1.
Participant Media
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Participant Media is an American film production company founded in 2004 by Jeffrey Skoll, dedicated to entertainment that inspires and compels social change. The company finances and co-produces films, and its hub, TakePart serves millions of socially conscious consumers each month with daily articles, videos. The companys name descriptively politicizes its basis on currently topical subjects presented to induce awareness in social aspects. The company has produced, financed, or co-produced over 75 films and its films have been nominated for 50 Academy Awards, and have won 11, including Best Picture for Spotlight. The company was founded in January 2004 as Participant Productions by Jeffrey Skoll, with $100 million in cash from Skolls personal funds, Skoll was the companys first chief executive officer, but stepped down from that position in August 2006. Participant Productions initial plans were to produce four to six films per year, the company focused on films in six areas – the environment, health care, human rights, institutional responsibility, peace and tolerance, and social and economic justice. It evaluated projects by running them past its creative executives first, assessing their cost and commercial viability second, once the decision was made to go ahead with production, the company reached out to non-profit organizations to ask them to build campaigns around the release. In some cases, the studio has spent years creating positive word-of-mouth with advocacy groups, the new company quickly announced an ambitious slate of productions. Its first film was the drama film American Gun, with equity partner IFC Films, two weeks later, the company announced a co-production deal with Warner Bros. on two films – the geopolitical thriller film Syriana and the drama film Class Action (later re-titled North Country. Participant Productions contributed half the budget of each film and its fourth production, a documentary film, was announced in November 2004. In 2005, the company suffered its first stumble and it again agreed to co-finance a picture with Warner Bros. this time Vadim Perelmans second feature, Truce. Although Perelman claimed he had never been moved by a script to such an extent, North Country did poorly at the box office despite having recent Academy Award-winner Charlize Theron in the lead. The World According to Sesame Street never found a distributor for theatrical release, the company announced in March 2005 that it would executive co-produce the Warner Bros. drama film Good Night, and Good Luck. A month later, it bought the rights to the documentary film Murderball in return for an equity stake in the film. It also executive produced and co-financed Al Gores global-warming documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, as heavier production scheduling grew, the company added staff. Ricky Strauss was named first president in March 2005, with oversight of production, marketing, diane Weyermann, director of the Sundance Institutes Documentary Film Program, joined the company in October 2005 as Executive Vice President of Documentary Production. The companys non-film-production efforts continued to grow as well, the company provided an undisclosed amount of financing in February 2005 to film distributor Emerging Pictures to finance that companys national network of digitally equipped cinemas. The company had a very successful 2005 awards season, with eleven Academy Award nominations, Good Night, and Good Luck garnered six nominations, including Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Director, Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Original Screenplay
2.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
3.
Military police
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Military police are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In the Second World War, the police of the German Army still used a metal gorget as an emblem. Naval police members are sometimes called masters-at-arms and shore patrol, Military police in Brazil has two meanings. There are provost corps for each of the Brazilian Armed Forces, Army Police for the Army, Navy Police for the Navy, the second type are the civilian preventative police, with military organization comparable to gendarmerie, called the Military Police. Each State has their own Military Police, there is also a joint National Public Security Force, created in 1999. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states and they have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, MP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. MP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Acts on all military bases in Canada pursuant to the Government Property Traffic Regulations, in Colombia, MPs are very common. They can be seen guarding closed roads, museums, embassies, government buildings, in the National Army of Colombia they are assigned to the 37 Military Police Battalions, wearing green uniforms with the military police helmet. A Naval Police battalion is in service in the Colombian Marine Corps, Each branch of the military of the United States maintains its own police force. The U. S. CGIS primarily investigates and charges those in its own population with serious crimes, such as rape, assault or forgery, Navy, designated as Naval Security Force, primarily responsible for law enforcement and force protection. NSF personnel are led by Naval commissioned officers from the Limited Duty Officer and Chief Warrant Officer communities, additionally, a host installations Security Force are augmented by Sailors on Temporary Assignment of Duty from their parent units, as part of the Auxiliary Security Force. Prior to the 1970s, Master-at-Arms and Shore Patrol were used synonymously to refer to Sailors assigned to law enforcement. Air Force Security Forces —United States Air Force Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments and they are referred to as Department of Defense Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the United States Department of Defense, for example, the Department of the Air Force Police operate under the Air Provost Marshal. The police officers duties are similar to those of civilian police officers. They enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice, federal and state laws, the United States Constabulary was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the American Zone of West Germany immediately after World War II
4.
