1.
University of Toronto
–
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
University of Toronto
–
A painting by
Sir Edmund Walker depicts
University College as it appeared in 1858.
University of Toronto
–
University of Toronto
University of Toronto
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A
Sopwith Camel aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918, during World War I.
University of Toronto
–
Soldiers' Tower, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell
carillon.
2.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
3.
Henry Sproatt
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Henry Sproatt was a Canadian architect in the early 20th Century. Born in Toronto, he trained in Europe and in New York City and he formed a partnership with another celebrated architect, John A. Pearson in 1890 and with Frank Darling in 1893. Sproatt parted ways in 1896 and formed a new firm in 1899 with Ernest Ross Rolph and he was a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He died in Toronto in 1934, the firm continued under Ernest Rolph until 1942 and then taken over by his son Charles Beverley Sproatt from 1958 until 1970. Henry Sproatt Sproatt and Rolph in The Canadian Encyclopedia Sproatt and Rolph Soldiers Tower Hart House, U of T Knox Presbyterian Church and its *History Request for Heritage Review TRC
Henry Sproatt
–
George Gooderham House
Henry Sproatt
–
Hart House
Henry Sproatt
–
National Club
Henry Sproatt
–
Bishop Strachan School
4.
Second World War
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
Second World War
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
Second World War
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
Second World War
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
Second World War
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
5.
Clock tower
–
Clock towers are a specific type of building which houses a turret clock and has one or more clock faces on the upper exterior walls. Many clock towers are freestanding structures but they can also adjoin or be located on top of another building, Clock towers are a common sight in many parts of the world with some being iconic buildings. One example is the Elizabeth Tower in London, there are many structures which may have clocks or clock faces attached to them and some structures have had clocks added to an existing structure. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat a building is defined as a building if at least fifty percent of its height is made up of plates containing habitable floor area. Structures that do not meet this criterion, are defined as towers, not all clocks on buildings therefore make the building into a clock tower. The mechanism inside the tower is known as a turret clock and it often marks the hour by sounding large bells or chimes, sometimes playing simple musical phrases or tunes. Although clock towers are today mostly admired for their aesthetics, they served an important purpose. Before the middle of the century, most people did not have watches. The first clocks didnt have faces, but were solely striking clocks and they were therefore placed in towers so the bells would be audible for a long distance. Clock towers were placed near the centres of towns and were often the tallest structures there, as clock towers became more common, the designers realized that a dial on the outside of the tower would allow the townspeople to read the time whenever they wanted. The use of clock towers dates back to the antiquity, the earliest clock tower was the Tower of the Winds in Athens which featured eight sundials. In its interior, there was also a clock, driven by water coming down from the Acropolis. In Song China, a clock tower was designed by Su Song and erected at Kaifeng in 1088. In England, a clock was put up in a tower, the medieval precursor to Big Ben, at Westminster, in 1288. Al-Jazari constructed a clock and described it in his Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206. It was about 3.3 metres high, and had multiple functions alongside timekeeping, line synchronous tower clocks were introduced in the United States in the 1920s. Some clock towers have become famous landmarks, the Allen-Bradley Clock Tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin has the largest four faced clock in the world, with clock diameter 40 ft 3 1⁄2 in, it is 283 ft tall. The Elizabeth Tower has the largest chiming clock in the world, the tallest freestanding clock tower in the world is the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower at the University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom
Clock tower
–
Big Ben, atop Elizabeth Tower,
Westminster,
London
Clock tower
–
Tower of the Winds in
Athens
Clock tower
–
Top-left:
Clock tower
–
'Old Joe': the tallest freestanding clock tower in the world.
6.
Gothic Revival architecture
–
Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
Gothic Revival architecture
–
Notable Gothic Revival edifices: top:
Palace of Westminster, London; left:
Cathedral of Learning,
Pittsburgh; right:
Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk,
Ostend
Gothic Revival architecture
–
The unifying style of
Parliament Hill,
Ottawa, is Gothic Revival
Gothic Revival architecture
–
Sacred Heart Church,
Kőszeg, Hungary
Gothic Revival architecture
–
Imitation fan-vaulting in the Gothick Long Gallery at
Horace Walpole 's
Strawberry Hill
7.
Carillon
–
A carillon is a musical instrument that is typically housed in the bell tower of a church or municipal building. The instrument consists of at least 23 cast bronze, cup-shaped bells, a traditional manual carillon is played by striking a keyboard – the stick-like keys of which are called batons – with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the feet. Although unusual, real carillons have occasionally been fitted to theatre organs, such as the Christie organ installed at the Regal Cinema, Marble Arch, a carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. The carillon is the second heaviest of all extant musical instruments, the heaviest carillon in the world weighs over 100 tons, whereas the Wanamaker organ in Philadelphia weighs 287 tons. The word carillon is from the French quadrillon, meaning four bells, in German, a carillon is also called a Glockenspiel, while the percussion instrument called a glockenspiel by English speakers is often called a carillon in French. In medieval times, swinging bells were first used as a way of notifying people of imminent church services, however, the use of bells to play melodic musical compositions originated in the 16th century in the Low Countries. The first carillon was in Flanders, where a fool performed music on the bells of Oudenaarde Town Hall in 1510 by using a baton keyboard, major figures in the evolution of the modern carillon were Pieter and François Hemony working in the 17th century. They are credited as being the greatest carillon bell founders in the history of the Low Countries, since each separate note is produced by an individual bell, a carillons musical range is determined by the number of bells it has. Different names are assigned to instruments based on the number of bells they comprise, players of these instruments often use music arranged specifically for their limited range of notes. A concert carillon has a range of at least four octaves and this is sometimes referred to as the standard-sized carillon. The Riverside Carillon in New York City has the largest tuned bell in the world. Travelling or mobile carillons are not placed in a tower, some of them can even be played indoors—in a concert hall or church—like the mobile carillon of Frank Steijns. The World Carillon Federation defines a carillon as A musical instrument composed of tuned bronze bells which are played from a baton keyboard, only those carillons having at least 23 bells may be taken into consideration. The carillonneur or carillonist is the title of the musician who plays the carillon, the carillonneur/carillonist usually sits in a cabin beneath the bells and presses down, with a loosely closed fist, on a series of baton-like keys arranged in the same pattern as a piano keyboard. The batons are almost never played with the fingers as one does a piano, though this is sometimes used as a special carillon playing technique. The keys activate levers and wires that directly to the bells clappers, thus, as with a piano. In addition to the keys, the heavier bells are also played with a pedal keyboard. These notes can either be played with the hands or the feet, poorly tuned bells often give an out of tune impression and also can be out of tune with themselves
Carillon
–
The carillon in
Munich 's
Olympiapark
Carillon
–
The
Cast in Bronze traveling carillon at the Colorado Renaissance Festival in June 2008
Carillon
–
The 56-bell carillon at the
Plummer Building,
Rochester, Minnesota
Carillon
–
Machinery for playing automated music on a carillon, inside the
Belfry,
Ghent, Belgium
8.
