1.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Pennsylvania
–
Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Christian denomination
–
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organisation, leadership and doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, groups of denominations—often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—are sometimes known as branches of Christianity or denominational families. Individual Christian groups vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another, several groups claim to be the direct and sole authentic successor of the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term denomination to describe themselves, however, the Catholic Church does not view itself as a denomination, but as the original pre-denominational church. This view is rejected by other Christian denominations, Protestant denominations account for approximately 37 percent of Christians worldwide. Together, Catholicism and Protestantism comprise Western Christianity, Western Christian denominations prevail in Western, Northern, Central and Southern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas and Oceania. The Eastern Orthodox Church, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents, is the second-largest Christian organization in the world, unlike the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church is itself a communion of fully independent autocephalous churches that mutually recognize each other to the exclusion of others. The Eastern Orthodox Church, together with Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East, Eastern Christian denominations are represented mostly in Eastern Europe, North Asia, the Middle East and Northeast Africa. Christians have various doctrines about the Church and about how the church corresponds to Christian denominations. Both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox hold that their own organizations faithfully represent the One Holy catholic and Apostolic Church to the exclusion of the other, sixteenth-century Protestants separated from the Catholic Church because of theologies and practices that they considered to be in violation of their own interpretation. But some non-denominational Christians do not follow any particular branch, though regarded as Protestants. Each group uses different terminology to discuss their beliefs and this section will discuss the definitions of several terms used throughout the article, before discussing the beliefs themselves in detail in following sections. A denomination within Christianity can be defined as an autonomous branch of the Christian Church, major synonyms include religious group, sect, Church. Some traditional and evangelical Protestants draw a distinction between membership in the church and fellowship within the local church. Becoming a believer in Christ makes one a member of the universal church, a related concept is denominationalism, the belief that some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Protestant leaders differ greatly from the views of the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, each church makes mutually exclusive claims for itself to be the direct continuation of the Church founded by Jesus Christ, from whom other denominations later broke away. These churches, and a few others, reject denominationalism, Christianity can be taxonomically divided into five main groups, the Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism
4.
Parish church
–
A parish church in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish. The church building reflects this status, and there is variety in the size. Many villages in Europe have churches that date back to the Middle Ages, in England, it is the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches. Nearly every part of England is in a parish, and most parishes have an Anglican parish church, in cities without a cathedral of a certain Christian denomination, the parish church may have administrative functions similar to that of a cathedral. However, the diocese will still have a cathedral, while smaller villages may only have a parish church, larger towns may have a parish church and then also smaller churches in various districts which do not have the status of parish church. Often the parish church will be the one to have a full-time minister. One sign of this is that the church is the only one to have a baptismal font. The Church of Scotland, the established Presbyterian church, also uses a system of parish churches, in Massachusetts, towns elected publicly funded parish churches from 1780 until 1834. Toward the end of the 20th century, a new resurgence in interest in parish churches emerged across the United States and this has given rise to efforts like the Slow Church Movement and The Parish Collective which focus heavily on localized involvement across work, home, and church life. Theologically, many Protestants have embraced the model as having roots in a Reformed view of eschatology. It’s a way of saying ‘I believe in the Incarnation, ’” says pastor Raymond F. Cannata, “Having an earthy eschatology is part of it. ”Roman Catholic parish church Church of England parish church Smith, C. Slow Church, Cultivating Community in the Patient Way of Jesus
5.
Cathedral
–
A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is Dom from Latin domus ecclesiae or domus episcopalis, also Italian Duomo, Dutch Domkerk, when the church at which an archbishop or metropolitan presides is specifically intended, the term kathedrikos naos is used. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts, consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. In the Catholic tradition, the term cathedral correctly applies only to a church houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbacy serves the same function, the Catholic Church also uses the following terms. A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation and this designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues. A co-cathedral is a cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. A proto-cathedral is the cathedral of a transferred see. The cathedral church of a bishop is called the metropolitan cathedral. The term cathedral actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, nevertheless, most cathedrals are particularly impressive edifices. The building is now under renovation and restoration for solemn dedication under the title Christ Cathedral in 2018, in the ancient world the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishops role as teacher. A raised throne within a hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate. The history of cathedrals starts in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity, in the third century, the phrase ascending the platform, ad pulpitum venire, becomes the standard term for Christian ordination. During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or domus ecclesiae was entombed in a bank, surviving when excavated. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all, in 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, in the form of an open letter. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a basilica. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which remains are still visible is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. The three halls create a courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery
6.
Diocese
–
The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
7.
Society Hill
–
Society Hill is a historic neighborhood in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with a population of 6,215 as of the 2010 United States Census. Settled in the early 1680s, Society Hill is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods in Philadelphia, after urban decay developed between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an urban renewal program began in the 1950s, restoring the area and its many historic buildings. Society Hill has since become one of the most expensive neighborhoods with the highest average income, the neighborhood contains one of the largest concentrations of original 18th- and early 19th-century buildings in the United States. Society Hill is named after the 17th-century Free Society of Traders, Society Hill was initially known as the Dock Ward, a designation that fit it until well after World War II when the shipping industry declined and relocated. The Dock Ward, first defined in 1705, was one of the ten original wards that the city used to land east of 7th Street. As part of the 1854 Act of Consolidation, the Dock Ward was renamed the 5th Ward, the wards were realigned in 1965 and the boundaries of the 5th Ward no longer correspond to Society Hills boundaries. The land area of Society Hill is approximately 0.254 square miles, bordering the Delaware River just south of Old City and Independence Hall, Society Hill is loosely defined as bounded by Walnut, Lombard, Front and 8th Streets. The Society Hill Civic Association further subdivides Society Hill along Spruce Street and 4th Street into quadrants by intercardinal directions, northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest. With prime access to the Delaware River and Philadelphias civic buildings, including Independence Hall, several market halls, taverns and churches were built alongside brick houses of Philadelphias affluent citizens. Dock Creek came to be the public sewer, after the Revolutionary War, the city filled in the polluted Dock Creek, and created a new food distribution market on the street created by filling in the creek. In the 19th century, the city expanded westward and the area lost its appeal, houses deteriorated, and by the 1940s, Society Hill had become a slum neighborhood, one of the worst in the city. In the 1950s, the city, state and federal governments began one of the first urban renewal programs aimed at the preservation of historic buildings, replicas of 18th-century street lights and brick sidewalks were added to enhance the colonial atmosphere. Empty lots and demolished buildings were replaced with parks, walkways, from 1957-1959, the Greater Philadelphia Movement, the Redevelopment Authority and the Old Philadelphia Development Corporation bought 31 acres around Dock Street. They demolished and relocated the Dock Street market, setting aside 5 acres of land that would become the Society Hill Towers. In 1957, Edmund Bacon, the director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, awarded developer-architect firm Webb. Architect I. M. Pei and his team designed a plan for three 31-story Society Hill Towers and low-rise buildings, the Towers and townhouses project was completed in 1964, while the entire plan was completed in 1977. Architect Louis Sauer designed dozens of projects for the area around Society Hill, including Waverly Court. The synagogue was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, another notable building is St. Peters Church, constructed between 1758 and 1761 by Robert Smith
8.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in southeastern Pennsylvania, in the United States. It covers the City and County of Philadelphia as well as Bucks, Chester, Delaware, the diocese was erected by Pope Pius VII on April 8,1808, from territories of the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Originally the diocese included all of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and seven counties, the diocese was raised to the dignity of a metropolitan archdiocese on February 12,1875. The seat of the archbishop is the Cathedral-Basilica of Ss, the territory of the province is coextensive with the state of Pennsylvania. The history of the Catholic Church in the dates back to William Penn. Michael Egan was appointed as the first bishop and was consecrated as a bishop on October 28,1810, in 1868, the dioceses of Harrisburg, Scranton, and Wilmington were erected from the territory of the diocese. Philadelphia was raised to an archiepiscopal see on February 12,1875, with Harrisburg. On January 28,1961, the five counties of Berks, Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton. By 1969, the archdiocese had grown to 1,351,704 parishioners,1,096 diocesan priests,676 priests of religious institutes and 6,622 religious women. Beginning in 2005, members of the diocese and its hierarchy have been impacted by sexual abuse scandals. Two grand jury reports, guilty pleas and convictions indicate administrative mishandling of cases, in February 2012, the diocese announced the largest reorganization of their elementary and high school education system, with numerous recommended school closings and/or mergers. F. M. † = deceased The archdiocese is sub-divided into 12 Regional Deaneries, present Deans and their Deaneries are as follows, The first Catholic school established in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia was at St. Mary Parish in Philadelphia during the late eighteenth century. During the nineteenth century, Bishop Kenrick encouraged the establishment of Catholic schools, subsequently, St. John Neumann made the establishment of parish elementary schools a priority and by 1860 there were seventeen parish elementary schools in Philadelphia. Between 1900 and 1930, Catholic elementary schools increased to 124 schools in Philadelphia and 78 schools in the four suburban counties, between 1945 and 1965,62 new Catholic elementary schools were established. With the foundation of Archbishop Ryan School for Children with Deafness in 1912, in 1951, John Cardinal OHara responded to the requests of hundreds of parents who sought education, and particularly education in the faith, for their children with mental retardation. Queen of the Universe Day Center was added in 1980 to serve students with mental retardation in Bucks County and these five schools of special education have been generously supported by the Catholic Charities Appeal. Leadership within the Archdiocese of Philadelphia envisioned a comprehensive education for secondary students. The first free Catholic high school in the United States was the Roman Catholic High School of Philadelphia, the Catholic Girls High School was founded in 1912
9.
