1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
Christian denomination
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A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organisation, leadership and doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, groups of denominations—often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—are sometimes known as branches of Christianity or denominational families. Individual Christian groups vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another, several groups claim to be the direct and sole authentic successor of the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term denomination to describe themselves, however, the Catholic Church does not view itself as a denomination, but as the original pre-denominational church. This view is rejected by other Christian denominations, Protestant denominations account for approximately 37 percent of Christians worldwide. Together, Catholicism and Protestantism comprise Western Christianity, Western Christian denominations prevail in Western, Northern, Central and Southern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas and Oceania. The Eastern Orthodox Church, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents, is the second-largest Christian organization in the world, unlike the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church is itself a communion of fully independent autocephalous churches that mutually recognize each other to the exclusion of others. The Eastern Orthodox Church, together with Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East, Eastern Christian denominations are represented mostly in Eastern Europe, North Asia, the Middle East and Northeast Africa. Christians have various doctrines about the Church and about how the church corresponds to Christian denominations. Both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox hold that their own organizations faithfully represent the One Holy catholic and Apostolic Church to the exclusion of the other, sixteenth-century Protestants separated from the Catholic Church because of theologies and practices that they considered to be in violation of their own interpretation. But some non-denominational Christians do not follow any particular branch, though regarded as Protestants. Each group uses different terminology to discuss their beliefs and this section will discuss the definitions of several terms used throughout the article, before discussing the beliefs themselves in detail in following sections. A denomination within Christianity can be defined as an autonomous branch of the Christian Church, major synonyms include religious group, sect, Church. Some traditional and evangelical Protestants draw a distinction between membership in the church and fellowship within the local church. Becoming a believer in Christ makes one a member of the universal church, a related concept is denominationalism, the belief that some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Protestant leaders differ greatly from the views of the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, each church makes mutually exclusive claims for itself to be the direct continuation of the Church founded by Jesus Christ, from whom other denominations later broke away. These churches, and a few others, reject denominationalism, Christianity can be taxonomically divided into five main groups, the Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism
4.
Dedication
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Dedication is the act of consecrating an altar, temple, church, or other sacred building. It also refers to the inscription of books or other artifacts when these are addressed or presented to a particular person. This practice, which once was used to gain the patronage, in law, the word is used of the setting apart by a private owner of a road to public use. The Feast of Dedication, today Hanukkah, once also called Feast of the Maccabees, was a Jewish festival observed for eight days from the 25th of Kislev and it was instituted in the year 165 B. C. The significant happenings of the festival were the illumination of houses and synagogues, a custom taken over from the Feast of Tabernacles. J. Wellhausen suggests that the feast was connected with the winter solstice. The Feast of Dedication is also mentioned in John 10,22 where it mentions Jesus being at the Jerusalem Temple during the Feast of Dedication and further notes, the Greek term used in John is the renewals. Josephus refers to the festival in Greek simply as lights, churches under the authority of a bishop are usually dedicated by the bishop in a ceremony that used to be called that of consecration, but is now called that of dedication. For the Catholic Church, the rite of dedication is described in the Caeremoniale Episcoporum, chapters IX-X, and in the Roman Missals Ritual Masses for the Dedication of a Church and an Altar. In the Church of England, a church may only be closed for worship after a legal process. The custom of solemnly dedicating or consecrating buildings as churches or chapels set apart for Christian worship must be almost as old as Christianity itself, when we come to the earlier part of the 4th century allusions to and descriptions of the consecration of churches become plentiful. This service is probably of Jewish origin, all these point to the probability of the Christians deriving their custom from a Jewish origin. Eusebius of Caesarea speaks of the dedication of churches rebuilt after the Diocletian persecution, the use of both holy water and of unction is attributed to St. Columbanus, who died in 615. The manuscripts and printed service-books of the church contain a lengthy. The earliest known pontifical is that of Egbert, Archbishop of York, later pontificals are numerous and somewhat varied. A good idea of the character of the service can be obtained from a skeleton of it as performed in England after the Reformation according to the use of Sarum. The service is taken from an early 15th-century pontifical in the Cambridge University Library as printed by W. Makell in Monumenta ritualia ecclesiae Anglicanae, there is a preliminary office for laying a foundation-stone. On the day of consecration the bishop is to vest in a tent outside the church, then proceed to the door of the church on the outside, there he blesses holy water, twelve lighted candles being placed outside, and twelve inside the church
5.
Josaphat Kuntsevych
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He is the best-known victim of sectarian violence related to implementing the Union of Brest, and is declared a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church. The Union resulted in two groups, Eastern Orthodox adherents who did assent to the Union of Brest articles became Eastern Catholic and were known as Uniates. They were considered as schismatics and traitors by the Orthodox Church, about two-thirds of the Ruthenian population were Uniates by 1620. The northeastern voivodeships became predominantly Uniate, the southeastern voivodeships became predominantly Disuniate. Disuniates were subjected to varying degrees of religious persecution by the state with the support of Uniate. The Disuniates were leaderless until a reestablished Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Kiev hierarchy was consecrated in 1620 and he was born Ioann Kuntsevych in 1580 or 1584 in Volodymyr, Volhynian Voivodeship, in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. He was baptized into an Eastern Orthodox Church and he was born while the Ruthenian Church was nominally unified. Although a descent of Ruthenian nobility, his father had embarked in business, both of Kuntsevychs parents encouraged religious participation and Christian piety in the young John. In the school at Volodymyr he gave evidence of talent, he studied Church Slavonic, and memorized most of the Horologion. From this source he drew his early education, because the clergy seldom preached or gave catechetical instruction in that period. Owing to his parents poverty, Kuntsevych was apprenticed to a merchant named Papovič in Vilnius, Rutsky supported the recent union with Rome, and under whose direction he furthered his interest in the Catholic Church. In 1604, in his early 20s, Kuntsevych entered the Monastery of the Trinity of the Order of Saint Basil the Great in Vilnius, stories of his sanctity rapidly spread and distinguished people began to visit the young monk. After a notable life as a layman, Rutsky also joined the Order, when Josaphat was ordained to the diaconate, his regular services and labor for the Church had already begun. In 1609, after private study under Jesuit Valentin Groza Fabricy and he subsequently became the hegumen of several monasteries. On November 12,1617, he was consecrated as the bishop of the Eparchy of Vitebsk and he succeeded as archeparch in March 1618. During his episcopacy, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk was rebuilt in 1618–1620, Kuntsevych faced a daunting task of bringing the local populace to accept union with Rome. He faced stiff opposition from the monks, who feared liturgical Latinisation of the Byzantine Rite, throughout all his strivings and all his occupations, he continued his religious devotion as a monk, and never abated his desire for mortification of the flesh. Through all this he was successful in winning over a portion of the people
6.
Consecration
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Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious. The word consecration literally means association with the sacred, persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different groups. A synonym for to consecrate is to sanctify, a distinct antonym is to desecrate, consecration is used in the Catholic Church as the setting apart for the service of God of both persons and objects. The ordination of a new bishop is called a consecration. While the term episcopal ordination is now common, consecration was the preferred term from the Middle Ages through the period including the Second Vatican Council. The Vatican II document Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy n.76 states, Both the ceremonies, the address given by the bishop at the beginning of each ordination or consecration may be in the mother tongue. When a bishop is consecrated, the laying of hands may be done by all the bishops present, the life of those who enter religious institutes and similar institutes is also described as Consecrated life. The rite of consecration of virgins can be traced back at least to the fourth century, by the time of the Second Vatican Council, the bestowal of the consecration was limited to cloistered nuns only. The Council directed that this should be revised, two similar versions were prepared, one for women living in monastic orders, another for consecrated virgins living in the world. An English translation of the rite for those living in the world is available on the web site of the United States Association of Consecrated Virgins, Chrism, an anointing oil, is olive oil consecrated by a bishop. Objects such as patens and chalices, used for the Sacrament of the Eucharist, also used to be consecrated by a bishop, using chrism. Before a new priest is ordained, the day there is a vigil. A more solemn rite exists for what used to be called the consecration of an altar, the rite is now called the dedication. Since it would be contradictory to dedicate to the service of God a mortgage-burdened building, to consecrate the bread and wine, the priest speaks the Words of Institution. It can also be used to describe the change of the bread and wine into the Body, the Chrism used at Chrismation and the Antimension placed on the Holy Table are also said to be consecrated. A person may be consecrated for a role within a religious hierarchy. In particular, the ordination of a bishop is called a consecration. In churches that follow the doctrine of succession, the bishops who consecrate a new bishop are known as the consecrators
7.
Kashubians
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Kashubians also spelled as Kaszubians, Kassubians, Cassubians, Cashubes or Kashubs, and formerly known as Kashubes, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to as Kashubia and they speak the Kashubian language, classified either as a separate language closely related to Polish, or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group. Kashubians are closely related to Poles, Kashubians are grouped with the Slovincians as Pomeranians. Similarly the Slovincian and Kashubian languages are grouped as the Pomeranian language, among larger cities, Gdynia contains the largest proportion of people declaring Kashubian origin. However, the biggest city of the Kashubia region is Gdańsk, the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, between 80. 3% and 93. 9% people of the people in Linia, Sierakowice, Szemud, Kartuzy, Chmielno, Żukowo, etc. are of Kashubian descent. The traditional occupations of Kashubians have been agriculture and fishing and these have been joined by the service and hospitality industries, as well as agrotourism. The main organization that maintains the Kashubian identity is the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association, the recently formed Odroda is also dedicated to the renewal of Kashubian culture. The traditional capital has been disputed for a time and includes Kartuzy among the seven contenders. The biggest cities claiming to be the capital are, Gdańsk, Wejherowo, the total number of Kashubians varies depending on ones definition. A common estimate is that over 500,000 people in Poland are of the Kashubian ethnicity, the estimates range from around 500,000 to around 570,000. In the Polish census of 2002, only 5,100 people declared Kashubian nationality, most Kashubians declare Polish nationality and Kashubian ethnicity, and are considered both Polish and Kashubian. However, on the 2002 census there was no option to one nationality. At the 2011 census however, the number of persons declaring Kashubian as their identity was 16,000. In the same census, over 108,000 people declared everyday use of Kashubian language, Kashubs are a Western Slavic people living on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Kashubs have their own language and traditions, having lived somewhat isolated for centuries from the common Polish population. Kashubians descend from the Slavic Pomeranian tribes, who had settled between the Oder and Vistula Rivers after the Migration Period, and were at various times Polish and Danish vassals. The oldest known mention of Kashubia dates from 19 March 1238 – Pope Gregor IX wrote about Bogislaw I dux Cassubie – the Duke of Kashubia, the old one dates from the 13th century
8.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
9.
