1.
Culture of Turkey
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Many of these traditions were initially brought together by the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state. The present-day Republic of Turkey, which was declared in 1923 after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, is still a country that spans Europe. During the early years of the republic, the government invested an amount of resources into fine arts such as paintings. This was done as both a process of modernization and of creating a cultural identity, Turkish culture has undergone profound changes over the last century. Today, Turkey may be the country that contains every extreme of Eastern and Western culture. The Ottoman system was a state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic. Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as a result, Turkey is one of the most westernized Islamic nations. The Book of Dede Korkut and the Epic of Köroğlu have been the main elements of the Turkish epic tradition in Anatolia for several centuries, the two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. Of the two, the Ottoman Divan poetry, a highly ritualized and symbolic art form, was the dominant stream, the vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature, either ghazals or qasidas. There were, however, other genres, most particularly the mathnawi. The tradition of Ottoman prose was exclusively non-fictional in nature, as the tradition was limited to narrative poetry. The Tanzimat reforms of 1839–1876 brought changes to the language of Ottoman written literature, and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel, Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period, the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde movement, the Fecr-i Âtî movement, the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fünûn, which was largely devoted to progress along the Western model. Accordingly, the magazines literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style high art in Turkey, poetry is the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey. The folk poetry as indicated above, was influenced by the Islamic Sunni. Furthermore, as evidenced by the prevalence of the still existent ashik tradition. Much of the poetry and song of the tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century
2.
History of Turkey
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See History of the Republic of Turkey for the history of the modern state. The history of Turkey, understood as the history of the region now forming the territory of the Republic of Turkey, the earliest representations of culture in Anatolia were Stone Age artifacts. The remnants of Bronze Age civilizations such as the Hattian, Akkadian, Assyrian, after the fall of the Hittites, the new states of Phrygia and Lydia stood strong on the western coast as Greek civilization began to flourish. They, and all the rest of Anatolia were relatively soon after incorporated into the Achaemenid Persian Empire, as Persia grew in strength, their system of local government in Anatolia allowed many port cities to grow and to become wealthy. All of Anatolia got divided into satrapies, ruled by satraps appointed by the central Persian rulers. Some of the satraps revolted periodically but did not pose a serious threat, in the 5th century BC, Darius I built the Royal Road, which linked the principal city of Susa with the west Anatolian city of Sardis. Anatolia played a role in Achaemenid history. In the earliest 5th century BC, some of the Ionian cities under Persian rule revolted, which culminated into the Ionian Revolt. This revolt, after being suppressed by the Persian authority, laid the direct uplead for the Greco-Persian Wars. After Achaemenid Persian rule, the Greek Alexander the Great finally wrested control of the region from Persia in successive battles. The Seleucid Empire, the largest of Alexanders territories, and which included Anatolia, became involved in a war with Rome culminating in the battles of Thermopylae. The resulting Treaty of Apamea in saw the Seleucids retreat from Anatolia, the Kingdom of Pergamum and the Republic of Rhodes, Romes allies in the war, were granted the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. Roman control of Anatolia was strengthened by a hands off approach by Rome, allowing control to govern effectively. The Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes inhabiting an area in Central. They were bordered by the Scythians to the north, the Celts and the Illyrians to the west, the Ancient Greeks to the south and they spoke the Thracian language – a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family. The study of Thracians and Thracian culture is known as Thracology, starting around 1200 BC, the western coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were founded by colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna and Byzantium. The territory of Thrace later became unified by the Odrysian kingdom, founded by Teres I, a type of soldier of this period called the Peltast probably originated in Thrace
3.
Ethnic groups in Turkey
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Minorities in Turkey form a substantial part of the countrys population, with at least an estimated 30% of the populace belonging to an ethnic minority. The amount of minorities is suspected to be underestimated by the Turkish government. Ethnic Albanians, Pontic Greeks, Kurds, Arabs, Bosniaks, Circassians, although many minorities have no official recognition, state-run TRT television and radio broadcasts minority language programs and elementary schools offer minority language classes. Groups of nomadic and semi-nomadic itinerants found mainly in central and western Anatolia and they speak an argot of their own and follow the Alevi faith. Afghans are one of the largest irregular migrant groups in Turkey, from the period 2003-2007, the number of Afghans apprehended were significant, with statistics almost doubling during the last year. Most had fled the War in Afghanistan, in 2005, refugees from Afghanistan numbered 300 and made a sizeable proportion of Turkeys registered migrants. Most of them were spread out over satellite cities with Van, in the following years, the number of Afghans entering Turkey greatly increased, second only to migrants from Iraq, in 2009, there were 16,000 people designated under the Iraq-Afghanistan category. Despite a dramatic 50 percent reduction by 2010, reports confirmed hundreds living and working in Turkey, as of January 2010, Afghans consisted one-sixth of the 26,000 remaining refugees and asylum seekers. By the end 2011, their numbers are expected to surge up to 10,000, making them the largest population, african quarters of 19th-century İzmir, including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu, are mentioned in contemporary records. There are an estimated 500, 000–6,000,000 people of Albanian descent in Turkey, According to the Turkish government there are only 1.3 million Albanians, with 500,000 considering themselves to have an Albanian national consciousness and the remainder being assimilated. However, these assumptions of the Turkish government are rejected by scholars who explain they are without any basis. Arabs in Turkey number between 800,000 and 1 million, and they live in provinces near the Syrian border, particularly the Hatay region. However, including recent Syrian refugees, they make up to 5. 3% of the population, most of them are Sunni Muslims. However, there is a group of Alawis, and another one of Arab Christians in communion with the Antiochian Orthodox Church. Armenians are indigenous to the Armenian Highlands which corresponds to the half of modern-day Turkey, the Republic of Armenia, southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan. Prior to the Genocide in 1914, the Armenian population of Turkey numbered at about 1,914,620, the Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire before the Armenian genocide had an estimated 2,300 churches and 700 schools. After the Armenian genocide however, it is estimated that 200,000 Armenians remained in Turkey, today there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians in Turkey, not including the Hamshenis. Armenians today are concentrated around Istanbul
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Languages of Turkey
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Article 3 of the Constitution of Turkey defines Turkish as the only official language of Turkey. Article 42 of the Constitution explicitly prohibits educational institutions to teach any language other than Turkish as a tongue to Turkish citizens. No language other than Turkish shall be taught as a tongue to Turkish citizens at any institutions of training or education. Foreign languages to be taught in institutions of training and education, the provisions of international treaties are reserved. Due to Article 42 and its restrictive interpretation, ethnic minorities have been facing severe restrictions in the use of their mother languages. This particular constitutional provision has been contested both internationally and within Turkey, the provision has been criticized by minority groups, notably the Kurdish community. But the government claims that these are Turkeys only minorities, in 2013, the Ministry of Education included Kurdish, Abkhaz, Adyghe and Laz languages to the academic programme of the basic schools as optional classes from the fifth year on. Ethnologue lists many minority languages in Turkey some of which are spoken by large numbers of people, -Abaza Central, Eskisehir, Samsun, Yozgat, Adana, and Kayseri provinces. Alternate Names, Abazin, Abazintsy, Ahuwa, Tapanta Dialects, Ashkaraua, Bezshagh, Classification, North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Abkhaz-Abazin Comments, Muslim. Abkhaz Northeast, Artvin Province, also Coruh, Bolu, alternate Names, Abxazo Dialects, Abzhui, Bzyb, Samurzakan. Classification, North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Abkhaz-Abazin Comments, Muslim, Adyghe Central and western Anatolia, Kayseri, Tokat, Karaman Maras, and many other provinces. Alternate Names, Adygey, Cherkes, Circassian Classification, North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian Comments, Albanian, Tosk Edirne, Istanbul, Kirklareli, and Tekirdag provinces, center is Arnavut, otherwise scattered throughout western Turkey. Alternate Names, Shqip Classification, Indo-European, Albanian, Tosk Comments, Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Siirt provinces, very small area in Gaziantep Province. Classification, Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic Comments, Christian, Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken Mardin, Sirnak, Batman, Siirt, and Sanliurfa provinces. Alternate Names, Syro-Mesopotamian Vernacular Arabic Classification, Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic Comments, Armenian Many in Istanbul, and in east Turkey, Kars Province, scattered elsewhere. Alternate Names, Armjanski, Ermenice, Haieren, Somkhuri Dialects, Classification, Indo-European, Armenian Comments, Hemshin are Armenian Muslims, living near the Laz language area. More Information Azerbaijani, South Kars and Igdir provinces, Classification, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani Comments, Muslim. Balkan Gagauz Turkish Surguch dialect in Edirne Province, alternate Names, Balkan Turkic Dialects, Gajol, Gerlovo Turks, Karamanli, Kyzylbash, Surguch, Tozluk Turks, Yuruk
5.
Mythology of Turkey
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Turkic mythology embraces Tengriist and Shamanist traditions as well as all cultural and social subjects being a nomad folk. Later, especially after Turkic migration some of the myths were decorated with Islamic symbols and it has many common points with Mongol mythology. Turkic mythology was influenced by other local mythologies, for example, in Tatar mythology elements of Finnic and Indo-European myth co-exist. Subjects from Tatar mythology include Äbädä, Alara, Şüräle, Şekä, Pitsen, Tulpar, and Zilant. Besides Buddhism, Turkic mythology was influenced by Manichaeism, irk Bitig, a 10th-century manuscript found in Dunhuang is one of the most important sources for Turkic mythology and religion. This book is written in Old Turkic alphabet like the Orkhon inscriptions, Kök Tengri is the first of primordial deities in the religion of the early Turkic people. He was known as yüce or yaratıcı tengri after the Turks started to migrate and leave middle Asia, the words Tengri and Sky were synonyms. It is unknown how Tengri looks and he rules the fates of entire people and acts freely. But he is fair as he awards and punishes, the well-being of people depends on his will. Tengri worship is first attested in the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the early 8th century, Umay is the goddess of fertility and virginity. Umay resembles earth-mother goddesses found in other world religions and is the daughter of Tengri. Öd Tengri Is the god of time being not well-known, as it states in the stones, Öd tengri is the ruler of time. Boz Tengri Like Öd Tengri, he is not known much and he is seen as the god of the grounds and steppes and is a son of Kök Tengri. Kayra is the Spirit of God, primordial god of highest sky, upper air, space, atmosphere, light, life and son of Kök Tengri. Ülgen is the son of Kayra and Umay is the god of goodness, the Aruğ denotes to good spirits in Turkic and Altaic mythology. They are under the order of Ülgen and doing things on earth. Erlik is the god of death and the underworld, also a god of the manly seem, since his name Erklik is also used for male. Later Erlik was used depriving him of this rather anti-hero status, the titel khan in his name is because of his ruler position
6.