Old St. Joseph's Church
–
Old St. Josephs Church was the first Roman Catholic church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U. S. founded in 1733. Old St. Josephs Church was founded by Fr, Joseph Greaton, an English Jesuit who came to Philadelphia from Maryland in 1729 to establish a mission. He originally celebrated Mass in his house at 321 Willings Alley, Father Greaton built the first chapel in 1733, almost certainly a house-chapel attached to the residence of Father Greaton. The right of Catholics to worship in Pennsylvania at what was termed the Romish Chapel was challenged the following year by the Governor General of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly ultimately decided not to ban celebration of Mass and cited William Penns Charter of Privileges as controlling, no where else could Catholics enjoy public worship to the extent possible in 18th century Philadelphia. In 1757, the chapel was replaced by a larger church, marquis de Lafayette and the Comte de Rochambeau, worshiped at St. Joseph. The American and French armies celebrated high mass at St. Josephs after the victory at Yorktown, in 1793 a yellow fever epidemic swept the central area of Philadelphia, killing ten per cent of the population. Old St. Josephs established an orphanage to care for some of the children left without families due to the epidemic. The church became integrated in the 1790s when slaves fleeing a revolution in Santo Domingo settled in Philadelphia. St. Marys Charity School educated these immigrants, ultimately leading to the establishment of St. Peter Claver School in Philadelphia later in the 19th Century. Nearby St. Marys Church, built in 1763, was used for grander occasions—and was visited by dignitaries such as George Washington. The church remains a parish of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, run by the Jesuit fathers, with Masses Monday through Saturday at 12,05 p. m. Saturday and, on Sundays, at 7,30,9,30, under the churchs Carewalk program workers take food to the areas homeless in the evenings. The church structure is uniquely sited and nearly impossible to see from the street, one story relates that Benjamin Franklin advised Father Greaton to protect the church, since religious bigotry wasnt unknown even in the Quaker city. The front wall of the church is a party wall to a neighboring structure, the entrance to the church from Willings Alley remains through a narrow arch with iron gates which opens to an unassuming courtyard which conceals the nature of the church building. On one occasion Quakers had to patrol St. Josephs to prevent a Protestant mob from disrupting the service. The only entrances to the sanctuary are on side, towards the back of the church, because there are unrelated buildings in front of and behind the church building on Walnut. The present church is the third on the site and was dedicated in 1839, parishioner John Darragh was the builder-architect
10.
George Washington
–
George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
11.
John Adams
–
John Adams was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President. He was a lawyer, diplomat, statesman, political theorist, and, as a Founding Father and he was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor Abigail. He collaborated with his cousin, revolutionary leader Samuel Adams, Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, where he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, as a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers. Adams was the author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which influenced American political theory. Adamss credentials as a revolutionary secured for him two terms as President George Washingtons vice president and also his own election in 1796 as the second president. In his single term as president, he encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans, as well as the dominant faction in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the army, the major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamiltons opposition. Due to his strong posture on defense, Adams is often called the father of the American Navy and he was the first U. S. president to reside in the executive mansion, now known as the White House. In 1800, Adams lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson and retired to Massachusetts and he eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson upon the latters own retirement by initiating a correspondence which lasted fourteen years. He and his wife established a family of politicians, diplomats, Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. He died on the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Modern historians in the aggregate have favorably ranked his administration, John Adams was born on October 30,1735 to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two brothers, Peter and Elihu. Adams birthplace was then in Braintree, Massachusetts, and is preserved at Adams National Historical Park, Adams mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregationalist deacon, a farmer, a cordwainer, the Deacon also served as a selectman and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship, though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt an acute responsibility to live up to his familys heritage of reverence. Journalist Richard Brookhiser wrote that Adams Puritan ancestors believed they lived in the Bible, England under the Stuarts was Egypt, they were Israel fleeing
12.
Francis Kenrick
–
Francis Kenrick was born in Dublin to Thomas and Jane Kenrick. His younger brother, Peter Richard Kenrick, would become the first Archbishop of St. Louis. His uncle was the pastor of St. Nicholas of Myra Church in Dublin, at the age of eighteen, he was selected to study at the Urban College of Propaganda in Rome, where he became a distinguished student. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Candido Maria Frattini on 7 April 1821, shortly after his ordination, Kenrick accepted an invitation from Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget, S. S. to join the Diocese of Bardstown, Kentucky, in the United States. He then held the chair of theology at St. Thomas Seminary for nine years, in addition to teaching Greek, apart from his academic duties, he also engaged in missionary work, he facilitated several conversions and publicly debated with Protestant ministers. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and effective apologist, Kenrick was later made private secretary to Flaget, whom he accompanied to the First Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1829 as his personal theologian. He also served as an assistant secretary of the Council, on 25 February 1830, Kenrick was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Philadelphia, and Titular Bishop of Arath by Pope Pius VIII. He received his consecration on the following 6 June from Flaget, with Bishops Henry Conwell and John Baptist Mary David, S. S. serving as co-consecrators. Kenrick assumed full administrative powers from the aged Bishop Conwell, whose tenure had been plagued by a feud with a schismatic priest named William Hogan. Immediately upon his arrival, he became engaged in the long-running dispute between episcopal authority and the lay trustees of St. Marys Church. The trustees eventually conceded their struggle for power after Kenrick placed St. Marys Cathedral under interdict and he also placed all church property in the name of the bishop instead of those of the trustees. In 1832, Kenrick founded St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, which was located at his personal residence. That same year an outbreak of cholera took place in Philadelphia, the Committee of the Almshouse, later known as Philadelphia General Hospital, asked Bishop Kenrick if he could request additional help from the Sisters of Charity to serve as nurses. Kenrick succeeded Conwell as the third Bishop of Philadelphia upon the death on 22 April 1842. As Bishop, Kenrick expressed public concern over the fact that Catholics in Philadelphia were forced to participate in Protestant religious instruction in the public schools. This dispute led to the 1844 Philadelphia Nativist Riots, a series of riots resulting from increasing anti-Catholic sentiment at the population of Irish Catholic immigrants. Although most of the patients cared for by the Sisters at St. Augustine were listed as non-Catholic, throughout the violence, Kenrick encouraged Catholics to follow peace and have charity. He also closed all Catholic churches and ordered the suspension of all Masses until the riots were brought to a halt by military force
13.