Great War
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
Great War
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
Great War
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
Great War
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
Great War
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
9.
Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
–
Cavendish was born the eldest son of a noble family in London, and educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge. After the death of his father in 1891, he entered politics and he held that seat until he inherited his uncles dukedom in 1908. Thereafter, he took his place in the House of Lords, while, for a period at the time, acting as mayor of Eastbourne. He held various government posts both prior to and after his rise to the peerage. In 1916 he was appointed general by King George V, on the recommendation of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, to replace Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. He occupied that post until succeeded by Lord Byng of Vimy in 1921, the appointment was initially controversial but, by the time of his return to England, the Duke had earned praise for the way in which he carried out his official duties. Cavendishs younger brother was Lord Richard Cavendish and his uncles were Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, Cavendish was educated at Eton College before being admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on 30 May 1887, where he served as secretary of the Pitt Club. During his years at Cambridge, Cavendish served part-time with the Derbyshire Yeomanry and he was promoted Major in September 1901 and retired from the Yeomanry in 1911. On 30 July 1892, Cavendish married Lady Evelyn FitzMaurice, the daughter of the Marquess of Lansdowne, Viceroy of India. The couple thereafter had seven children, Edward, Marquess of Hartington, Lady Maud Louisa Emma, Lady Blanche Katharine, Lady Dorothy, Lady Rachel, Lord Charles Arthur Francis, and Lady Anne. Through his childrens marriages, Cavendish became the father-in-law of Henry Philip Hunloke, James Stuart, Harold Macmillan. For seventeen years Cavendish held parliamentary positions, between 1900 and 1903, he acted as Treasurer of the Household, from 1903 to 1905 as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, and on 11 December 1905 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1907, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Derbyshire and, from 1908, acted as Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters. When he succeeded to his uncles dukedom on 24 March 1908, Devonshire, as he was known, was disqualified from holding his seat in the commons. The same year, Devonshire was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire and he was then elected to two mayoral offices, first to that of Eastbourne, between 1909 and 1910, and then Chesterfield, from 1911 to 1912. Following the war, he became Honorary Colonel and Commandant of the Derbyshire Volunteer Regiment of the Volunteer Training Corps in 1918, the appointment caused political problems as Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden had not been consulted on the matter, contrary to practice well established by that time. In that era, there was social unrest in the country, at all times, Devonshire was careful to consult with his prime minister and the leaders of His Majestys Loyal Opposition in Canada on matters related to conscription and the war effort. Devonshire took an active interest in the lives of Canadians, there, on the grounds of the royal residence, during the winters, the Devonshires also hosted tobogganing and skating parties, as well as hockey matches
Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
–
His Grace the Duke of Devonshire KG GCMG GCVO TD PC JP FRS
Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
–
Chatsworth House, which Cavendish inherited upon acceding to the Dukedom of Devonshire in 1908
Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
–
St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor - grave of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire KG, GCMG, GCVO, TD, PC (1868–1938)
Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
10.
Governor General of Canada
–
The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The commission is for a period of time—known as serving at Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. Beginning in 1959, it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents, once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown-appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarchs powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010, johnstons wife—who is thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen, the Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized, thus, governors general, moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbents name. The position of general is mandated by both the Constitution Act,1867, and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister and that individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate, the governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The prime minister may recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor general may also resign, and two have died in office, the sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice. We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence, however, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also members of the Peerage or sons of peers. These viceroys spent a limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime
Governor General of Canada
–
Incumbent
David Lloyd Johnston CC CMM COM CD FRSC(hon) FRCPSC(hon) since 1 October 2010
Governor General of Canada
–
Vincent Massey (far left), the first Canadian-born person appointed to the viceregal post since
Confederation.
Governor General of Canada
–
Michaëlle Jean reciting the oaths of office as administered by
Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache, 27 September 2005
Governor General of Canada
–
Georges Vanier, Canada's first
Francophone governor general
11.
Peace Tower
–
The Peace Tower, also known as the Tower of Victory and Peace, is a focal bell and clock tower sitting on the central axis of the Centre Block of the Canadian parliament buildings in Ottawa, Ontario. The present incarnation replaced the 55-metre Victoria Tower after the latter burned down in 1916, along with most of the Centre Block and it serves as a Canadian icon and had been featured prominently on the Canadian twenty-dollar bill directly adjacent the queens visage, until the change to polymer. Designed by Jean Omer Marchand and John A. Pearson, the tower is a campanile whose height reaches 92, the walls are of Nepean sandstone and the roof is of reinforced concrete covered with copper. Near the apex, just below the pitched roof, are the towers 4.8 m diameter clock faces. The mechanical workings of the timepiece were manufactured by the Verdin Company and are set by the National Research Council Time Signal, one level below, running around the circumference of the towers shaft, is an observation deck. This was the highest accessible space in Ottawa until the early 1970s and that limit, however, was later rescinded, leading the Peace Tower to lose its distinction as the citys tallest structure. The towers flagpole holds symbolic significance, acting as the flagpole of the nation, in 1981, a new inclined elevator was installed. It travels on a 10° angle for the first 98 feet, shifting its position horizontally 12 feet 2.25 inches, the elevator car stays level at all times during its movement because it has a gimbal-mounted double frame. Before the installation of the new elevator, the observatory had been reached by taking first one elevator and it thus houses the Memorial Chamber, a vaulted 7.3 m by 7. Stone that architect John Pearson personally collected from the main European battlefields where Canadians were killed is included in the floors, Pearson described the room, also called the Memorial Chapel, as a sacred grove in the middle of the forest. The inscription around this arch is an excerpt from John Ceredigion Jones poem The Returning Man, the walls of the Memorial Chamber are divided into 17 niches designed by Ira Lake and A. Fortescue Duguid. The marble panels themselves originally described the campaigns and battles in the theatres of war between 1914 and 1918. After John Pearson canvassed British artists in stained glass for designs for the Memorial Chambers windows, hollister of Toronto for the task, Hollisters proposal was presented in 1925 to the Department of Public Works for the Governor-in-Councils approval. Each of the three 7 m by 3 and this section also displays the words THOU HAST GIRDED ME WITH STRENGTH UNTO THE BATTLE, from Psalm 18,39. The fourth bay displays a group of men and horses congregating from farms, offices, the fourth quadrant shows Joan of Arc bearing a shield and standing before the royal coat of arms of France. The Dawn of Peace Similar to the windows, this one shows four figures across the top portion. The first of these is the figure of the Victory of Peace, holding both a palm branch and the sword of judgement, while a dove flies overhead. The second person shown is that of Prosperity, who holds a wheat sheaf and a sicle, the fourth figure is Plenty, symbolising the replenishment of both material and spirit through noble pursuit
Peace Tower
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Main facade of Peace Tower, 2012
Peace Tower
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One of four
grotesques at the corners of the Peace Tower
Peace Tower
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South clock face and the glass windows of the observation deck below
Peace Tower
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John Pearson's drawings for the new
Centre Block of
Parliament Hill, showing a section through the Memorial Chamber with elevation of the north wall and the staircase that rises behind it
12.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, as viewed from
Gatineau at sunset
Parliament Hill
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The Ottawa locks of the
Rideau Canal and Barrack Hill—today Parliament Hill— to the right of centre; 1832
Parliament Hill
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Centre Block under construction in 1863
Parliament Hill
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Troops deliver a
feu de joie on Parliament Hill for the
Queen's Birthday Review in 1868
13.