Church (building)
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A church building, often simply called a church, is a building used for Christian religious activities, particularly worship services. The term in its sense is most often used by Christians to refer to their religious buildings. In traditional Christian architecture, the church is arranged in the shape of a Christian cross. When viewed from plan view the longest part of a cross is represented by the aisle, towers or domes are often added with the intention of directing the eye of the viewer towards the heavens and inspiring church visitors. The earliest identified Christian church was a church founded between 233 and 256. During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals, a cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. In standard Greek usage, the word ecclesia was retained to signify both a specific edifice of Christian worship, and the overall community of the faithful. This usage was retained in Latin and the languages derived from Latin, as well as in the Celtic languages. In the Germanic and some Slavic languages, the word kyriak-ós/-ē/-ón was adopted instead, in Old English the sequence of derivation started as cirice, then churche, and eventually church in its current pronunciation. German Kirche, Scottish kirk, Russian церковь, etc. are all similarly derived, according to the New Testament, the earliest Christians did not build church buildings. Instead, they gathered in homes or in Jewish worship places like the Second Temple or synagogues, the earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a house church, the Dura-Europos church, founded between 233 and 256. During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals, in addition to being a place of worship, the cathedral or parish church was used by the community in other ways. It could serve as a place for guilds or a hall for banquets. Mystery plays were performed in cathedrals, and cathedrals might also be used for fairs. The church could be used as a place to thresh and store grain, a common architecture for churches is the shape of a cross. These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in the interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, another common feature is the spire, a tall tower on the west end of the church or over the crossing. The Latin word basilica was used to describe a Roman public building
10.
Sacred architecture
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Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred architecture and places of worship. Religious and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and permanent monolithic buildings created by humanity, conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public. Sacred, religious and holy structures often evolved over centuries and were the largest buildings in the world, while the various styles employed in sacred architecture sometimes reflected trends in other structures, these styles also remained unique from the contemporary architecture used in other structures. With the rise of Abrahamic monotheisms, religious buildings increasingly became centres of worship, prayer, the Western scholarly discipline of the history of architecture itself closely follows the history of religious architecture from ancient times until the Baroque period, at least. Sacred geometry, iconography, and the use of sophisticated semiotics such as signs, symbols, Sacred and/or religious architecture is sometimes called sacred space. Architect Norman L. Koonce has suggested that the goal of sacred architecture is to make transparent the boundary between matter and mind, flesh and the spirit, meanwhile, Richard Kieckhefer suggests that entering into a religious building is a metaphor for entering into spiritual relationship. Sacred architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including Neolithic architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, ancient religious buildings, particularly temples, were often viewed as the dwelling place, the temenos, of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Ancient tombs and burial structures are examples of architectural structures reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The Temple of Karnak at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years, ancient Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated archaeologists and captured the public imagination for millennia. Around 600 BCE the wooden columns of the Temple of Hera at Olympia were replaced by stone columns, with the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Greek architecture preceded Hellenistic and Roman periods, since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The Parthenon which served as a building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture. Indian architecture is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography, the diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from West, Central Asia, buddhist architecture developed in South Asia beginning in the third century BCE. Two types of structures are associated with early Buddhism, viharas and stupas, an existing example is at Nalanda. The initial function of the stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha, the earliest existing example of a stupa is in Sanchi. In accordance with changes in practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas. These reached their highpoint in the first century BCE, exemplified by the cave complexes of Ajanta, the pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupa that is marked by a tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia
11.
Romanesque Revival architecture
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Romanesque Revival is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, however, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches, an early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s. By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson, in the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque, of which not all are Romanesque Revival. In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl’s castle at Inverary, started in 1744, and castles by Robert Adam at Culzean, Oxenfoord, Dalquharran and it was at this point that the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817 Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation and it was now realised that ‘round-arch architecture’ was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. The start of an archaeologically correct Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of Thomas Hopper and his first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837, however, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. It was Thomas Penson, a Welsh architect, who would have been familiar with Hopper’s work at Penrhyn, Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic. At St David’s Newtown, 1843–47 and St Agatha’s Llanymynech,1845, he copies the tower of St. Salvators Cathedral, other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are Christ Church, Welshpool, 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of Terracotta to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, during the 19th century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Some of the examples of this Romanesque architecture is seen in Non-conformist or Dissenting churches. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects Drury and Mortimer, after about 1870 this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by Byzantine Revival architecture. Two of Canadas provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, University College, one of seven colleges at the University of Toronto, is a chief example of the Romanesque Revival style. The building, designed by Frederic Cumberland and William G. Storm, was intended to be Gothic in style but was rejected by the governor general. Construction of the design began on 4 October 1856. The facade of University College has thick walls, incorporating layers of both stone and brick. The building possesses a number of round arches characteristic of the Roman Revival style, the arches are configured in arcades, most notably on the south side of the building. There is a deal of ornamentation on both the interior and exterior of University College
12.
Groundbreaking
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Such ceremonies are often attended by dignitaries such as politicians and businessmen. The actual shovel or spade used during the actual groundbreaking is often a special ceremonial shovel meant to be saved for subsequent display, commemorative information may be subsequently engraved on the shovel. In some places, clergy may also provide blessings, particularly if the building is being constructed by a church or religious-affiliated organization. The term groundbreaking, when used as an adjective, may mean being or making something that has never been done, seen, or made before, builders rites Topping out Cornerstone Publicity stunt Ribbon cutting ceremony Media related to Ground-breaking ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Building material
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Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes and these trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials. The initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price and this is often what governs decision making about what materials to use. Sometimes people take into consideration the energy savings or durability of the materials, for example, an asphalt shingle roof costs less than a metal roof to install, but the metal roof will last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year. Some materials may require more care than others, maintaining costs specific to some materials may also influence the final decision. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, the cost of materials should be taken into consideration to bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, if it must be done, it must be done well, pollution costs can be macro and micro. An example of the aspect of pollution is the off-gassing of the building materials in the building or indoor air pollution. Red List building materials are found to be harmful. Also the carbon footprint, the set of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the life of the material. A life-cycle analysis also includes the reuse, recycling, or disposal of construction waste, two concepts in building which account for the ecological economics of building materials are green building and sustainable development. Initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver, the long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal. The initial embodied energy of a structure is the energy consumed to extract, manufacture, deliver, install, social costs are injury and health of the people producing and transporting the materials and potential health problems of the building occupants if there are problems with the building biology. Aspects of fair trade and labor rights are social costs of building material manufacturing. These were variously named wikiups, lean-tos, and so forth, an extension on the brush building idea is the wattle and daub process in which clay soils or dung, usually cow, are used to fill in and cover a woven brush structure. This gives the more thermal mass and strength. Wattle and daub is one of the oldest building techniques, many older timber frame buildings incorporate wattle and daub as non load bearing walls between the timber frames
14.
Brick
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A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term referred to a unit composed of clay. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks, block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks are made from expanded clay aggregate, fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since circa 5000 BC. Air-dried bricks, also known as mudbricks, have an older than fired bricks. Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively known as brickwork, the earliest bricks were dried brick, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at Tell Aswad, in the upper Tigris region, ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities. In pre-modern China, bricks were being used from the 2nd millennium BCE at a site near Xian, the carpenters manual Yingzao Fashi, published in 1103 at the time of the Song dynasty described the brick making process and glazing techniques then in use. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze, Early civilisations around the Mediterranean adopted the use of fired bricks, including the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The Roman legions operated mobile kilns, and built large brick structures throughout the Roman Empire, during the Early Middle Ages the use of bricks in construction became popular in Northern Europe, after being introduced there from Northern-Western Italy. An independent style of architecture, known as brick Gothic flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland. A clear distinction between the two styles developed at the transition to Baroque architecture. In Lübeck, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone and it was at this time in London, that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents. The transition from the method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the South Eastern Railway Company for brick-making at their factory near Folkestone, the Bradley & Craven Ltd ‘Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine’ was patented in 1853, apparently predating Clayton
15.
Polish language
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Polish is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles. It belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of the West Slavic languages, Polish is the official language of Poland, but it is also used throughout the world by Polish minorities in other countries. It is one of the languages of the European Union. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet, which has 9 additions to the letters of the basic Latin script, Polish is closely related to Kashubian, Silesian, Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after Russian, in history, Polish is known to be an important language, both diplomatically and academically in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, Polish is spoken by over 38.5 million people as their first language in Poland. It is also spoken as a language in western parts of Belarus and Ukraine, west and central Lithuania, as well as the northern parts of the Czech Republic. There are 55 million Polish language speakers around the world, Polish began to emerge as a distinct language around the 10th century, the process largely triggered by the establishment and development of the Polish state. With Christianity, Poland also adopted the Latin alphabet, which made it possible to write down Polish, the precursor to modern Polish is the Old Polish language. Ultimately, Polish is thought to descend from the unattested Proto-Slavic language, Poland is the most linguistically homogeneous European country, nearly 97% of Polands citizens declare Polish as their first language. Elsewhere, Poles constitute large minorities in Lithuania, Belarus, Polish is the most widely used minority language in Lithuanias Vilnius County and is found elsewhere in southeastern Lithuania. There are significant numbers of Polish speakers among Polish emigrants and their descendants in many other countries, in the United States, Polish Americans number more than 11 million but most of them cannot speak Polish fluently. The largest concentrations of Polish speakers reported in the census were found in three states, Illinois, New York, and New Jersey. Enough people in these areas speak Polish that PNC Financial Services offer services available in Polish at all of their machines in addition to English and Spanish. According to the 2011 census there are now over 500,000 people in England, in Canada, there is a significant Polish Canadian population, There are 242,885 speakers of Polish according to the 2006 census, with a particular concentration in Toronto and Montreal. The geographical distribution of the Polish language was affected by the territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II. Poles settled in the Recovered Territories in the west and north and this tendency toward a homogeneity also stems from the vertically integrated nature of the authoritarian Polish Peoples Republic. The inhabitants of different regions of Poland still speak standard Polish somewhat differently, first-language speakers of Polish have no trouble understanding each other, and non-native speakers may have difficulty distinguishing regional variations
16.