Henry Conwell
–
Henry Conwell was an Irish-born Catholic bishop in the United States. He became a priest in 1776 and served in capacity in Ireland for more than four decades. After the Pope declined to appoint him Archbishop of Armagh, the diocese in which he served as Vicar General, he was instead installed as the second Bishop of Philadelphia in 1819. Conwell took up the post at an age, and spent much of his time there feuding with the lay trustees of his parishes. When Conwell removed and excommunicated William Hogan, a controversial priest at St. Marys, the two sides partially reconciled by 1826, but the Vatican hierarchy believed Conwell had ceded too much power to the laymen in the process, and recalled him to Rome. Although he retained his position, Conwell was compelled to relinquish control to his coadjutor bishop. He remained in Philadelphia and performed some duties, but for all practical purposes no longer ran the diocese. He died there in 1842 at the age of about 94, Conwell was born about 1748 in Moneymore, County Londonderry, Ireland, the son of Owen Conwell and his wife, Mary Conwell. He studied at the Irish College in Paris and was ordained to the priesthood there in November 1776, Conwell was well-educated, being fluent in Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian, but had a reputation as a preacher of only modest ability. He was appointed parish priest of Dungannon in 1792 or 1793, after the death of Archbishop Richard OReilly in 1818, Conwell served as acting Archbishop. Many of the clergy who served him in Armagh recommended that the Pope appoint Conwell to head the diocese permanently. Some opposed him, accusing him of being absent from his parish to visit France. The British government also objected, favoring Patrick Curtis instead, as they saw him as friendly to their interests. The Vatican agreed, and Pope Pius VII appointed Curtis to Armagh, offering Conwell instead a choice of the sees of Philadelphia or Madras, the see of Philadelphia had been vacant since the death of Bishop Michael Francis Egan in 1814, despite several efforts to fill it. There was also a significant dispute over the rights of lay trustees that was likely to complicate the job of running the diocese. In Europe, the Church owned property and directly controlled its parishes through the clergy, in the United States, however, early Catholic churches were typically founded by laymen who purchased the property, and erected the church buildings. Those laypeople accordingly demanded some control over the administration of the parish, in a larger sense, the dispute represented a difference in understandings of authority between Americans and Europeans. Conwell arrived in Philadelphia on December 2,1820, the trusteeism dispute had only grown more bitter during the vacancy that preceded Conwells arrival
14.
Assumption of Mary
–
The Catholic Church teaches as dogma that the Virgin Mary having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory. This doctrine was defined by Pope Pius XII on 1 November 1950. In the churches that observe it, the Assumption is a major feast day, in many countries, the feast is also marked as a Holy Day of Obligation in the Roman Catholic Church and as a festival in the Anglican Communion. The Catholic Church itself interprets chapter 12 of the Book of Revelation as referring to it, the earliest known narrative is the so-called Liber Requiei Mariae, which survives intact only in an Ethiopic translation. Probably composed by the 4th century, this Christian apocryphal narrative may be as early as the 3rd century, also quite early are the very different traditions of the Six Books Dormition narratives. The earliest versions of this apocryphon are preserved by several Syriac manuscripts of the 5th and 6th centuries, although the text itself probably belongs to the 4th century. The story also appears in De Transitu Virginis, a late 5th century work ascribed to St. Melito of Sardis that presents a theologically redacted summary of the traditions in the Liber Requiei Mariae. The Transitus Mariae tells the story of the apostles being transported by white clouds to the deathbed of Mary, the Decretum Gelasianum in the 490s declared some transitus Mariae literature apocryphal. An Armenian letter attributed to Dionysus the Areopagite also mentioned the supposed event, john of Damascus, from this period, is the first church authority to advocate the doctrine under his own name. His contemporaries, Gregory of Tours and Modestus of Jerusalem, helped promote the concept to the wider church. In some versions of the story, the event is said to have taken place in Ephesus, in the House of the Virgin Mary, although this is a more recent. The earliest traditions locate the end of Marys life in Jerusalem, in a later tradition, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event. This incident is depicted in later paintings of the Assumption. It was celebrated in the West under Pope Sergius I in the 8th century, theological debate about the Assumption continued, following the Reformation, climaxing in 1950 when Pope Pius XII defined it as dogma for the Catholic Church. Catholic theologian Ludwig Ott stated, The idea of the assumption of Mary is first expressed in certain transitus-narratives of the fifth and sixth centuries. The first Church author to speak of the assumption of Mary. The Catholic writer Eamon Duffy states that there is, clearly, however, the Catholic Church has never asserted nor denied that its teaching is based on the apocryphal accounts. The Church documents are silent on this matter and instead rely upon other sources, Pope Pius XII deliberately left open the question of whether Mary died before her Assumption
15.
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic
–
During the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia,5,000 or more people were listed in the official register of deaths between August 1 and November 9. The vast majority of them died of fever, making the epidemic in the city of 50,000 people one of the most severe in United States history. By the end of September,20,000 people had fled the city, the mortality rate peaked in October, before frost finally killed the mosquitoes and brought an end to the epidemic in November. Doctors tried a variety of treatments, but knew neither the origin of the fever nor that it was transmitted by mosquitoes, the mayor and a committee of two dozen organized a fever hospital at Bush Hill and other crisis measures. Black nurses aided the sick and the groups leaders hired additional men to take away corpses, blacks in the city died at the same rate as whites, about 240 altogether. Some neighboring towns refused to let refugees in from Philadelphia, for fear they were carrying the fever, major port cities such as Baltimore and New York had quarantines against refugees and goods from Philadelphia although New York sent financial aid to the city. In the Spring of 1793, French colonial refugees, some slaves, arrived from Cap Français. The 2,000 immigrants were fleeing the revolution in the north of the island. They crowded the port of Philadelphia, where the first yellow fever epidemic in 30 years began in the city in August and it is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes. It is transmitted during mosquito bites, the mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever and other diseases, doctors and other survivors of the epidemic wrote extensively about it trying to learn from the crisis. In the ports and coastal areas of the United States, even in the northeast, the months of August and September were considered the sickly season, in the South, planters and other people wealthy enough usually left the Low Country during this season. Natives thought that newcomers especially had to undergo a seasoning and were likely to die of what were thought to be seasonal fevers in their early years in the region. Philadelphia then was the capital of the United States. The first two people to die of yellow fever in early August in Philadelphia were both recent immigrants, one from Ireland and the other from Saint-Domingue, letters describing their cases were published in a pamphlet about a month after they died. The young doctor sent by the Overseers of the Poor to treat the Irish woman was perplexed, note, A2013 history book by Billy G. See, The Ship of Death, The Voyage That Changed the Atlantic World. Rush alerted his colleagues and the government that the city faced an epidemic of highly contagious, adding to the alarm was that, unlike with most fevers, the principal victims were not the very young or very old. Many of the deaths were teenagers and heads of families in the dockside areas
16.