Turkish folklore
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The tradition of folklore—folktales, jokes, legends, and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich, and is incorporated into everyday life and events. Perhaps the most popular figure in the tradition is Nasreddin, who is the character of thousands of jokes. —Yes, I do, answered Nasreddin. —Can I have some, I need some to make an ointment with. —No, you cant have any, answered Nasreddin. If I gave my forty-year-old vinegar to whoever wanted some, I wouldnt have had it for forty years, would I. The two workers supposedly spent much of their time entertaining the workers, and were so funny and popular that they interfered with work on the palace. If they sprout, this means the marriage will be successful, in the Eastern Black Sea region, it is believed that there is an invisible lace between the feet of those children who have trouble walking when theyre young. A lace is tied between the feet of child and the lace is cut by the child of family or the first to leave the mosque after Friday prayer. It is believed that once the invisible lace has been cut, in Turkish folklore, childless women, cows that dont get pregnant, and children wetting their beds are supposedly cured by passing under a blackberry bush known as Avat. “Avat is believed to be a herb of paradise. ”In Trabzon. Desperate patients with diseases are said to have been shown to the moon on a wooden shovel “If that continues I will put you on a shovel. This event can only be explained with the “paganist” beliefs comes from “Caucasia”, at first the police understood that the hunter killed a man called Evliya but later they saw that the “saint” was a tree so they let the hunter go. It was an example of Colchis culture that can be seen today which was mixed with Islam in Trabzon under the name of saint and common before one God religions that people used to believe in nature. It is possible to see things in Hemsheen region of Rize “the branches are praying three days before and during bairam, so we do not cut live branches during bairam. Cemre are three fireballs that come from the heavens to warm earth at the end of each winter, each cemre warms one aspect of the nature. The first cemre falls to air between February 19–20, the second cemre falls to water between February 26–27. The third cemre falls to ground between 5–6 March, taram Baba, the night demon or nightmare which is believed to kidnap children, in some Balkanic Turks tradition. Forty-four Turkish Fairy Tales by Ignácz Kúnos http, //aton. ttu. edu/ the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University
7.
Cuisine of Turkey
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Turkish cuisine is largely the continuation of Ottoman cuisine, which in turn borrowed many elements from Circassian, Central Asian, Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Balkan and Greek cuisines. Turkish cuisine has in turn influenced those and other neighbouring cuisines, including those of Southeast Europe, Central Europe, Turkish cuisine varies across the country. The cuisine of the Black Sea Region uses fish extensively, especially the Black Sea anchovy, the cuisine of the southeast is famous for its variety of kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, şöbiyet, kadayıf, and künefe. Especially in the parts of Turkey, where olive trees grow abundantly. The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions are rich in vegetables, herbs, Central Anatolia has many famous specialties, such as keşkek, mantı and gözleme. Dishes directly cognate with mantı are found also in Chinese and Korean cuisine, a specialtys name sometimes includes that of a city or region, either in or outside of Turkey, and may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. For example, the difference between Urfa kebap and Adana kebap is the thickness of the skewer and the amount of hot pepper that the kebab contains, Urfa kebap is less spicy and thicker than Adana kebap. Although meat-based foods such as kebabs are the mainstay in Turkish cuisine as presented in countries, native Turkish meals largely center around rice, vegetables. Turks usually prefer a rich breakfast, a speciality for breakfast is called menemen, which is prepared with tomatoes, green peppers, onion, olive oil and eggs. Invariably, Turkish tea is served at breakfast, the Turkish word for breakfast, kahvaltı, means before coffee. Homemade food is preferred by Turkish people. Although the newly introduced way of life pushes the new generation to eat out, a typical meal starts with soup, followed by a dish made of vegetables or legumes boiled in a pot, often with or before rice or bulgur pilav accompanied by a salad or cacık. In summertime many people prefer to eat a dish of vegetables cooked with olive oil instead of the soup, either before or after the main course. Although fast food is gaining popularity and many major foreign fast food chains have opened all over Turkey, Turkish people still rely primarily on the rich and extensive dishes of Turkish cuisine. In addition, some traditional Turkish foods, especially köfte, döner, kokoreç, kumpir midye tava börek, eating out has always been common in large commercial cities. Esnaf lokantası are widespread, serving traditional Turkish home cooking at affordable prices, in the hot Turkish summer, a meal often consists of fried vegetables such as eggplant and peppers or potatoes served with yogurt or tomato sauce. Menemen and çılbır are typical dishes, based on eggs. Sheep cheese, cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons and melons also make a summer meal
8.
Religion in Turkey
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Islam is the largest religion in Turkey according to the state, with 99. 4%. Recent independent polls show dramatically lower percentages, with 9. 4% being not religious at all, the same studies show that roughly 90% of irreligious people are younger than the age of 35. Most Muslims in Turkey are Sunnis forming about 72%, and Alevis belonging to Shia denomination form about 25% of the Muslim population, there is also a Twelver Shia community which forms about 3% of the Muslim population. Among Shia Muslim presence in Turkey there is a small but considerable minority of Muslims with Ismaili heritage, Christians and Jews, who comprise the non-Muslim religious population, make up 0. 2% of the total. However, currently all public schools from elementary to high school hold mandatory religion classes which only focus on the Sunni sect of Islam, in these classes, children are required to learn prayers and other religious practices which belong specifically to Sunnism. Thus, although Turkey is officially a state, the teaching of religious practices in public grade schools has been controversial. Its application to join the European Union divided existing members, some of which questioned whether a Muslim country could fit in, Turkish politicians have accused the countrys EU opponents of favouring a Christian club. In the early 2000s, Islamic groups challenged the concept of a state with increasing vigor after Recep Tayyip Erdoğans Islamist-rooted Justice. In a poll conducted by Sabancı University,98. 3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim, a poll conducted by Eurobarometer, KONDA and some other research institutes in 2013 showed that around 4.5 million of the 15+ population had no religion. Another poll conducted by the institutions in 2015 showed that the number has reached 5.5 million. Over 20% of the population belongs to the Alevi faith, thought by most of its adherents to be a form of Shia Islam, a minority consider it to have different origins. Closely related to Alevism is the small Bektashi community belonging to a Sufi order of Islam that is indigenous to Turkey, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has a presence in eight districts of the country. Islam arrived in the region that comprises present-day Turkey, particularly the provinces of the country. As of today, there are thousands of mosques throughout the country which are still active. Large mosques built in the Republic of Turkey period include the Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara, however, the Turkish government does not recognize the ecumenical status of Patriarch Bartholomew I. Other Eastern Orthodox denomination is the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate with strong influences from Turkish nationalist ideology, Istanbul, since 1461, is the seat of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. There have been 84 individual Patriarchs since establishment of the Patriarchate, the first Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople was Hovakim I who ruled from 1461 to 1478. Sultan Mehmed II allowed the establishment of the Patriarchate in 1461, the Patriarch was recognized as the religious and secular leader of all Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and carried the title of milletbaşı or ethnarch as well as patriarch
9.
Art of Turkey
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Turkish art refers to all works of visual art originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey since the arrival of the Turks in the Middle Ages. Turkey also was the home of much significant art produced by earlier cultures, including the Hittites, Ancient Greeks, Ottoman art is therefore to the dominant element of Turkish art before the 20th century, although the Seljuks and other earlier Turks also contributed. The 16th and 17th centuries are generally recognized as the finest period for art in the Ottoman Empire, in particular the long reign of Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520–1566 brought a combination, rare in any ruling dynasty, of political and military success with strong encouragement of the arts. They were not necessarily located in the palace, and may have been able to undertake work for other clients as well as the sultan. Many specialities were passed from father to son, other forms of art represented developments of earlier Islamic art, especially those of Persia, but with a distinct Turkish character. As in Persia, Chinese porcelain was collected by the Ottoman court. The reign of the Ottomans in the 16th and early 17th centuries introduced the Turkish form of Islamic calligraphy and this art form reached the height of its popularity during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter, the hilya is an illuminated sheet with Islamic calligraphy of a description of the Prophet Muhammad. The tughra is an elaborately stylized formal signature of the sultan, other important media were in the applied or decorative arts rather than figurative work. Other Turkish art ranges from metalwork, carved woodwork and furniture with elaborate inlays to traditional Ebru or paper marbling, in the 18th and 19th centuries Turkish art and architecture became more heavily influenced by contemporary European styles, leading to over-elaborated and fussy detail in decoration. European-style painting was slow to be adopted, with Osman Hamdi Bey for long a somewhat solitary figure and he was a member of the Ottoman administrative elite who trained in Paris, and painted throughout his long career as a senior administrator and curator in Turkey. Many of his works represent Orientalism from the inside, as it were, a transition from Islamic artistic traditions under the Ottoman Empire to a more secular, Western orientation has taken place in Turkey. Modern Turkish painters are striving to find their own art forms, sculpture is less developed, and public monuments are usually heroic representations of Atatürk and events from the war of independence. Literature is considered the most advanced of contemporary Turkish arts. M. süleyman the Magnificent,1988, British Museum Publications ISBN0714114405 Binney, Edwin. Turkish Miniature Paintings and Manuscripts, from the Collection of Edwin Binney, new York City, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Los Angeles, Calif. Los Angeles County Museum of Art,1973, catalogue of an exhibition held at the named museums. Echoes of Anatolia, Works of Contemporary Turkish-American Artists, exhibition Has Been Realized through the Generosity of the Contributing Artists and the Turkish Embassy in Washington, D. C.24 p. amply ill. Without ISBN Culture of the Ottoman Empire
10.