Kashubian language
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Kashubian or Cassubian is a language variety of the Lechitic group, of the Slavic languages. Although it is considered a language in its own right. In Poland, it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005, approximately 106,000 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the remnant of the Pomeranian language. It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German, the Pomeranians were said to arrive before the Poles and certain tribes managed to maintain their language and traditions despite German and Polish settlements. It first diverged as its own language in the early 14th century, in the 19th century, Florian Ceynowa became Kashubians first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through the establishment of Kashubian language, customs and he felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and that Kashubia was a separate nation. The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctor Aleksander Majkowski, the group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language. The earliest printed documents in Kashubian date from the end of the 16th century, the modern orthography was first proposed in 1879. Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language, from the diachronic view it is a Lechitic West Slavic language but from the synchronic point of view it is a Polish dialect. Kashubian is closely related to Slovincian, while both of them are dialects of Pomeranian, many linguists, in Poland and elsewhere, consider it a divergent dialect of Polish. Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern Kashubian has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of the northernmost dialects, the spelling and grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian is highly unusual making it difficult to comprehend in written text also by native Polish speakers. Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5% loanwords from German, unlike Polish, these are mostly from Low German and only occasionally from High German. Other sources of loanwords include the Baltic languages, Russian, due to soft pronunciation, the language is fairly similar to Belarusian. The number of speakers of Kashubian varies widely from source to source, in the 2011 census,106,000 people in Poland declared that they mainly use Kashubian at home. Of these only 10 percent consider Kashubian to be their mother tongue, all Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language and it is an official alternative language for local administration purposes in Gmina Sierakowice, Gmina Linia, Gmina Parchowo, Gmina Luzino and Gmina Żukowo in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in speech among family members
17.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago was established as a diocese in 1843 and elevated to an archdiocese in 1880. It serves the more than 2.3 million Catholics in Cook and Lake counties in Northeastern Illinois, the archdiocese is divided into six vicariates and 31 deaneries. His Eminence Blase Joseph Cupich is the Cardinal, Archbishop of Chicago, and is assisted by six episcopal vicars, the cathedral parish for the archdiocese, Holy Name Cathedral, is in the Near North Side area of the see city for the diocese, Chicago. The Archdiocese of Chicago is the see of the Province of Chicago. Its suffragan dioceses are the other Catholic dioceses in Illinois, Belleville, Joliet, Peoria, Rockford, a French Jesuit missionary, the Rev. Jacques Marquette, SJ first explored the area that is now Chicago in the mid-17th century. On December 4,1674, Father Marquette arrived at the mouth of the Chicago River where he built a cabin to recuperate from his travels and his cabin became the first European settlement in the area now known as Chicago. Marquette published his survey of the new territories and soon more French missionaries, in 1795, the Potawatomi tribe signed the Treaty of Greenville that ceded to the United States a tract of land at the mouth of the Chicago River. There in 1804, Fort Dearborn was erected and protected newly arrived Catholic pioneers, in 1822, Alexander Beaubien became the first person to be baptized in Chicago. Rosati appointed a diocesan priest, the Rev. John Mary Irenaeus Saint Cyr, Saint Cyr celebrated his first Mass in a log cabin owned by the Beaubien family on Lake Street, near Market Street, in 1833. At the cost of four hundred dollars, Father Saint Cyr purchased a plot of land at what is now the intersection of Lake and State Streets and it was dedicated in October 1833. The following year, the Bishop of Vincennes visited Chicago, where he found over 400 Catholics with only one priest to serve them. The bishop asked permission from Bishop Rosati to send Fathers Fischer, Shaefer, Saint Palais, Dupontavice, Saint Cyr was allowed to retire and was replaced by Chicagos first English-speaking priest, the Rev. James Timothy OMeara. Father OMeara moved the church built by Fr, Saint Cyr to what is now the intersection of Wabash Avenue and Madison Street. OMeara left Chicago, Saint Palais demolished the church and replaced it with a new brick structure, the First Plenary Council of Baltimore concluded that the Roman Catholic population of Chicago was growing exponentially and was in dire need of an episcopal see of its own. With the consent of Pope Gregory XVI, the Diocese of Chicago was canonically erected on November 28,1843, in 1844, William Quarter of Ireland was appointed as the first Bishop of Chicago. Upon his arrival, Quarter summoned a synod of 32 Chicago priests to begin the organization of the diocese and this allowed the bishop to pursue large-scale construction of new churches, colleges and universities to serve the needs of Chicagos Roman Catholic faithful. After four years of service as Bishop of Chicago, Bishop Quarter died on April 10,1848, the church lost nearly a million dollars in church property in the Chicago fire of 1871, leading to administrative instability for decades. The southern section of the state of Illinois split from Chicago diocese in 1853, the Quincy diocese was renamed the Diocese of Alton in 1857, and eventually became Diocese of Springfield
18.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
19.
Polish Cathedral style
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The Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England. These monumentally grand churches are not necessarily cathedrals, defined as seats of bishops or of their dioceses, Polish Cathedral churches generally have large amounts of ornamentation in the exterior and interior, comparable only to the more famous Churrigueresque or Spanish Baroque style. The decorations used reflect the tastes of the Polish immigrants to regions in both the symbols and statuary of saints prominently displayed throughout. Additionally there is a proclivity towards ornamentation drawn from the Renaissance. These churches exhibit a mixture of traits from numerous past eras characteristic of Europe. Skerrett says Polish churches surpassed other immigrants’ churches in size and their style promoted the immigrants vision of Polish identity. Kantowicz writes in The Archdiocese of Chicago, A Journey of Faith, The preference of the Polish League for Renaissance, stanislaus Kostka in Chicago now serve African-American or Latino constituencies while others have been closed by their Archbishops as no longer economically viable. The churches are major tourist attractions in Chicago, with tours devoted exclusively to them, in May 1980 the Chicago Architecture Foundations ArchiCenter held an exhibit on these treasures titled Chicagos Polish Churches. These ornate temples were built by the working poor in these regions in the era spanning the period from the end of the American Civil War until the end of World War II. These stylistically exaggerated churches were criticized by many of Chicagos Protestant elites as ostentatious in comparison with the style in vogue for Protestant houses of worship. Catholic Church authorities such as John Lancaster Spalding, the first Bishop of Peoria, the need for identity was evident in the unique architecture of the Polish Cathedral Style. It was often associated with the order of the Congregation of the Resurrection, in addition to the architectural stylings of the Renaissance. Both in scale and scope, these edifices were attempts to contradict the marginal status in which the Polish immigrants found themselves, the construction of these churches greatly influenced the development of neighborhoods that surrounded them. Eclecticism Eclecticism in art Jozef Mazur, Polish-American painter and stained-glass artist Tadeusz Żukotyński, Polish Catholic fine art painter and mural artist Sr
20.
Lincoln Park, Chicago
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Lincoln Park is a designated community area in North Side, Chicago, Illinois. In 1824, the United States Army built a small post near todays Clybourn Avenue, indian settlements existed along Green Bay Trail, now called Clark Street, at the current intersection of Halsted Street and Fullerton Avenue. Before Green Bay Trail became Clark Street, it stretched as far as Green Bay, Wisconsin, including Sheridan Road, in 1836, land from North to Fullerton and from the lake to Halsted was relatively inexpensive, costing $150 per acre. Because the area was considered remote, a hospital and the city cemetery were located in Lincoln Park until the 1860s. In 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a city, and North Avenue was established as the northern boundary. Settlements increased along Green Bay Trail when the government offered land claims, the area north of Chicago, including todays Lincoln Park, was eventually incorporated as Lake View Township. The city, nonetheless, owned tracts of land north of North Avenue. The Township was annexed to Chicago in 1889,1874, the Lincoln Park Zoo was opened. In the period following the Civil War, the area around Southport, in 1882, St. Josaphats Roman Catholic parish was established specifically for the Kashubian community. The resulting nicknames of Jozafatowo as well as Kaszubowo made the one of Chicagos Polish Patches. The current Romanesque Revival church building was completed in 1902, a Pomeranian Griffin Crest visible on the school south of the church is a nod to the parish that once anchored one of the communities in Chicago dubbed Little Cassubia. From 1896 to 1903, the original Ferris Wheel was located at an amusement park near Clark St. The site was from 2619 to 2665 N. Clark St. which is now the location of a McDonalds, on February 14,1929, seven mob associates and a mechanic were shot to death in an automobile garage at 2122 N. Clark St. During the Great Depression, many buildings in Lincoln Park fell into disrepair, in 1968, a violent confrontation between demonstrators and police in Lincoln Park occurred during the week of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. I pointed out that it was in the best interests of the City to have us in Lincoln Park ten miles away from the Convention hall. −Abbie Hoffman from the Chicago 7 trial In the 1950s, 1960s, jose Cha Cha Jimenez transformed the local Young Lords gang into human rights activists for Latinos and the poor. They published newspapers, mounted sit-ins and takeovers of institutions and churches at Grant Hospital, Armitage Ave. Methodist Church, and McCormick Theological Seminary. There were civil rights arrests and martyrs including the murders of United Methodist Rev. Bruce Johnson
21.