John Barry (naval officer)
–
John Barry was an officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the United States Navy. He came to be credited as The Father of the American Navy and was appointed a captain in the Continental Navy on December 7,1775. He was the first captain placed in command of a US warship commissioned for service under the Continental flag, after the war, he became Americas first commissioned naval officer, at the rank of commodore, receiving his commission from President George Washington in 1797. Barry was born on March 25,1745, in Tacumshane, County Wexford, when Barrys family was evicted from their home by their British landlord, they moved to Rosslare on the coast, where his uncle worked a fishing skiff. As a young man, Barry determined upon a life as a seaman, Barry received his first captains commission in the Continental Navy on March 14,1776, signed by John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Barry was a man and began each day at sea with a reading from the Bible. He had great regard for his crew and their well being, during his naval career Barry commanded United States Ships Delaware, Lexington, Raleigh, and Alliance. In 1777 Barry commanded the ship USS Delaware, a brig sailing under a letter of marque capturing English vessels in the Delaware River, in 1778 Barry assumed command of the USS Raleigh, capturing three prizes before being run aground in action on September 27,1778. Her crew scuttled her, but she was raised by the British, Captain Barry was given command of USS Lexington, of 14 guns, on December 7,1775. It was the first commission issued by the Continental Congress, the Lexington sailed March 31,1776. On June 28, Pennsylvanias brig Nancy arrived in the area with 386 barrels of powder in her hold, Barry ordered the precious powder rowed ashore during the night leaving only 100 barrels in Nancy at dawn. A delayed action fuse was left inside the brig, which exploded the powder just as a boatload of British seamen boarded Nancy and this engagement became known as the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet. Barry continued in command of Lexington until October 18,1776, Barry authored a signal book published in 1780 to improve communications at sea among vessels traveling in formation. He and his crew of the USS Alliance fought and won the naval battle of the American Revolution off the coast of Cape Canaveral on March 10,1783. He was seriously wounded on May 29,1781, while in command of Alliance during her capture of HMS Atalanta, Barry was successful in suppressing three mutinies during his career as an officer in the Continental Navy. John Barry was once offered 100,000 British pounds and command of any frigate in the entire British Navy if he would desert the American Navy. Outraged at the offer, Captain Barry responded that not all the money in the British treasury or command of its entire fleet could tempt him to desert his adopted country. On February 22,1797, he was issued Commission Number 1 by President George Washington and he is recognized as not only the first American commissioned naval officer but also as its first flag officer
17.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
18.
James Campbell (postmaster general)
–
James Campbell was a politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served as Attorney-General of Pennsylvania and United States Postmaster General during the presidency of Franklin Pierce, born in Philadelphia, his father was Anthony Campbell, and his grandfather was George Campbell, a native of Fintona, County Tyrone, Ireland. James was educated at the school of Geraldus Stockdale, studied law with Hon. Robert D. Ingraham. He was made a commissioner of the district of Southwark the day after his admission and he offered on April 16,1840, the resolution which established the Girls High School of Philadelphia. He served on the board of education until 1840, when he was appointed, after the states constitution was amended in 1850 to allow elected judges, he was nominated for the Supreme Court, at a period when Know-Nothingism and anti-Catholic feeling was rife. James Buchanan remarked to a friend in Pennsylvania, It would be a sad affair for the party and he is the first Catholic, I believe, who has ever been upon a ticket for a State office & he is worthy & well qualified. Should he fail, this will be attributed to his religious faith, of course, I hope our friends every where will bear this in mind. You exercise a potent influence & can do much to prevent such a catastrophe, Campbells Cabinet service was a reward to the faction of the Democratic Party that supported James Buchanan in the 1852 presidential nomination convention. Furthermore, as a Catholic, Campbells nomination helped Pierce reach out to new voters from Ireland, in 1861 he was a candidate for the United States Senate against Charles R. Buckalew but was defeated by one vote in the state legislature, which at the time elected Senators. In 1873 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania and he served in these positions until his death. Even with all the cares that surrounded him, he was ready to respond to the slightest call from any of the refuges of the poor. He made visits almost daily to St. Campbell died in Philadelphia, prior to his death, Campbell had been the last surviving member of the Pierce Cabinet. In 1959 Allegheny Square Park in the Port Richmond section of Philadelphia was renamed Campbell Square in his honor, the park is located on Allegheny Avenue between Almond and Belgrade Streets. Park maintenance continues through Friends of Campbell Square
19.
Louis XVI of France
–
Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France and Navarre before the French Revolution, during which he was also known as Louis Capet. In 1765, at the death of his father, Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir apparent of Louis XV of France, Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 January 1793. The first part of his reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideas and these included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the reforms with hostility. Louis implemented deregulation of the market, advocated by his liberal minister Turgot. In periods of bad harvests, it would lead to food scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt, from 1776, Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the Ancien Régime and this led to the convening of the Estates-General of 1789. In 1789, the storming of the Bastille during riots in Paris marked the beginning of the French Revolution. Louiss indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the tyranny of the Ancien Régime. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined, and the abolition of the monarchy, Louis XVI was the only King of France ever to be executed, and his death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Louis-Auguste de France, who was given the title Duc de Berry at birth, was born in the Palace of Versailles. Out of seven children, he was the son of Louis, the Dauphin of France. His mother was Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, the daughter of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. A strong and healthy boy, but very shy, Louis-Auguste excelled in his studies and had a taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy. He enjoyed physical activities such as hunting with his grandfather, and rough-playing with his brothers, Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence. From an early age, Louis-Auguste had been encouraged in another of his hobbies, locksmithing, upon the death of his father, who died of tuberculosis on 20 December 1765, the eleven-year-old Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin. His mother never recovered from the loss of her husband, and died on 13 March 1767, throughout his education, Louis-Auguste received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities. His instructors may have also had a hand in shaping Louis-Auguste into the indecisive king that he became
20.
Mathew Carey
–
Mathew Carey was an Irish-born American publisher and economist who lived and worked in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Carey was born in Dublin into a family in 1760. He entered the bookselling and printing business in 1775, and when only seventeen published a pamphlet criticizing dueling. This publication was followed by another work criticizing the severity of the Irish penal code. As a result, the British House of Commons threatened him with prosecution, there he met Benjamin Franklin, the ambassador representing the American Revolutionary forces, who achieved independence that year. Franklin took Carey on to work in his printing office, Carey worked for Franklin for a year before returning to Ireland, where he edited two Irish nationalist newspapers, The Freemans Journal and The Volunteers Journal. To avoid imprisonment and prosecution by the British, Carey dressed as a woman, Carey printed the first American version of the Douay–Rheims Bible, popularly known as the Carey Bible, in 48 weekly installments, which subscribers could then have bound. It was the first Roman Catholic version of the Bible printed in the United States, Carey also printed numerous editions of the King James Version. In 1794-1796, Carey published Americas first atlases and his 1802 map of Washington, D. C. was the first to name the stretch of land west of the United States Capitol as the Mall. He frequently wrote on social topics, including events during the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793. Carey reported on debates in the legislature as well as provided political commentary in his essays. He was a Catholic as well as founding member of the American Sunday-School Society, along with Quaker merchant Thomas P. Cope, Dr. Benjamin Rush and Episcopal bishop William White. During Careys lifetime, the firm evolved to M. Carey & Son, M. Carey & Sons. Carey retired in 1825, leaving the business to his son, Henry Charles Carey. Lea and Henry Carey made the successful and, for a time it was one of the most prominent publishers in the country. The business published such works as, The Encyclopedia Americana, A dictionary of German lexicon, as well as American editions of the works of Sir Walter Scott, upon arriving in America, Carey quickly developed political connections in the developing country. One of his most important supporters was John Adams, still a figure of the Federalist Party at the time. Carey’s passionate support for the establishment of an American Navy contributed significantly to his alliance with the Federalists, throughout his political career in America, Carey supported the development and maintenance of American naval strength, even after joining Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans in 1796
21.