Literature of Turkey
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The Ottoman and Azeri forms of Turkish, which forms the basis of much of the written corpus, are highly influenced by Persian and Arabic literature, and used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. The history of the broader Turkic literature spans a period of nearly 1,300 years, the oldest extant records of written Turkic are the Orhon inscriptions, found in the Orhon River valley in central Mongolia and dating to the 7th century. For the next 900 years, until shortly before the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, with the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the two traditions came together for the first time. Throughout most of its history, Turkish literature has been sharply divided into two different traditions, neither of which exercised much influence upon the other until the 19th century. The first of two traditions is Turkish folk literature, and the second is Turkish written literature. For most of the history of Turkish literature, the salient difference between the folk and the written traditions has been the variety of language employed. The folk tradition, by and large, was oral and remained free of the influence of Persian and Arabic literature, when the Ottoman Empire arose early in the 14th century, in northwestern Anatolia, it continued this tradition. Out of this confluence of choices, the Ottoman Turkish language—which was always distinct from standard Turkish—was effectively born. This style of writing under Persian and Arabic influence came to be known as Divan literature, Turkish folk literature is an oral tradition deeply rooted, in its form, in Central Asian nomadic traditions. However, in its themes, Turkish folk literature reflects the problems peculiar to a people who have abandoned the nomadic lifestyle. Another example is the mysterious figure of Nasreddin, a trickster who often plays jokes, of a sort. The religion henceforth came to exercise an influence on Turkish society and literature, particularly the heavily mystically oriented Sufi. The word aşık is in fact the term used for members of the Bektashi order. There are three basic genres in the tradition, epic, folk poetry, and folklore, the Book of Dede Korkut endured in the oral tradition of the Oghuz Turks after settling in Anatolia. Alpamysh is an epic, still preserved in the literature of various Turkic peoples of Central Asia in addition to its important place in the Anatolian tradition. The Book of Dede Korkut was the element of the Azerbaijani–Turkish epic tradition in the Caucasus. Concurrent to the Book of Dede Korkut was the so-called Epic of Köroğlu, complicating matters somewhat is the fact that Köroğlu is also the name of a poet of the aşık/ozan tradition. The epic tradition in modern Turkish literature may be seen in the Epic of Shaykh Bedreddin, many of the works of the 20th-century novelist Yaşar Kemal, such as the 1955 novel Memed, My Hawk, can be considered modern prose epics continuing this long tradition
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Music of Turkey
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Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization. With the assimilation of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres, Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Polish, Azeri and Jewish communities, among others. Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, despite this however, western-style pop music lost popularity to arabesque in the late 70s and 80s, with even its greatest proponents Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu falling in status. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy, with the support of Aksu, the resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as Tarkan and Sertab Erener. Ottoman court music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as makams, a number of notation systems were used for transcribing classical music, the most dominant being the Hamparsum notation in use until the gradual introduction of western notation. Turkish classical music is taught in conservatories and social clubs, the most respected of which is Istanbuls Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti, a full fasıl concert would include four different instrumental forms and three vocal forms, including a light classical song, şarkı. A strictly classical fasıl remains is the same throughout, from the introductory taksim. Composers and Performers Other famous proponents of this genre include Sufi Dede Efendi, Prince Cantemir, Baba Hamparsum, Kemani Tatyos Efendi, Sultan Selim III, the most popular modern Turkish classical singer is Münir Nurettin Selçuk, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include Bülent Ersoy, Zeki Müren, Müzeyyen Senar, from the makams of the royal courts to the melodies of the royal harems, a type of dance music emerged that was different from the oyun havası of fasıl music. In the Ottoman Empire, the harem was that part of a house set apart for the women of the family and it was a place in which non-family males were not allowed. Eunuchs guarded the sultans harems, which were large, including several hundred women who were wives and concubines. There, female dancers and musicians entertained the women living in the harem, belly dance was performed by women for women. This female dancer, known as a rakkase, hardly ever appeared in public and this type of harem music was taken out of the sultans private living quarters and to the public by male street entertainers and hired dancers of the Ottoman Empire, the male rakkas. These dancers performed publicly for wedding celebrations, feasts, festivals, modern oriental dance in Turkey is derived from this tradition of the Ottoman rakkas. However, Çiftetelli is now a form of music, with names of songs that describe their local origins. Dancers are also known for their use of finger cymbals as instruments. Romani are known throughout Turkey for their musicianship and their urban music brought echoes of classical Turkish music to the public via the meyhane or taverna. This type of music with food and alcoholic beverages is often associated with the underclass of Turkish society
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Media in Turkey
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The media of Turkey includes a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing disparate views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. In addition, the companies are willing to use their influence to support their owners wider business interests, the media exert a strong influence on public opinion. Censorship in Turkey is also an issue, and in the 2000s Turkey has seen many journalists arrested, on Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index it has fallen from being ranked around 100 in 2005 to around 150 in 2013. By circulation, the most popular newspapers are Hürriyet, Sabah, Posta, Sözcü. Newspapers with oppositional editorial line against the government corresponds to 65% of daily newspapers in circulation while pro-government newspaperss share is 25%, the broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available. The Radio and Television Supreme Council is the government body overseeing the broadcast media, the largest operator is the Doğan Media Group, which in 2003 received 40 percent of the advertising revenue from newspapers and broadcast media in Turkey. In 2003 a total of 257 television stations and 1,100 radio stations were licensed to operate, of those licensed,16 television and 36 radio stations reached national audiences. In 2003 some 22.9 million televisions and 11.3 million radios were in service, aside from Turkish, the state television network offers some programs in Arabic, Circassian, Kurdish, and Zaza. The Constitution of Turkey, at art,28, states that the press is free and shall not be censored. Between 2007 and 2010 around 3,700 websites and platforms including YouTube, MySpace, some themes have long remained quasi-taboo in the Turkish media, including the role of the Army, the Cyprus issue and the rights of the Kurdish and Armenian minorities. The interests of media owners in the media conglomerates inevitably cast a shadow over the objectivity. In 2006 RTÜK introduced a voluntary ombudsman mechanism that media outlets can introduce in order to evaluate their audiences reactions, yet, ombudsmen lack independence, as they are high-ranking employees of the same media groups. Turkey hosts around 3,100 newspapers, including 180 national ones, only 15% of these are daily newspapers. Turkish print outlets privilege columns and opinions over pure news, and are often politically polarised, broadcast media include hundreds of TV stations and thousands of radio stationsm including some in minority languages. The introduction of Kurdish-language media has been hailed as a big progress, more than two thirds of the media are owned by few cross-media groups, whose activities expand in other economic sectors. These media conglomerates thus rely on alliances with parts of the political, as a result, the media landscape of Turkey is highly diverse but also very biased and nationalistic, and media coverage and critical positions reflects media owners preferences and interests. Independent journalism is a rare and dangerous endeavour, at risk of job insecurity. In November 2013 the Savings Deposit and Insurance Fund was used to transfer assets to supportive businessmen
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Television in Turkey
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Television in Turkey was introduced in 1968 by the government media provider TRT. The first Turkish television channel, ITU TV, was launched in 1952, first national television in TRT1. Color television was introduced in 1981, back then it was the only channel with the name of TRT1, and it broadcast in several times of the dateline. Turkeys first private television channel Star started it broadcast on 26 May 1989, until the 1990s there was only one television channel controlled by the state, but with the wave of liberalization, privately owned broadcasting began. Turkeys television market is defined by a handful of big channels, led by Kanal D, ATV and Show, with 14%, 10% and 9. 6% market share, respectively. The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite, with almost 50% of homes using satellite at the end of 2009, three services dominate the multi-channel market, the satellite platforms Digitürk and D-Smart and the cable TV service Türksat. As of 2013, pay television services in Turkey include Digiturk, D-Smart, TeleDünya, Türksat KabloTV, the Uzan Group made the first digital television transmissions in Turkey with Turkeys first television channel Star TV. As they were on the lead with their channels Star, TeleOn and Kral, in 2003, the platforms name was changed as DigiFun Club, but it was short lived before became defunct. Turkeys first pay television provider, CINE5 from MultiCanal launched in late 1994 and it held the rights to the latest movie premieres, series and especially sports such as the Turkish Football League. In 2000, CINE5 launched CINE+Digital on Turksat with some specialty channels, Turkeys first and leading digital platform, Digiturk, owned by the Çukurova Group, launched in 1999. Digiturk was a lot more professional and had a lot of advantages over the platforms such as Star Digital and CINE+Digital. Digiturk has the rights of airing the main sports live coverage in Turkey with its channel Lig TV, Digiturk is transmitted to the air via Eutelsat 7 East satellite with the usage of Turksat 42 East satellite. There are options with its own receiver or the subscription with module, Digiturk recently launched HD channels of itself such as Lig TV HD, MovieMax HD, EuroSport HD, National Geographic HD, SporMax HD and İZ HD. Turkeys second digital platform is D-Smart owned by the Dogan Holding, actually, the first HD television broadcasts were carried out by the Dogan Holding with the two channels Kanal D HD and Discovery Channel HD on their D-Smart platform. Currently, there are some HD channels via D-Smart which are Discovery HD, EuroSport HD, HD Smart, Kanal D HD and Star TV HD. Recently, D-Smart has had deals with Turkeys MTV Group, MCD. D-Smart uses Turksat 42 East for the transmissions, cable network is renamed as Teledünya which has some HD channels at the moment also called as National Geographic HD and EuroSport HD. Lately the cable network has had deals with Turkeys MTV Network Group, MCD
14.