Vincent Barzynski
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Vincent Barzynski was a Polish-American Roman Catholic priest and organiser of the Polish-American community. He was born at Sulisławice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Sandomierz County, Kingdom of Poland, in baptism he received the name Michael, but during an illness he was placed under the protection of St. Vincent Ferrer and henceforth called Vincent. Because of frail health he was educated privately, in 1856 he entered the diocesan seminary at Lublin and was ordained priest,28 October 1861. As organizer, appointed by the secret Polish national Government, he provided the insurrectionists with military supplies, compelled soon after to flee to Cracow, he found refuge with the Franciscan fathers in that city. After fifteen months of wandering he received his passport enabling him to leave for Paris in 1865, going to Rome, he joined the newly founded Congregation of the Resurrection and soon after receiving the special blessing of Pope Pius IX set out for America. After several years labour in the Diocese of San Antonio, Texas, he was appointed pastor of St. Stanislaus parish, Chicago, in 1874, Vincent Barzynski became a dominant influence during the period of Polish immigration. He gave the American Poles a class consciousness, and took a line against the Polish National Alliance. He assisted in the organization of nearly every Polish parish in Chicago established before his death and he built the St. Stanislaus Church and the school, and gave the Poles an orphanage, founded St. He founded the Polish Roman Catholic Union, despite constant criticism from both clergy and laity, he remained indefatigable. He died at Chicago,2 May 1899, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. Vincent Barzynski
22.
St. Michael's Church, Old Town, Chicago
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St. Michaels Church in the Old Town neighborhood of Chicago is a Roman Catholic church staffed by the Redemptorist order of priests. The parish was founded to minister to German Catholic immigrants in 1852 with its first wooden church completed that year at a cost of $750, the building stands at the intersection of Eugenie Street and Cleveland Avenue. The church was built as a haven for German immigrants who were outcasts in Old Chicago, in addition, the towns main church, St. Josephs Church, was overcrowded. The Redemptorists were invited to administer the parish in 1860 and a brick church was finished in 1869. When completed, its made it the tallest building in Chicago. The church was one of six buildings to survive the path of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, while most of Old Chicagos infrastructure was made of wood, the church was made of brick which helped it survive the fire. Portions of the building stone walls of St. Michaels being the only structures standing in the Old Town area. There is a saying in Chicago that if you can hear the bells of St. Michaels, Old Town in the mid-1950s was home to a large population of Puerto Ricans. Cesario Rivera, Jose Juan Chevere, Miguel Chevere, Gilberto Hernandez, Don Jesus Rodriguez, with the help of Fathers Leo Mahon, Don Headley and Father Katherine, they started Spanish language masses in a hall next to the main Church. In fact, Jose Cha Cha Jimenez became the first altar boy of the Spanish mass at St. Michaels council number three. Samuel Stritch, the cardinal, and Jack Eagan along with Saul Alinsky also assisted the Caballeros. The Caballeros and the Damas de Maria later organized many retreats and pilgrimages to the Redemptorist Retreat Center in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, to Loraine, Ohio, and to Libertyville, Illinois. A large lay ministry for Catholic Action was organized from St. Mikes in Old Town that spread to several parishes in Old Town and the Lincoln Park Community such as, Immaculate Conception, St. But the Caballeros and Damas ignored the ignorance of some and sought community with prayer, while recruiting door to door for their meetings, eventually, St. Michaels Church grew to become the major center not just for the church but also within Chicagos Puerto Rican Community. When Mayor Richard J. St. Michaels like many other neighborhood institutions took advantage of the program to rehab and it is difficult to know how many were displaced because the census then divided and recorded the mixed Hispanics by only one race, as either black or white. But it was at least 40,000 and most of todays Chicagos Puerto Rican businesses and community organizations trace themselves back to Lincoln Park. Saint Michael, Roman Catholic traditions and views Media related to Saint Michaels Church, Old Town, Chicago at Wikimedia Commons http, //www. st-mikes. org/ http, //www. gvsu. edu/younglords
23.
St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (Chicago)
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The St. Stanislaus Kostka Church is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago located at 1351 West Evergreen Avenue in the Pulaski Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. St. Stanislaus Kostka Church is the church of all other Polish churches in the Archdiocese of Chicago. It is an example of the so-called Polish Cathedral style of churches in both its opulence and grand scale. Along with Basilica of St. Hyacinth, St. Mary of the Angels, St. Stanislaus Kostka Church was founded in 1867 as the first Polish parish in Chicago. Antoni Smagorzewski-Schermann was one of the key founders of St. Stanilaus-Kostka Church and was named the first president of the church, antoni Smagorzewski-Schermann donated some of his own land for the church building site. The original church building survived the Great Chicago Fire but was demolished to make way for the present church. At the end of the 19th century it was one of the largest parishes not only in the city, along with Holy Trinity Polish Mission, St. Stanislaus Kostka was the center of Chicagos Polish Downtown giving rise to one of the neighborhoods former nickname of Kostkaville. Much of this was due to Saint Stanislaus Kostkas first pastor, Reverend Vincent Michael Barzynski, the parish remained predominately Polish through most of the 20th century, but since the 1970s it has gained a significant number of Latino parishioners. Masses are now celebrated in English, Polish and Spanish, the church was completed in 1881 and designed by Patrick Keely of Brooklyn, also architect of Chicagos Holy Name Cathedral. The buildings Renaissance Revival style recalls the days of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century. It is constructed of brick with limestone accents with interior measurements of 200 ft in length and 80 ft in width allowing seating for 1500. The painting above the altar by Tadeusz Żukotyński depicts Our Lady placing the infant Jesus in the arms of St. Stanislaus Kostka, zukotynski, who came to Chicago in 1888, was considered one of Europes foremost painters of religious subjects. Other artistic treasures in the include the Stained glass windows by F. X. Zettler of the Royal Bavarian Institute in Munich and the chandeliers in the nave by the studios of Louis Comfort Tiffany, the southern cupola was destroyed by lightning in 1964, and the northern cupola was rebuilt with a more simplified profile in 2002. In 1906, a fire destroyed the school, convent as well as an auditorium that was under construction. Two years later, the school had been rebuilt with 54 classrooms, the complex also includes a modernist-style 1959 school building designed by Belli & Belli of Chicago. St. Stanislaus Kostka is the home of the planned Sanctuary of The Divine Mercy. The sanctuary will have a chapel and outdoor prayer garden enclosed by a surrounding wall of stone to help define the space as sacred
24.
Poles in Chicago
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Poles in Chicago are made up of both immigrant Poles and Americans of Polish heritage living in Chicago, Illinois. They are a part of worldwide Polonia, the term for the Polish Diaspora outside of Poland. Poles in Chicago have contributed to the economic, social and cultural well-being of Chicago from its very beginning, Poles have been a part of the history of Chicago since 1837, when Captain Joseph Napieralski, along with other veterans of the November Uprising first set foot there. As of the 2000 U. S. census, Poles in Chicago are the largest European American ethnic group in the city, making up 7. 3% of the total population. German Americans made up 7. 3% of the population, and numbered at 199,789, Irish Americans also made up 7. 3% of the population, Polish Americans now made up 6. 7% of Chicagos population, and numbered at 182,064. Polish is the third largest speaking language in Chicago behind English and Spanish, a number of Poles contributed to the history of the city together with Captain Napieralski, a veteran of Cross Mountain during the November Uprising. Along with him came other early Polish settlers such as Major Louis Chlopicki, the nephew of General Józef Chłopicki who had been the leader of the same insurrection. Not to mention certain A. Panakaske who resided in the ward in the 1830s as well as J. Zoliski who lived in the sixth ward with records of both men having cast their ballots for William B. Ogden in the 1837 mayoral race in Chicago, according to Dominic Pacyga, most of the Poles who first came to Chicago settled in five distinct parts of the city. The first of those Polish Patches, as they were referred to, was located on the Near Northwest Side. Centering on the Polish Triangle at the intersection of Milwaukee and Ashland avenues with Division street it became known as Polish Downtown. The second large settlement, developed in Pilsen on the west side near 18th street, Poles established two separate enclaves in the Stock Yard district, one in Bridgeport, the other in the Back of the Yards near 47th street and Ashland avenue. Another Polish neighborhood developed in the area around the massive Illinois Steel works in South Chicago in the area referred to as the Bush. In Polish the ending owo in e. g. Bronislawowo functions similar to English ville in Johnsville or ton in Charleston, when added to a name of a saint, it indicates a Polish sounding town or a village. This is a phenomenon, not present in educated Polish, however. As in Poland, the majority of Polish immigrants who settled in Chicago were culturally very devout Roman Catholics. Though almost all of the Polish Americans remained loyal to the Catholic Church after immigrating, Polish parishioners founded the church to assert independence from the Catholic Church in America. The split was in rebellion from the leadership, then dominated by Irish and German clergy
25.