Bourdon (bell)
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The bourdon is the heaviest of the bells that belong to a musical instrument, especially a chime or a carillon, and produces its lowest tone. As an example, the largest bell of a carillon of 64 bells and it weighs 11,000 pounds and is tuned to G. In the Netherlands where carillons are native, the heaviest carillon is in Grote Kerk in Dordrecht, the biggest bell serving as bourdon of any carillon is the low C bell at Riverside Church, New York City. Cast in 1929 as part of the Rockefeller Carillon, it weighs 41,000 pounds and this is also the largest tuned bell ever cast. Although carillons are by definition chromatic, the bell up from the bourdon is traditionally a whole tone higher in pitch. The heaviest bell in a diatonically tuned English-style ring of bells is called the tenor, if a larger, heavier bell is also present it would be called a bourdon. Campanology Carillon Pieter and François Hemony
Bourdon (bell)
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The Bourdon bell by Caspar and Johannes Moer in
Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Alkmaar).
14.
Remembrance Day
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Following a tradition inaugurated by King George V in 1919, the day is also marked by war remembrances in many non-Commonwealth countries. Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November in most countries to recall the end of hostilities of World War I on that date in 1918, the First World War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919. The memorial evolved out of Armistice Day, which continues to be marked on the same date, the first official Armistice Day was subsequently held on the grounds of Buckingham Palace the following morning. The red remembrance poppy has become an emblem of Remembrance Day due to the poem In Flanders Fields written by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. After reading the poem, Moina Michael, a professor at the University of Georgia, wrote the poem, We Shall Remember, the custom spread to Europe and the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth within three years. Madame Anne E. Guerin tirelessly promoted the practice in Europe, in the UK Major George Howson fostered the cause with the support of General Haig. Poppies were worn for the first time at the 1921 anniversary ceremony, at first real poppies were worn. These poppies bloomed across some of the worst battlefields of Flanders in World War I, the Flowers of the Forest, O Valiant Hearts, I Vow to Thee, My Country and Jerusalem are often played during the service. Services also include wreaths laid to honour the fallen, a blessing, the central ritual at cenotaphs throughout the Commonwealth is a stylised night vigil. The Last Post was the bugle call at the close of the military day. This makes the ritual more than just an act of remembrance, the act is enhanced by the use of dedicated cenotaphs and the laying of wreaths—the traditional means of signalling high honours in ancient Greece and Rome. Services are held at 11 am at war memorials and schools in suburbs and cities across the country, at which the Last Post is sounded by a bugler and a one-minute silence is observed. In recent decades, Remembrance Day has been eclipsed as the national day of war commemoration by ANZAC Day. When Remembrance Day falls on a working day in Melbourne and other major cities. While this occurs, the majority of passers by stop and observe a moment of silence while waiting for the bugler to finish the recital, in Barbados, Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. It is recognised as 11 November, but the parade and ceremonial events are carried out on Remembrance Sunday, the day is celebrated to recognise the Barbadian soldiers who died fighting in the First and Second World Wars. The parade is held at National Heroes Square, where a service is held. The Governor-General and Barbadian Prime Minister are among those who attend, along with government dignitaries
Remembrance Day
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The Cenotaph at Whitehall, London on Remembrance Day 2004
Remembrance Day
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Canadian
Poppy pins adorn a memorial at
McCrae House in
Guelph,
Ontario
Remembrance Day
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The
Governor of Western Australia,
Malcolm McCusker, laying a wreath at the Eternal flame,
Kings Park, Western Australia, 11 November 2011
Remembrance Day
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The
Guard of Honour (a member from the
Royal Canadian Navy at left and from the
Royal Canadian Air Force at right) at the
National War Memorial in Ottawa, Remembrance Day, 2010
15.
John McCrae
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Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, MD was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I, and a surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres, in Belgium. He is best known for writing the war memorial poem In Flanders Fields. McCrae died of pneumonia near the end of the war, McCrae was born in McCrae House in Guelph, Ontario to Lieutenant-Colonel David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford, he was the grandson of Scottish immigrants. His brother, Dr. Thomas McCrae, became professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore and his sister, Geills married a lawyer, Kilgour, and moved to Winnipeg. He attended the Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute and he took a year off his studies at the university due to recurring problems with asthma. Quite a nobby place it is, in fact and my windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water’s edge, there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port, and the river looks very pretty. He was a resident master in English and Mathematics in 1894 at the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph and he returned to the University of Toronto and completed his B. A. McCrae returned again to study medicine on a scholarship. While attending the university he joined the Zeta Psi Fraternity and published his first poems, while in medical school, he tutored other students to help pay his tuition. Two of his students were among the first female doctors in Ontario and he graduated in 1898, and was first a resident house-officer at Toronto General Hospital, and then in 1899, at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1902, he was appointed resident pathologist at Montreal General Hospital, in 1900 John McCrae arrived in South Africa were he served as a Lieutenant in the Canadian Field Artillery during the Boer War. In 1904, he was appointed an associate in medicine at the Royal Victoria Hospital, later that year, he went to England where he studied for several months and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1905, he set up his own although he continued to work. The same year, he was appointed pathologist to the Montreal Foundling, in 1908, he was appointed physician to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Infectious Diseases. In 1910, he accompanied Lord Grey, the Governor General of Canada, McCrae was the co-author, with J. G. Adami, of a medical textbook, A Text-Book of Pathology for Students of Medicine. When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of World War I, Canada, McCrae was appointed as Medical Officer and Major of the 1st Brigade CFA. He treated wounded during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, from June 1,1915, McCrae was ordered away from the artillery to set up No.3 Canadian General Hospital at Dannes-Camiers near Boulogne-sur-Mer, northern France. Allinson reported that McCrae most unmilitarily told what he thought of being transferred to the medicals and his last words to me were, Allinson, all the goddamn doctors in the world will not win this bloody war, what we need is more and more fighting men. In Flanders Fields appeared anonymously in Punch on December 8,1915, the verses swiftly became one of the most popular poems of the war, used in countless fund-raising campaigns and frequently translated
John McCrae
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John McCrae
John McCrae
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John McCrae in 1912
John McCrae
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McCrae's funeral
John McCrae
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McCrae's grave at
Wimereux cemetery
16.
