1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Royal Highness
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Royal Highness is a style used to address or refer to some members of royal families, usually princes other than monarchs and their female consorts. When used as a form of address, spoken or written. When used as a reference, it is gender-specific and, in plural. Holders of the style Royal Highness generally rank below holders of the style Imperial Highness, by the 17th century, all local rulers in Italy adopted the style Highness, that was once used by kings and emperors only. Thus, the first use of the style Royal Highness was recorded in 1633, gaston, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Henry IV of France, encountered the style in Brussels and assumed it himself. His children later used the style, considering it their prerogative as grandchildren of France, by the 18th century, Royal Highness had become the prevalent style for members of a continental reigning dynasty whose head bore the hereditary title of king or queen. The titles of members of non-hereditary rulers were less clear. Even in the cases of the titles, they usually only exist as courtesies. The chiefly appellation Kabiyesi is likewise used as the equivalent of the HRH, the title of Archduke or Archduchess of Austria was known to be complemented with the style of Royal Highness to all of the members of the House of Habsburg and later the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The title of Prince/Princess of the Netherlands with the style of H. R. H. is or may be granted by law to the following classes of persons. The heir apparent to the throne, the spouse of the heir apparent. The children of the monarch, other than the heir apparent, the children of the heir apparent. A Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau who is not also a Prince/Princess of the Netherlands is addressed as His/Her Highness without the predicate royal and that is the case for example of the children of Princess Margriet, younger daughter of the late Queen Juliana. In the British monarchy the style of Royal Highness is associated with the rank of prince or princess and this is especially important when a prince has another title such as Duke by which he or she would usually be addressed. In the United Kingdom, letters patent dated 21 August 1996 stated that the wife of a member of the Royal Family loses the right to the style of HRH in the event of their divorce. It was for this reason that when the Prince and Princess of Wales divorced, she ceased to be Royal Highness, and was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. Almost a year before, according to the claim of writer Tina Brown. The Princess of Wales is said to have replied, My title is a lot older than yours and she noted that the Spencer family, the family she was born to, is older than the House of Windsor
3.
Anne, Princess Royal
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Anne, Princess Royal, KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL CD is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession, behind her mother – then Princess Elizabeth – and elder brother and she rose to second after her mothers accession, but is currently 12th in line. Anne is known for her work, and is patron of over 200 organisations. Princess Anne has held the title of Princess Royal since 1987 and is its seventh holder, Anne was married to Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, they divorced in 1992. They have two children and three grandchildren, in 1992, within months of her divorce, Anne married Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mothers equerry between 1986 and 1989. Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11,50 am, as the child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She was the grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, after the death of George VI, Annes mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, she did not attend the coronation, the Company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, in 1968 she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. In the next couple of years, Anne started dating, in 1970 her first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who later became the first husband of Camilla Shand. Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park and he was made acting captain by the start of 1974 when he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. By 1989, however, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, the couple divorced on 23 April 1992. The Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, the couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. As female-line descendants of royalty, the children have no title despite being the grandchildren of a monarch, Anne became a grandmother on 29 December 2010 when Peter and his wife Autumn had a daughter, Savannah. On 29 March 2012, the couple had daughter, Isla. Annes third granddaughter, Mia Grace, was born on 17 January 2014 to Zara and her husband Mike Tindall. As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, the driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol
4.
University of London
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The University of London is a collegiate research university located in London, England, consisting of 18 constituent colleges, nine research institutes and a number of central bodies. The university moved to a structure in 1900. The specialist colleges of the university include the London Business School, Imperial College London was formerly a member before leaving the university in 2007. City is the most recent constituent college, having joined on 1 September 2016, in post-nominals, the University of London is commonly abbreviated as Lond. or, more rarely, Londin. From the Latin Universitas Londiniensis, after its degree abbreviations, University College London was founded under the name London University in 1826 as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In response to the controversy surrounding such educational establishment, Kings College London was founded and was the first to be granted a royal charter. Yet to receive a charter, UCL in 1834 renewed its application for a royal charter as a university. In response to this, opposition to exclusive rights grew among the London medical schools, the idea of a general degree awarding body for the schools was discussed in the medical press. And in evidence taken by the Select Committee on Medical Education, in 1835, the government announced the response to UCLs petition for a charter. Following the issuing of its charter on 28 November 1836, the university started drawing up regulations for degrees in March 1837. The death of William IV in June, however, resulted in a problem – the charter had been granted during our Royal will and pleasure, queen Victoria issued a second charter on 5 December 1837, reincorporating the university. The university awarded its first degrees in 1839, all to students from UCL, the university established by the charters of 1836 and 1837 was essentially an examining board with the right to award degrees in arts, laws and medicine. However, the university did not have the authority to grant degrees in theology, in medicine, the university was given the right to determine which medical schools provided sufficient medical training. Beyond the right to students for examination, there was no other connection between the affiliated colleges and the university. In 1849 the university held its first graduation ceremony at Somerset House following a petition to the senate from the graduates, about 250 students graduated at this ceremony. The London academic robes of this period were distinguished by their rich velvet facings, the list of affiliated colleges grew by 1858 to include over 50 institutions, including all other British universities. In that year, a new charter effectively abolished the affiliated colleges system by opening up the examinations to everyone whether they attended a college or not. The expanded role meant the university needed more space, particularly with the number of students at the provincial university colleges
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
Tooting
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Tooting is a district of South London, England, forming part of the Wandsworth borough. It is located 5 miles south south-west of Charing Cross, Tooting has been settled since pre-Saxon times. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin but the meaning is disputed and it could mean the people of Tota, in which context Tota may have been a local Anglo-Saxon chieftain. Alternatively it could be derived from an old meaning of the verb to tout, there may have been a watchtower here on the road to London and hence the people of the look-out post. The Romans built a road, which was later named Stane Street by the English, from London to Chichester, Tooting High Street is built on this road. In Saxon times, Tooting and Streatham was given to the Abbey of Chertsey, later, Suene, believed to be a Viking, may have been given all or part of the land. In 933, King Athelstan of England is thought to have confirmed lands including Totinge to Chertsey Abbey and its people were called to render £4 per year to their overlords. Later in the Norman period, it came into the possession of the De Gravenel family, until minor changes in the 19th century it consisted of 2 km2. Upper Tooting, or Tooting Bec, appears as a held by the Abbey of Hellouin Bec, in Normandy. Its domesday assets were 5 hides and it had 5 1⁄2 ploughlands and so was assessed as rendering £7. As with many of South Londons suburbs, Tooting developed during the late Victorian period, some development occurred in the Edwardian era but another large spurt in growth happened during the 1920s and 30s. 1902, Tooting Library opened as a one-storey structure, a second storey was added in 1906. In 2012 the library was rebuilt,2003, Redevelopment of St Georges Hospital buildings completed. The Member of Parliament for Tooting is Dr. Rosena Allin-Khan, following the election of her predecessor Sadiq Khan to the role of Mayor of London in May 2016. Since the parliamentary constituency of Tooting was founded, it has always been a seat held by the Labour Party, Tooting is positioned on the Northern line—with stations at the top and the bottom of the hill that slopes down the High Street, Tooting Bec and Tooting Broadway. Tooting is also served by rail at Tooting railway station providing a direct link south to Sutton via Wimbledon. It also has bus links, with routes to and from Central London, Croydon, Sutton and Kingston amongst others. Tooting Broadway tube station is currently being considered by TfL as a stop on the future Crossrail 2 development, Tooting railway station Mitcham Eastfields railway station Balham railway station Haydons Road railway station Totterdown Fields estate was designated a conservation area, on the 19 September 1978
7.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
8.