Polish Americans
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Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry. There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans, representing about 3% of the U. S. population, Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States, second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall. The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleighs failed Roanoke Colony in 1585, in 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen. Two early immigrants, Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko, led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes, overall, more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States, primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many immigrants were classified as Russian, German, and Austrian by the U. S. Complicating the U. S, the Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million. Some Jews from Poland even assimilated into cities which were Polish bastions in order to conceal their Jewish identities, from 1870 to 1914, Poles and Polish subjects formed a significant part of the wave of immigration from Germany, Imperial Russia, and Austria Hungary. The main Ethnically-Polish-American organizations were founded because of high Polish interest in the Catholic church, parochial schools, since 1914, the United States has seen a small amount of emigration from Poland, and the coming of age of numerous generations of fully assimilated Polish Americans. The income levels have gone up from well below average, to above average, outside of Republican and Democratic politics, politics such as those of Agudath Israel of America, a branch of Poalei Agudat Yisrael, have heavily involved Polish-Jewish Americans. Lopata argues that Poles differed from most ethnics in America, in several ways, first, they did not plan to remain permanently and become Americanized. Instead, they came temporarily, to money, invest. Their intention was to ensure for themselves a desirable social status in the old world, however, many of the temporary migrants had decided to become permanent Americans. Many found manual labor jobs in the mines of Pennsylvania and the heavy industries, of the Great Lakes cities of Chicago, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Cleveland. The U. S. Therefore, some say, of the 10 million Polish Americans, Therefore, the actual amount of Americans of at least partial Polish ancestry, could be well over 10 million. In the 2011 United States Census Bureaus Population Estimates, there are between 9,365,239 and 9,530,571 Americans of Polish descent, historically, Polish-Americans have assimilated very quickly to American society. Between 1940 and 1960, only 20 percent of the children of Polish-American ethnic leaders spoke Polish regularly, in the early 1960s,3,000 of Detroits 300,000 Polish-Americans changed their names each year. Language proficiency in Polish is rare in Polish-Americans, as 91. 3% speak English only. In 1979, the 8 million respondents of Polish ancestry reported that only 41.5 percent had single ancestry, whereas 57. 3% of Greeks, 52% of Italians and Sicilians, and 44% of Ukrainians had done so. By educational attainment, the U. S. Census estimates that 37. 6% have bachelors degrees or higher, the median household income for those of Russian ancestry has been reported as higher on the U. S. Census, at $70,310
26.
Mexican Americans
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Mexican Americans are Americans of full or partial Mexican descent. As of July 2015, Mexican Americans made up 11. 1% of the United States population, as of July 2015, Mexican Americans comprised 63. 4% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself, canada is a distant third, with a small Mexican Canadian population of 96,055 as of 2011. Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California, in 2015, the United States admitted 157,227 Mexican immigrants, and as of November 2016,1.31 million Mexicans were on the waiting list to immigrate to the United States through legal means. Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios and Mission Indians have existed in the American southwest since the area was part of New Spains Provincias Internas, the majority of these historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language as part of their overall Americanization. Mexican-American history spans more than 400 years and varies from region to region within the United States, in 1900, there were slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics of Mexican descent living in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, California and Texas. Most were Mexican Americans of Spanish descent and other Hispanicized European settlers who settled in the Southwest during Spanish colonial times, as well as local and Mexican Indians. Approximately ten percent of the current Mexican-American population are descended from the colonial settlers. As early as 1813, some of the Tejanos who colonized Texas in the Spanish Colonial Period established a government in Texas that desired independence from Spanish-ruled Mexico, in those days, there was no concept of identity as Mexican. Many Mexicans were more loyal to their states/provinces than to their country as a whole and this was particularly true in frontier regions such as Zacatecas, Texas, Yucatán, Oaxaca, New Mexico, etc. As shown by the writings of colonial Tejanos such as Antonio Menchaca, Mexico encouraged immigration from the United States to settle east Texas and, by 1831, English-speaking settlers outnumbered Tejanos ten to one in the region. Both groups were settled mostly in the part of the territory. The Mexican government became concerned about the volume of Anglo-American immigration. Consistent with its abolition of slavery, the Mexican government banned slavery within the state and his story is complex because he joined the Anglo rebels and helped defeat the Mexican forces of Santa Anna. But later on, as Mayor of San Antonio, he, after receiving a series of death threats, Seguín relocated his family in Mexico, where he was coerced into military service and fought against the US in 1846–1848 Mexican–American War. As a Spanish colony, the territory of California also had an population of colonial settlers. In the mid-19th century, more settlers from the United States began to enter the territory, in California, Spanish settlement began in 1769 with the establishment of the Presidio and Catholic mission of San Diego. 20 more missions were established along the California coast by 1823, along with military Presidios, settlers in California tended to stay close to the coast and outside of the California interior
27.
Romanesque architecture
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Romanesque Architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the late 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches, examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture, each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan, the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics, Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, northern Spain and rural Italy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word Romanesque means descended from Roman and was first used in English to designate what are now called Romance languages, Romance language is not degenerated Latin language. Latin language is degenerated Romance language, Romanesque architecture is not debased Roman architecture. Roman architecture is debased Romanesque architecture, the first use in a published work is in William Gunns An Inquiry into the Origin and Influence of Gothic Architecture. The term is now used for the more restricted period from the late 10th to 12th centuries, Many castles exist, the foundations of which date from the Romanesque period. Most have been altered, and many are in ruins. By far the greatest number of surviving Romanesque buildings are churches, the scope of Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire. In the more northern countries Roman building styles and techniques had never been adopted except for official buildings, although the round arch continued in use, the engineering skills required to vault large spaces and build large domes were lost. There was a loss of continuity, particularly apparent in the decline of the formal vocabulary of the Classical Orders. In Rome several great Constantinian basilicas continued in use as an inspiration to later builders, the largest building is the church, the plan of which is distinctly Germanic, having an apse at both ends, an arrangement not generally seen elsewhere. Another feature of the church is its regular proportion, the plan of the crossing tower providing a module for the rest of the plan. These features can both be seen at the Proto-Romanesque St. Michaels Church, Hildesheim, 1001–1030, the style, sometimes called First Romanesque or Lombard Romanesque, is characterised by thick walls, lack of sculpture and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches known as a Lombard band
28.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
29.
South Chicago, Chicago
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South Chicago, formerly known as Ainsworth, is one of the 77 well-defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois. This chevron-shaped community is one of Chicagos 16 lakefront neighborhoods near the rim of Lake Michigan 10 miles south of downtown. A working-class neighborhood, it is bordered by East 79th Street on the north, South Chicago Avenue on the southwest, particularly unknown because most of its streets run off the citywide grid, it also encompasses the unique Alphabet Avenues. The Southeast Side is a description that, although true, the city continues to resist including this neighborhood with all of Chicagos South Side communities. Once a separate community, South Chicago began as a series of scattered Native American settlements before becoming a village, first occupied by a chief named Askhum, considered lord of the vast Callimink Valley and leader of the Pottawatomie people. The post-Civil War era brought with it great industrial innovation, developer James H. Bowen, the Father of South Chicago, and others in a massive land grab wrested the land from its former existence and founded Ainsworth among other communities. Only fractions of the topography and habitat remain as is the case with most of urban Chicago. With the entire Chicago Lakefront built on miles of landfill and slag there still remains a stretch of semi-secluded beachfront just north of the Southworks Site. This bit of lakefront, once a settlement for the Pottawatomie, was left alone due to an umovable and deeply embedded bedrock of granite. It is the natural beach frontage left and virtually unknown on the entire Chicago coastline. It also demonstrates how South Chicago was not immediately affected by the housing ordinances restricting the use of lumber for home building after The Great Fire of 1871, South Chicago was bustling with waves of immigrants as the popularity of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893. The steel mill became U. S. Steel South Works in 1901, continuing to attract immigrants from Ireland, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, during the 1950s many residents called the northeast section of South Chicago *The Bush and worked in the local massive steel mill, US Steel. Others worked in neighboring steel mills such as Youngstown Steel, Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel, at its zenith, South Chicago helped make the Chicago metropolitan area the leading producer of steel products in the nation. The Willis Tower and the Hancock Building were built from South Chicago steel, the embers, from the smokestacks would cause the cars and sidewalks to sparkle and created a golden glow throughout the night. Softball and bowling were popular pastimes, large Polish weddings on Saturdays were also a common sight. Throughout the early 1910s, Mexicans from a variety of regions within Mexico began to settle in communities throughout Chicago including South Chicago, South Chicago became one of the first growing Mexican communities in Chicago. The community faced many challenges including many racist attacks by the more assimilated groups, the early Mexican community began to band together and worked to help build Our Lady of Guadalupe Church as they were not welcomed in other churches throughout the area. South Chicagos Mexican Patriotic Clubs Mexican Independence Day Parade was the first such parade in Chicago also celebrated with a carnival of rides, while South Chicago has a sizable African American population, existing ethnic groups continue to have strong community ties in the area
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Roman Catholicism in Poland
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There are 41 Catholic dioceses of the Latin Church and two of the Greek Church in Poland. These comprise about 10,000 parishes and religious orders, there are 33 million Catholics however, this survey bases the number of adherents on the number of infants baptized. The primate of the Church is Wojciech Polak, Archbishop of Gniezno, according to 2014 statistical yearbook,85. 8% of Polands population is Catholic. Ever since Poland officially adopted Latin Christianity in 966, the Catholic Church has played an important religious, during times of foreign oppression the Catholic Church was a cultural guard in the fight for independence and national survival. For instance, the Polish abbey in Częstochowa, which resisted a siege in the Swedish invasion of Poland in the 17th century. The 1978 election of Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II strengthened the ties of identification, John Pauls visits to Poland became rallying points for both the faithful and galvanized opposition to the Soviet regime. His beatification in 2011 and canonization three years later further instilled pride and joy in the Polish people. In 2013, Pope Francis, John Paul IIs 2nd successor, announced that World Youth Day, in 2013 a succession of child sex abuse scandals within the church, and the poor response by the church, became a matter of some public concern. The church resisted demands to pay compensation to victims, the CIA Factbook gives a number of 87. 2% belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in 2012. Throughout Europe the rates of religious observance has steadily decreased, Poland has also been following this trend, however, it still remains one of the most devoutly religious countries in Europe. Polish Catholics participate in the more frequently than their counterparts in most Western European. A2009 study by the Church itself revealed that 80% of Poles go to confession at least once a year, tarnów is the most religious city in Poland, and Łódź is the least. The southern and eastern parts of Poland are more active in their religious practices than those of the West, the majority of Poles continue to declare themselves Roman Catholic. At the same time, however, this results from the fact that since 20042.1 million Poles have emigrated to Western Europe. The Centre for Public Opinion Research regularly conducts surveys on religious practice in Poland, meanwhile, 94% of Poles consider themselves to be religious believers, while only 6% of Poles claim that they are non-believers. Easter continues to be an important holiday for Polish Catholics, a CBOS opinion poll from April 2014 found the following, Archdiocese Diocese Latin names of dioceses in italics. There are 31,000 state-paid religious education teachers, the government partially subsidises the Church for Catholic schools, historic Church buildings, and salaries for public and private religious teachers. This totals about 2 billion zł, according to Cardinal Kazimierz Nycz, money from money given by people including voluntary and semi-mandatory, religious events and other, is more than 6 billion zł
31.