Cinema of Turkey
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Yeşilçam is the sobriquet that refers to the Turkish film art and industry. The first movie exhibited in the Ottoman Empire was the Lumiere Brothers 1895 film, LArrivée dun train en gare de La Ciotat, the first Turkish-made film was a documentary entitled Ayastefanostaki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı, directed by Fuat Uzkınay and completed in 1914. The first narrative film, Sedat Simavis The Spy, was released in 1917, Turkeys first sound film was shown in 1931. In terms of production, Turkey shared the same fate with many of the national cinemas of the 20th century. Between the years 1896–1945, the number of locally produced films did not even reach 50 films in total, equal to less than a single years annual film production in the 1950s and 1960s. Domestically produced films constituted only a fraction of the total number of films screened in Turkey prior to the 1950s. Film production in Turkey increased drastically after World War II, with a total of 49 films produced in 1952, this single year equaled a greater output produced in Turkey than all previous years combined. During the 1960s, Turkey became the fifth biggest film producer worldwide as annual film production reached the 300 film benchmark just at the beginning of the 1970s, compared to other national cinemas, the achievements of the Turkish film industry after 1950 are still remarkable. The number of ticket sales decreased from a peak of 90 million tickets in 1966 to 56 million tickets in 1984. Accordingly, the number of film theatres declined from approximately 2,000 in 1966 to 854 in 1984 and 290 in 1990, during the 1990s the average number of films produced per year remained between 10-15, usually half of them not even making it into the theatres. Since 1995 the situation has improved, after the year 2000, annual ticket sales rose to 20 million and since 1995, the number of theatres has steadily increased to approximately 500 nationwide. Currently, Turkish films attract audiences of millions of viewers and routinely top the blockbuster lists, the distribution of these films are mainly handled by multinational corporations such as Warner Bros. and United International Pictures. However, the developments of these companies must be seen as necessary adaptations to the technological progress of the western film industries whose films they were importing. The Regional System became much more important after the 1950s, when film production dramatically increased. This system became the foundation of Yeşilçam, which was the heart of Turkish film production between the years 1955–1975. After 1965, a so-called Combined System led by a trust of regional leaders is said to have control of almost everything regarding production. A leading figure of the trust was producer Türker İnanoğlu, who is active in the media business today, now running Ulusal Film. The first film showing in Turkey was held in the Yıldız Palace, public shows by Sigmund Weinberg in the Beyoğlu and Şehzadebaşı districts followed in 1897
15.
Flag of Turkey
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The flag of Turkey is a red flag featuring a white star and crescent. The flag is called al bayrak, and is referred to as al sancak in the Turkish national anthem. The current design of the Turkish flag is derived from the late Ottoman flag. The measures, geometric proportions, and exact tone of red of the flag of Turkey were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law on May 29,1936, the star and crescent design appears on Ottoman flags beginning in the late 18th or early 19th century. The introduction of the star and crescent on red as the flag of the Ottoman Empire dates to the Tanzimat reforms of 1844. When full, it descended into his own breast, then from his loins there sprang a tree, which as it grew came to cover the whole world with the shadow of its green and beautiful branches. Beneath it Osman saw the spread out before him, surmounted by the crescent. The real legend, Turks fought a bloody battle. It was so bloody that a lake of blood was formed. Survivors of the saw that moon and stars shined over the blood. Red on the flag is the blood of matryrs, fundamentals of the Turkish flag during the Republic period of Turkey were laid down by Turkish Flag Law No.2994 on May 29,1936. 2/7175 dated July 28,1937, and Supplementary Regulation No, 11604/2 dated July 29,1939, were enacted to describe how the flag law would be implemented. The Turkish Flag Law No.2893 dated September 22,1983, according to Article 9 of Law No. 2893, a statute including the fundamentals of the implementation was also published, in a RGB colour space, the red colour of the Turkish flag is composed of 89% red,3. 9% green, and 9% blue. In a CMYK colour space, it is composed of 0% cyan,95. 6% magenta,89. 9% yellow and it has a hue angle of 356.4 degrees, a saturation of 91. 6%, and a lightness of 46. 5%. The red colour on the Turkish flag is red and this colour can be obtained by blending #FF142E with #C70000. The closest websafe colour is, #d11919.34875 G, thus, a common mistake in rendering the flag is to omit the white hem at the hoist. 2893 dated September 22,1983, establishing the proportions, production, and rules of usage of the flag of Turkey Turkey at Flags of the World
16.
Coat of arms of Turkey
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The star and crescent is retained from the 19th-century Ottoman flag, and has acquired its status as de facto national emblem following the abolition of the Ottoman coat of arms in 1922. It was used on national identity cards by the 1930s and it was also used on the old Turkish identity cards. The escutcheon contains a star and crescent which are vertically oriented and surrounded by the gold-tone text T. C. A variant of this oval escutcheon is used by the Turkish embassies, the seal of the President of Turkey has a large 16-pointed star in the center, which is surrounded by 16 five-pointed stars, symbolizing the 16 Great Turkic Empires. Its appearance is regulated by law, in 1925, the Ministry of National Education held a contest for a national emblem. Namık İsmail, a painter, won the contest with his coat of arms depicting Asena, however, this coat of arms was never used. In 2014, MPs of AKP in TBMM attempted to pass a motion in order to create a new coat of arms for the country. Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire Flag of Turkey Turkey Coats of arms of Europe
17.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
18.
Galatasaray S.K. (football)
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Galatasaray Spor Kulübü, also known simply as Galatasaray, is a Turkish professional football club based on the European side of the city of Istanbul in Turkey. Galatasaray is the most successful Turkish football club and they have won 70 domestic trophies, including 20 Süper Lig titles, a 17 Turkish Cups and a 13 Turkish Super Cups. Internationally, Galatasaray has won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000, becoming the first and only Turkish team to win a major UEFA competition. In the 1999–2000 season, the club achieved the feat of completing a quadruple by winning the Turkish Süper Lig, the Turkish Cup, the UEFA Cup. Galatasaray is also the only Turkish club to have been ranked 1st on the IFFHS World Rankings, since 2011, the clubs stadium is the 52,652 capacity Türk Telekom Arena in Seyrantepe, Istanbul. The club has a rivalry with other major Istanbul teams, namely with Beşiktaş. As a result of the teams championship for the 2014–15 season of the Süper Lig. Each star corresponds to the teams 5 championships, Galatasaray SK was founded in October 1905 by Ali Sami Yen and other students of Galatasaray High School as a football club. Ali Sami Yen became Galatasaray SKs first president and was given the membership number 1. The teams first match was against Cadi-Keuy FC and Galatasaray won this match with a score of 2–0, there were discussions about the clubs name, in which some suggested Gloria and others Audace, but it was decided that its name would be Galatasaray. According to researcher Cem Atabeyoğlu, Galatasaray took its name one of its first matches. In 1905, during the era of the Ottoman Empire, there were no laws for associations so the club could not be registered officially, but, after the 1912 Law of Association, the club registered legally. Among with the founder Ali Sami Yen, the co-founders were the ones who were keen to do sport, such as Asım Tevfik Sonumut, Reşat Şirvani, Cevdet Kalpakçıoğlu, Abidin Daver. Since there werent any other Turkish teams, Galatasaray joined the Istanbul League that was consisting of English, with their first championship title they won in 1908–1909, they heralded the beginning of Turkish football history. While football in Turkey began to develop, Galatasaray won ten more Istanbul League titles, six Sunday League titles. Upon the initiation of professional football in 1952, the first professional but non-national league of Turkey, Galatasaray won three of these seven titles. This is the professional league in Turkish nationwide football. Galatasaray joined all seasons and won 20 league titles since then, 2=2 The Turkish Football Federation starts to organize Turkish Cup in the 1962–63 season for Turkish clubs to qualify for the UEFA competitions
19.
UEFA Cup
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The UEFA Europa League, previously called the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organized by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues, previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season, following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, in 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup. For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase, the 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and changed qualifying criteria. The winner enters at least at the round, and will enter the group stage if the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders is not used. The title has been won by 27 different clubs,12 of which have won the more than once. The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971, the competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA, the UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers versus Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool in 1973, Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 1976, beating Club Brugge in the final. During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg and Real Madrid won the competition twice each,1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs domination, when Maradonas Napoli beat Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. 1995 saw a third final, with Parma proving their consistency. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996, Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, either side of Sevillas success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraines Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final, in 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year
20.
UEFA Super Cup
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It takes place at the start of the domestic season, in mid-August, normally on a Tuesday. From 1972 to 1999, the UEFA Super Cup was contested between the winners of the European Cup/UEFA Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup, the current holders are Spanish club Real Madrid, who won 3–2 against Sevilla in 2016. The most successful teams in the competition are Barcelona and Italian side Milan, the European Super Cup was created in 1971 by Anton Witkamp, a reporter and later sports editor of Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf. The idea came to him in a time when Dutch total football was Europes finest, Witkamp was looking for something new to definitely decide which was the best team in Europe and also to further test Ajaxs legendary team, led by their star player Johan Cruyff. It was then proposed that the winner of the European Cup would face the winner of the European Cup Winners Cup, All was set for a new competition to be born. However, when Witkamp tried to get an endorsement to his competition. As a result, UEFA refused to endorse the competition until the following season and it was played in two legs and was financially supported by De Telegraaf. Ajax defeated Rangers 6–3 on aggregate and won the first European Super Cup, the 1973 final, in which Ajax defeated Milan 6–1 on aggregate, was the first Super Cup officially recognised and supported by UEFA. Although the two-legged format was kept until 1997, the Super Cup was decided in one match because of schedule issues or political problems in 1984,1986. In 1974,1981 and 1985, the Super Cup was not played at all, in the 1992–1993 season, the European Cup was renamed the UEFA Champions League and the winners of this competition would face the winners of the Cup Winners Cup in the UEFA Super Cup. In the 1994–1995 season, the European Cup Winners Cup was renamed the UEFA Cup Winners Cup, after the 1998–1999 season, the Cup Winners Cup was discontinued by UEFA. The 1999 Super Cup was the last one contested by the winners of the Cup Winners Cup, lazio, winners of the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup, defeated Manchester United, winners of the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League, 1–0. Since then, the UEFA Super Cup was contested between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup, the 2000 Super Cup was the first one contested by the winners of the UEFA Cup. Galatasaray, winners of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, defeated Real Madrid, winners of the 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League, 2–1. In the 2009–10 season, the UEFA Cup was renamed the UEFA Europa League and the winners of this competition would continue to face the winners of the Champions League in the UEFA Super Cup. To date, Chelsea is the club to contest the Super Cup as holders of all three UEFA club honours, having entered as holders of the Cup Winners Cup, the Champions League. Since 1998, the Super Cup was played as a match at a neutral venue. Between 1998 and 2012, the Super Cup was played at the Stade Louis II in Monaco, since 2013 various stadiums have been used
21.