Thomas Fitzsimons
–
Thomas Fitzsimons was an American merchant and statesman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Convention, Fitzsimons ancestry has not been verified, but one theory is that Fitzsimons was born at Ballikilty, north Co. Wexford, Leinster province, Ireland, in October,1741 and he was a member of a collection of Irish families with the name Fitzsymons and its variants. In 1760 he immigrated to Philadelphia where his father soon died, however, Fitzsimons had enough education that he could begin work as a clerk in a mercantile house. He married Catherine Meade on November 23,1761 and formed a partnership with her brother George. Their firm, which specialized in the West Indies trade, would operate for over 41 years. However, this firm was hit by the new revenue measures created to help support the finances of the British Empire. When Pennsylvania began mobilizing and organizing a militia to fight the British and he served as captain of a company of home guards, which he raised, under the command of Colonel John Caldwalader. Initially his company served as part of the soldiers who manned posts along the New Jersey coast to defend against British actions and his unit later served as part of the reserve at the Battle of Trenton in 1776. Later in the war, he served on the Pennsylvania Council of Safety, under this role, he helped organize the strategic resources of Pennsylvania, and later provided supplies, ships, and money in support of Pennsylvanian and French forces. Thomas Fitzsimons entered active politics as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783 and he was a member of Pennsylvanias House of Representatives in 1786 and 1787. He was also a delegate to the U. S and he was one of only two Catholic signers of the United States Constitution, the other being Daniel Carroll of Maryland. Fitzsimons failed to win re-election in 1794, being defeated by John Swanwick and this was partially attributed to public opinion turning against the Federalist Party over the forceful suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. In 1802, Fitzsimons, along with Samuel Sitgreaves, were appointed by the Attorney General commissioners under the article of the treaty of amity with Great Britain. While withdrawing from politics, Fitzsimons remained active in civic and business affairs and he was a founder of the bank, and supported efforts to found the College of Georgetown. Fitzsimons had also helped found the Insurance Company of North America, fitzsimmons died on August 26,1811 in Philadelphia, where he was buried in the cemetery of St. Marys Catholic Church, which is in present-day Independence National Historical Park. Biography at the United States Army Center of Military History Biography at the University of Pennsylvania Archives
22.
Gran Colombia
–
Gran Colombia is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. It included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana, the first three were the successor states to Gran Colombia at its dissolution. Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903, since Gran Colombias territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast. Its existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized. The two men had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences had become public and were an important part of the political instability from that year onward, the official name of the country at the time was the Republic of Colombia. The name Colombia comes from the Spanish version of the eighteenth-century New Latin word Columbia and it was the term preferred by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to the New World, especially to all American territories and colonies under Spanish rule. He used an improvised, quasi-Greek adjectival version of the name, Colombeia, to papers and things relating to Colombia. Bolívar and other Spanish American revolutionaries also used the word Colombia in the continental sense, the establishment in 1819 of a nation with the name Colombia by the Congress of Angostura gave the term a specific geographic and political reference. The Republic of Colombia comprised more or less the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and it united the territories of the former Third Republic of Venezuela, the United Provinces of New Granada, the former Royal Audiencia of Panama and the Presidency of Quito. Before a new constitution could be written by the Congress of Cúcuta, under the Constitution of Cúcuta, the country was divided into twelve departments governed by an intendant. Departments were further divided into provinces headed by a governor. Military affairs at the department level were overseen by a commandant general, all three offices were appointed by the central government. The central government, which temporarily was to reside in Bogotá, consisted of a presidency, a bicameral congress, the president was the head of the executive branch of both the central and local governments. The president could be granted extraordinary powers in military fronts, such as the area that became Ecuador, the vice-president assumed the presidency in case of the absence, death, demotion, or illness of the president. Since President Bolívar was absent from Gran Colombia for the years of its existence, executive power was wielded by the vice-president. The vote was given to persons who owned 100 pesos in landed property or had an equivalent income from a profession, in that year, none of the provinces of Quito, nor many in Venezuela and New Granada, were free yet. The Constitution of Cúcuta was drafted in 1821 at the Congress of Cúcuta, Bolívar and Santander were elected as the nations president and vice-president. To break up regionalist tendencies and to set up efficient central control of local administration, the Gran Colombian army later consolidated the independence of Peru in 1824
23.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Find a Grave
–
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
25.
Washington Square (Philadelphia)
–
It is part of both the Washington Square West and Society Hill neighborhoods. In 2005, the National Park Service took over ownership and management of Washington Square and it is now part of Independence National Historical Park. During the Revolutionary War, the square was used as a ground for citizens. After the Revolution, victims of the yellow fever epidemics were interred here. Improvement efforts began in 1815, as the neighborhoods around the square were developed, in 1825, the park was named Washington Square in tribute to George Washington and a monument to Washington was proposed. This monument was never built but served as the seed for the tribute to soldiers of the Revolutionary War. Washington Square included an area called Lawyers Row at 6th and Walnut, the square was also home to the citys publishing industry, including the Curtis Publishing Company, J. B. Saunders, Lea & Febiger, the Farm Journal, and George T. Bisel Co. law publishers, now the sole remaining publishing house on the Square and it has been located there since 1876 and still owned by the Bisel family. Washington Square was the site of the first human flight in the Americas in 1793 when Jean Pierre Blanchard ascended in his balloon from the Walnut Street Prison. Initially, the square contained monuments to those who had fought in the American Civil War, one such monument was the Washington Grays Monument. In 1954, the decision was made to remove the civil war commemorations, the Tomb includes remains which were disinterred, after archeological examination, from within the park from when it was a cemetery. The remains are that of a soldier, but it is if he was Colonial or British. An unknown number of bodies remain buried beneath the square and the area, some are still occasionally found during construction. A sycamore moon tree in the square, planted in 1975, was grown from seeds that had carried to the moon by astronaut Stuart Roosa on the Apollo 14 mission. The pop-punk group, The Wonder Years, wrote about Washington Square in their song Washington Square Park, from their album, The Upsides
26.
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
–
It honors the thousands of soldiers who died during the American Revolutionary War, many of whom were buried in mass graves in that park. The memorial was first conceived in 1954 by the Washington Square Planning Committee, the monument was designed by architect G. Edwin Brumbaugh and includes an eternal flame and a bronze cast of Jean Antoine Houdons statue of George Washington as the monuments centerpiece. The Tomb includes remains which were disinterred, after archeological examination, the remains are that of a soldier, but it is uncertain if he was Colonial or British. An unknown number of bodies remain buried beneath the square and the area, some are still occasionally found during construction. The plaque on the tomb reads, Beneath this stone rests a soldier of Washingtons army who died to give you liberty, the tomb appears briefly in the opening credits of the 1983 comedy Trading Places. See also Philadelphia portal Independence National Historical Park Pennsylvania in the American Revolution Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier at Find a Grave
27.