In Flanders Fields
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In Flanders Fields is a war poem in the form of a rondeau, written during the First World War by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. He was inspired to write it on May 3,1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, according to legend, fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae, initially dissatisfied with his work, discarded it. In Flanders Fields was first published on December 8 of that year in the London-based magazine Punch and it is one of the most popular and most quoted poems from the war. As a result of its popularity, parts of the poem were used in propaganda efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers. The poem and poppy are prominent Remembrance Day symbols throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, particularly in Canada, the poem also has wide exposure in the United States, where it is associated with Memorial Day. John McCrae was a poet and physician from Guelph, Ontario and he developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life. His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines, McCraes poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed. At the age of 41, McCrae enrolled with the Canadian Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War. He had the option of joining the corps because of his training and age. It was his tour of duty in the Canadian military. He had previously fought with a force in the Second Boer War. He considered himself a soldier first, his father was a leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country. McCrae fought in the battle of Ypres in the Flanders region of Belgium where the German army launched one of the first chemical attacks in the history of war. They attacked the Canadian position with chlorine gas on April 22,1915, but were unable to break through the Canadian line, which held for over two weeks. In a letter written to his mother, McCrae described the battle as a nightmare, For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off, nor our boots even, except occasionally. In all that time while I was awake, gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds, and behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way. Alexis Helmer, a friend, was killed during the battle on May 2. McCrae performed the service himself, at which time he noted how poppies quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres
In Flanders Fields
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Inscription of the complete poem in a bronze "book" at the John McCrae memorial at his
birthplace in Guelph, Ontario
In Flanders Fields
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Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae was a soldier, physician and poet.
In Flanders Fields
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Aspects of the poem were used in propaganda, such as this Canadian war bonds poster
In Flanders Fields
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Poppy wreaths at the
Menin Gate in
Ypres, Belgium
17.
Veterans Affairs Canada
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Following World War I, in 1928, the Departments of Pensions and National Health became responsible for caring for ill and injured soldiers returning from that war. Following World War II, the volume of soldiers returning home made it clear that the Government of Canada would require a department dedicated to serving ill and this first came by changing the department to the Department of Pensions and creating Health Canada under a separate Ministry. That same year, Prime Minister Mackenzie Kings Parliament passed a motion that officially created Veterans Affairs Canada, Canada operated a benefits program similar to the American G. I. Bill for its World War II veterans, with an economic impact similar to the American case. A war veterans eligibility for certain benefits depended on the veterans overseas status, in the Second World War Canada did not yet include Newfoundland, which became a Canadian province only in 1949. Thus World War I or World War II veterans who served in Newfoundland are considered by Veterans Affairs to be overseas veterans, the Government of Canada declared 2005 the Year of the Veteran. Its purpose was to teach, remember, thank, honour, the image of a poppy overlapping a gold maple leaf became a special symbol during the campaign, on posters, pamphlets, bookmarks and documents. On November 9,2008, the Honourable Greg Thompson, the-then Minister of Veterans Affairs, attended a Service of Remembrance at the Canada Memorial in Green Park, London, England. Canada recently assumed responsibility for the Memorial, which pays tribute to the one million Canadian men and women who served in the United Kingdom during the First. In 2007, the Veterans Bill of Rights was passed by the Harper government, the bill included a statement that Veterans Affairs Canada must show veterans respect. In October 2010, federal Privacy Commissioner Jennifer Stoddart found that a veterans privacy had been violated by VAC, bruyeas information was leaked after his criticisms of the New Veterans Charter and the way Afghanistan veterans were being treated by the government. Veterans Matter - Mobile Application 2, PTSD Coach Canada The benefits program administered by Veterans Affairs Canada to ill and injured soldiers was rarely changed since its creation after World War I. The result was a number of out-dated policies that no longer suited the needs of Canadas veterans and this program gave a life-time pension to an individual who was ill or injured due to military service. In 2005, all parties in the House of Commons passed the New Veterans Charter and this Charter replaced the life-time pension award with a lump sum payment award and used life-time pension payments much more sparingly. The Charter came into force in early 2006 under Prime Minister Stephen Harpers minority government, under the New Veterans Charter, an ill or injured member can receive a lump sum payment of up to $550,000 tax-free, as well as a monthly pension of $9685. In July 2013, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed Julian Fantino as the Minister of Veterans Affairs, Fantino quickly indicated that he was open to amending the New Veterans Charter to ensure veterans received the benefits and support they deserved. In the spring of 2014, the all-party Standing Committee on Veterans Affairs met to discuss updates to the New Veterans Charter, the result was the unanimously-supported report titled The New Veterans Charter, Moving Forward, which was tabled in Parliament in June 2014. The committee made 13 recommendations to update the New Veterans Charter to close loopholes and ensure Canadas veterans would continue to receive the support and care that they deserve
Veterans Affairs Canada
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Veterans Affairs Canada
18.
Emmanuel College, Toronto
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Emmanuel College is a theological college of Victoria University at the University of Toronto. Affiliated with the United Church, it is an institution of the Toronto School of Theology. The principal is the Rev. Dr Mark G. Toulouse, Emmanuel College is a member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Emmanuel College has its origins in Victoria College, a Methodist college founded in 1836, from 1871 it operated a Faculty of Theology training candidates for the ministry of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. When the merger in turn to create the United Church of Canada took place in 1925, a number of congregations in the Presbyterian Church in Canada chose to remain a distinct denomination. Knox College, University of Toronto, founded as the Free Church rival to Queens during the Disruption of 1843, however, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario awarded the building to the continuing Presbyterians. The faculty and most students of Knox left to form Union College with the Faculty of Theology at Victoria, shortly renamed Emmanuel College, the new college became affiliated with the University of Toronto as a United Church of Canada seminary in 1925. The Emmanuel College, Toronto main building was designed by architect Henry Sproatt, in 1969 the Toronto School of Theology was created as an independent federation of 7 schools of theology, including the divinity faculties of Emmanuel College. Within its own federation, U of T granted all but theology or divinity degrees, since 1978, by virtue of a change made in its charter, the University of Toronto has granted theology degrees conjointly with Emmanuel College and other TSTs member institutions. Emmanuel College was the scene in which the British band, Tears for Fears filmed the video for their song Head over Heels in the summer of 1985. The Founding of Emmanuel College of Victoria University of the University of Toronto, the University of Toronto, A History University of Toronto Press,2002
Emmanuel College, Toronto
Emmanuel College, Toronto
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Emmanuel College
Emmanuel College, Toronto
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Colleges
Emmanuel College, Toronto
19.