St George's Hospital
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St George’s Hospital is a teaching hospital in Tooting, London. Founded in 1733, it is one of the UKs largest teaching hospitals and it is run by the St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. It shares its main site in Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth, with the St Georges, University of London which trains NHS staff. The hospital has around 1,000 beds and most general tertiary care such as accident and emergency, maternity services and care for older people and it is also home to one of four major trauma centres and one of eight hyper-acute stroke units for London. St Georges Hospital also provides care for patients from a catchment area in the South East of England. Other services treat patients all over the country, such as family HIV care. The trust also provides a nationwide endoscopy training service, as of the end of 2014 it became the subject of the Channel 4 documentary 24 Hours in A&E. By 1732 the Governors were forced to seek a larger building. The majority of the Governors favoured a house in Castle Lane, the original site was in Lanesborough House at Hyde Park Corner, originally built in 1719 by James Lane, 2nd Viscount Lanesborough in what was then open countryside. The new St Georges Hospital was arranged on three floors and accommodated 30 patients in two wards, one for men and one for women, the hospital was gradually extended and, by 1744, it had fifteen wards and over 250 patients. By the 1800s, the hospital was slipping into disrepair, the old Lanesborough House at Hyde Park Corner was demolished to make way for a new 350 bed facility designed by architect William Wilkins. Building began in 1827 and was completed by 1844, by 1859, a critical shortage of beds led to the addition of an attic floor. This was soon insufficient and led to the creation of a new convalescent hospital, Atkinson Morleys in Wimbledon, a medical school was established in 1834 at Kinnerton Street and was incorporated into the hospital in 1868. In 1948, the National Health Service was introduced and plans for a new site for St Georges at The Grove Fever, in 1954, the Grove Hospital became part of St Georges, and clinical teaching started in Tooting. In 1973, building began on the new site, the new hospital and school buildings were now well advanced. The School was completed, as were two wings of the new hospital, which provided a total of 710 beds, in 1976, the Medical School opened at Tooting and, in 1980, St Georges Hospital at Hyde Park Corner closed its doors for the last time. In 1981, medical education in London was reorganized to recognize the movement of population away from the centre, there are now fewer, larger medical schools in London. The expansion of St Georges, University of London has become part of this policy, in 2003, neuroscience services located at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon moved to the brand new Atkinson Morley Wing on the main St Georges site
9.
Medical school
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A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Doctor of Medicine, many medical schools offer additional degrees, such as a Doctor of Philosophy, Masters degree, a physician assistant program, or other post-secondary education. Medical schools can also employ medical researchers and operate hospitals, around the world, criteria, structure, teaching methodology, and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably. Medical schools are highly competitive, using standardized entrance examinations, as well as grade point average and leadership roles. In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as a degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework. However, a number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses. In the United States and Canada, almost all medical degrees are second entry degrees, many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum. More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks, in preclinical sciences, students study subjects such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority. Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a background check, checking references, paying a fee. Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all the medical schools, Entry into these medical schools are highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations. The University of Ghana Medical School has however introduced a graduate medical program to admit students with mainly science-related degrees into a 4-year medical school program. Students graduating from any of these schools get the MBChB degree. For the First 3 years Students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical science for University of Ghana medical school, Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana as House Officers. Upon completion of the mandatory 2-year housemanship, these doctors are permanently registered with the MDC. Medical officers are sometimes hired by the Ghana Health Service to work in the Districts/Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians. In Kenya, medical school is a faculty of a university, Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate degree. The first two years of medical school cover the medical sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences
10.
South London
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South London is the southern part of London, England. The River Thames divides Greater London into two parts, the southern part includes the historic central areas of Southwark, Lambeth and Bankside and also maritime Greenwich. The area has only a section of the London Underground network. This area is made up of the London boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and this definition is used by the Boundary Commission for England. For the purposes of the London Plan, there was a South London sub-region in operation from 2004 to 2008 consisting of Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Richmond, in 2001 this area had a population of 1,329,000. This definition is used by such as Connexions. In 2011 a new South London region was created consisting of Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Richmond now lies within the West London region, and Lambeth and Southwark are part of the Central London region. Three Met Office weather stations collect climate data south of the river, Kew, Hampton and Kenley Airfield. Long term climate observations dating back to 1763 are available for Greenwich, often snow can be seen to lie on the North Downs near Croydon when central London is snow free. The record high temperature at Greenwich is 37.5 °C recorded during August 2003, the highest temperature recorded across South London was 38.1 °C on the same occasion at Kew Gardens. Although the Met Office accepts a higher reading from Brogdale in Kent, many have questioned the accuracy of this, North London v South London - The debate. North London v South London - The debate
11.
Collegiate university
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A collegiate university is a university in which governing authority and functions are divided between a central administration and a number of constituent colleges. Often, but not always, colleges within collegiate universities have their own students unions. Some colleges are part of loose federations that allow them to nearly complete self-governance. In the United Kingdom, the colleges of the University of London perform almost all the duties of a university with the exception of the awarding of degrees. In the United States, many state university systems consist of campuses that are almost independent, the University of the Philippines started as one campus but is now a similar system of constituent universities. The four constituent universities of the National University of Ireland are, for all essential purposes, over time, loosely federated schools may formally end their relations with the parent university to become degree-awarding universities. Examples include Cardiff University and Imperial College London, the University of Dundee and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne were colleges of the University of St Andrews and the University of Durham, respectively, before they became independent. A number of universities in South Africa were formerly colleges of the University of South Africa. At some universities the colleges enjoy a significant degree of independence, often the binding conditions of federation, affiliation or incorporation outline fixed responsibilities of individual colleges and the university. In some cases the university may own a share of the controlling entity. Independent colleges vary in the level of teaching that they provide and they also tend to play a large role in deciding admissions. Students become members of the University through membership in their college, and matriculation is often done through, or at the behest of. At the undergraduate level, independent colleges provide most, if not all accommodation. They often have their own halls for meals, libraries, sports teams and this fosters loyalty to the college among its students—an undergraduate might state the name of his or her college before the name of the university when asked where he or she studied. This spirit is often maintained through college-based alumni organizations, the two ancient universities of the Kingdom of England, Oxford and Cambridge, are federations of autonomous colleges. The University of Oxford has 38 colleges and 6 Permanent Private Halls, the university requires all teaching staff and students to be members of one of these institutions. The University of Cambridge has 31 colleges, which have a significant role in providing independent supplementary tuition and are governed autonomously, irelands only ancient university is the University of Dublin. Created during the reign of Elizabeth I, it is modelled on the universities of Cambridge
12.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
13.