Turkey national football team
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The Turkey national football team represents Turkey in association football and is controlled by the Turkish Football Federation, the governing body for football in Turkey. Turkey has qualified three times for the World Cup, in 1950,1954, and 2002, although they withdrew from the 1950 event, Turkey has also qualified four times for the UEFA European Championship, in 1996,2000,2008, and 2016. They have reached the semi-finals of three tournaments, the 2002 World Cup, the 2003 Confederations Cup, and Euro 2008. The Turkish national team played their first ever match against Romania in 1923 drawing 2–2, zeki Rıza Sporel is considered as the first big star of Turkish football as he scored the first two goals against Romania. Turkey played their first ever match at the 1924 Summer Olympics losing 5–2 to Czechoslovakia. Although Turkey qualified for the 1950 World Cup, beating Syria 7–0, Turkey then qualified for the 1954 World Cup after a play-off with Spain. The Turkish team first lost 4–1 to Spain, but a 1–0 win a few days later initiated a replay, on that occasion, they tied 2–2 after, booking their place after a coin toss. Turkey was put in a group along with Hungary and West Germany, the Turks, however, never played Hungary due to the tournament format, and a 4–1 defeat by the Germans was followed by Turkey carrying out a 7–0 win over South Korea. Turkey lost the play-off to West Germany 7–2, in 1956 Turkey did however play Hungary, in a friendly match in Istanbul, beating what was one of the strongest teams of the era 3–1. Lefter Küçükandonyadis, all-time best player of Turkey netted in two goals during the tournament, despite the introduction of a national league, and showings by Turkish clubs in European competition, the 1960s would be a barren time for the national team. Most players from the 1954 World Cup squad were retired, the 1970s saw Turkey holding back in the World Cup and European Championship qualifiers, but the team was a point too short to qualify for both Euro 1972 and Euro 1976. In the 1980s the Turkish team also suffered their worst defeats with 8–0 scorelines against Poland, yet the 1990 World Cup qualifiers would mark a turning point for Turkish football, with Turkey only missing out on qualification in the final game. Prominent players in this period were Rıdvan Dilmen, Oğuz Çetin, Rıza Çalımbay, Feyyaz Uçar, in 1990, German coach Sepp Piontek was put in charge of the national team. Under his guidance, a group of new players debuted for the national team, many of these players which include, Bülent Korkmaz, Alpay Özalan, Sergen Yalçın, Rüştü Reçber, and Hakan Şükür would become the backbone of the national team for many years. Pionteks mission came to an end in 1993, where he was replaced by Fatih Terim, Turkey qualified for its first major tournament since 1954, marking another turning point for Turkish football after having failed to qualify for both Euro 1992 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The appointment of Piontek was a move by another German coach Jupp Derwall. Turkey qualified for Euro 1996, beating both Switzerland and Sweden 2–1 along the way, despite a solid performance during the qualifiers, Turkey lost all their matches without scoring a single goal. They did, however, go home with an award, the fair-play award, Turkey failed to qualify for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, they however qualified for Euro 2000 after winning a play-off against Ireland
22.
2002 FIFA World Cup
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The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th staging of the FIFA World Cup which took place from 31 May to 30 June 2002 in South Korea and Japan. Brazil won the tournament for a fifth time, winning the final against Germany 2–0. The victory meant Brazil qualified for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup for the fifth time, in the third place play-off match against South Korea, Turkey won 3–2 taking third place in only their second ever FIFA World Cup finals. China PR, Ecuador, Senegal and Slovenia made their first appearances at the finals with Turkey making its first appearance since 1954, additionally, Turkey took third place and South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals, beating Spain, Italy and Portugal en route. South Korea in particular, faced scrutiny and allegations of corruption due to their victories over Italy. However, the most potent team at the tournament, Brazil, prevailed, South Korea and Japan were selected as hosts by FIFA on 31 May 1996. Initially, South Korea, Japan, and Mexico presented three rival bids, however, the two Asian countries agreed to unite their bids shortly before the decision was made, and they were chosen unanimously in preference to Mexico. This was the first World Cup to be hosted by two countries, at the time the decision was made, Japan had never qualified for a World Cup finals. The only other countries to have awarded a World Cup without previously having competed in a final tournament are Italy in 1934. The unusual choice of host proved an issue for fans in Europe. With games taking place in the European morning, some schools, a total of 199 teams attempted to qualify for the 2002 World Cup which qualification process began with the preliminary draw held in Tokyo on 7 December 1999. Defending champions France and co-hosts South Korea and Japan qualified automatically and this was the final World Cup in which the defending champions qualified automatically. 14 places were contested by UEFA teams, five by CAF teams, four by CONMEBOL teams, four by AFC teams, the remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and UEFA and between CONMEBOL and OFC. Four nations qualified for the finals for the first time, China, Ecuador, Senegal, as of 2014, this was the last time Turkey, China, Republic of Ireland and Senegal qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. Turkey qualified for the first time since 1954, and both Poland and Portugal for the first time since 1986, all seven previous World Cup-winning nations qualified, the first time so many previous champions had been present at a finals tournament. The following 32 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, qualified for the final tournament, the seeds comprised Pot A in the draw. Pot B contained the remaining 11 European sides, Pot C contained five unseeded qualifiers from CONMEBOL, Pot D contained unseeded sides from the CONCACAF region and Africa. This was the last FIFA World Cup with the champion in Group A
23.
UEFA Euro 2008
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It took place in Austria and Switzerland from 7 to 29 June 2008. The tournament was won by Spain, who defeated Germany 1–0 in the final, Spain were only the second nation to win all their group stage fixtures and then the European Championship itself - an accomplishment matched by France in 1984. Spain were also the first team since Germany in 1996 to win the tournament undefeated, Greece were the defending champions going into the tournament, having won UEFA Euro 2004. They recorded the worst finish in Euro 2008, losing their three fixtures and collecting the least amount of prize money. Throughout 31 matches, the participating nations totalled 77 goals, the same as the previous tournament, Austria and Switzerland automatically qualified as hosts, the remaining 14 teams were determined through qualifying matches, which began in August 2006. As European champions, Spain earned the right to compete for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa, Austria had previously bid to host Euro 2004 with Hungary, but they eventually lost out to Portugal. Austria/Switzerland, Greece/Turkey, and Hungary were recommended before the final vote, Greece and Turkey were rejected and let Hungary and Austria/Switzerland battle for the win. The Austria/Switzerland bid is the successful joint bid in the competitions history, following the UEFA Euro 2000 hosted by Belgium. The following tournament, held in Poland and Ukraine, became the third jointly hosted tournament, qualification for Euro 2008 started in August 2006, just over a month after the end of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. England was the only seeded team not to qualify for the tournament proper, in contrast, Germany and Portugal were deemed to have an easy draw, as the tournament structure meant they could not meet Italy, France, the Netherlands or Spain until the final. In the group stage, Croatia, Spain and the Netherlands all qualified with maximum points, Austria and Switzerland were not expected to progress, despite the advantage of being the hosts. In Group A, the Swiss lost their captain, Alexander Frei, to injury in their first game and became the first team to be eliminated from the tournament, Switzerland managed to beat the group winner Portugal in their last game. In Group B, Austria managed to set up a final game against Germany. However, they lost by one goal, making Euro 2008 the first European Championship not to have one of the host nations present in the knockout phase, in the same game, goalkeeper Volkan Demirel was shown a red card for pushing Czech striker Jan Koller to the ground. The Turks joined Portugal as the qualifiers from Group A, France were the high-profile victims of Group C, recording just one point from a goalless draw against Romania in their opening game. Italy beat the French, on the day, to finish on four points. Finally, in Group D, Greece failed to reproduce the form of their shock 2004 win, Russia qualified at the expense of Sweden, after beating them in a final game decider, joining Spain in the knockout phase. Turkey continued their streak of wins, equalising at the end of extra-time against Croatia
24.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
25.
2005 UEFA Champions League Final
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The 2005 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, Europes primary club football competition. The showpiece event was contested between Liverpool of England and Milan of Italy at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey on 25 May 2005, Liverpool, who had won the competition four times, were appearing in their sixth final, and their first since 1985. Milan, who had won the six times, were appearing in their second final in three years and tenth overall. Each club needed to progress through the stage and knockout rounds to reach the final. Liverpool finished second in their group behind 2004 runners-up AS Monaco and subsequently beat Bayer Leverkusen, Juventus, Milan won their group ahead of Barcelona and faced Manchester United, Internazionale and PSV Eindhoven before reaching the final. Milan were regarded as favourites before the match and took the lead within the first minute through captain Paolo Maldini, Milan striker Hernán Crespo added two more goals before half-time to make it 3–0. In the second half Liverpool launched a comeback and scored three goals in a dramatic six-minute spell to level the scores at 3–3, with goals from Steven Gerrard, Vladimír Šmicer and Xabi Alonso. The scores remained the same during extra time, and a penalty shoot-out was required to decide the champions, the score was 3–2 to Liverpool when Andriy Shevchenkos penalty was saved by Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek. Thus Liverpool won their fifth European Cup, were awarded the trophy permanently, Liverpools comeback gave rise to the final being known as the Miracle of Istanbul, and is regarded as one of the greatest finals in the history of the tournament. Each club needed to progress through the stage and knockout rounds to reach the final. Liverpool finished second in their group behind 2004 Champions League runners-up AS Monaco and subsequently beat Bayer Leverkusen, Juventus, Milan won their group ahead of Barcelona and faced Manchester United, Internazionale and PSV Eindhoven before reaching the final. Liverpool entered the competition in the qualifying round after finishing fourth in the 2003–04 FA Premier League. They faced Austrian side Grazer AK and won the first leg 2–0 at Grazer after two goals from captain Steven Gerrard and they lost the second leg 1–0 at Anfield but progressed to the group stage by virtue of winning the tie 2–1 on aggregate. Milan entered the competition in the stage after winning Serie A. The group stages were contested as eight double round-robin groups of four teams, knockout ties were decided based on home and away matches. They had previously won the European Cup on four occasions in 1977,1978,1981 and 1984, the match was Milans tenth appearance in the final. They had won on six occasions, and lost three times, in total the teams had participated in 14 finals between them. Even if they did win the match, they were not assured of a place after UEFA failed to confirm whether they would allow Liverpool to defend the championship
26.