Abu Ghraib prison
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The Baghdad Central Prison, formerly known as Abu Ghraib prison was a prison complex in Abu Ghraib, an Iraqi city 32 km west of Baghdad. The prison was built by British contractors in the 1950s, the prison held as many as 15,000 inmates in 2001. In 2002, Saddam Husseins government began a project to add six new cellblocks to the prison. In October 2002, he gave amnesty to most prisoners in Iraq, after the prisoners were released and the prison was left empty, it was vandalized and looted. Almost all of the documents relating to prisoners were piled and burnt inside of prison offices and cells, known mass-graves related to Abu Ghraib include, Khan Dhari, west of Baghdad - Mass grave with the bodies of political prisoners from Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad. Fifteen victims were executed on 26 December 1998 and buried by prison authorities under the cover of darkness, al-Zahedi, on the western outskirts of Baghdad - Secret graves near a civilian cemetery contain the remains of nearly 1,000 political prisoners. According to an eyewitness,10 to 15 bodies arrived at a time from the Abu Ghraib prison and were buried by local civilians, an execution on 10 December 1999 in Abu Ghraib claimed the lives of 101 people in one day. On 9 March 2000,58 prisoners were killed at a time, the last corpse interred was number 993. Until August 2006, the known as the Abu Ghraib prison was used for detention purposes by both the U. S. -led coalition occupying Iraq and the Iraqi government. The Iraqi government has controlled the area of the facility known as The Hard Site, the prison was used to house only convicted criminals. Suspected criminals, insurgents or those arrested and awaiting trial were held at other facilities, the U. S. housed all its detainees at Camp Redemption, which is divided into five security levels. This camp built in the summer of 2004 replaced the three-level setup of Camp Ganci, Camp Vigilant, the remainder of the facility was occupied by the U. S. military. Abu Ghraib served as both a FOB and a detention facility, when the U. S. military was using the Abu Ghraib prison as a detention facility, it housed approximately 7,490 prisoners there in March 2004. The U. S. military initially held all persons of interest in Camp Redemption, some were suspected rebels, and some suspected criminals. Those convicted by trial in Iraqi court are transferred to the Iraqi-run Hard Site, the story included photographs depicting the abuse of prisoners. The events created a political scandal within the U. S. On April 20,2004, insurgents fired 40 mortar rounds into the prison, killing 24 detainees, commentators thought the attack was either an attempt to incite a riot or retribution for detainees cooperating with the United States. In May 2004, the U. S. -led coalition embarked on a policy to reduce numbers to fewer than 2,000
5.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
6.
Berlin International Film Festival
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The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the worlds leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held annually in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival based on actual attendance rates. Up to 400 films are shown in sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick, the European Film Market, a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers, the Berlinale Talent Campus, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, gathers young filmmakers from around the globe. It partners with the festival itself and is considered to be a forum for upcoming artists, the festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the red carpet, the Berlinale has established a cosmopolitan character integrating art, glamour, commerce and a global media attention. The Berlin International Film Festival was founded in West Berlin in 1951, alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca opened the first Berlinale. Although the film had premiered in 1940, many Germans had been unable to watch it until after the war ended, since 1978 the festival has been celebrated annually in February. The next-to-most recent festival, the 66th Berlinale, was held from 11 February to 21 February 2016, meryl Streep presided over the international jury. Joel and Ethan Coens film Hail, Caesar. was selected to open the festival, the Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian documentary Fire at Sea, directed by Gianfranco Rosi. The 67th Berlin International Film Festival was held February 9 to February 19,2017, the festival is composed of seven different film sections. Films are chosen in each category by a director with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories include, Competition, comprises feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, films in the Competition section compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production. Panorama, comprises new independent and arthouse films that deal with controversial subjects or unconventional aesthetic styles, films in the category are intended to provoke discussion, and have historically involved themes such as LGBT issues
7.