United Hospitals
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United Hospitals is the historical collective name of the medical schools of London. They are all part of the University of London with the exception of Imperial College School of Medicine which left in 2007. The original United Hospitals referred to Guys Hospital and St Thomass Hospital and their relationship prior to 1769, since then the name has been adopted by the medicals schools. The current United Hospitals are, Medical Student Newspaper is also distributed to the five members, the five members also contribute to the Saving Londoners Lives project, sending medical students to deliver emergency life support skills training in schools. Monthly meetings ensure common workings and sharing of best-practice within the student bodies
14.
Hyde Park Corner
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Hyde Park Corner is an area of London, located around a major road junction at the southeastern corner of Hyde Park. Six streets converge at the junction, Park Lane, Piccadilly, Constitution Hill, Grosvenor Place, Grosvenor Crescent, Hyde Park Corner tube station, a London Underground station served by the Piccadilly line, is located at the junction, as are a number of notable monuments. Immediately to the north of the junction is Apsley House, the home of the first Duke of Wellington, several monuments to the Duke were erected in the vicinity, both in his lifetime and subsequently. In the mid-nineteenth century, the space that is now the Hyde Park Corner traffic island was not entirely surrounded by roadway, in its centre stands the Wellington Arch, designed by Decimus Burton and planned as a northern gate to the grounds of Buckingham Palace. In execution it was out as a gate into the Green Park, and was originally sited directly opposite Burtons Ionic Screen. Originally, the Arch was topped with a statue of the Duke by Matthew Cotes Wyatt. The Arch was moved south because of congestion, and realigned to the axis of Constitution Hill in 1883. The boundary of Buckingham Palaces garden was moved south, and a new road named Duke of Wellington Place was created, at this time, the large equestrian statue was removed to Aldershot. It was subsequently replaced with work, entitled The Angel of Peace descending on the Quadriga of Victory, dated 1912, by the sculptor Adrian Jones. Following the passage of the Park Lane Improvement Act 1958, Park Lane was widened in the early 1960s and this left Apsley House on an island site. The InterContinental London hotel was built on the cleared site between the new route of Park Lane and Hamilton Place. At part of the scheme, a tunnel was constructed beneath the junction to allow traffic to flow freely between Knightsbridge and Piccadilly. As a result, the area around the Arch became a traffic island, mostly laid to grass, and accessible only by pedestrian underpassess. Subsequent changes to the layout in the 1990s reinstated a route between Hyde Park and the Green Park for pedestrians, cyclists and horseriders using surface-level crossings. The term is often used for Speakers Corner, which is located at the north-eastern corner of Hyde Park. The 1935 film Hyde Park Corner takes its name from the area, Hyde Park Corner was used as a codeword to announce to the government the death of King George VI in 1952
15.
The Lanesborough
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The Lanesborough is a 5-star hotel on Hyde Park Corner, Knightsbridge, central London, England. Operated by the Oetker Collection, the hotel is reputedly the most expensive hotel in London, the building was originally a hospital. It is in style and is listed Grade II*. Opposite are Hyde Park and Apsley House, the London home of the Dukes of Wellington, the hotel is next to Hyde Park Corner tube station. St Georges Hospital was opened in the original Lanesborough House in 1733, by the 1800s the hospital was falling into disrepair. Lanesborough House was demolished to make way for a new 350-bed facility, building began in 1827 under architect William Wilkins. The new hospital was operational by 1844, serving continuously as a hospital until transferred to Tooting, south London in the 1970s, the Duke of Westminster took up an option to buy the building for £6,000. Rosewood Hotels & Resorts refurbished and re-opened the building as a hotel in 1991, furniture was supplied by Arthur Brett and Sons. Ten years later the management contract passed to Starwoods St Regis operation as its first, the hotel left Starwood in November 2014 and is currently managed by the Oetker Collection. The Lanesborough was closed for renovation in December 2013 and re-opened in 2015, in 2009, The Lanesborough announced the launch of ‘Apsleys – a Heinz Beck Restaurant’. Chef Heinz Beck was the winner of three Michelin stars for his cuisine at La Pergola in Rome, Italy, ‘Apsleys – a Heinz Beck Restaurant’ began service on September 7,2009, and was awarded its first Michelin star on 20 January 2010. This is the current fastest time for a new London restaurant to get one, the dining room was subsequently rebranded as Céleste, and was again awarded a Michelin star. There have been complaints that the prices for tea are rather high
16.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Kingston University
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Kingston University London is a public research university located in Kingston upon Thames, London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1899, and became a university in 1992 after being Kingston Polytechnic, the four campuses are located in Kingston and Roehampton. There is a range of undergraduate and postgraduate work spread across five faculties. Kingston was founded as Kingston Technical Institute in 1899, in 1930 the Kingston School of Art separated, later to become Kingston College of Art. Kingston was recognised as a Regional College of Technology by Ministry of Education in 1957, in 1970, it merged with the College of Art to become Kingston Polytechnic, offering 34 major courses, of which 17 were at degree level. In 1975, Kingston merged with the Gipsy Hill College of Education, itself founded in 1917, Kingston University was granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. In 1993, Kingston opened the Roehampton Vale campus building and in 1995 and this is the main university campus located close to Kingston town centre. In addition to teaching facilities, it has a library, health centre, development at this site has extended it to the Learning Resources Centre. Massive construction projects took place and a new building in memory of John Galsworthy was finished. Across the road is the Reg Bailey Theatre with an area used by drama. The site hosts the Union of Kingston Students, which is now part of the main building and it used to be next door to Penrhyn Roads Student Union bar, The Space Bar. This building however is under negotiation of demolition, Penrhyn Road also houses the refurbished Fitness Centre. A short walk from the campus is Cooper House, also known as the Student Information and Advice Centre, fairhill Medical Practice which is a National Health Service-run clinic providing general practitioners services and a wellbeing mental health service. This campus underwent a redevelopment in 1997. With its own halls and numerous car parks Kingston Hill mainly caters to Nursing, Law, Education, Business, Music, Health, located near the top of Kingston Hill, it connects to the other campus sites by use of a free university bus service. Before 1989, this campus was known as Gipsy Hill, the music department is situated in Coombehurst House, which was once owned by Florence Nightingales aunt and uncle. Nightingale was a frequent visitor to the house and the new Learning Resource Centre on Kingston Hill was named the Nightingale Centre after her. The Business School moved to a new building on the Kingston Hill Campus in 2012, following an introduction through the Board of Governors, Kingston University rescued Dorich House and its art collections from dereliction in 1993 and the newly restored building was opened in 1996
18.