Innis College, Toronto
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Innis College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Toronto. It is one of the University of Torontos smallest colleges in terms of size and it is located in the campus historic west end, directly north of Robarts Library, and is named after prominent University of Toronto political economist Harold Innis. It also serves as a venue for Hot Docs, which is North Americas largest documentary film festival, originally designed to be a wing onto New College, Innis College was founded separately in 1964 as the second non-federated college to be formed under the Universitys administration. Although initially located at the Macdonald-Mowatt house on St. Vladimir House, Innis was also the first University of Toronto college to host an open pub and the first one to sport an equity split between faculty and students on its governing council. The current Principal of Innis College is Charlie Keil, the current Innis Registrar is Donald Boere. As mentioned, Innis College was the first college at the University of Toronto to have parity between students and faculty on its governing council, the main governing body of Innis College is the Innis College Council and operates under the Governing Council of the University of Toronto. The College Council is made up of students, administration, and other interest groups including the members of the later life learning program, the council has many boards including boards on academic affairs, college affairs, student affairs, and community affairs. It is the job of the council to exercise the colleges autonomous rights granted to them by the University and therefore oversees admissions, awards, the students of Innis College as well as the engineers living in the Innis Residence are members of the Innis College Student Society. The ICSS is represented by a body that offers student services. The governing body of the ICSS is made up of a body, student representatives. Innis College is home to the Cinema Studies Student Union and the Urban Studies Student Union, Innis College is watched over by an administrative staff consisting of the Principals Office and Registrars Office, as well as the Innis Town Hall and Innis Library staff. Innis College houses a newspaper called the Innis Herald which releases quarterly issues to the University of Toronto community. All students of the College are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, the College formerly hosted the Environmental Studies program before it was relocated to the Universitys Centre for Environment. A student studying at Innis College is a member of the University of Toronto, the Faculty of Arts and Science, the representative body of Innis Students is the Innis College Student Society. The student society is a mandatory membership student group which receives its funding through a student levy collected by the University of Toronto. Both Innis Students and engineering students living in the Innis Residence have this levy collected from them and are members of the ICSS. The ICSS conducts its elections using a preferential voting electoral method, the ICSS Governing Body meets every two weeks during the academic year in open meetings where members of council, as well as members of the society are invited to deliberate on various issues. The deliberative proceedings of the ICSS government are conducted under Roberts Rules of Order, the ICSS is steered by an executive committee consisting of a President, an Executive Vice-President, a Vice-President Internal, and a Vice-President Finance
Innis College, Toronto
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Innis College Residence, 111 St George St
Innis College, Toronto
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Colleges
20.
Knox College, Toronto
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Knox College is a postgraduate theological college of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1844 as part of a movement in the Church of Scotland following the Disruption of 1843. Knox is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Canada and confers doctoral degrees as a school of the Toronto School of Theology. Controversy arising from the issue of control in the Church of Scotland led to the Disruption of 1843. In response, several Presbyterian ministers and congregations within the Canadian synod of the Church of Scotland switched their affiliation to the new denomination. Queens College, a Presbyterian seminary in Kingston, decided in 1844 to remain affiliated with the Church of Scotland, prompting some of its students to defect, named for Scottish Reformation theologian John Knox, the new college became affiliated with the Free Church. The first class included 14 students and took place on November 5,1844, in the home of Rev. Henry Esson on James Street, at the present site of Toronto Eaton Centre. For the next two years, Knox College transitioned to larger buildings acquired at Adelaide Street and later Front Street, Scottish minister Rev. Dr. Michael Willis, the founding president of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, became the first principal of the college in 1857. Willis came to Toronto in 1846 from St. Johns Renfield Church, Glasgow, Knox was formally granted its charter from the colonial government in 1858, thereby possessing the authority to confer academic degrees. In 1861, the Canada Presbyterian Church was created from the union of the Canadian synods of the Free Church of Scotland with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Knox College absorbed the existing United Presbyterian Church theological college that was founded in London, Canada West in 1844. In 1867, Knox College assisted the establishment of The Presbyterian College, Montreal, Knox College donated some of the books from its library collection, and several Knox alumni served as faculty of The Presbyterian College. In 1875, Knox College moved to a new Gothic-revival building at 1 Spadina Crescent, towards the end of the century, Knox began encouraging its students to attend non-divinity studies at the nearby University College of the University of Toronto. Knox College entered formal affiliation with the University of Toronto in 1885, in 1890, Knox College became part of the university within a federated governance structure. In 1915, Knox College moved to its present site adjacent to University College, during World War II, Knox College accommodated faculty and students from The Presbyterian College, Montreal, whose building was used for military training until 1946. In 1969, Knox became a member of the Toronto School of Theology. By virtue of an amendment of its charter, Knox College has granted theology degrees conjointly with the university, Ewart College, a womens college of the Presbyterian Church, was merged into Knox College in 1991. Founded in 1897, Ewart College was initially known as the Presbyterian Missionary and Deaconess Training School, in 2005, Knox observed its 160th anniversary with a visit and lecture by Alison Elliot, the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Knox college provides a number of facilities to the University of Toronto community, the chapel is noted for its Hellmuth Wolff organ
Knox College, Toronto
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Knox College
Knox College, Toronto
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Knox College, Toronto
Knox College, Toronto
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Historical home of Knox College at
1 Spadina Crescent
Knox College, Toronto
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A corridor that forms a section of the college cloisters
21.
