diagnosed with HIV due to a blood transfusion several years earlier. The patient cried and appealed to Gao, saying, Doctor Gao, how is it that I cannot be cured and my husband and my child cant live without me. Ten days later, the patient died, at the age of 42, fortunately, neither her husband nor her child was infected by HIV. It was Gaos first time to see an AIDS patient, bas painful expression and heartbreaking cry deeply hurt Gaos heart. As a doctor, she could do nothing but watch the disease take the life of her patient, for several consecutive days, Gao had no appetite and slept poorly. But the premise is that people should be aware of the urgency in AIDS prevention, Gao sponsored and edited a tabloid, Knowledge of AIDS Prevention, which has published 530,000 copies in 15 issues. Except for the first issue, all the issues were funded by Gao herself. She also bought medicine on her own expenses for patients and sends money to them, in the autumn of 2001, Gao carried out a survey on the knowledge of AIDS prevention
37.
Liang Congjie
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Liangs father, architect Liang Sicheng, had led attempts to prevent the destruction of the walls surrounding Beijing with the land to be used for the construction of highways. His grandfather Liang Qichao spent 14 years in exile in Japan after he advocated on behalf of turning the Qing Dynasty into a constitutional monarchy and his ancestry came to haunt him during the Maoist Cultural Revolution when he was purged for his being the grandson of Chinas biggest royalist. Liang was ultimately able to attend Peking University, friends of Natures Li Bo credited him with promoting ordinary Chineses participation in supervising pollution problems and protecting the environment. Liang died at the age of 78 on October 28,2010 and he was survived by his wife, a daughter and a son
38.
Baba Amte
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He and his wife, Sadhna Amte had started an organization for the leprosy patients- Anand van in 1950 However, this pioneer was started as an arogya centre below a tree in 1949. Baba Amte was born to Mr. Devidas Amte and Mrs. Laxmibai Amte in the city of Hinganghat in Wardha District of Maharashtra on 26 December 1914 and his father was a British government officer with responsibilities for district administration and revenue collection. Murlidhar had acquired his nickname Baba in his childhood and he came to be known as Baba not because he was a saint or any such thing, but because his parents addressed him by that name. He was among eight children of his father. As the eldest son of a land owner. By the time he was fourteen, he owned his own gun and hunted boar, when he was old enough to drive, he was given a Singer Sports car with cushions covered with panther skin. He never appreciated the restrictions that prevented him playing with the low-caste servants children. There is a certain callousness in families like my family and they put up strong barriers so as not to see the misery in the world outside and I rebelled against it. Trained in law, he developed a legal practice at Wardha. He spent some time at Sevagram ashram of Mahatma Gandhi and became a follower of Gandhism for the rest of his life and he followed Gandhism, including yarn spinning using a charkha and wearing khadi. When Gandhi got to know that he has saved a girl from British soldiers who were lewdly taunting her, in those days, leprosy was associated with social stigma and the society disowned people suffering from leprosy. There was also a widespread misbelief that leprosy was highly contagious, Amte founded three ashrams for treatment and rehabilitation of leprosy patients, disabled people, and people from marginalised sections of the society in Maharashtra, India. On 15 August 1949, he started a hospital in Anandvan under a tree, in 1973, Amte founded the Lok Biradari Prakalp to work for the Madia Gond tribal people of Gadchiroli District. He Was Awarded With Padma Shri by government of India in year 1971 and she actively participated in her husbands social work with equal dedication. Their two sons, Dr. Vikas Amte and Dr. Prakash Amte, and two daughters-in-law, Dr. Mandakini and Dr. Bharati, are all doctors, all four have dedicated their lives to social work and causes similar to those of the senior Amte. Their two sons, Dr. Digant and Aniket have also dedicated their lives to the causes as their parents. In 2008, Prakash and Mandakini were given the Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership, Baba Amtes elder son Dr. Vikas Amte and his wife Dr. Bharati Amte run the hospital at Anandwan and co-ordinate operations between Anandwan and satellite projects. Today, Anandwan and Hemalkasa village have one hospital, each, Anandwan has a university, an orphanage, and schools for the blind and the deaf. Currently, the self-sufficient Anandwan ashram has over 5,000 residents, the community development project at Anandwan in Maharashtra is recognised around the world