Flinders University
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Flinders University is a public university in Adelaide, South Australia. Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of navigator Matthew Flinders, Flinders is a verdant university and a member of the Innovative Research Universities Group and ranks in the 10-16 bracket in Australia and 36th in the world of those established less than 50 years. Academically, the university pioneered an approach to education, and its faculties of medicine. The university is ranked within the worlds top 400 institutions in the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the latest Times Higher Education rankings of the world’s top universities ranks Flinders University in the 251 to 300 bracket. By the late 1950s, the University of Adelaides North Terrace campus was approaching capacity, in 1960, Premier Thomas Playford announced that 150 hectares of state government-owned land in Burbank would be allocated to the University of Adelaide for the establishment of a second campus. The principal-designate of the new campus, economist and professor Peter Karmel, was adamant that the new campus should operate independently from the North Terrace campus and he hoped that the Bedford Park campus would be free to innovate and not be bound by tradition. Capital works began in 1962 with a grant of ₤3.8 million from the Australian Universities Commission, in 1965, the Australian Labor Party won the state election and Frank Walsh became premier. The ALP wished to break up the University of Adelaides hegemony over tertiary education in the state, on 17 March 1966, a bill was passed by state parliament officially creating the Flinders University of South Australia. Although the Labor Party had favoured the name University of South Australia, academic staff wished that the university be named after a distinguished and they settled upon British navigator Matthew Flinders, who explored and surveyed the South Australian coastline in 1802. Flinders University was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, Peter Karmel was the first Vice-Chancellor and Sir Mark Mitchell the first Chancellor. The university began classes on 7 March 1966 with a student enrollment of 400, Flinders first accepted undergraduate medical students in 1974, with FMC being opened the following year. In 1990, the biggest building project on campus since the mid-1970s saw work commence on three new buildings - Law and Commerce, Engineering, and Information Science and Technology. Approval for the establishment of a School of Engineering was given in 1991 and degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Biomedical Engineering were established shortly afterwards. In 1991, as part of a restructuring of education in South Australia. In 1992 the present four-faculty structure was adopted only a minor change to the School structure made in 2011. In 1998, the Centre for Remote Health, a teaching hospital based in Alice Springs, was established jointly with the Northern Territory University. This was expanded further in 2011 with the establishment of the Northern Territory Medical Program, since 2000 the University has established new disciplines in areas including Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and more disciplines of Engineering. In 2015, the University opened a new campus at Tonsley, the Universitys main campus is in the Adelaide inner southern suburb of Bedford Park, about 12 km south of the Adelaide city centre
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Royal Holloway, University of London
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Royal Holloway, University of London, formally incorporated as Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, is a public research university and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It has three faculties,20 academic departments and c.9,265 undergraduate and postgraduate students from over 100 countries, the campus is located west of Egham, Surrey, within the Greater London Urban Area and 19 miles from the geographic centre of London. The Egham campus was founded in 1879 by the Victorian entrepreneur, Royal Holloway College was officially opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria as an all-women college. It became a member of the University of London in 1900, in 1945, the college admitted male postgraduate students, and in 1965, around 100 of the first male undergraduates. In 1985, Royal Holloway merged with Bedford College, the merged college was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, this remaining the official registered name of the college by Act of Parliament. The campus is dominated by the Founders Building, a Grade I listed red-brick building modelled on the Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley, Royal Holloway is ranked 27th in the UK and 173rd in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2016–17. Royal Holloway was ranked in 30th place in the world for 2016 in the category of International Outlook, however, the university failed to place in the top 150 in the world for the 2017 version. There are strong links and exchange programmes with institutions in the United States, Canada, and Hong Kong, notably Yale University, the University of Toronto, Royal Holloway was a member of the 1994 Group until 2013, when the group dissolved. Royal Holloway College, originally a college, was founded by the Victorian entrepreneur Thomas Holloway in 1879 on the Mount Lee Estate in Egham. The Founders Building, which is now Grade I listed, was opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria. The college also has a Chapel, completed in 1886 as one of the last parts of the university to be finished, october 1887 saw the arrival of the first 28 students at Royal Holloway College. It later became a constituent of the University of London in 1900, as did Bedford College, Bedford College was founded by Elizabeth Jesser Reid in 1849 as a higher education college for the education of women. Reid leased a house at 47 Bedford Square in the Bloomsbury area of London, the intention was to provide a liberal and non-sectarian education for women, something no other institution in the United Kingdom provided at the time. The college moved to 8 and 9 York Place in 1874, in 1900, the college became a constituent school of the University of London. Like RHC, following its membership of the University of London, in 1965, RHC and Bedford merged in 1985. The newest title remains the registered name of the college, though this was changed for day-to-day use to Royal Holloway. Since the merger with Bedford College, Royal Holloway has entered into discussions with Brunel University and St Georges. The latter project was cancelled in September 2009, Royal Holloway, St Georges and Kingston University continue to work together in the field of health and social care teaching and research
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College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
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Academic Ranking of World Universities
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Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The publication currently includes worlds overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking, ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw power, undermining humanities. ARWU is praised by media and institutions for its methodology. A survey on higher education published by The Economist in 2005 commented ARWU as the most widely used annual ranking of the research universities. In 2010, The Chronicle of Higher Education called ARWU the best-known, EU Research Headlines reported the ARWUs work on 31 December 2003, The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance. Chancellor of University of Oxford, Chris Patten and former Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University, Ian Chubb, said and it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison. And The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the offer an important comparative view of research performance. Philip G. Altbach named ARWUs consistency, clarity of purpose, whilst ARWU has originated in China, the ranking have been praised for being unbiased towards Asian institutions. Like all other rankings, ARWU has criticism and it is condemned for relying too much on award factors thus undermining the importance of quality of instruction and humanities. A2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the described by Liu. A2013 paper in the journal finally showed how the Shanghai ranking results could be reproduced. In a report from April 2009, J-C, billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyse how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. The ARWU researchers themselves, N. C Liu and Y Cheng, think that the quality of universities cannot be measured by mere numbers. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with caution, ARWU has been criticised by the European Commission as well as some EU member states for favour Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions. It is also criticised in France for its use as a motivation for fusing universities into larger ones, indeed, number of publications or award winners will mechanically add as universities are grouped, independently of research quality. The weighting of all the other remains unchanged, thus the grand total of 70%. There are two categories in ARWUs disciplinary rankings, broad subject fields and specific subjects, the methodology is similar to that adopted in the overall table, including award factors, paper citation, and the number of highly cited scholars
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
23.