The St. James
–
The St. James is a luxury residential skyscraper in Washington Square West, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The 498 feet, 45-story high-rise stands along Walnut Street and Washington Square and is the 12th tallest building in Philadelphia, the Chicago-style, glass-and-concrete skyscraper incorporated into its design several historic 19th-century buildings that lined Walnut Street. These buildings included three Federal-style rowhouses built in 1807 called York Row and the Italianate-style former headquarters of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, after lying vacant and neglected for years, the only part of York Row preserved were the rowhouses facades. Only a back portion of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society building was demolished, developer P&A Associates first attempted to develop the site in 1995, but was delayed because of a lack of investor confidence in the project. When the Philadelphia residential market improved in the late 1990s, St. James Associates Joint Venture, the high-rise building, completed in 2004, features 306 units, with each but the studio apartments having a private balcony. Its amenities include a 60 feet swimming pool, a courtyard. The most notable of these was the headquarters of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society. Designed in 1868 by Addison Hutton, the granite-faced Italianate-style building was the headquarters building that PSFS had built. Construction began on the building on June 13,1868 and it was opened for business on October 11,1869, an addition designed by Hutton was added in 1885, and another designed by Frank Furness in 1895. The building served as the PSFS headquarters until 1932 when the company moved to the PSFS Building on Market Street, the other buildings are a group of three brick three-story rowhouses called York Row. Built in 1807 in the Federal style, they are an example of speculative housing development. York Row was built at a time when Philadelphias population was shifting westward, the buildings were bought for US$4.7 million in 1988 by real estate investor Samuel A. Rappaport. Rappaport also planned to have an apartment in one of the York Row houses, however, like many other Rappaport-owned buildings, they ended up being left vacant and neglected, becoming a target for vandals and the homeless. Rappaport died in 1994, and in January 1995 developer P&A Associates announced its agreement to buy the properties from his estate, the developer also disclosed plans to build a luxury residential tower at the site. The plan called for dismantling part of Furnesss additions to the PSFS headquarters, the York Row houses would have been completely demolished. The plan was controversial as preservationists wanted the buildings to remain unchanged, the new plan, which was approved by the Philadelphia Historical Commission, included renovating the PSFS headquarters and converting it into restaurant and office space. The York Row building interiors had been stripped of everything except for one fireplace mantle, P&A Associates would instead preserve the front facade of the houses, back to the roof ridge line. After its announcement in 1995, the project stalled because P&A Associates was unable to find investors to finance the project, investors were skeptical that luxury residential apartments outside the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood in Center City could be successful
28.
Athenaeum of Philadelphia
–
The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, located at 219 S. 6th Street between St. The Athenaeums collections include architecture and interior design history, particularly for the period 1800 to 1945, the library is open to the public on weekdays. Since 1950 the Athenaeum has sponsored the annual Athenaeum Literary Award for works of fiction and non-fiction, notmans design was influenced by the work of the English architect Charles Barry. Today, it is operated as a museum furnished with American fine and decorative arts from the first half of the nineteenth century, the Athenaeum Literary Award is a literary award presented by Athenaeum of Philadelphia since 1950. It is award to authors who are bona fide residents of Philadelphia or Pennsylvania living within a radius of 30 miles of City Hall, eligible works are of general fiction or non-fiction, technical, scientific, and juvenile books are not included. The award was established in 1950 by Charles Wharton Stork, who was a member of the Athenaeum from 1919 until 1968. Toll, A Judge Uncommon Susan Q,2012 Liz Moore, Heft, A Novel Steven Ujifusa, A Man and His Ship, America’s Greatest Naval Architect and His Quest to Build the S. S. Athenaeum Literary Award, official website
29.
J. B. Lippincott & Co.
–
Lippincott & Co. was an American publishing house founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1836 by Joshua Ballinger Lippincott. It was incorporated in 1885 as J. B, Lippincott & Co. began business publishing Bibles and prayer books before expanding into history, biography, fiction, poetry, and gift books. The company later added almanacs, medicine and law, school textbooks, in 1849, Lippincott acquired Grigg, Elliot & Co. a significant publisher and wholesaler whose origins dated back to printer and bookseller Benjamin and Jacob Johnson in 1792. Lippincott & Co. became Lippincott, Grambo & Co. the company was incorporated in 1878 as J. B. Lippincott published the first textbook of nursing in the US in 1878, by the end of the 19th century, Lippincott was one of the largest and best-known publishers in the world. Lippincotts Monthly Magazine, a periodical containing a complete novel, short stories, poetry, and opinion, was published in the US. During the 20th century Lippincott also became a publisher of schoolbooks for elementary and high school education and of references, textbooks. One editor asked Patrick OBrian to write a book of nautical fiction following the death of author C. S. Forester, oBrians first historical novel in what became a series of 20 completed novels, Master and Commander was published in 1969. Collins in the UK took up the series, until W. W, without Lippincotts insight, the series would not have been written. Lippincott Company was acquired by Harper & Row Publishers, Inc, Lippincotts trade, juvenile and elementary and high school divisions were merged into Harpers. The remaining publishing activities, in medicine, nursing, and allied health, were combined with Harpers programs to form J. B. Lippincott - the Health Professions Publisher of Harper & Row. In 1990, the company was acquired by Wolters Kluwer N. V. of The Netherlands, Lippincott Company celebrated its 200th anniversary in 1992. Wolters Kluwer merged Lippincott with its other medical publisher, Raven Press, in 1998 Wolters Kluwer acquired medical publisher Williams & Wilkins and combined it with Lippincott-Raven to form Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. China Under the Empress Dowager, Being the History of the Life, History of books Brief history of J. B. Lippincott Company at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lippincott Suicide in Philadelphia, article on the death of Craige Lippincott Joseph Wharton Lippincott, Jr. Princeton University memorial J. B. Lippincott Company Records, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
30.
N. W. Ayer & Son
–
N. W. Ayer & Son was an advertising agency founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1869. It called itself the oldest advertising agency in the United States, named after Francis Ayers father N. W. Ayer, it ventured into advertising in 1884. It created a number of memorable slogans for firms such as De Beers, AT&T, the company started to decline in the 1960s and, after a series of mergers, was closed in 2002 with its assets sold to the Publicis Groupe. N. W. Ayer & Son was founded in Philadelphia in 1869 by 21-year-old Francis Wayland Ayer, N. W. Ayer & Son started its business by representing religious weekly newspapers. By 1877, N. W. Ayer & Son had become successful enough to obtain what remained of another agency, in 1884, Ayer expanded into the advertising business. Ayer styled itself the oldest advertising firm in the U. S, in 1892, artists and writers began working in groups known as creative teams. Eventually Ayer became responsible for some of the most recognized slogans in advertising history, Gerold M. Lauck was president of Ayer in the 1930s. When it rains it pours, advertising salt for Morton Salt, Id walk a mile for a Camel, advertising Camel cigarettes for R. J. Sometimes formed into a jingle, Id walk a mile for a mild, mild Camel, a diamond is forever, advertising diamonds for De Beers, coined in 1947 by Mary Frances Gerety. Reach out and touch someone, advertising long-distance telephone service for AT&T Corp. coined in 1979 by Anthony P. Galli and Stanley Lomas. We may be the phone company in town, but we try not to act like it, advertising phone services for AT&T. Todays army wants to join you, advertising service for the U. S. Army. Be all you can be, advertising service for the U. S. Army. N. W. Ayer & Son created one of the most recognized slogans of the 20th century, harry Oppenheimer of De Beers and Ayer president Gerold M. Lauck discussed a marketing campaign in 1938 that would change the falling price of diamonds at the time. The idea of engagement rings decorated with diamonds wasnt very popular in Europe, but interest in diamonds was high in the U. S. Because of this, Oppenheimer decided to promote the idea in the U. S. and told Lauck that, if Ayers plan was successful, Ayer was motivated to propose that its campaign should move the American spending demographic towards larger and more expensive diamonds. To successfully achieve its goal, Ayer suggested a reinforcement of the relationship of diamonds with love and this proved successful, as both men and women were caught in the relationship of diamonds being a gift of love. The slogan created for De Beers remained memorable for many years, in 1906, Ayer was commissioned by the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York to create an advertising campaign for AT&T Corp
31.