An Inconvenient Truth
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The film grossed $24 million in the U. S. and $26 million in the foreign box office, becoming the tenth highest grossing documentary film to date in the United States. The idea to document his efforts came from producer Laurie David who saw his presentation at a meeting on global warming which coincided with the opening of The Day After Tomorrow. Laurie David was so inspired by Gores slide show that she, with producer Lawrence Bender, since the films release, An Inconvenient Truth has been credited for raising international public awareness of global warming and reenergizing the environmental movement. The documentary has also included in science curricula in schools around the world. An Inconvenient Sequel, Truth to Power will be in theaters July 28,2017 and he began making these presentations in 1989 with flip chart illustrations, the film version uses a Keynote presentation, which Gore refers to as the slide show. The former vice president opens the film by greeting an audience with his line about his campaign in 2000, I am Al Gore. Gore then begins his slide show on Global Warming, a comprehensive presentation replete with detailed graphs, flow charts, Gore shows off several majestic photographs of the Earth taken from multiple space missions, Earthrise and The Blue Marble. Gore notes that these photos dramatically transformed the way we see the Earth, Gore ties this conclusion to the assumption that the Earth is so big, we cant possibly have any lasting, harmful impact on the Earths environment. For comic effect, Gore uses a clip from the Futurama episode Crimes of the Hot to describe the greenhouse effect, Gore also presents Antarctic ice coring data showing CO2 levels higher now than in the past 650,000 years. The film includes segments intended to refute critics who say that global warming is unproven or that warming will be insignificant, melt water from Greenland, because of its lower salinity, could then halt the currents that keep northern Europe warm and quickly trigger dramatic local cooling there. It also contains various short animated projections of what could happen to different animals more vulnerable to global warming, Gore calls upon his viewers to learn how they can help him in these efforts. The solutions are in our hands, we just have to have the determination to make it happen and we have everything that we need to reduce carbon emissions, everything but political will. But in America, the will to act is a renewable resource, Gores book of the same title was published concurrently with the theatrical release of the documentary. The book contains information, scientific analysis, and Gores commentary on the issues presented in the documentary. Gore became interested in global warming when he took a course at Harvard University with Professor Roger Revelle, later, when Gore was in Congress, he initiated the first congressional hearing on the subject in 1981. Gores 1992 book, Earth in the Balance, dealing with a number of environmental topics and he helped broker the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The treaty was not ratified in the United States after a 95 to 0 vote in the Senate, during his 2000 presidential campaign, Gore ran, in part, on a pledge to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. After his defeat in the 2000 presidential election by George W. Bush and he edited and adapted a slide show he had compiled years earlier, and began featuring the slide show in presentations on global warming across the U. S. and around the world
8.
Tribeca Film Festival
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The mission of the festival is to enable the international film community and the general public to experience the power of film by redefining the film festival experience. The Tribeca Film Festival was founded to celebrate New York City as a filmmaking center. In 2006 and 2007, the Festival received over 8600 film submissions, the Festivals program line-up includes a variety of independent films including documentaries, narrative features and shorts, as well as a program of family-friendly films. The Festival also features panel discussions with personalities in the entertainment world, past artists of the Artists Awards program have included Chuck Close, Alex Katz, and Julian Schnabel. The festival now draws an estimated three million people—including often-elusive celebrities from the worlds of art, film, and music—and generates $600 million annually, the inaugural festival launched after 120 days of planning with the help of more than 1,300 volunteers. It was attended by more than 150,000 people and featured several up-and-coming filmmakers, the 2003 festival brought more than 300,000 people. It became one of the venues of the festival, in an effort to serve its mission of bringing independent film to the widest possible audience, in 2006, the Festival expanded its reach in New York City and internationally. In New York City, Tribeca hosted screenings throughout Manhattan as the Festivals 1, internationally, the Festival brought films to the Rome Film Fest. As part of the celebrations in Rome, Tribeca was awarded the first ever Steps and Stars award, presented on the Spanish Steps. A total of 169 feature films and 99 shorts were selected from 4,100 film submissions, the festival featured 90 world premieres, nine international premieres,31 North American premieres,6 U. S. premieres, and 28 New York City premieres. In 2009, Rosenthal, Hatkoff and De Niro were named number 14 on Barrons list of the worlds top 25 philanthropists for their role in regenerating TriBeCas economy after September 11, as of 2010, the festival is run as a business by Tribeca Enterprises. Andrew Essex has been the CEO of Tribeca Enterprises since January,2016, in 2011, L. A. Noire became the first video game to be recognized by the Tribeca Film Festival. com,02.23.2013
9.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
10.