Nicosia
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Nicosia is the largest city on the island of Cyprus. It is located near the centre of the Mesaoria plain, on the banks of the River Pedieos, Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus, and as such is the farthest southeast of all EU member states capitals. It has been inhabited for over 4,500 years and has been the capital of Cyprus since the 10th century. The Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities of Nicosia segregated into the south and north of the city respectively in 1963, following the intercommunal violence that broke out in the city. Today, the part of the city is the capital of Northern Cyprus. Apart from its legislative and administrative functions, Nicosia has established itself as the financial capital. In 2012, Nicosia was the 5th richest city in the world in purchasing power. Nicosia has been in continuous habitation since the beginning of the Bronze Age 2500 years BC, Nicosia later became a city-state known as Ledra or Ledrae, one of the twelve kingdoms of ancient Cyprus built by Achaeans after the end of the Trojan War. Remains of old Ledra today can be found in the Ayia Paraskevi hill in the south east of the city and we only know about one king of Ledra, Onasagoras. The kingdom of Ledra was destroyed early, under Assyrian rule of Cyprus, Onasagoras was recorded as paying tribute to Esarhaddon of Assyria in 672 BC. By 330 BC, Ledra was recorded to be a small an unimportant town, according to tradition, the city was rebuilt by Leucus, claimed to be the son of Ptolemy I, around 300 BC or 200 BC, and named after him as Leucoton or Lefkotheon. The main activity of the inhabitants was farming. During this era, Ledra did not have the growth that the other Cypriot coastal towns had. In Byzantine times the town was referred to as Λευκωσία or as Καλληνίκησις. In the 4th century AD, the became the seat of bishopric, with bishop Saint Tryphillius. After the destruction of Salamis, the capital of Cyprus, by Arab raids in 647, Nicosia became the capital of the island around 965. The Byzantines moved the islands administration seat to Nicosia primarily for security reasons as coastal towns were often suffering from raids, from that point on it has remained as the capital of Cyprus. On his way to the Holy Land during the Third Crusade in 1187 and he himself stopped first at Crete and then at Rhodes
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Cyprus
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Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, the earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC, Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders, following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. On 15 July 1974, a coup détat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis and these events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. The Cyprus Republic has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus, as well as its territorial sea and exclusive economic area, another nearly 4% of the islands area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean, on 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone. The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek
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University of Nicosia
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The University of Nicosia is the largest university in Cyprus, with campuses based in the three largest cities in Cyprus, Nicosia, Lemesos and Larnaca. It was formally known, until September 2007, as Intercollege, the University enrolls approximately 8,000 students,4,000 of which are based in Nicosia. The University of Nicosia has established itself as a dynamic and respected institution of higher education in just 31 years. It is the only University in Cyprus with a system of three campuses in the cities of Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca. The University of Nicosia is the largest private university in Cyprus, in 1981, Dr Nicos Peristianis, the present Executive Dean of University of Nicosia, was appointed Director and the College began expanding its programs towards academic degrees. Through hard work and persistence, the College has steadily developed into a respected Cypriot college that awards its own diplomas, in September 2007, the 27-year-old College was acknowledged as a University and now uses the name University of Nicosia, Cyprus. 1981 Nicos Peristianis is appointed Director, First international students join the College. Internal certificates and diplomas are offered in such as Business Administration, Hotel Management, Marketing, Public Relations. 1982 Dr. Sofronis Sofroniou joins the College as a lecturer, Intercollege moves to new, larger premises. 1983 Introduction of internal bachelors degree programs in such as hotel management, business administration. Computer science leading to internal qualification and the British professional program of IDPM is introduced,1984 Intercollege students begin transferring to accredited universities, e. g. University of Maryland, University of Strathclyde, the Thomas Edison State College external degree program is offered. The Chartered Association of Certified Accountants program is introduced,1985 Dr Andreas Polemitis, the present Senior Vice Rector, joins Intercollege, merging his institute with the College, leading to Intercolleges current structure. University of Indianapolis programs in Business Administration and Business Data Processing are introduced, professional training courses subsidized by the Industrial Training Authority are offered. The Association of Accounting Technicians British professional program begins, the Secretarial Studies program is offered. 1986 Travel and Tourism program, modeled on IATA and British Airways training programs, is introduced and it is the first such program to be offered in Cyprus. All programs are adapted to the American higher education system to include general education requirements, the semester and credit system is adopted. The University of Indianapolis MBA program is offered – the first MBA to be offered in Cyprus,1987 The Nursery Education Diploma program commences with the recognition of the Ministry of Labor Department of Welfare, under the supervision of Mr Andreas Christodoulides, Dean of Administration
26.
Croydon University Hospital
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Croydon University Hospital, known from 1923 to 2010 as Mayday Hospital, is a large NHS hospital in Thornton Heath in south London, England run by Croydon Health Services NHS Trust. It is a District General Hospital with a 24-hour accident and emergency department, the hospital is based on a 19-acre site in Thornton Heath to the north of central Croydon. The Croydon Union Infirmary was renamed Mayday Road Hospital in 1923, and was taken over by Croydon Corporation in 1930, the name was changed again to Croydon University Hospital in 2010. The hospital had sometimes been referred to as Maydie Hospital, which some felt had been a factor to the rebranding. The most recent large building project was the Jubilee Wing, opened in December 2004, facilities at the hospital include 670 beds, eight operating theatres, a day surgery suite with three theatres, two obstetric theatres and recovery room, and overnight facilities for parents. Croydon Health Services NHS Trust is developing an application for Foundation Trust status, healthcare in London List of hospitals in England Croydon Health Services Map of location of Croydon University Hospital NHS Croydon
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St Helier Hospital
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St Helier Hospital in the London Borough of Merton and London Borough of Sutton is run by Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust along with Epsom Hospital. It is located next to the large St Helier council estate, the hospital offers a full range of hospital services including a 24-hour accident and emergency department. The site is home to the South West Renal and Transplantation Service and the Queen Marys Hospital for Children. As part of the Better Services Better Value Review of NHS services in London it was proposed to downgrade the maternity and Accident, however, it appeared in December 2013 that at least some local GPs were not in favour of this. The site is located on the B278 opposite St Helier Open Space and it is approximately 2 miles from Sutton,5 miles from Croydon and 10 miles from Central London. It is close to the Rosehill Roundabout which is the junction for the A217, the main entrance leads into B block. Just to the right of the entrance is the entrance to the accident. St Helier Hospital comprises 6 buildings, all of which are accessible from the outside of the hospital as well as via link corridors via the main building, the main building is divided into three blocks, A, B and C. The names of the wards and operating theatres are based on their location in the hospital - a ward located on, say, the other buildings are, The pathology block which also contains the genitourinary medicine clinic. The renal block Queen Marys Hospital for Children Ferguson House, the Womens Health Block, Renal Unit and Queen Marys are connected to the main building via an underground tunnel from the Ground Floor of B block. D block is connected via the first floor of C block, the hospital is accessible by bus, however although many buses stop at Rose Hill Roundabout only a few buses actually stop outside the hospital. The nearest Underground station is Morden, from there are frequent buses to Rose Hill. The nearest National Rail station is St Helier which is 1,600 yards from the hospital, there is a more frequent National Rail service to either Carshalton or Sutton. Some of the buses stop outside the hospital are the 151,157. Helier was a 6th-century saint invoked as a saint for diseases of the skin and eyes, who lived in Northern France. The architectural style is Thirties modernism, construction was started in 1938 at a stone laying ceremony attended by Queen Mary. It received its first patients on 24 February 1941 during World War Two, less than a month later, the hospital was damaged in a bombing raid by a parachute mine. The official opening was in 1942, further damage was caused in later raids and the hospital was struck by two flying bombs in June 1944
28.