Massey College, Toronto
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Massey College is a postgraduate residential college at the University of Toronto, established, built and partially endowed in 1962 by the Massey Foundation. The president of the University of Toronto, the dean of graduate studies, members of corporation are elected for five years, the master is elected for seven years. The college is well-connected with prominent figures of the national establishment and it hosted the Man Booker International Prize of 2007. Massey College was conceived by Vincent Massey, the 18th Governor General of Canada who attended University College as an undergraduate, the Massey Foundation, for which Vincent Massey served as a trustee, provided the financial endowment. Opened officially in 1963, the college was designed by Canadian architect Ron Thom, alan Beddoe designed the Massey College coats of arms. The founding Master of Massey College was the celebrated Canadian journalist and author Robertson Davies, Professor J. N. Patterson Hume, CM, was the second Master, and Professor Ann Saddlemyer, OC, the third. The fourth Master was journalist John Fraser, CM, on July 1,2014, Hugh Segal, formerly a member of the Senate of Canada, became the 5th Master of Massey College for a 7-year term. Ron Thoms design for Massey College was inspired by the Medieval Oxbridge style college, the buildings all centre around one quad which is accessible through only two gates. The main gate is at the foot of the tower, along with the porters lodge, the quad contains a large pond with fish and fountains as well as the St. Catherines Bell in the clock tower attached to the porch. The bells are rung three times a day during the term to mark meal times. Around the quad are a total of five houses on the east, north. The ground floors of houses contain some administration offices. The largest building containing the majority of the space available to members of the fellowship, is on the south side along with the masters house. Massey is also home to a worship space, St. Catherines Chapel. The Chapel features an 17th-century Russian iconostasis and cross, as well as pipe organ specially designed for the chapel by the Quebec organ builder. The chapel was redesigned in 2006 by the College architects, Brigitte Shim and Howard Sutcliffe. The college buildings are frequently studied by architecture students, in 2013, which marked its 50th anniversary, Massey College received two prestigious architecture awards. The award can go to a building in Canada, designed by an architect from any country, or a building designed by a Canadian architect. ”The commentary from the award’s jury reads as follows, ”Massey College is a skillful
Massey College, Toronto
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View from the college's quadrangle
Massey College, Toronto
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The Master and Fellows of Massey College
Massey College, Toronto
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Ondaatje Hall, the main dining hall of the college used for daily meals and High Table dinners
Massey College, Toronto
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Exterior of the college
22.
New College, Toronto
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New College is one of the constituent Colleges of the University of Toronto in Canada. Founded in 1962, New College was the first college to be created within the University of Toronto since the federation with Victoria, Trinity and St. Michaels Colleges. The name of the college was initially to be New Kings College, in homage to University College, New College shares, with Trinity College, St. Hildas College, and University College, the distinction of being Dominion cousins to namesakes in the UK. It is named after New College at the University of Oxford, in England Britain, in fact, what is now known as Innis College, the second multi-faculty college, was originally designed as another wing of New College before it was built separately in 1964. Housed in a serpentine design, New College consists of three halls, Wilson Hall, Wetmore Hall, and a new hall aptly named New Building built in 2003. The New Building also houses the William Doo Auditorium and a mini-gym, New College has an extremely multicultural student body, with more than three-quarters of its students drawn from the ranks of new Canadians. Both the New College Residence Council and the New College Student Council plan activities that feature the colleges diversity, a highlight of the year, usually held in the winter term, is Mosaic, which is an evening of music, dance and performance featuring multiethnic themes. The Student Council generally uses the William Doo Auditorium for Mosaic, for students in residence at New College, social life is aided by their floor residence council. The floor residence council organizes restaurant trips, movie nights, field trips, each residence floor benefits from a don. New College dons are graduate or upper year students who live with the undergraduates and provide them with advice, the New College Residence Council oversees student life specifically for students who live in residence. Residence student life is generally anchored around the colleges cafeteria. The dining area is large, with a number of different dishes available at each mealtime, vegetarian, Vegan and Halal meals are offered. In 2008 the College replaced the Dean of Residence position with a new Director of Student Life, New Colleges mission around round equity and social justice is reflected in many of its programs, such as African Studies, Caribbean Studies and Equity Studies. The College continues to maintain its connections with the field of engineering, many of its early officers were from science backgrounds, including Stewart Wilson, the first registrar and Donald Ivey, the colleges first principal. Today, like several of the colleges at the University of Toronto, New College coordinates a number of degree programmes. New College also hosts annual University of Toronto Youth Summer Program jointly organised by New College and University of Torontos faculties of Law and Medicine. The Youth Summer Program is an enrichment program for high school students that allows early experience of top-tier academic learning in the fields of law
New College, Toronto
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A section of the New College complex
New College, Toronto
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New College, Toronto
New College, Toronto
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Colleges
23.
Regis College, Toronto
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Regis College is a theological college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1930 and affiliated with the Society of Jesus. It is a postgraduate college and a member institution of the Toronto School of Theology. Regis College began as the Jesuit philosophy college on Wellington Street in downtown Toronto in September 1930 and it then offered philosophy programmes to Jesuit scholastics preparing for priesthood. It was in 1943 that the programme of offerings was expanded to include theology, in 1954, the Jesuit seminary was formally named Collegium Christi Regis, The College of Christ the King. In 1961, the moved to a new site on Bayview Avenue in Willowdale. The 40 acre site, was offered to the Jesuits as a location for the college by the Sisters of St. Joseph in 1958, in 1969, Regis College was one of the founding colleges of the Toronto School of Theology. Within its own federation, the University of Toronto granted all, in 1970, the college joined the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Membership of the association in 1980,2001 and 2011, in 1976, the college moved to St. Mary Street in Downtown Toronto, close to its present site. The Bayview site was sold to Ontario Bible College, which became the Tyndale University College and that year, it admitted its first non-Jesuit students. Since 1978, by virtue of a made in its charter. Regis College became a college of the University of Toronto. This arrangement was renewed for a ten years in 2004. In August 2008, Regis College agreed to move to Christie House, on the corner of Wellesley Street and it was formerly a female residence building for St. Michaels College administered by the Sisters of St. Joseph who ran St. Josephs College School next door. The University of Toronto bought the site from the Sisters of St. Joseph, construction started to make the house suitable for the college in time for the start of the academic year in September 2009. As part of the agreement with the university, the half of the building closest to the school was converted so that it could be used by the universitys Faculty of Music. The building is located opposite the Parliament of Ontario and it is to the south of St. Michaels College and is next to buildings that previously housed the offices of Marshall McLuhan. The building itself was the home of William Mellis Christie. Robert Jaffrey had a room built in the house so his mistress could secretly live with him
Regis College, Toronto
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Queens Park entrance
Regis College, Toronto
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West side
Regis College, Toronto
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North side
Regis College, Toronto
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Main entrance
24.