Philadelphia Korean War Memorial
–
Veterans Day and Memorial Day services are held annually at the site. The memorial is located in the Korean War Memorial Park within the Society Hill neighborhood, the park is bounded on the south by Spruce Street, on the north by Dock Street, on the east by Christopher Columbus Boulevard and on the west by 38th Parallel Place. Interstate 95 runs under the part of the park, while the memorial is located in the western section. The memorial is owned by the city of Philadelphia and leased to the Friends of the Philadelphia Korean War Memorial, the memorial was designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects and Engineers. The site was cleared and construction began in 1992, after a decade of planning and fundraising, J. J. White Inc. completed initial construction in June 2002. C, Korean War Memorial, list of memorials around the world Friends of the Philadelphia Korean War Memorial at Penns Landing, Inc. and their Facebook page Vitetta Architects
32.
Society Hill Towers
–
Society Hill Towers is a three-building condominium located in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The complex contains three 31-story skyscrapers with 624 units on a 5-acre site, the towers were designed by I. M. Pei and Associates and are constructed of poured-in-place concrete, with each apartment featuring floor-to-ceiling windows. Completed in 1964, the apartments were originally rental units but were converted to condominiums in 1979, in the late 1950s, Society Hill was considered a slum neighborhood, which was targeted for redevelopment by the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and the Redevelopment Authority. From 1957-1959, the Greater Philadelphia Movement, the Redevelopment Authority and they relocated and demolished the Dock Street Market, setting aside 5 acres of land that would become the Society Hill Towers. In 1957, Edmund Bacon, the director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, awarded developer-architect firm Webb. Architect I. M. Pei and his created a plan for three 31-story Society Hill Towers as well as the Society Hill Townhouses, a low-rise project. The Towers and Townhouses project was completed in 1964, while the plan was completed in 1977. The buildings were listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on March 10,1999, Philadelphia portal Architecture portal Notes Society Hill Towers Listing and photographs at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
33.
Powel House
–
The Powel House is a historic house museum located at 244 South 3rd Street, between Willings Alley and Spruce Street, in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Built in 1765 in the Georgian style, and embellished by second owner Samuel Powel, as with other houses of this type, the exterior facade was, but the interior was elaborately appointed. The elegant brick city house was built for Charles Stedman, a merchant, before he had the chance to live in it, Stedman fell into financial trouble – eventually winding up in debtors prison. The house was purchased for £3,150 on August 2,1769 by Samuel Powel, who would become the last mayor of Philadelphia under British rule, a Quaker who converted to Anglicanism, he supported the American Revolution and was dubbed the Patriot Mayor. The building is attributed to architect/builder Robert Smith, Powel and his wife Elizabeth lavishly redecorated, creating some of the most ornate interiors in the Colonies. The Rococo plastered ceilings are attributed to James Clow, and the woodwork is attributed to carvers Hercules Courtnay. The Powels entertained such guests as Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush. Following the 1781 victory at Yorktown, George and Martha Washington occupied the confiscated Governor John Penn house next door for several months, Philadelphia served as temporary national capital from 1790 to 1800, and President Washington occupied a house on Market Street for more than six years. Prior to moving in, he built a two-story, semicircular Bow Window addition to the wall of the Presidents House, enlarging the State Dining Room. This may have inspired the Powels to build the three-story half-turret addition to their city house, the half-turret addition is visible in a 1799 print by William Birch and an 1817 print attributed to William Strickland. Some time in the century, the half-turret addition was demolished. Samuel Powel died in the 1793 yellow fever epidemic that killed about 10% of the citys population, after President-Elect John Adams passed on buying them, Mrs. Powel bought a number of items from soon-to-be-ex-President Washington in early 1797. These included his presidential coach and horses, his desk. Elizabeth Willing Powel lived in the house until her death in 1830, the Marquis de Lafayette gave the Powels a set of china that is on display in the Powel House. A1793 portrait of Mrs. Powel by Matthew Pratt is on loan from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Early in the 20th century, the served as a warehouse for a business that imported and exported Russian and Siberian horse hair. In 1918, the sold the second floor rear parlors architectural woodwork to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The ballrooms plaster ceiling and architectural woodwork was sold to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1925, by 1930, the Powel House was slated for demolition, with the property to be converted into a parking lot
34.
Dolley Todd House
–
The Dolley Todd House or Dolley Todd Madison House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is a house once owned by Dolley Madison. Madison lived in the home with her first husband John Todd Jr. prior to his death in 1783 and it is located on the northeast corner of 4th and Walnut Streets in the Society Hill neighborhood of the city. The 18th century Georgian house is part of Independence National Historical Park, the tour also includes the Bishop White House. Cutts-Madison House, a home of Dolley Madison in Washington. Notes National Park Service. gov, Dolley Todd House in Independence National Historical Park
35.
Dock Creek
–
Dock Creek was a stream draining much of what is now the eastern half of Center City, Philadelphia. It was a tributary of the Delaware River, by 1820, the entire creek had been covered and converted to a sewer. The present-day Dock Street follows the course of the stream. Called Cooconocon by the native Lenape people, Dock Creek was near the center of William Penns initial settlement in Philadelphia, the area around the mouth of the creek was marshy, and early Philadelphians referred to it as The Swamp. The creeks source was near present-day Eleventh Street between Arch and Race and it then flowed through a pond around present-day Fifth and Market Streets, after which it flowed south and east. At about Fourth and Chestnut, it was joined by small stream. Dock Creek then ran southeast, where it was joined by the Little Dock Creek, penn thought the mouth of the Dock a good site to dock ships, giving rise to the name. He declared that the area should be a harbor forever, by 1704, a drawbridge was constructed near the mouth of the creek, the first bridge in the colony of Pennsylvania. More bridges followed, at Second Street in 1713, Third Street in 1740, increased development in the area led settlers to cover the creek above Second Street by 1769. By 1784, it was covered all the way to its outlet at the Delaware, the mouth of the Dock had become known as a foul place, especially when the tide was out. The stream was soon completely buried, and served as a sewer for the neighborhood, by the 1840s, the sewer had become inadequate and frequently overflowed into the streets above. Investigators recommended that Philadelphia City Council build a culvert under the streets to carry the stream, during urban renewal in the 1960s, new sewer lines were constructed in the area and archaeologists investigated the former site of the citys main waterfront. An art project in 2008 investigated the former course of Dock Creek between Third and Fifth Streets, in what is now Independence National Historical Park
36.