2009 UEFA Cup Final
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The 2009 UEFA Cup Final was the final match of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, the 38th season of the UEFA Cup, UEFAs second-tier club football tournament. It was also the last final to be held under the UEFA Cup name, the match was contested by Shakhtar Donetsk and Werder Bremen, Shakhtar won the match 2–1 after extra time. Lone striker Luiz Adriano opened the scoring for Shakhtar mid-way through the first half, the second half was goalless and the match went to extra time, after only seven minutes, Jádson scored for Shakhtar to secure the clubs first major European trophy. The match was played at the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium – home ground of Fenerbahçe – in Istanbul, Turkey, on 20 May 2009. It was the second European football final to be held in Turkey, after the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, which was held in another Istanbul venue, the Atatürk Olympic Stadium. It was also the first European football final to be held outside the geographical Europe, as Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium lies across the Bosphorus from the city centre, and hence, in geographical Asia. As champions of the 2007–08 Ukrainian Premier League, Shakhtar were awarded a spot in the qualifying round of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League. Here they were drawn against Croatian league winners Dinamo Zagreb, Shakhtar easily progressed over the two-legged tie with two victories and an aggregrate score of 5–1. Shakhtar thus qualified for the Champions League group stage for the season in a row. Shakhtar were drawn in Group C with Barcelona, Sporting CP, the group stage campaign started brightly for the Ukrainians, with a 2–1 over Basel in the Swiss city. Two successive 1–0 defeats to Sporting CP, home and away, Shakhtar, however, were well positioned to claim third place, above Basel, and secure passage to the UEFA Cup knockout rounds if they took points from their last two games in the group stage. In the Round of 32 in the UEFA Cup, Shakhtar were paired with English side Tottenham Hotspur, Jádson doubled Shakhtars lead just two minutes later, after playing a one-two with Willian. Fernandinho answered with a goal, however, in the 86th minute for Shakhtar, the Round of 16 saw old Soviet League rivals CSKA Moscow and Shakhtar matched against each other, with the first leg in Moscow. Vágner Love scored a penalty and CSKA won the first leg 1–0, in the return leg in Donetsk, Fernandinho converted a penalty in the 54th minute and evened the aggregate scoreline to 1–1. Shakhtar won the match 2–0, and on aggregate 2–1, progressing to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup for the first time in their history, Shakhtar were drawn against French club Marseille in the quarter-finals. Goals from Tomáš Hübschman and Jádson gave Shakhtar a 2–0 win in the RSK Olimpiyskyi Stadium, Shakhtar had progressed to a European cup competition semi-final for the first time in their history with this victory. Dynamo and Shakhtar have been rivals since the Ukrainian Premier Leagues formation in 1991 as theyve often battled each other for 1st place in the league. The draw of Dynamo-Shakhtar was met with excitement by the Ukrainian public
27.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
28.
Volleyball
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Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to points by grounding a ball on the other teams court under organized rules. It has been a part of the program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court, the team may touch the ball up to 3 times but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point, the ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push the ball with any part of the body. A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking as well as passing, setting, the game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be a sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA. The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in high, a 25 ft ×50 ft court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents court. In case of an error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul —except in the case of the first-try serve, Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs. The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed, some say that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896. In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points, in 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries. The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900, an international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball, was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe, in Russia, and in countries including China. Beach volleyball, a variation of the played on sand. Volleyball is also a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled, nudists were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs as early as the late 1920s
29.
EuroBasket 2001
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It was held in Turkey between 31 August and 9 September 2001. Sixteen national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA Europe, the cities of Ankara, Antalya and Istanbul hosted the tournament. Yugoslavia won its eighth FIBA European title by defeating hosts Turkey with a 78–69 score in the final, vlado Šćepanović scored 19 points for Yugoslavia, while İbrahim Kutluay scored 19 for Turkey. Yugoslavias Predrag Stojaković was voted the tournaments MVP, of the sixteen teams that participated in EuroBasket 2001, the top eight teams from the previous tournament qualified directly. The other eight teams earned their berths via a qualifying tournament, the teams were split in four groups of four teams each where they played a round robin. The first team from each group qualified directly to the knockout stage, to define the other four teams that advanced to the knockout stage, second and third-placed teams from each group where cross-paired and the winner from each match advanced to the knockout stage. In the knockout quarterfinals, the winners advanced to the semifinals, the winners from the semifinals competed for the championship in the final, while the losing teams play a consolation game for the third place. The losing teams from the play in a separate bracket to define 5th through 8th place in the final standings. At the start of tournament, all 16 participating countries had 12 players on their roster, times given below are in Eastern European Summer Time. 2001 European Championship for Men, FIBA. com
30.
2010 FIBA World Championship
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The 2010 FIBA World Championship, hosted by Turkey, was the international basketball competition contested by the mens national teams. The tournament ran from August 28 to September 12,2010 and it was co-organized by the International Basketball Federation, Turkish Basketball Federation and the 2010 Organizing Committee. It was considered as prestigious a competition as the Olympic Basketball Tournament, for the third time, the World Championship had 24 competing nations. As a result, the group games were played in four different cities. The United States won the tournament for their time after going undefeated in the Opening Round. The draw for the Championship took place on December 15,2009 in Istanbul, teams were drawn into four preliminary round groups of six teams each. Teams first played a schedule, with the top sixteen teams advancing to the knockout stage. Previously, Australia and New Zealand, Italy, Russia and Puerto Rico announced their intention to bid from the tournament, france won the first round of voting, but Turkey eventually won the right to host after the joint bidders were knocked out in the first round. The tournament was the first time that Turkey has hosted the event, below is a list of the venues which hosted games during the 2010 FIBA World Championship. Each preliminary round group was hosted in an arena in Kayseri, Istanbul, Ankara. The knockout phase then moved to Istanbuls Sinan Erdem Dome, Ankara Arena, completed in 2010, and Kadir Has Arena, completed in 2008, were built for the championships, while the other three arenas underwent renovations for the event. Turkey automatically qualified as the host country, and the United States also received a berth for winning the 2008 Olympic Mens Basketball Tournament. Most other teams secured their places in qualifying tournaments. FIBA invited four wild card teams to fill out the team field. The four wild cards were determined by FIBA through criteria, for example, a team must have played in the Zones qualification tournament to receive recommendation. Also, in order for every team to have an opportunity for a wild card, once these requirements are satisfied, FIBA then looks at other important factors. Those include popularity of basketball within the country, success of the team, as of 2009, FIBA now requires that wild card candidates pay a late registration fee to be considered. Fourteen teams paid the 500,000 € fee to apply for one of the four wild card spots, FIBA then whittled down the teams to eight semifinalists – Cameroon, Germany, Great Britain, Korea, Lebanon, Lithuania, Nigeria, and Russia
31.
2006 FIBA World Championship
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The 2006 FIBA World Championship was an international basketball competition hosted by Japan from August 19 to September 3,2006. It was co-organised by the International Basketball Federation, Japan Basketball Association, badtz-Maru, a fellow character of Hello Kitty from Japanese company Sanrio, was the official 2006 mascot. For the first time since 1986, the World Championship was contested by 24 nations, as a result, group rounds were conducted in four different cities, with the knockout rounds being hosted by Saitama City. The tournament was won by Spain, who, in the final, beat Greece, 70–47. The bronze medal was won by the United States, who defeated Argentina, 96–81, up to 2014, including the 2014 tournament, it has been the only tournament where neither Yugoslavia nor the USA have reached the final. At the start of tournament, all 24 participating countries had 12 players on their roster, the following national teams competed, Japan qualified as the host country, and Italy, Puerto Rico, Serbia and Montenegro, and Turkey gained FIBA wild-card invitations. Argentina qualified as the champion of the 2004 Olympics, the remaining 18 countries qualified through their continents qualifying tournaments. The draw for 2006 World Championship was held in Tokyo on 15 January 2006, in the preliminary rounds, Group A played at Sendai, Group B at Hiroshima, Group C at Hamamatsu and Group D at Sapporo. The Medal Rounds were played at Saitama, after the latters breakup, a Former Yugoslav Republic, Serbia, has taken its place in the final. The 2006 final was the first in which none of these two teams competed, Spain won despite having lost power forward Pau Gasol, ultimately named the tournaments most valuable player, to injury in a semifinal match against Argentina. Teams that were eliminated at the round of 16 are officially tied for 9th, teams that were 5th at their preliminary rounds are officially tied for 17th. Teams that were 6th at their preliminary rounds are officially tied for 21st, mcDonalds FIBA World Championship 2006 official website FIBA World Championship 2006 – unofficial blog
32.
Anadolu Efes S.K.
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Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü, formerly Efes Pilsen, is a Turkish professional basketball team based in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the most successful club in the history of the Turkish Basketball Super League, the home of Anadolu Efes S. K. is the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul, which has a seating capacity of 12,270 for basketball games. The club has its own facility in the district of Bahçelievler built in 1982. The team competes in the Turkish Basketball Super League and EuroLeague, the club was established in 1976 as Efes Pilsen S. K. by taking over the Turkish second-division club Kadıköyspor, which had failed due to financial problems. Its initial sponsor was its namesake Efes Pilsen, a subsidiary of the Anadolu Group and it won the 1978 second division championship undefeated, earning promotion to the Turkish first division, where it has continuously competed ever since. In its first top-flight season, Efes Pilsen S. K. won the league title, immediately establishing itself as one of the countrys top clubs. After finishing 2nd in the 1992–93 FIBA European Cup, Efes Pilsen S. K. won the 1995–96 FIBA Korać Cup, which marked the first-ever European title won by a Turkish club in any team sport. In 2011, the changed its name to Anadolu Efes S. K. after the TAPDK in Turkey prohibited the advertisement of tobacco. Set a club record or won an award while at the club. Played at least one international match for their national team at any time. To perform very successfully during period in the club or at later/previous stages of his career, in 2006, Efes Pilsen became the first Turkish basketball club to be invited to play with NBA teams. They competed against the Denver Nuggets in Denver, Colorado on October 11, in 2007, Efes Pilsen hosted the Minnesota Timberwolves at the Abdi İpekçi Arena. Official website Euroleague profile TBLStat. net profile Eurobasket. com profile Official Facebook page Official Twitter page Official Instagram page Official Youtube channel Efes Fanz Twitter page
33.