Trinity College, Toronto
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Trinity College is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1851 by Bishop John Strachan. Trinity was intended by Strachan as a college of strong Anglican alignment, in 1904, Trinity joined the university as a member of its collegiate federation. Trinity College presently consists of a secular undergraduate section and a divinity school that is part of the Toronto School of Theology. Reflecting its English heritage, the college emulates Oxbridge traditions as the wearing of gowns at dinner, a choir that includes choral scholars. Bishop John Strachan, an Anglican priest and Archdeacon of York, the colonial college was effectively controlled by the Church of England and members of the elite Family Compact. In 1849, over opposition from Strachan, Reformists took control of the college. Incensed by this decision, Strachan immediately began raising funds for the creation of Trinity College, working with Kivas Tully, Charles Barry Cleveland superintended many of their important architectural works in eastern Canada including the Trinity College campus at the University of Toronto. The building featured Gothic Revival design, the cornerstone was laid on April 30,1851. Trinity was incorporated as an independent university on 2 August 1851, the Cameron property on Queen Street in western Toronto was purchased for £2,000, and the college opened to students at the site on January 15,1852. On January 10,1842 the first lecture was given at the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg, in 1852, teaching was transferred to Toronto in the new Faculty of Divinity at Trinity College. Trinity College absorbed the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg in 1852, Trinity College gradually expanded its teaching beyond arts and divinity, and by the end of the 19th century its scope had included medicine, law, music, pharmacy and dentistry. The college admitted its first female students in 1884, and St. Hildas College was created in 1888 as the college of Trinity. With Strachans death in 1867, efforts could begin to unite Trinity College with the University of Toronto, after taking office in 1900, provost Thomas C. S. Macklem supported joining the college with the University of Toronto. The matter became hotly contested when Trinitys medical faculty merged with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1903, after what Macklem described as a long-drawn and bitter series of debates, the college voted 121 to 73 in favour of federation with the University of Toronto. The university made a concession to allow Trinity to administer its own examination in religious subjects, on October 1,1904, Trinity became part of the University of Toronto and relinquished to the university its authority to grant degrees in subjects other than theology. It became clear that the relocation of Trinity closer to the university was necessary, the former site of the college became Trinity Bellwoods Park. Towards the end of the 20th century, the place of longstanding institutions and traditions within the community underwent changes initiated by internal and external parties. Episkopon, a society based in the college since 1858, was officially dissociated from Trinity in 1992, on 30 April 2002 Canada Post issued University of Trinity College, 1852-2002 as part of the Canadian Universities series
Trinity College, Toronto
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John Strachan
Trinity College, Toronto
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University of Trinity College
Trinity College, Toronto
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The original Gothic Revival Trinity College, circa 1852 by architect
Kivas Tully
Trinity College, Toronto
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Members of faculty at Trinity College in 1904, at the time of federation with the University of Toronto
25.
University College, Toronto
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University College is a constituent college of the University of Toronto, created in 1853 specifically as an institution of higher learning free of religious affiliation. University College is one of two places in the University of Toronto that has designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It is home to the oldest student government in Canada, the Literary, baldwin envisioned that denominational colleges would soon decide to affiliate themselves under the secular University of Toronto with some vague status, perhaps as divinity halls. His hopes were dashed when the Presbyterian Queens College in Kingston opted to stay independent, baldwin resigned as premier in 1851, leaving his successor, Francis Hincks, to find another way to persuade the denominational colleges. Hincks decided that the university should adopt the collegiate university governance model, used for centuries at Oxbridge, on April 22,1853, University College was created as the Provincial College, and it retains that designation in the current University of Toronto Act. It was the first constituent college of the University of Toronto, inheriting the functions and resources of the former Kings College. Frederick William Cumberland was appointed in 1856 as the university architect to design and oversee the construction of the new building. The following year, Knox College and Victoria College also joined the University of Toronto, University College was severely damaged by a fire that gutted the entire eastern wing and the college library on February 14,1890. The fire spread rapidly when servants accidentally dropped two kerosene lamps on a staircase at around 7 p. m. while preparing the illumination for an annual college exhibition. And is now, so far as its material fabric goes, only about 100 books were rescued before the fire consumed more than 33,000 volumes at the college library. Despite the initial fears, University College recovered from the fire with remarkable ease, wycliffe College and Knox College both offered space for classes to accommodate displaced students. The board of trustees commissioned a restoration of the structure with insurance compensations. Within two years, the library was replenished with donations from throughout the British Empire. During the boycott of classes, professor of history George MacKinnon Wrong wrote to Chancellor Blake in England that only one student turned up at one of his lectures. The strike continued until February 20, when students voted to return to classes after the government agreed to call a commission of inquiry, the main building of University College was built between 1856 and 1859, designed by architects Frederick William Cumberland and William George Storm. The design committee would eventually include Norman, Romanesque Revival, and “faint traces of Byzantium, in particular, the Byzantine, Norman and early English styles were deemed “fitting for educational institutions”. Cumberland chose Norman Romanesque as the main influence because he thought it was the most appreciate for the topography in Canada, to achieve a picturesque approach, Cumberland ignored the classical symmetry and deliberately gave an asymmetrical architectural expression. The building was a combination of varied parts incorporating British design for educational structures in England and Ireland
University College, Toronto
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University College, c. 1860
University College, Toronto
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The University College fire of 1890, Dominion Illustrated
University College, Toronto
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The main building of University College, a National Historic Site since 1968
University College, Toronto
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Croft Chapter House
26.
Victoria University, Toronto
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Victoria University is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1836 and named for Queen Victoria. It is commonly called Victoria College, informally Vic, after the academic component that now forms its undergraduate division. Since 1928, Victoria College has retained secular studies in the liberal arts, Victoria is situated in the northeastern part of the university campus, adjacent to St. Michaels College and Queens Park. Among its residential halls is Annesley Hall, a National Historic Site of Canada, a major centre for Reformation and Renaissance studies, Victoria is home to international scholarly projects and holdings devoted to pre-Puritan English drama and the works of Desiderius Erasmus. Victoria College was founded as the Upper Canada Academy by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1831, a committee decided to locate the academy on four acres of land in Cobourg, Ontario, east of Toronto, because of its central location in a large town and access by land. The school officially opened to male and female students on October 12,1836, with Ryerson as the first president, although the school taught a variety of liberal arts subjects, it also functioned as an unofficial Methodist seminary. In 1841, it was incorporated as Victoria College, named for Queen Victoria, john Harper designed Victoria University Medical College, Gerrard Street East at Sackville Street, Toronto which was demolished. Victoria University was formed in 1884 when Victoria College and Albert University federated with each other, in 1890, Victoria University federated with the University of Toronto. In 1892, Victoria University moved from Cobourg to its current campus on Queens Park Crescent, south of Bloor Street, a plaque was erected at 100 University Avenue at the intersection with College Street in Cobourg, Ontario. Victoria College The cornerstone of this building was laid June 7,1832, first operated under a royal charter by the Wesleyan Methodists as Upper Canada Academy, in 1841 it obtained a provincial charter under the name of Victoria College, giving it power to grant degrees. Victoria’s first president was the Reverend Egerton Ryerson, newspaper editor, in 1890 the college federated with the University of Toronto and, in 1892, left Cobourg. James Loudon, a former President of the universities, had prohibited dancing at the University of Toronto until 1896. However, dancing at Victoria was not officially permissible until thirty years later, the WWI list of honour was erected by the Alumni and Alumnae Associations on October 13,1923 while the WWII list of honour was erected by the Board of Regents. In 1928, the independent Union College federated with the department of Victoria College. On the old Ontario strand for piano by Joyce Belyea was published for the Victoria College Music Club between 1946 and 1948 by the J. H, peel Music Pub. Co. in Toronto. The main building, Old Vic, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style, the architect was W. G. Storm, who died shortly after completion. The campus is centred on the quadrangle of Victoria, outlined by the upper and lower houses of Burwash Hall
Victoria University, Toronto
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Old Vic in 1900
Victoria University, Toronto
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Victoria University
Victoria University, Toronto
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Old Vic, the oldest building of Victoria College
Victoria University, Toronto
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Burwash Hall
27.