Bathsheba's spring and bower
–
It had a natural spring well with water that was considered to be of exceptional quality and to have curative properties. Bathsheba Bauer, anglicized to Bathsheba Bowers, was a lady that purchased the Second Street property around 1690 from the Free Society of Traders. It was next to a spring at Society Hill in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There she built a house of unusual design. Bower was a recluse and considered an eccentric and her religion was sometimes that of a Quaker and other times a mix of other religions. The property had a designed garden around the house that Bower maintained. It was called by many Bathshebas bower and the spring was known as Bathshebas spring, the property at Society Hill was also known as Bathshebas bath and bower. The spring well water was known as the best quality in the city, the bower that was next to the house was surrounded with shrubbery. According to architect Ieoh Ming Pei, the 1700s property was set up as a business and she provided a drinking cup for use by anyone to drink some of the spring water. The property was located near the Benjamin Loxley house on the west side of the street where General Cadwallader constructed a large house, when others tried to construct houses near Cadwalladers they found the ground to be soft from an underground spring. They had to drive piles down into the ground to make a foundation and he knew of a village pump near there that drew water from this spring source and that the quality of the water was excellent. The Port Folio – Volumes 40–42, Volumes 220–227 of American periodical series, the Philadelphia Book, Or, Specimens of Metropolitan Literature. Pei, I. M. I. M. Pei and Society Hill, the property belonged to Bathsheba Bauer, who purchased it from the Free Society of Traders and set up shop as Society Hills first spa. Dictionary of Literary Biography, American Women Prose Writers to 1820, foot-prints of a Letter Carrier, Or, A History of the Worlds Correspondence, Containing Biographies, Tales, Sketches, Incidents, and Statistics Connected with Postal History. Early Modern Women Poets, An Anthology
37.
Benjamin Loxley house
–
The Benjamin Loxley house was a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania house owned by a major of that name who served in the American patriot army. The house is noted in history as the place where Lydia Darragh and her efforts are believed to have saved the Continental Army from a surprise attack on December 4,1777 from British General William Howe, who was occupying Philadelphia. Benjamin Loxley constructed the frame house about 1760 and used it as a private residence. His descendants continued to live there until 1851 and it was at Second and Little Dock streets in old Philadelphia about two blocks west of the Delaware River. The house was a structure with a balcony across the entire front on the second story that projected out over the low first story. The first story had two windows with small panes of glass. The inverted V peaked roof projected out over the balcony, partly protecting it against the weather, the roof was supported by protruding bulky carved ornamental cantilever supports. The balcony represented prestige and wealth and it was one of the favorite places from where English evangelist George Whitefield preached to large crowds during his tours of the colonies in the Great Awakening. Loxley also owned the property behind this house, which consisted of a row of houses he built of glazed brick. He imported this brick from England and these houses front on Spruce Street, the group is now known as Loxley Court. Loxleys children and their descendants lived in houses until 1851. These houses had a group of trees and grape vines that surrounded them. The property with the houses was fully landscaped, the yards landscaping was destroyed by the British when they occupied Philadelphia during the American Revolution. Loxleys property was in a known as Society Hill. On this hill stood the main flagpole. It was the point from where guns of salute were fired in honor of distinguished visitors that arrived in ships on the Delaware River and this hill is where George Washington made camp with his Virginia troops on the retreat from Braddocks defeat in 1755. Bathsheba Bowers had a spa nearby that was known for its excellent water called Bathshebas spring. The house is noted in history because of Quaker Lydia Darragh and she overheard the British discussing secret war plans of a surprise attack at White Marsh, and she warned General George Washington, thus saving the Continental Army
38.
Historic Congregation B'nai Abraham
–
Historic Congregation B’nai Abraham is a synagogue located in the Society Hill section of Center City Philadelphia. It is a congregation with daily, Shabbat, and holy day services. Bnai Abraham is home to a Jewish Preschool, as well as Lubavitch of Center City, Bnai Abraham was established in 1874 as the Russian shul. Its congregants officially incorporated in 1882 as Chevra B’nai Avrohom Mi Russe, an 1881 almanac identifies the name as Beth Hamedrosh Hagadol Bnai Abraham Anshe Russe. The synagogue would continue to be known as Bnai Abraham Anshe Russa, Congregation B’nai Abraham, the B’nai Abraham Congregation, Rabbi Israel M. Sacks served as first official rabbi of the congregation as early as 1881. Rabbi Eliazar Kleinberg, Chief Rabbi of Vilna, assumed the pulpit of the congregation in 1889, in September 1891, Rabbi Kleinberg was succeeded by his son-in-law, R. Bernard L. Levinthal. Rabbi Levinthal would serve as the congregation rabbi until his passing on September 23,1952, Rabbi H. Zvi Gottesman succeeded R. Levinthal on a part-time basis in 1954. Rabbi Yochonon Goldman became the rabbi in 2000 and continues to serve in this capacity in 2015. Bnai Abraham had 225 members and 150 seat holders in 1900, the congregation had 75 members in 2011. The Bnai Abraham building is 521-527 Lombard Street and shares the city block with Mother Bethel A. M. E, by 1885, Wesley Churchs congregation had outgrown the building, moved west of Broad Street, and sold the building to Congregation Bnai Abraham for $3,000. The dedication of the building was attended by Marcus Jastrow, rabbi of the citys German congregation. In 1909, Bnai Abraham retained the services of contractor Samuel Lashner & Co. to construct a new building at a cost of $28,000 and it was designed by architect Charles W. Bolton & Co. in the style of Byzantine Revival. Bolton and his firm had designed Bnai Reuben, built on South Sixth Street in 1905 and they took as inspiration for Bnai Abrahams new building the Pike Street Synagogue built in 1903 and 1904 at 13-15 Pike Street in Manhattan, and designed by the architect Alfred E. Badt. Demolition of the old building began on May 10,1909, 521-527 Lombard is the oldest Philadelphia synagogue built as a synagogue and still in continuous use as such. Historic Congregation B’nai Abraham Facebook/Congregation B’nai Abraham Jewish Exponent/Congregation B’nai Abraham
39.
Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
–
The Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church and congregation at 419 South 6th Street in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The congregation, founded in 1794, is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal congregation in the nation and its present church, completed in 1890, is the oldest church property in the United States to be continuously owned by African Americans. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972, the church was organized by African-American members of St. Georges Methodist Church who walked out due to racial segregation in the worship services. Mother Bethel was one of the first African-American churches in the United States, dedicated July 29,1794, on October 12,1794, Reverend Robert Blackwell announced that the congregation was received in full fellowship in the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1816 Rev Richard Allen brought together other black Methodist congregations from the region to organize the new African Methodist Episcopal Church denomination and he was elected bishop of this denomination. After the American Civil War, its missionaries went to the South to help freedmen, Allen and his wife, Sarah Allen are both buried in the present churchs crypt. The current church building was constructed in 1888-1890, and it has designated a National Historic Landmark. The property was acquired for the new congregation in 1794 and its first building was a frame structure originally used as a blacksmiths shop, which was hauled to the site. This building was replaced by frame structures in 1805 and 1841. The 1841 church was reported to have a tunnel connecting it with a nearby Quaker meetinghouse to facilitate the movements of fugitive slaves, the present building, completed in 1890, is a three-story masonry structure with Romanesque styling. Its large round-arch windows are adorned with stained glass from Germany