Epsom Hospital
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Epsom Hospital is a hospital in Epsom, Surrey, England. It is part of the Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust along with the nearby St Helier Hospital, the hospital is situated on Dorking Road 1 kilometre south east of the centre of Epsom. The first hospital in Epsom opened in 1873, with eight beds, the current building opened in 1890 as part of the poor laws. It was staffed by volunteers until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948, in 2013, local MP Chris Grayling said that constituents should show their support for retaining these services at the hospital. The hospital has its own service, Epsom Hospital Radio. Since 1979, its mascot has been Ruddles The Bear, which was named after a competition in the Epsom Guardian, Epsom Cluster, a group of psychiatric hospitals near Epsom List of hospitals in England Epsom Hospital Radio website
29.
St Peter's Hospital (Chertsey)
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St. Peter’s Hospital is an NHS district general hospital in Chertsey, Surrey, England. It has 400 beds and a range of acute care services. It is operated by Ashford and St. Peter’s Hospital NHS Trust, St. Peter’s Hospital, Chertsey, is situated in 52 acres of Metropolitan Green Belt parkland between Woking and Chertsey near junction 11 of the M25 motorway. It is 30 miles south west of central London and 10 miles from Heathrow Airport, the hospital is the main acute services hospital for the boroughs of Woking, Runnymede, Spelthorne and the western part of Elmbridge. Largest towns in these boroughs are Woking, Staines, Chertsey, originally St. Peter’s Hospital was built to serve casualties of the Second World War. Over the years, the hospital has been rebuilt, developed and extended to include maternity services, a departmental and clinic area, in the early 1990s, the Duchess of Kent Wing, which includes a Postgraduate Education Centre and modern well-equipped wards, was opened. A new building for the Accident & Emergency, ITU and Orthopaedic Unit opened in the summer of 1998, in 2006 two new wards were built onto the Duchess of Kent Wing. The hospital radio station, Radio Wey started broadcasting to patients and staff from St. Peters in 1965, St Peters Hospital is 0.8 miles SSW of Chertsey railway station and has regular bus services to a wide range of towns. A free shuttle service is available for patients, staff. List of hospitals in England Complaints Process Ashford and St Peters Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hospital radio station - Radio Wey Complaints Process
30.
Rag (student society)
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University Rag societies are student-run charitable fundraising organisations that are widespread in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Most universities in the UK and Ireland, as well as some in South Africa, in some universities Rags are known as Charities Campaigns, Charity Appeals, Charity Committees, or Karnivals, but they all share many attributes. In the UK, the National Student Fundraising Association, set up in December 2011, exists as a support, early Rag collectors may have ragged passers-by until they made a donation. Alternatively, it is thought to be from the Victorian era when students took time out of their studies to collect rags to clothe the poor, the first Rag in South Africa was started at the University of Pretoria in 1925. The students took to the streets in parade that still today and is known as the Procession. During this parade, where they build floats, they carry cans, today RAGs held at Afrikaans universities is called JOOL. The acronym is translated from Afrikaans as Your selfless sacrifice for charity, the annual JOOL/RAG week is held at the start of every academic year and serves also as a kind of welcoming party to students of the university. Traditionally fundraising activities have centred on an annual Rag Week, with each day for the week. While some Rags are only active for this week, others use Rag Week as their flagship week to encourage participation for the whole year, a Rag mag is a small booklet traditionally filled with politically incorrect humour which was originally sold to the local community during Rag Week. Some university Rags with a local tradition still sell their Rag Mags. A number of Rags claim to have published the first ever Rag mags and it is also claimed that Manchester University published the first Rag mag, in 1924. An issue of a Rag mag dating from 1923, called Goblio, is said to be in the archives of the University of Southampton. However, Queens University Belfast holds the most complete set of Rag magazines in its archives, many Rags raise the majority of their money for charity through sponsored challenges and fundraising events. Pub Quizzes Duck races Manchester RAG also run one of the longest running sponsored events in the North West, known as The Bogle Stroll, which celebrated its semicentennial anniversary in 2011. Street Collections, Currently known as Raids, volunteer collectors go out into the streets to collect for a charity on any given day with buckets rather than the clipboards. Many Rags also organise week-long Tours over the university holidays in which they travel from town to town, collecting in each one. All Megaraids tend to include a social aspect and often former students who still take part. NaSFA is an association of UK student fundraising organisations and it stands for National Student Fundraising Association and was born out of a meeting of 15 heads of UK RAG organisations at the national Rag conference in Durham 2011
31.