Woodsworth College, Toronto
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Woodsworth College, named after politician and clergyman James Shaver Woodsworth, is a college within the University of Toronto, Canada. It is the largest college in the Faculty of Arts and Science on the St. George Campus and it is also the newest of the colleges at the University of Toronto, created in 1974. Woodsworth Colleges Arms and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on October 15,2006, the college was founded to serve part-time students exclusively, specifically adults pursuing continuing education studies in Arts and Sciences, and transfer students. Since 1999, Woodsworth has embarked on direct entry, where students are accepted directly from high school, Woodsworth College is home to approximately 6200 students. The Woodsworth College Students Association is the body of students at the college. The associations government consists of the President, six Vice-Presidents, and it also provides a great deal of services and activities throughout the year. The office of the WCSA is located at, WW103,119 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, in 1974, Woodsworth was administering the Summer Program to Sienna, Italy. Woodsworth Colleges International Summer Programs sends over 900 students to 18 destinations worldwide, Woodsworth oversees the Visiting Student Program in the Faculty of Arts and Science. This program allows students from other North American universities to come to the University of Toronto, Woodsworth Residence was erected in 2004 and was designed by the architectural firm Architects Alliance. The residence, located at 321 Bloor Street West, towers over the Perly-Rae gates at the entrance of the St. George Campus. The building is a 17-storey glass tower housing 371 students and it offers apartment style living, suites are self-contained individual apartments of 4-6 people. Each suite provides its occupants with individual rooms, suites are equipped with a kitchen, living room. There is also a facility, pool table, foosball table, study rooms. The four-storey U-shaped residence, built in 1926, was designed by the firm of Paisley & Marani and was in the City of Torontos Inventory of Heritage Properties, there are also courses that take place within the basement of the residence. Some of the courses are offered by the Rotman School of Management and include courses in law, accounting. The residence web page is http, //wdw. utoronto. ca/residence Students are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, Woodsworth College also hosts several programs within the faculty. These programs combine courses from a number of different academic departments in the faculty, TESOL Human Resources Management Martin L
Woodsworth College, Toronto
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Woodsworth College
Woodsworth College, Toronto
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Woodsworth College Residence Building
Woodsworth College, Toronto
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Colleges
28.
Wycliffe College, Toronto
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Wycliffe College is a graduate theological school federated with the University of Toronto. It is affiliated with the Anglican Church of Canada and is evangelical, on the other hand, the University of Torontos other Anglican college, the University of Trinity College is Anglo-Catholic in outlook. While being an Anglican seminary, Wycliffe College attracts students from many Christian denominations, as a founding member of the Toronto School of Theology, students are free to participate in the wide range of courses from Canadas largest ecumenical consortium. It trains those pursuing ordination as well as preparing for academic careers of scholarship. James founded the independent Protestant Episcopal Divinity School in 1877 to provide a source for evangelical. The name was given first to the building and then to the college itself. To ensure its viability, Wycliffe College began considering various forms of union with the University of Toronto towards the end of the 19th century. Wycliffe College became affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1885, Wycliffe college had a close association with the Anglican Church of the Epiphany in Parkdale. The churchs founding rector, the Rev, bernard Bryan, had been one of the nine men who constituted the first class at Wycliffe in 1877. This connection continued in 1959 when the Church of the Epiphanys rector, george Martel Miller designed Convocation Hall,1902. Henry Bauld Gordon designed the Dining Hall and Dormitory Wing,1907, Principals Residence, William Faulkner billeted at Wycliffe College while a student at the School of Aeronautics in 1918. In 1969 the Toronto School of Theology was created as an independent federation of seven schools of theology, within its own federation, the University of Toronto granted degrees except theology or divinity degrees. Since 1978, by virtue of a made in its charter. An act respecting Wycliffe College, being chapter 112 of the Statutes of Ontario,1916, was repealed, Wycliffe Colleges Arms were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on March 15,2007. The Wycliffe College Chapel sanctuary features stained glass windows, including Our Lord, St. Paul, St. John. Wycliffe College is situated in the centre of the University of Toronto campus, on the corner of Hoskin Avenue and Queens Park. Next door is Hart House, which houses athletic facilities, a theatre, an art gallery, reading rooms, sitting rooms, offices, a library, music rooms, student meeting and study space. Along with classrooms and a chapel, Wycliffe houses 75 graduate residents, many of who are studying other disciplines at the University of Toronto and its affiliates
Wycliffe College, Toronto
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Old postcard depicting Wycliffe College
Wycliffe College, Toronto
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Wycliffe College, Toronto
Wycliffe College, Toronto
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Northern facade of the main building
Wycliffe College, Toronto
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East wing of Wycliffe College, seen from the edge of
Queen's Park
29.
University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science
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The Faculty of Arts and Science is a division of the University of Toronto which offers arts and science teaching and research institutions. With almost 22,000 undergraduate and 3,000 graduate students, Arts, the Faculty of Art Science hosts 73 per cent of the universitys undergraduates and one third of graduates who pursue degrees in the humanities, social sciences and sciences. The faculty has 800 professors who teach some 2,000 courses arranged in 300 undergraduate and 70 graduate programs hosted by 29 departments,16 centres and institutes, and seven colleges. The Department of Economics has been ranked as one of the top 25 worldwide economics faculty rankings, placing 23rd and 18th during the years. The Department of Philosophy ranked 15th overall in the English-speaking world, the Department of Sociology ranks among the top 10 in North America. In the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Department of Computer Science placed first overall in Canada, for the 2012-2013 entrance year, Arts had an entry average of 86. 6% and Science had an entry average of 88. 8%. Commerce had an average of 91. 7%. For professional and graduate studies, admission is competitive, for 2011-2012, programs such as public policy and global affairs accept about one-tenth of applicants, though they do not have standardized admissions test requirements. Doctoral-stream masters programs had a rate of 29. 6%. These centres are often collaborations of several fields and departments of study at the University
University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science
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The
Sidney Smith Hall, the central faculty building
University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science
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Colleges
Media related to Soldiers' Tower at Wikimedia Commons