American Institute of Architects
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The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
32.
William Quarter
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Quarter was an Irish American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the first Bishop of Chicago, william Quarter was born in Killurin, Kings County, Ireland to Michael and Ann Quarter. The third of four sons, he had three brothers, John, Walter and James, Walter and James also joined the priesthood and he studied the classics at private academies in Tullamore from 1814 to 1822. While preparing to enter Maynooth College, Quarter was visited by a priest who had served as a missionary in the United States, the young man was moved by the priests stories of the dreadful plight of Catholics in America, and resolved to dedicate himself to the missions there. Having obtained permission from Bishop James Warren Doyle, Quarter departed from Ireland in April 1822 and later landed at Quebec, while at Mount St. Marys, he became professor of Greek and Latin, as well as sacristan, in 1823. He completed his studies in 1829 and then went to New York. Quarter then served as a curate at St. Peters Church in Manhattan and he placed the children who had been orphaned by the epidemic under the care of the Sisters of Charity. In 1833 he was named pastor of St. Marys Church on the Lower East Side and he also received Maximilian Oertel, a Lutheran minister, into the Catholic Church in 1840. On November 28,1843, Quarter was appointed the first Bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Chicago, Illinois, accompanied by his brother Walter, Quarter arrived in the episcopal see of Chicago on May 5. The Bishop completed St. Marys Cathedral in 1845, and eliminated the dioceses $5,000 debt from his own resources and the contributions of members of his family. The founder of Catholic education in Chicago, he established University of Saint Mary of the Lake and Saint Xavier University and he also introduced into the diocese the Sisters of Mercy from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, including Mary Francis Xavier Warde. He held the first diocesan synod and was the first American bishop to establish theological conferences, during his four-year-long tenure, he founded 30 churches and ordained 29 priests. In 1848, Quarter died in Chicago at the age of 42, historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
33.
James Oliver Van de Velde
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James Oliver Van de Velde was a U. S. He served as the second Roman Catholic Bishop of Chicago between 1849 and 1853 and he traveled to Rome in 1852 and petitioned the Pope for a transfer to a warmer climate, due to his health. In 1853, the transfer was granted, Van de Velde became bishop of the Diocese of Natchez, in Mississippi and his full name, almost never referenced in any materials about his life or religious career, was John Andrew James Oliver Benedict Rottheir Van de Velde. Van de Velde was born April 3,1795, near Dendermonde, Belgium and he was soon given to a pious aunty to raise in St. Amand, in Flanders. A priest, fleeing the French Revolution, was staying with the same family, at the age of ten, Van de Velde was sent to a boarding school in Ghent. He did so well that by the age of eighteen he was teaching French and he had been teaching for only a short time when the Battle of Waterloo changed the political situation of the Low Countries. Belgium was reunited with the Netherlands under William of Orange who was known for his vicious persecutions of Catholics, planning to emigrate to England or Italy, Van de Velde began studying English and Italian. However, a seminary director persuaded him to stay in Belgium and teach Latin, French, in 1815, Van de Velde began attending the famous Archiepiscopal Seminary at Mechlin. Two years later, he was one of the selected by Father Charles Nerinckx. The initial plan was for Van de Velde to complete his studies in a seminary in Bardstown. Instead, he retired to St. Marys Seminary in Baltimore to recuperate, the storm had been so violent that the ship was adrift for three days without sails or a helm until repairs could be made. In addition, Van de Velde suffered from seasickness for a month of the crossing. Father Nerinckx advised Van de Velde to enter Georgetown College and the novitiate of the Society of Jesus rather than the seminary at Bardstown, after he completed his two-year Jesuit novitiate at Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. Van de Velde continued his academic and theological studies for eight more years, while in Belgium, Van de Velde had mentored a young man named Judocus Francis Van Assche. Father Nerinckx was making a trip to Belgium in 1820. Though Van Assche received the letter in July 1820, it was not until September 23,1821 that he arrived in Philadelphia, during the delay Van Aasche was able to recruit eight other men to come with him and Nerinckx on their return to America. Father Nerinckx, himself, had recruited two men to become lay brothers at his own mission of Loretto in Kentucky, however, after their arrival in Philadelphia, the two groups briefly separated. Van Assches party of nine took a steamboat to Baltimore, where Archbishop Maréchal attempted to get Van Assche and his companions to remain
34.
Anthony O'Regan
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Anthony ORegan was an Irish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Chicago in the United States from 1854 to 1858, anthony ORegan was born in Lavalleyroe, County Mayo, and studied at Maynooth College. On December 9,1853, ORegan was appointed the third Bishop of Chicago, Illinois and he initially refused the appointment, feeling that his quiet scholarly background made him unsuitable for such an office, but accepted after the Holy See sent him a mandate in June 1854. He received his consecration on July 25,1854 from Archbishop Kenrick, with Bishops James Oliver Van de Velde, S. J. and John Henni serving as co-consecrators. After a severe spell of nervous debility, he finally reached Chicago and was installed as Bishop on the following September 3. He soon began construction on a new residence, completed in 1856. During his tenure, ORegan established the Jesuits and the Redemptorists, a systematic administrator and strong disciplinarian, however, he excited much dissatisfaction among his clergy. He was also accused of discriminating against his French-speaking congregations, distressed by the frequent opposition his administration met, he submitted his resignation in 1857, the Holy See accepted on June 25,1858, and named him Titular Bishop of Dora. ORegan retired to London, England, where he befriended the likes of Nicholas Wiseman and Henry Edward Manning and his funeral Mass was celebrated by Archbishop MacHale at Tuam Cathedral, and his remains were buried in Cloonfad
35.
James Duggan
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James Duggan was an Irish-American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Chicago from 1859 to 1869. James Duggan was born on May 22,1825 in Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland and he was ordained a priest on May 29,1847. In 1854 Archbishop Kenrick appointed Duggan vicar general of St, on May 1,1857, Kenrick consecrated Duggan titular bishop of Gabala and coadjutor bishop of St. Louis. Again he became administrator of the Diocese of Chicago when Bishop Anthony ORegan, on January 21,1859 Bishop Duggan was appointed the fourth bishop of Chicago, aged only 34. As bishop, Duggan faced challenges in Chicago, the legacy of the lack of leadership in the diocese, the effects of the financial panic of 1857. German Catholics were hostile to an Irish bishop, irish-born priests were hostile to his stand against the Fenian Brotherhood, he denied the sacraments to anyone tied to this secret society. In any event, Duggan had enjoyed a reputation, confirmed by his swift ecclesiastical promotion, for intelligence, affability, yet after he returned from the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866 he began to change, moodiness, erratic behavior, signs of stress. When Duggan traveled abroad to relax and recover, several of his priests concerned for the bishop’s stability took the opportunity to ask the Vatican to investigate. The Rev. Thomas Foley, a priest of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, was named Coadjutor bishop and he resigned officially as bishop on September 10,1880 and died at the sanatorium on March 27,1899. At a time before accurate diagnosis and treatment of illness was possible. The stigma of mental illness perhaps explains why this had not happened in 1912, the year the Mausoleum was completed
36.
Thomas Patrick Roger Foley
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Thomas Patrick Roger Foley was a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He served as Coadjutor Bishop of Chicago from March 10,1870 until his death on February 19,1879, born in Baltimore, Maryland, Foley attended local schools when he was convinced of a calling to Holy Orders. He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Baltimore on August 16,1846, on November 19,1869, he was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Chicago. On February 27,1870, Foley was consecrated bishop of Pergamum. He was installed as bishop at Holy Name Cathedral on March 10. He died in office before he could succeed the Bishop of Chicago
37.
Patrick Feehan
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Patrick Augustine Feehan, was an Irish-born American Catholic bishop. He served as the fifth Bishop and first Archbishop of Chicago between 1880 and 1902, during which the church in Chicago was elevated to an archdiocese, Patrick Augustine Feehan was born in Killenaulee, County Tipperary, in Ireland, to Patrick and Judith Cooney Feehan. His father was a gentleman farmer, at the age of ten he was sent to live with his paternal grandfather in order to attend school in Fethard. He returned to Killenaullee two years later when a school opened there, and at the age of fourteen took up the study of Gaelic, in 1845 he entered Castleknock College as an ecclesiastic student, where he befriended Charles Russell. In January 1847 he entered Maynooth College where he spent five years, Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick of St. Louis, Missouri had opened a seminary in Carondelet. Himself a graduate of Maynooth, Kenrick made a request of the faculty that Feehan, in 1852 Feehan left for the United States, his family had emigrated there two years earlier. Feehan was ordained on November 1,1852 and assigned to teach at the diocesan seminary, in July 1853 he was assigned to St. Johns parish in St. Louis, where during a cholera epidemic he tended the sick and coffined the dead. The following year he became President of the Theological Seminary in Carondelet, during the Civil War, the Sisters of Charity were given charge of a hospital located in the parish, where Feehan spent long hours comforting the sick and wounded. After the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, boatloads of wounded soldiers were brought to the city, for three days in succession, Feehan moved along the wharf and the stretchers laid in rows on the street administering last rites to those who would not make it to hospital. Feehan was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Nashville on June 7,1865, during the summer and fall of 1866 he worked to relieve the suffering of those suffering from an outbreak of cholera. In October 1866 he took part in the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, the diocese of Nashville, Tennessee, was also hard hit by bank closures and the depression of 1873. Bishop Feehan encouraged a group of men to create an organization that would be known as Catholic Knights of America. It was chartered in the state of Kentucky in 1877. The Catholic Knights of America celebrated its 125th Anniversary in 2002, in 2005 Catholic Knights of America merged with Catholic Knights Insurance Society of Milwaukee. In 2010 the organization merged with Catholic Family Life Insurance to form Catholic Financial Life, in 1877 and 1878 the Diocese was swept by yellow fever and lost thirteen religious sisters and nine priests, including the vicar-general. On September 10,1880, he was appointed Chicagos first archbishop, from 1880 to 1902, the Catholic population of Chicago nearly quadrupled, to 800,000, largely due to the arrival of immigrants. In adding to the Irish and German communities already established, Polish, Bohemian, French, Lithuanian, Italian, Croatian, Slovak, Chicago was still feeling he effects of the Great Fire of 1871 which destroyed many of the schools and churches. Feehan accommodated these diverse needs by creating parishes to serve ethnic communities, of the 140 parishes he founded,52 percent served a particular ethnic community
38.