National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
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The National Union of Students of the United Kingdom is a confederation of students unions in the United Kingdom. Around 600 students unions are affiliated, accounting for more than 95% of all higher and further education unions in the UK, there is also an NUS Area for London, called NUS London. NUS is a member of the European Students Union, constituent members and associate members are required to pay a subscription fee as a condition of their membership. The NUS was formed on 10 February 1922 at a meeting held at the University of London, at this meeting, the Inter-Varsity Association and the International Students Bureau agreed to merge. Founding members included the unions of University of Birmingham, Birkbeck College, London, LSE, Imperial College London, Kings College London, during the 1950s it had thus concerned itself with collective bargaining over student grants, teaching salaries and education. This apolitical consensus was challenged in concert with the protests of 1968. At the 1969 NUS conference, then president Trevor Fisk came up against Jack Straw over the issue, Straw supported student protests against US military involvement in the Vietnam War, while Fisk advocated neutrality, Straws side won and the no politics clause was removed. A new-era began for the NUS, where agitation and protest became institutionalized. Straw was followed up as president by Digby Jacks, also representing the Radical Student Alliance, according to contemporary British government reports, the RSA was connected to the Trotskyite-led Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and had close links with the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund. The government report stated If they have an ideological bible it consists of the work of Professor Herbert Marcuse, at the time this was aimed at the National Front and the Monday Club. Indeed, two presidents of the NUS earlier on in the 1960s were from Queens University, Belfast, T. William Savage, the 1968-69 unrest in Northern Ireland saw the onset of The Troubles and a sectarian divisiveness come to the fore. Following a meeting in Galway in 1972, to combat divisions it was agreed that a called the NUS-USI would be founded with dual-membership to cover Northern Ireland. In 1970, NUS vice president Tony Klug visited South Africa, members also attempted to disrupt South African rugby and cricket matches in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. In the 1980s, the NUS played a significant role in getting Barclays Bank to divest from South Africa and they did so to work as a voting bloc against both the Conservatives and Militant. The first of these Broad Left presidents was Charles Clarke who as a member of the Clause Four Group, other presidents included Sue Slipman, Trevor Phillips and David Aaronovitch. The Fairtrade NUS Campaign was started by students at the University of Edinburgh in autumn 2005, the campaign is supported by a number of NGOs and charities, including Oxfam, Trade Justice Movement, People & Planet and CAFOD. Before the 2010 General Election, the NUS invited candidates sign a pledge not to raise tuition fees, the NUS, under new leader Aaron Porter, organised a national protest attended by thousands in November 2010, demanding an end to education cuts. The march route passed Whitehall and the Conservative Party headquarters at Millbank Tower, as they marched past the building, some protesters diverted in to the courtyard of Millbank Tower and began an occupation of the building
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British Medical Association
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The British Medical Association is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom. The association does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council, the association’s headquarters are located in BMA House, Tavistock Square, London. Additionally, the Association has national offices in Cardiff, Belfast, and Edinburgh, a European office in Brussels, the BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service employers as sole contract negotiators for doctors. The BMAs stated aim is to promote the medical and allied sciences, currently 156,000 doctors and 19,000 medical students are members of the association. The BMA has sole bargaining rights for these doctors, members of the BMA have access to expert employment advice. As part of the remit of the BMA it has a number of representative committees formed from members elected at the Annual Representatives Meeting. The most senior of these is Council and it meets five times a year to implement policy as decided at the ARM and to take relevant decisions during the year. Council has 34 voting members, led by the Chairman who is elected by council for a term of three years and to a maximum of five. Branch of Practice committees have a majority of BMA members but may also include non-members and these UK committees are mirrored across the devolved nations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is widely seen as one of the foremost authorities on issues in the UK. Issues considered by the committee include abortion, organ donation and presumed consent, patient confidentiality, the committee has eighteen members, composed of both doctors and expert lay members. The Committee itself co-opts an additional four members, drawn from similar disciplines. The co-opted members do not have voting rights, the Committee cannot by itself set BMA policy, although it develops its own policy which has advisory status. The Medical Ethics Department, which support to the Committee, answers individual ethical enquiries from doctors who are members of the BMA and produces guidelines. The bulk of the Department’s guidance is available on the open access part of the BMA’s website. A large part of the AFC’s work is the production of evidence to the Armed Forces Pay Review Body, the AFPRB advises on remuneration for members of the naval, military, and air forces. Further to this work, the AFC negotiates with the Ministry of Defence on the terms, the committee holds two conferences a year, an Armed Forces Committee conference usually in May and a Civilian Doctors’ conference usually in October. The BMA supports doctors that undertake private practice outside the NHS through its Private Practice Committee and this body considers topics facing both private consultants and general practitioners
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University Challenge
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University Challenge is a British quiz programme which first aired in 1962. University Challenge aired for 913 episodes on ITV from 21 September 1962 to 31 December 1987, the BBC revived the programme on 21 September 1994 with Jeremy Paxman as the quizmaster. The current holders are Peterhouse, Cambridge, who won the 45th series in 2016, the 46th series is being shown on the BBC. The show is produced by Granada Television, under licence from Richard Reid Productions and it was recorded at Granada Studios in Manchester from its inception until the studios closed down in 2013, it is now recorded at MediaCityUK in Salford. Despite periodic changes to the sets, studio layout, and presentation, some commentators have cited this as an essential element of its success. College Boy was originally scored for an ensemble of tubular bells, Flugelhorn, harpsichord, brushed Hi-hat, bass drum, the original theme returned for the early Paxman era episodes, and was later replaced by a string quartet arrangement of the theme recorded by the Balanescu Quartet. The programme had its beginnings in an American television quiz show called College Bowl, cecil Bernstein, brother of Sidney Bernstein who founded Granada Television in 1954, had seen the programme in the United States and liked the format. It was decided that Granada would produce a programme with competing teams from universities across the United Kingdom. From its inception in 1962, University Challenge was hosted by Bamber Gascoigne, the show was a cult favourite with a small but loyal core audience, and was one of a select few ITV shows that were transmitted without any advertising breaks. In the absence of a regular networked slot, audience figures would often fall, in October 1983 LWT decided to broadcast the series no longer, with Thames following suit, which resulted in no broadcasts in the London area. The series was given a rest for the whole of 1985, before returning in April 1986, the final series was also network but broadcast around 11am during the summer holiday period. Even so, the new networked time did little to save the series from the axe and this was one ostensible inspiration for an unusual 1975 protest. It did, however, get broadcast, although portions of the episode still exist in the archives of Granada TV. Granada banned the University of Manchester for several years and it was eventually revived in 1994 by the BBC, although still produced by Granada Television, using the original format with minor differences and presented by Jeremy Paxman. During the shows hiatus, an edition of the show was made, not by Granada but by BBC Television. It was presented by Bamber Gascoigne, and screened on BBC2 on 28 December 1992 and this show was preceded by a short documentary about the shows history. Bamber Gascoignes final appearance as host was in Universe Challenge in 1998, the show has, since its revival in 1994, featured a number of very high standard teams of postgraduate and mature students, who perhaps have a greater breadth of general knowledge. The Open University won the 1999 series with a team whose ages averaged 46, in the quarter-final, they beat a slightly younger team from part-time and mature student specialist Birkbeck, University of London, by only one question
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St. George's Hospital Medical School RFC
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St. George’s Hospital Medical School RFC is one of the oldest rugby clubs in the world having been founded in 1863. St. George’s Hospital Medical School RFC was founded in 1863 for the students of the St. George’s Hospital Medical School, despite its founding date, it was not one of the founding clubs of the rugby football union in 1871. The club saw its match list increase as there was an expansion in the number of clubs and this body instituted in 1874 the cup competition known as the United Hospitals Challenge Cup and St Georges was in the first final played on Wednesday 3 March 1875 at The Oval. The match predated by four years the first Calcutta Cup match and is the oldest cup competition in the game of rugby, the opponents were Guys Hospital Football Club and was played in front of 400 spectators. Guys, wore an orange and blue kit, and kicked the game off, whilst St Georges wore green jersey, Guys won but St Georges got their revenge the next season. When this game was played matches were won by goals rather than points, a goal was a converted try, and tries themselves only value in the case of a draw in which case they would be counted up as the deciding factor. Guys Hospital won the game by 1 Goal and 1 try to 2 tries, the records say that the three additional tries were all defensive touch downs. St Georges went on to win the cup twice more, in 1880 and 1882, notably, St Georges also fielded 5 international players in the 1870s. However, after St Georges triumph in 1882, they have never won the competition. The club then appears to have reached its zenith of achievement in the first two decades of its existence and this is due to George’s being the only remaining free standing medical school in the country. However, it is able to field two competitive male rugby sides, as well a ladies team. This was the first time that SGHMS RFC have won in 134 years, George’s Hospital Medical School RFC website
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Imperial College London
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Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. Its founder, Prince Albert, envisioned an area comprised of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall, the Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the foundation stone in 1888. Imperial College London was granted a charter in 1907. In the same year, the joined the University of London. The curriculum was expanded to include medicine after merging with several medical schools. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School, Imperial is organized through faculties for Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Business. The main campus is located in South Kensington, the universitys emphasis is on emerging technology and its practical application. Imperials contributions to society include the discovery of penicillin, the development of fibre optics, Imperial is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world. In 2017, it ranked 8th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, 9th in the QS World University Rankings, in 2015, Imperial was also ranked the most innovative university in Europe, and in 2017 as the 5th most international university in the world. Staff and alumni include 15 Nobel laureates,2 Fields Medalists,70 Fellows of the Royal Society,82 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. The Great Exhibition in 1851 was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington encouraging culture and education for everyone. Its founder, Prince Albert, envisioned an area composed of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall. Several royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London, as a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor, William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. It is considered the highest honour given in the chemical industry. The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology and he created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. The Royal College of Science was established in 1881, the main objective was to support the training of science teachers and to develop teaching in other science subjects alongside the Royal School of Mines earth sciences specialities
36.