Euroleague
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Introduced in 2000, the competition replaced the FIBA EuroLeague, which had been run by FIBA since 1958. For Euroleague Basketball records purposes, the FIBA European Champions Cup and EuroLeague are considered to be the same competition, with the change of name being simply a re-branding. EuroLeague is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world, with an average attendance of 8,184. The EuroLeague title has been won by 20 different clubs,13 of which have won the more than once. The FIBA European Champions Cup was originally established by FIBA and it operated under its umbrella from 1958 until the summer of 2000 and that was when Euroleague Basketball was created. FIBA had never trademarked the EuroLeague name, even though it had used that name for the competition since 1996. Euroleague Basketball simply appropriated the name, and since FIBA had no recourse to do anything about it, it was forced to find a new name for its championship series. Thus, the following 2000–2001 season started with 2 separate top European professional club competitions, the FIBA SuproLeague. The rift in European professional club basketball initially showed no signs of letting up, in May 2001, Europe had two continental champions, Maccabi of the FIBA SuproLeague and Kinder Bologna of the Euroleague. The leaders of both organizations realized the need to come up with a unified competition, although only a year old, Euroleague Basketball negotiated from a position of strength and dictated proceedings. FIBA essentially had no choice but to agree to Euroleague Basketballs terms, as a result, European club competition was fully integrated under Euroleague Basketballs umbrella and teams that competed in the FIBA SuproLeague during the 2000–01 season joined it as well. In essence, the authority in European professional basketball was divided over club-country lines, FIBA stayed in charge of national team competitions, while Euroleague Basketball took over the European professional club competitions. From that point on, FIBAs Korać Cup and Saporta Cup competitions lasted only one season before folding. In November 2015, Euroleague Basketball and IMG agreed on 10-year joint venture, both Euroleague Basketball and IMG will manage the commercial operation, and the management of all global rights covering both media and marketing. The deal was worth €630 million euros guaranteed, with projected revenues reaching €900 million euros, FIBA era, FIBA European Champions Cup, FIBA European League, FIBA EuroLeague, FIBA SuproLeague, Euroleague Basketball era, Euroleague. *There were two separate competitions during the 2000–01 season, the SuproLeague, which was organized by FIBA, and the Euroleague, which was organized by Euroleague Basketball. On 26 July 2010, Turkish Airlines and Euroleague Basketball announced a €15 million strategic agreement to sponsor the top European basketball competition across the globe, according to the agreement, starting with the 2010–11 season, the top European competition would be named Turkish Airlines Euroleague Basketball. Similarly, the EuroLeague Final Four would be named the Turkish Airlines EuroLeague Final Four and this title partnership was set to run for five seasons, with the option of extending it to an additional five
34.
Eurochallenge
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FIBA EuroChallenge was the 3rd tier level transnational mens professional club basketball competition in Europe. It was organized and run by FIBA Europe, in 2015, FIBA dissolved the EuroChallenge to start a new second-tier competition, the FIBA Europe Cup, to compete with the EuroCup. Each seasons two EuroChallenge finalists were promoted to the next seasons 2nd tier level, the EuroCup competition, in 2015, FIBA Europe dissolved the EuroChallenge, to start a new third-tier competition, in an attempt to compete with EuroCup Basketball
35.
Carlos Arroyo
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Carlos Alberto Arroyo Bermúdez is a Puerto Rican professional basketball player who currently plays for Cariduros de Fajardo of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. Arroyo had previously played in the National Basketball Association with the Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Utah Jazz, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, Miami Heat, and Boston Celtics. In the 2008–09 season, he played for Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Israeli Basketball Super League, winning the leagues championship and he has also played professionally in Puerto Rico, Spain and Turkey. Arroyo was a member of the Puerto Rican national basketball team defeated the United States at the 2004 Olympic Basketball Tournament. He also represented Puerto Rico at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan, Carlos Arroyo was born and raised in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. He is a twin, born along his brother Alberto. Arroyo is a cousin of the Academy Award winning Puerto Rican actor Benicio del Toro, Arroyo graduated from Colegio Santiago Apostol in Fajardo. Arroyo studied in Florida International University from 1998 to 2001, where he played for the campus team and he was a four-year letterman in the university having completed his baccalaureate and played with the team four years, establishing several records in the teams history. Among these records is, the lead in assists, having made 459 successful passes. Arroyo is also the player in Florida International University to have scored more than six hundred points in a single season. Arroyo was also selected as a member of the Sun Belt Conferences All-Star team on two separate occasions, on January 5,2007, Florida International University presented a ceremony where Arroyos university number was symbolically retired to recognize his performance with the institutions team. Arroyo began his career in the National Superior Basketball League of Puerto Rico when he was 17 years old. He debuted with the Fajardo Cariduros in 1996, during his first year, he averaged 10.9 points per game, with a 52% of shooting efficiency. The next year, he improved his game averaging 17 points and 5.5 assists per game and that season, he also shot 42% from 3-point. The next year, he played for the Cangrejeros de Santurce, in 2000, Arroyo averaged 17.1 points and 3.9 assists per game. During his participation with the team, the Cangrejeros won four national titles in 1998,1999,2000,2001 and 2003. After graduating from FIU, Arroyo was signed by the National Basketball Associations Toronto Raptors for the 2001–02 NBA season and he then played briefly in the Spanish ACB League with TAU Cerámica before being signed by the Denver Nuggets in March of the same year. He saw limited action with two teams, playing seventeen games with the Raptors and twenty with the Nuggets before his initial NBA season was over
36.
Pops Mensah-Bonsu
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Nana Papa Yaw Dwene Pops Mensah-Bonsu is a British former professional basketball player. As a teenager, he represented the London Borough of Haringey at the London Youth Games and he then transferred to St. Augustine College Preparatory School in Richland, New Jersey where as a senior in 2001–02, he averaged 15 points,12 rebounds and four blocks per game. Mensah-Bonsu majored in psychology at George Washington University, where he played power forward, in his four-year career, he played 112 games while averaging 11.7 points,6.0 rebounds and 1.3 blocks in 23.8 minutes per game. In 2004–05, Mensah-Bonsu helped lead the Colonials to the 2005 NCAA Tournament, the next season was more successful, with the team ending the regular season 26–1 and being ranked in the national top 10 for the first time in 50 years. However, he suffered an injury near the end of the regular season and he did not return until the 2006 NCAA Tournament. After defeating UNC Wilmington in the first round, George Washington went on to lose to Duke in the second round, after going undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft, Mensah-Bonsu joined the Dallas Mavericks for the 2006 NBA Summer League. On 3 August 2006, he signed with the Mavericks, during his rookie season, he had multiple assignments with the Fort Worth Flyers of the NBA Development League. In 2006–07, he managed just 12 games for the Mavericks, in July 2007, Mensah-Bonsu re-joined the Mavericks for the 2007 NBA Summer League, but was later waived by the team on 31 August 2007. In September 2007, Mensah-Bonsu signed a deal with Benetton Treviso of the Lega Basket Serie A. In May 2008, Mensah-Bonsu signed with CB Granada of Spain for the final game of the season. On 15 August 2008, he signed a deal with Joventut Badalona. On 3 November 2008, he returned to the United States after injuring his shoulder playing for Joventut, a month later, he parted ways with Joventut to focus on recovery. On 28 January 2009, Mensah-Bonsu was acquired by the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League, on 25 February 2009, he signed a 10-day contract with the San Antonio Spurs. However, on 4 March 2009, he was released by the Spurs after appearing in just three games, two days later, he signed with the Toronto Raptors for the rest of the 2008–09 season. On 29 June 2009, the Raptors extended an offer to Mensah-Bonsu in order to make him a restricted free agent. However, the Raptors later withdrew their offer on 7 July 2009. In August 2009, Mensah-Bonsu signed with the Houston Rockets, on 13 November 2009, he was waived by the Rockets after managing just four games. Four days later, he was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Raptors, on 5 January 2010, he was waived by the Raptors
37.
Adam Morrison
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Adam John Morrison is an American retired professional basketball player. Morrison played for three years at Gonzaga University and was considered to be one of the top basketball players in 2005–06. He was a finalist for the Naismith and the Wooden Award and he was named Co-Player of the Year with Dukes J. J. Redick by the United States Basketball Writers Association and won the 2006 Chevrolet Player of the Year award. He is thought of as the best player in Gonzaga mens basketball history and his nickname is The White Mamba, given to him by his former Charlotte Bobcat teammates. When Morrison was in the grade, his father left coaching. Adam became the Gonzaga mens teams ball boy, shortly after this, Morrison was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. However, his illness did not keep him from becoming a star at Mead Senior High School in Spokane, in his senior year he broke single-season and career scoring records in his high school conference, and led Mead to the finals of the state tournament. Despite playing in the game with hypoglycemia so severe that he nearly suffered a seizure. It was Meads only loss that season, Morrison was not heavily recruited out of high school. Dave Telep of scout. com admitted, In one of the biggest misses of my career and we ranked him the No.26 small forward. The goal is to never make a mistake of that magnitude again, Morrison arrived at Gonzaga University to play for the Gonzaga Bulldogs in 2003. In his freshman year he averaged 11.4 points per game, Gonzaga won the West Coast Conference regular-season title. Morrison was named to the WCC All-Freshman Team, in his sophomore year Morrison averaged 19.0 ppg. He scored a season-high 28 points at home against San Francisco, Gonzaga again won the WCC regular-season title. Morrison made the All-WCC First Team and was selected to the Basketball Times All-West Coast Team as well as being named an honorable mention Associated Press All-American. In his junior year during Gonzagas first two games of the 2005–06 season at the Maui Invitational, Morrison played well against two of the top programs. In the first round, Morrison scored 25 points in a Gonzaga win over Maryland and he followed up this performance with 43 points in a triple-overtime win over Michigan State in the semifinals. He matched that output against in-state rival Washington on December 4,2005, however, Morrison and the Zags bounced back a week later, defeating Oklahoma State after he banked in a three-pointer with 2.5 seconds left to give Gonzaga a two-point lead and eventually the win
38.