James Edward Quigley
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James Edward Quigley was a Canadian-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Buffalo, New York and Archbishop of Chicago, james Quigley was born in Oshawa, Ontario, and came to the United States with his parents at age 2, settling at Lima, New York near Rochester. At the age of ten he was sent to live with his uncle, Father Edward Quigley and he then entered Our Lady of Angels Seminary at Niagara Falls, New York, and later furthered his studies at the University of Innsbruck in Austria and College of Propaganda in Rome. While in Rome, Quigley was ordained a priest on April 13,1879, following his return to the United States, he served as pastor of St. Vincents Church in Attica, New York until 1884, when he became rector of St. Josephs Cathedral in Buffalo. He was transferred to St. Bridgets Church in the city in 1886. On December 12,1896 he was appointed Bishop of Buffalo, nearly all the faculty and many of the students at Our Lady of the Angels Seminary went to Buffalo to observe the ceremonies. In keeping with Pope Leo XIIIs 1891 encyclopedia Rerum novarum, Quigley took an active interest in working conditions, during the dock strike of Buffalo in 1899 the Lake Carriers Association and the Longshoremens Union chose him as mediator. After ten days of negotiations, the strike was settled on terms reached by the bishop and it was routine to pay workers in saloons, where often the saloonkeeper was also the hiring boss. This practice was terminated and prohibited by the terms of the agreement, in 1902 socialists had begun to influence the unions in Buffalo to the extent that in some instances regulations were adopted that the Catholic members found unjust and oppressive. Mass meetings were held, at which Quigley spoke and he asserted the Churchs support of labor unions, denounced socialism and explained why the Church opposed the principles of socialism. The result was that the socialists lost control of the labor unions, Bishop Quigley was appointed Archbishop of Chicago, on January 8,1903 and installed March 10,1903. He served as archbishop until his death at the age of 60, Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago is named in his honor
39.
George Mundelein
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George William Mundelein was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Chicago from 1915 until his death, george Mundelein was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan to Francis and Mary Mundelein. One of three children, he had two sisters, Margaret and Anna and his father was of German descent, and his mother was Irish. His grandfather fought in the Civil War and he attended La Salle Academy and Manhattan College, where he befriended Patrick Joseph Hayes. He graduated from Manhattan in 1889 with high honors, returning to the United States, he then did pastoral work in the Diocese of Brooklyn and served as secretary to Bishop McDonnell until 1897. From 1897 to 1909, he was chancellor for the Diocese, on June 30,1909, Mundelein was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn and Titular Bishop of Loryma by Pope Pius X. He received his consecration on the following September 21 from Bishop McDonnell, with Bishops Charles H. Colton and John OConnor serving as co-consecrators. Mundelein was later named the third Archbishop of Chicago, Illinois and he was formally installed as archbishop on February 9,1916, and was appointed an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on May 8,1920. The soup was watered down due to the arrival of about fifty extra guests. None of the guests died, as a hastily prepared emetic was supplied by a doctor, J. B. Murphy. Mundelein ate only a bite or two of the soup, newspapers referred to the mass-murder attempt as the Mundelein poison soup plot. Dondoglio allegedly wrote letters to American newspapers after the crime and he was never apprehended, though police spent years taking men into custody thought to be Jean Crones. He died peacefully in Connecticut in 1932 where he had found haven with friends, the archdiocese greatly expanded its charity functions during the Great Depression, rivalling that of Chicagos Associated Jewish Charities. A city-wide network of St. Vincent de Paul Societies was established, Pope Pius XI created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria del Popolo in the consistory of March 24,1924. With his elevation, Chicago became the first diocese west of the Allegheny Mountains to have a cardinal, in 1933, he was appointed judge for the apostolic process for Mother Cabrinis cause for canonization. Mundelein died from disease in his sleep in Mundelein, Illinois. He is buried behind the altar of the chapel at Mundelein Seminary. Considered a liberal, Mundelein was a friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a staunch supporter of trade unions, the Cardinal once remarked, The trouble with in the past has been that we were too often allied or drawn into an alliance with the wrong side
40.
Samuel Stritch
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Samuel Alphonsius Stritch was an American Cardinal prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1940 to 1958 and he was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Pius XII in 1946. Samuel Stritch was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to Garret and his mother immigrated to the United States from Ireland with her parents at a young age, and settled in Louisville, Kentucky, where the family ran a boarding house. His father came to Louisville from Dublin in 1879, boarded with the OMalleys, Garret later worked as the manager of Sycamore Mills, a subsidiary of DuPont, in Nashville. The second youngest of eight children, Samuel had two brothers and five sisters and they attended the Church of the Assumption, considered something of a child prodigy, he finished grammar school at age 10 and high school at 14. In 1901, he entered St. Gregorys Preparatory Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, Bishop Thomas Sebastian Byrne then sent Stritch to study at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum De Propaganda Fide in Rome, where he resided at the Pontifical North American College. He later earned his doctorates in philosophy and in theology, while in Rome, he also befriended Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII. Stritch was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Pietro Respighi on May 21,1910, at age 22, he was below the age requirement for ordination but was granted a dispensation by Pope Pius X, who said, is young in years but old in intelligence. Upon returning to the United States, he did work in the Diocese of Nashville. He served as pastor of St. Patricks Church in Memphis from 1911 to 1913, Stritch was named diocesan chancellor in March 1917, and a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on May 10,1921. On August 10,1921, Stritch was appointed the second Bishop of Toledo, Ohio and he received his episcopal consecration on the following November 30 from Archbishop Henry K. Moeller, with Bishops John Baptist Morris and Thomas Edmund Molloy serving as co-consecrators. At age 34, he was the youngest bishop in the United States at the time, during his tenure in Toledo, Stritch established Mary Manse College in 1922 and incorporated the diocesan Catholic Charities in 1923. He also oversaw the beginning of the construction of Holy Rosary Cathedral, while in Toledo Stritch presided at the confirmation of Danny Thomas. Stritch would mentor Thomas throughout his life and urge him to locate St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital in Memphis, following the death of Sebastian Gebhard Messmer, Stritch was named the fifth Archbishop of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on August 26,1930. He suffered from periods of early in his tenure. Stritch was active in providing support to the victims of the Great Depression and it was because of the Depression that he refused to restore either the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist, which was heavily damaged by a fire in 1935, or St. Francis Seminary. Stritch was an advocate for Catholic Action and the Catholic Youth Organization, an opponent of the controversial Rev. In November 1939, he was elected chairman of the National Catholic Welfare Conference and he also served as vice-chancellor of the Extension Society
41.
Albert Gregory Meyer
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Albert Meyer was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Peter James and Mathilda Meyer, who were German immigrants. The fourth of five children, he had two brothers and two sisters, one became a nun. As a child, Meyer would pretend to say Mass with a toy altar and he received his early education under the School Sisters of Notre Dame at the parochial school of St. Marys Church. After attending Marquette Academy for two years, he entered St. Francis Seminary, in 1922, he was sent by Archbishop Sebastian Gebhard Messmer to continue his studies at the Pontifical North American College in Rome. On July 11,1926, Meyer was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Basilio Pompilj and he then studied at the Pontifical Biblical Institute, from where he obtained a doctorate in Holy Scriptures in 1930. Upon returning to the United States, he served as a curate at St. Josephs Church in Waukesha until 1931 and he there taught religion, Greek, Latin, biblical archeology, dogmatic theology and Holy Scriptures. When Aloisius Joseph Muench was named Bishop of Fargo, Meyer succeeded him as rector of St. Francis Seminary in 1937 and he was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate in 1938, and also served as a chaplain and adviser to the Serra Club. On February 18,1946, he was appointed the bishop of the Diocese of Superior. Bishop Meyer became the seventh Archbishop of Milwaukee on July 21,1953 and he was installed as Archbishop of Chicago on November 16,1958. When Meyer visited the victims of the Our Lady of the Angels School fire with then-Mayor Daley, he collapsed with grief while visiting the hospital. Cardinal Francis Spellman, archbishop of New York, lent support by travelling to Chicago in the aftermath of this tragedy, despite skepticism, Meyer was created Cardinal Priest of S. Cecilia by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of December 14,1959. He later participated at the first three sessions of the Second Vatican Council, from 1962 to 1964, and sat on its Board of Presidency, during the Council, Meyer showed himself to be of liberal tendencies and was viewed as the chief intellectual among the participating American hierarchy. Meyer was also one of the electors in the 1963 papal conclave. Meyer, a fisher, once called fishing the apostolic recreation. He served as Archbishop of Chicago until his death from an attack after an operation to remove a malignant brain tumor in Mercy Hospital at age 62. He is buried in the cemetery of the University of Saint Mary of the Lake in Mundelein, Cardinal Albert Meyer, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Official site of the Holy See
42.