John Hunter (surgeon)
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John Hunter FRS was a Scottish surgeon, one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an advocate of careful observation and scientific method in medicine. He was a teacher of, friend of, and collaborator with, Edward Jenner and his wife, Anne Hunter, was a minor poet, some of whose poems were set to music by Joseph Haydn. He learned anatomy by assisting his elder brother William with dissections in Williams anatomy school in, London, starting in 1748, and quickly became expert in anatomy. He spent some years as an Army surgeon, worked with the dentist James Spence conducting tooth transplants, Hunter became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767. The Hunterian Society of London was named in his honour, Hunter was born at Calderwood, the youngest of ten children. Family papers cite his birthday as being variously on 7 and 9 February, three of Hunters siblings died of illness before he was born. An elder brother was William Hunter, the anatomist, as a youth, John showed little talent, and robbed his brother-in-law as a cabinet-maker. When nearly 21 he visited William in London, where his brother had become a teacher of anatomy. John started as his assistant in dissections, and was running the practical classes on his own. John is alleged to have connected to these deaths, since at the time he was acting as Williams assistant. In The Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures, published in 1774, Hunter heavily researched blood while bloodletting patients with various diseases. This helped helped him develop his theory that inflammation was a response to disease. Hunter studied under William Cheselden at Chelsea Hospital and Percival Pott at St. Bartholomews Hospital, Hunter also studied with Marie Marguerite Bihéron, a famous anatomist and wax modeler teaching in London, some of the illustrations in his text were likely hers. After qualifying he became Assistant Surgeon at St Georges Hospital and Surgeon, Hunter was commissioned as an Army surgeon in 1760 and was staff surgeon on expedition to the French island of Belle Île in 1761, then served in 1762 with the British Army. Contrary to prevailing opinion at the time, Hunter was against the practice of dilation of gunshot wounds. This practice involved the surgeon deliberately expanding a wound with the aim of making the gunpowder easier to remove, Hunter left the Army in 1763, and spent at least five years working in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist. These principles are used in the transplanation of internal organs
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Henry Gray
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Henry Gray was an English anatomist and surgeon most notable for publishing the book Grays Anatomy. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of 25, Gray was born in Belgravia, London, in 1827 and lived most of his life in London. In 1842, he entered as a student at St. ”In 1858, Gray published the first edition of Anatomy, which covered 750 pages and contained 363 figures. He had the fortune of securing the help of his friend Henry Vandyke Carter. Carter made the drawings from which the engravings were executed, and this edition was dedicated to Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart, FRS, DCL. A second edition was prepared by Gray and published in 1860, the book is still published under the title Grays Anatomy and widely appreciated as an authoritative textbook for medical students. Gray held successively the posts of demonstrator of Anatomy, curator of the museum, Gray was struck by an attack of confluent smallpox, the most deadly type of the disease where individual lesions become so numerous that they join as a continuous, confluent sheet. He is assumed to have been infected due to his extended and meticulous caring for his nephew, Charles Gray. On the day he was to appear for an interview as a candidate for a prestigious post at the St. Georges Hospital. He was buried at St James, Pancras and Highgate Cemetery, of note is the fact that Gray had been vaccinated against smallpox as a child with one of the early forms of the vaccine. Pearce, J M S. Henry Grays Anatomy, Grays Anatomy, 20th edition First American edition of Grays Anatomy Works by or about Henry Gray at Internet Archive Works by Henry Gray at LibriVox
38.
Harry Hill
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Harry Hill is an English comedian, author and television presenter, best known as the narrator of Youve Been Framed since 2004, and hosting Harry Hills TV Burp for eleven years, from 2001 to 2012. Hill was born as Matthew Keith Hall in Woking, Surrey on 1 October 1964 and grew up in Staplehurst, Kent, at the age of 14, Hills family moved to Hong Kong for two years where he attended Island School. He was later educated at Angley School and then Cranbrook School in Kent, Hill worked as a house officer at Doncaster Royal Infirmary, before quitting the medical profession because he didnt feel in control of what was happening. Hill achieved his breakthrough in 1992, when he won the Perrier Award for Best Newcomer at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, shortly after, a radio show starring Hill was commissioned by BBC Radio 4 entitled Harry Hills Fruit Corner. Hill hosted the show as himself, and each week, he was joined by other guest performers, as well as regular character actors including Al Murray. The show featured a variety of celebrity guests during its run including Rolf Harris. Each programme was interspersed with Hills stand-up routines, Fruit Corner ran for four series on BBC Radio 4. Hill made his breakthrough in 1994, when he starred in BBC Two black. In a similar format to Fruit Corner, Hill would perform a series of sketches, the series also featured one of the characters from Fruit Corner, three-year-old Alan Hill Jr. The series ran for six episodes on BBC Two between October and December 1994, for Christmas that year, a VHS containing a one hundred minute compilation of the best material from the series, as well as unseen sketches, was released by BBC Video. It has since become a rare item, from May 1997 onwards, Hill presented his own Channel 4 television sketch series, Harry Hill, which ran for three series between 1997 to 2000. The show was an adaptation of Fruit Corner. Among the regular characters were Hills big brother, Alan, played by comedian Al Murray, in later series, Hill and Kwouk appeared in sketches as Karl Lagerfeld and Gianni Versace. Hills screen wife Mai Sung also made appearances on the show. Another character that featured on the show was Stouffer the Cat, Stouffer would normally sit in a throne, supported by a rubber arm in the style of Rod Hull, and was employed to intimidate guests during Hills standup routines. Some of Stouffers famous catchphrases are he got a big face, at the end of each episode, an event called The Badger Parade was supposed to take place. In place of the parade, Hill would usually sing a song. A tie-in book relating to the series was released in October 1998, the series was cancelled in April 2000, but was revived in March 2003, as The All-New Harry Hill Show, this time by ITV, who broadcast it along with episodes of TV Burp
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