Deron Williams
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Deron Michael Williams is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association. He played college basketball for the University of Illinois before being drafted third overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. The three-time NBA All-Star has also played for Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball League, Williams was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia. In elementary school and middle school, Williams won two state wrestling championships, in 1993, as an eight-year-old, he won the 67 lb. weight class Texas State championship. Four years later in 1997, he won the twelve-year-old 116 lb. weight class championship, Williams attended The Colony High School in The Colony, Texas and averaged 17 points,9.4 assists, and 2 steals per game as a junior in 2001. That year he led his team, the Cougars, to a 32–2 record, in 2002, as a senior, he averaged 17.6 points,8.5 assists,6.1 rebounds, and 2.6 steals per game. His team, the Cougars, went 29–2 that season, losing the 5A Texas State semifinals, Williams was a teammate of Bracey Wright who went on to play for Big Ten rival Indiana University. Williams was recruited to play basketball at the University of Illinois for the 2002–03 NCAA season by Bill Self. In his freshman year, he started 30 of 32 games, Bruce Weber assumed the head coach position for the Illini in April 2003 and helped develop Williams throughout his remaining collegiate career. As a sophomore, Williams improved his average from 6.3 to 14.0 points per game. Williams was a First-Team All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and media, in 2005, as a junior starting point guard, Williams led the Fighting Illini to the NCAA championship game where they lost to the University of North Carolina. That season saw the Illini go undefeated until the game of the regular season. Illinoiss road to the Final Four was marked by a win over the Arizona Wildcats. Williams made the game-tying three-point shot with just 38.5 seconds left in regulation and he then hit the go-ahead three-pointer in overtime, and the Illini never looked back in that game. Williams received many awards after the 2004–05 season and those honors include being named a consensus Second Team All American, as well as being named First Team All-Big Ten, Big Ten All-Tournament Team, and All-Final Four team. Williams was also a finalist for the Wooden Award and was named Most Outstanding Player of the Chicago Regional in the NCAA Tournament, the team included four other future NBA players, including Dee Brown, Roger Powell, James Augustine, and Luther Head. Williams declared for the NBA draft after the 2005 season, forgoing his final year of collegiate eligibility, following the season, Williams declared for the 2005 NBA draft. The Utah Jazz selected Williams with the third selection, after Andrew Bogut
39.
Mehmet Okur
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Mehmet Murat Okur is a Turkish retired professional basketball player. Listed at 6 ft 11 in, he played as a power forward and he was known for his terrific three point shooting and ability to space the floor. In his 7 seasons with the Utah Jazz, Mehmet Okur not only emerged as one of the premier shooting bigs in the NBA - he also one of the leagues most feared shooters in the clutch. From 2004-10 Okur displayed a knack for making big shots in pressure situations - earning him the nickname of The Money Man. On September 13,2016, Okur was officially named a player development coach for the Phoenix Suns, Okur notes Toni Kukoč was his favorite player while he was growing up. He helped the Turkish 22-and-under national team to 6th place at the 1997 world championship and he was transferred to Efes Pilsen in 2000 and won a championship in the 2001–2002 Turkish Basketball League season. He averaged 13.5 points per game during his last season in Turkey, Okur was selected 37th overall in the second round of the 2001 NBA Draft by the Detroit Pistons. He played two seasons for the Pistons from 2002–03 to 2003–04, helping Detroit win the NBA championship in June 2004 and he became the first Turkish player to win an NBA championship. Due to salary cap limitations, the Pistons were unable to pay a salary for Okur. Standing 6 ft 11 in and 290 lbs, Okur played the center and power forward positions for the Utah Jazz, in his first season with Utah, he played in all 82 games, starting in 25 of them. Nicknamed Memo, Okur made his presence felt during his season with Utah. He started in all 82 games for the second straight season, in his third season, he continued to be a key player for Utah. He was named to the Western Conference All-Star team for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game and he and Ray Allen were selected as replacements for injured original members Allen Iverson and Steve Nash. He was the first Turkish player to participate in this event, on Monday, January 12,2009, Okur established a new career high in points scored when he scored 43 points against the Indiana Pacers. On July 10,2009 Okur signed a contract extension reportedly worth approximately $21 million. He returned on December 17,2010 and scored 2 points against the New Orleans Hornets, in September 2011, Okur signed a contract with Türk Telekom B. K. His contract had an out-clause, which allowed him to return to the NBA when the 2011 NBA lockout was resolved, on December 22,2011, Okur was traded to the New Jersey Nets for a 2015 second round pick. On March 15,2012, Okur was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers along with Shawne Williams and he was waived by Portland on March 21,2012
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National Basketball Association
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The National Basketball Association is the major mens professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier mens professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams, and is a member of USA Basketball. The NBA is one of the four professional sports leagues in the United States. NBA players are the worlds best paid athletes by average annual salary per player, the league was founded in New York City on June 6,1946, as the Basketball Association of America. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3,1949, the leagues several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, the Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1,1946, in Toronto, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, the first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that leagues 1948 title, Following the 1948–49 season, the BAA took in the remainder of the NBL, Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as arenas and smaller gymnasiums. The process of contraction saw the leagues smaller-city franchises move to larger cities, the Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957, japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships, to encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a goal within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, russells rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports. The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics, led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966
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Elvan Abeylegesse
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Elvan Abeylegesse, is an Ethiopian-born Turkish middle and long-distance running athlete who competes over distances from 1500 metres up to the marathon, and also in cross country. She is the former world record-holder for the 5000 metres, at 14,24.68 minutes, if confirmed, Abeylegesse stands to lose her 2007 medal, and possibly other awards from that date. On 29 March 2017, IAAF confirmed the positive test, expunged her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009, Abeylegesse was born Hewan Abeye on September 11,1982 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and raised with her seven brothers and sisters. She began her career running cross country, in 1999, she started for the Ethiopian junior team at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Belfast, Northern Ireland and finished ninth. There, she was invited to a meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, coming to Istanbul, she said that she liked it there very much. I didnt get enough support from my federation in Ethiopia, she said and my track club in Turkey gave me all the support I needed. So I decided to move to Turkey, the support was much better in Istanbul. I thought it would be easier to reach my goals in Turkey. ”To get Turkish citizenship, she married and she has since divorced and is now called Elvan Abeylegesse. “As a youngster, my heroes were Ethiopian runners, I would follow the victories of Gete Wami particularly”, Abeylegesse said. “I studied all their actions, how they slept, how they ate, how they trained, and how they competed. ”Registered in the Enka Sports Club in Istanbul, she is coached by Ertan Hatipoglu, a former triple jumper of Turkish origin from Bulgaria. She still has a relationship with other Ethiopian runners. “The officials don’t allow me to train in Ethiopia any longer, “I train now at high altitudes in Turkey as I think that some of my former compatriots see me as a threat. They are uncomfortable with me training in Ethiopia. But I, of course, remain friends with the individual Ethiopian runners. ”Abeylegesse’s career in the arena began at the age of 18 in Grosseto, Italy in 2001 by winning the European 3000 m and 5000 m titles. She became a leader with a time of 8,31,94 in the 3000 m in Brussels, Belgium in 2002 and with a time of 3,58.38 in the 1500 m in Moscow. Abeylegesse has been a holder with the Olympic Solidarity program since August 2002.68. She became the first Turkish athlete ever to set a world record, I worked very hard, day and night, Abeylegesse said, speaking through an interpreter. My target since the first day I started running has been to break world records, Şarık Tara, the honorary president of her club, said, I am proud of our daughter Elvan
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Alemitu Bekele Degfa
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Alemitu Bekele is an Ethiopian-born Turkish long-distance runner, who specializes in the 5000 metres. Bekele was born in Shoa, Ethiopia, in the 5000 metres she finished seventh at the 2008 Olympic Games. In the 3000 metres she won the medal at the 2009 European Indoor Championships. She set an indoor European record at the beginning of 2010, despite this achievement, which made her the fifth fastest of all-time over the distance, she finished some twenty seconds adrift of winner Meseret Defar who narrowly missed the world record. She won the 5000 m at the 2010 European Athletics Championships in a time of 14 minutes,52.20 seconds at Barcelonas Olympic stadium. She represented Team Europe at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and claimed the 3000 m silver medal behind Meseret Defar. She opened her 2011 season at the Cinque Mulini and won the title as well as the team title for Üsküdar Belediyespor as part of the European Cross Country Club Championships. This resulted from irregularities in her biological passport, NR National record Turkish women in sports Alemitu Bekele Degfa profile at IAAF
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2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships
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The 31st European Athletics Indoor Championships were held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 4 to 6 March 2011. 577 athletes representing 46 countries competed at the championships, twenty-six track and field events were contested, with the events programme divided equally between the genders. Russia topped the table, having won the most gold medals. The host nation, France, was the next best performing team, germany had the third highest medal haul, followed by Great Britain. French triple jumper Teddy Tamgho provided the highlight of the tournament with two world indoor record clearances, belarusian Andrei Krauchankas national record performance won the mens heptathlon and Polands Anna Rogowska took the womens pole vault with a national record. Portuguese runner Francis Obikwelu also had a national record-breaking win, defeating the host favourite Christophe Lemaitre in the 60 metres, the womens 3000 metres saw Briton Helen Clitheroe win her first major title at the age of 37. Ivan Ukhov of Russia attempted the record in the high jump. The competition closed with the fifth French record of the championships as the host mens team won the 4×400 metres relay, the venue for the 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships was the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy. It can hold a capacity of 18,000 people and has hold several indoor athletics events in the past. The World Indoor Championships were organized in 1994 as well as the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships, the opening ceremony was held at 4 March 2011 at 15,00 local time. There was a short ceremony but without teams participation, the closing ceremony was at the last day on March 6,2011 at 18,00. Every participating team was invited to take part, original 800m champion Yevgenia Zinurova of Russia was stripped of her title and banned for two years on 3 July 2012 following a doping offence. Official website Event reviews from European Athletics