John Cody
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John Patrick Cardinal Cody was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. A native of St. Louis, he served as Bishop of Kansas City–Saint Joseph, Archbishop of New Orleans and he was named a cardinal in 1967. John Cody was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Thomas Joseph and his father was an Irish immigrant who became deputy chief of the St Louis Fire Department. After attending Holy Rosary Parochial School, he entered St. Louis Preparatory Seminary at age 13 and he remained at St. Louis until 1926, when he was sent to continue his studies at the Pontifical North American College in Rome. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Sacred Theology from the College of the Propagation of the Faith, Cody was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani on December 8,1931. He remained in Rome for the six years as a staff member of the North American College. In 1938, he earned a Doctor of Canon Law from the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, and was awarded the Benemerenti medal for his services to the Secretariat of State. Upon his return to the United States, Cody served as secretary to Archbishop John J. Glennon until 1940. He was named a Privy Chamberlain in 1939 and a Domestic Prelate in 1946 and he accompanied Archbishop Glennon to Rome when the latter was named a cardinal, and was on hand when Glennon died on the return trip. On May 10,1947, Cody was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of St. Louis and he was appointed Coadjutor to the Bishop of Saint Joseph, Missouri, on January 27,1954. He was appointed Bishop of Kansas City–Saint Joseph, Missouri, on August 29,1956 and he became an object of national attention as archbishop, due to his predecessor Joseph Rummels efforts to desegregate the Catholic schools in the archdiocese. Cody was opposed to integrating the schools but did not stop the efforts, Cody was appointed Archbishop of Chicago, on June 14,1965, and installed August 24,1965. He was elevated to Cardinal on June 26,1967, roy Larsen, the Religion Editor of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, Legally, the investigations by the paper and the federal prosecutors ended inconclusively. In that sense, the tactics followed by Cody and his lawyers--chiefly a strategy of delays. Eight months before the first story was published, the US Attorneys office issued subpoenas to Cody and the archdiocese, even after the series was published, the stonewalling continued. Finally, the Cardinals health became an issue, on April 25,1982, he died, and in July 1982, Webb terminated the investigation, stating, Once the cardinal passed on, the investigation as to the allegations against the cardinal became moot. Cody often found his view of authority in conflict with a number of priests of his diocese. He was opposed to some of the decisions of Apostolic Delegate Jean Jadot, the opposition waned as Codys health declined in the early 1980s
43.
Joseph Bernardin
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Joseph Louis Bernardin was an American Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cincinnati from 1972 until 1982, Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II. Joseph Bernardin was born on April 2,1928, in Columbia, South Carolina, to Joseph and Maria Simion Bernardin and he was baptized and confirmed at St. Peters Catholic Church in Columbia. His father died of cancer when Bernardin was six and he took responsibility for his younger sister, Elaine, while his widowed mother worked as a seamstress. Bernardins original academic ambition was to become a physician, inspiring him to enroll in the program at the University of South Carolina. He then transferred to Saint Mary Seminary in Baltimore, Maryland and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy in 1948, and subsequently enrolled in The Catholic University of America to complete his theological studies. On April 26,1952, Bernardin was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Charleston by John J. Russell at St. Joseph Church and this diocese covers the entire state of South Carolina. In 1959, Pope John XXIII named Bernardin a Papal Chamberlain with the title Very Reverend Monsignor, on March 9,1966 Pope Paul VI appointed Monsignor Bernardin titular Bishop of Liguria and Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta. His episcopal consecration took place on April 26,1966 at the hands of his mentor, Bernardin, only 38 years old, thus became the youngest bishop in America. From 1966 to 1968, Bishop Bernardin served as rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, in 1968, he resigned as auxiliary bishop of Atlanta to become the first General Secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, a post he held until 1972. In 1969 Bishop Bernadin was instrumental in founding one of the conferences most influential and successful programs, Pope Paul VI appointed Bernardin Archbishop of Cincinnati on November 21,1972, and he was installed there December 19,1972. Bernardin served the Metropolitan See of Cincinnati for nearly ten years, while there he appointed the first woman editor of the archdiocesan newspaper, the Catholic Telegraph. Following the death of Cardinal John Cody of Chicago, Pope John Paul II chose Archbishop Bernardin, already prominent among his fellow American bishops and he was appointed the twelfth Bishop and seventh Archbishop of Chicago on July 10,1982. On August 25,1982, he was installed in that role by the Apostolic Delegate. Bernadin found an archdiocese in disarray, its priests disheartened by years of arbitrary administration, with his patient charm and willingness to listen, Bernardin won back the confidence of the clergy and the laity. In the Consistory of February 2,1983, he was elevated to the Sacred College of Cardinals by Pope John Paul II as Cardinal-Priest of Gesù Divino Lavoratore as his titular church and he also served as President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 1989, Bernardin was awarded the F. Sadlier Dinger Award by educational publisher William H. Sadlier, the award is presented annually in recognition of an outstanding contribution to the ministry of religious education in America. In May 1983, Bernadin received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the College of the Holy Cross, in 1995, Bernardin was honored by the University of Notre Dame when he received their highest honor, the Laetare Medal
44.
Francis George
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Francis Eugene George OMI was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop Emeritus of Chicago. He was the eighth Archbishop of Chicago and previously served as Bishop of Yakima and Archbishop of Portland, a member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, George was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998. He served as president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops from 2007 to 2010, on September 20,2014, Pope Francis accepted Georges resignation and appointed Bishop Blase J. Cupich of Spokane, Washington, to succeed him as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago. In this unusual circumstance, George was permitted to remain as the incumbent archbishop until Cupich was installed to succeed him on November 18,2014 and he was initially diagnosed with cancer in 2006, and died from the disease in 2015. Francis George was born on January 16,1937 in Chicago, Illinois, to Francis J. and he has an older sister, Margaret. He received his education at the parochial school of St. Pascal Church in Chicagos Northwest Side. George contracted polio at age 13 and he joined the Missionary Oblates on August 14,1957. He continued his studies at the Oblates novitiate in Godfrey before entering Our Lady of the Snows Seminary in Pass Christian, George was then sent to study theology at the University of Ottawa in Canada. He made his vows as a member of the Missionary Oblates on September 8,1961. On December 21,1963, George was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Raymond Hillinger at his parish of St. Pascal Church. He received a Bachelor of Theology degree from the University of Ottawa in 1964, followed by a Master of Arts degree in Philosophy from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. in 1965. He then taught philosophy at Our Lady of the Snows Seminary in Pass Christian, Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. He served as superior of the Midwestern Province for the Missionary Oblates in Saint Paul, Minnesota, from 1973 until 1974. Based in Rome, he served as general for 12 years. He obtained a Doctor of Sacred Theology degree from the Pontifical Urbaniana University in 1988, with a thesis entitled, Inculturation and communion. George returned to the United States, where he served as coordinator of the Circle of Fellows at the Center for the Study of Faith and Culture in Cambridge, on July 10,1990, George was appointed the fifth Bishop of Yakima in Washington by Pope John Paul II. He took as his motto, Christo Gloria in Ecclesia. George served the Diocese of Yakima for five and a half years and he was episcopal advisor to the Cursillo Movement from 1990 to 1997, and episcopal moderator of the National Catholic Office for Persons with Disabilities from 1990 to 2008
45.
Blase J. Cupich
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Blase Joseph Cupich is an American prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal who serves as the ninth archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago. He is also a member of the Roman Curias Congregation for Bishops, Cupich was the choice of Pope Francis to succeed Francis Cardinal George as Archbishop of Chicago on September 20,2014. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, he was ordained a priest there in 1975 and he was named the Bishop of Rapid City, South Dakota, by Pope John Paul II in 1998. Cupich then served as the bishop of the Diocese of Spokane and he has been a member of the College of Cardinals since November 19,2016. Blase Joseph Cupich was born in Omaha, Nebraska, into a family of Croatian descent, as one of the nine children of Blase and Mary Cupich. Cupich then studied in Rome at the Pontifical North American College and Pontifical Gregorian University, earning a Bachelors in Sacred Theology and a Master of Arts in Theology. Cupich was ordained to the priesthood on August 16,1975, in the Archdiocese of Omaha, he served as director of the Office for Divine Worship and as chairman of the Commission on Youth from 1978 to 1981. He completed his studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington. From 1980 to 1981, Cupich was an instructor of the Continuing Education of Priests Program and he then served as secretary of the nunciature to the United States until 1987, and occasionally acted as spokesman for the mission. On July 6,1998, Cupich was appointed the seventh Bishop of Rapid City, South Dakota and he was consecrated as bishop by Archbishop Harry Flynn of Saint Paul and Minneapolis on September 21,1998. The co-consecrators were Archbishops Elden Francis Curtiss of Omaha and Charles Joseph Chaput, in 2002, Cupich prohibited a Traditional Latin Mass community from celebrating the Paschal Triduum liturgies according to the 1962 form of the Roman Rite. During the 2004 presidential election, Cupich did not join those bishops who said that holy communion should be denied to American Catholic politicians who support abortion rights and he said, We cannot cherry-pick particular issues. We have to be willing to talk about all issues and our position begins with protecting the unborn, but it doesnt end there. Two years later, as South Dakota voters considered a referendum that would ban abortion except to save the mothers life and he proposed three conditions for the conduct of political debate,1. It must be recognized both the issue of abortion and legal restrictions on abortion are inevitably moral questions informed by moral values. There should be agreement that any discussion of abortion and the law must recognize both the suffering of the children in abortion and the suffering of pregnant women in dire circumstances. There must be a commitment to dialogue that is civil, interactive, the statute was defeated 55% to 45%. Because of that possibility, it is worth recalling for Catholics