Specialist (rank)
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Specialist is a military rank in some countries armed forces. In the United States military, it is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U. S. Army, above private first class, unlike corporals, specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers. Specialist E-4 is the most common rank that is held by US Army soldiers, in 1920, the Army rank and pay system received a major overhaul. The second grade had two titles, first sergeant, which was three stripes, two rockers, and a lozenge in the middle, and technical sergeant, which was three stripes and two rockers. By World War II, the rank of first sergeant had been elevated to first grade, the wearing of specialist badges inset in rank insignia was abolished, and a generic system of chevrons and arcs replaced them. From 1920 to 1942, there was a rank designated private/specialist that was graded in six classes and they were considered the equal of a private first class, but drew additional specialist pay in relationship to the specialist level possessed on top of their base Pfc. pay. Unofficially, a private/specialist could be authorized, at his commanders discretion, on 8 January 1942, the rank of technician was introduced to replace the private/specialist rank, which was discontinued by 30 June 1942. This gave technical specialists more authority by grading them as non-commissioned officers rather than senior enlisted personnel and they were parallel to pay grades of the time, going up in seniority from technician fifth grade, technician fourth grade, and technician third grade. To reduce the confusion caused in the field, an embroidered T insignia was authorized for wear under the chevrons on 4 September 1942. The rank was finally discontinued on 1 August 1948, on 1 July 1955, four grades of specialist were established, Specialist Third Class, Specialist Second Class, Specialist First Class, and Master Specialist. The insignia was yellow on a blue background. The senior specialist ranks of SP2, SP1, and MSP were indicated by one, in 1956 the Army Green uniform was adopted. The enlisted stripes were changed from yellow on a backing to Goldenlite Yellow on a green backing. The specialist insignia was redesigned to be larger, broader, in 1958 the DoD added two additional pay grades to give enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress to a full career with additional opportunities for promotion. The Super Grades of Spec. /8 and Spec. /9 were respectively given one, in 1978 the specialist rank at E-7 was discontinued and in 1985, the specialist ranks at E-5 and E-6 were discontinued. These specialist ranks were created to reward personnel with higher degrees of experience, appointment to either specialist or non-commissioned officer status was determined by military occupational specialty. Different military occupational specialties had various transition points, for example, in the band career field, a bandsman could not achieve non-commissioned officer status until pay grade E-6 was attained. In some military occupational specialties, a soldier was appointed either a specialist or non-commissioned officer depending on particular position or slot that he filled in his organization
11.
United States Army Criminal Investigation Command
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The United States Army Criminal Investigation Command investigates felony crimes and serious violations of military law within the United States Army. By position, the USACIDC commanding general is also the Armys Provost Marshal General. S, CID special agents may be military personnel, or appointed civilian personnel. USACIDC was established as a United States Army command in 1971 and is headquartered at Marine Corps Base, Quantico, worldwide, the organization has slightly fewer than 3,000 soldiers and civilians, of whom approximately 900 are special agents. The newly created Criminal Investigation Division was headed by a chief who served as the advisor to the Provost Marshal General on all matters relating to criminal investigations. However, operational control of CID still remained with individual provost marshals, at the end of the war, the United States Army was reduced in size during the transition to peacetime and the size of CID shrank dramatically. However, by early 1942, investigations of crimes committed by military personnel were considered to be a command function to be conducted by local military police personnel. As the Army had expanded, the rate had risen. The organization exercised supervision over criminal activities, coordinated investigations between commands, dictated plans and policies, and set standards for criminal investigators. After the war, the CID was once again decentralized, with control of criminal investigations transferred to area commands in the 1950s, beginning in 1965, criminal investigative elements were reorganized into CID groups corresponding to geographical areas in the United States. In 1966, the concept was introduced to units in Europe, however, this arrangement did not fully resolve all the coordination problems, and in 1969, the U. S. Army Criminal Investigation Agency was established to supervise all CID operations worldwide. On 17 September 1971, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Command was established as a major Army command, vested with command, Military Special Agent candidates must be currently serving in the active Army or Army Reserve. There are no active Army National Guard CID units, candidates must be enlisted soldiers who are US citizens, at least 21 years of age, and in the ranks of E4 or E5. Candidates must have demonstrated leadership potential, management abilities and good communication skills. CID does not employ Commissioned Officers as Special Agents, CID Battalions and Brigades are commanded by Commissioned Officers from the Military Police Corps. These officers do not supervise the conduct of criminal investigations, Criminal investigations are conducted by field Special Agents and are typically supervised by senior Warrant Officer Special Agents. Military Special Agent candidates initially receive training at the US Army Military Police School at Fort Leonard Wood, for official photographs, and certain duty assignments, they wear the uniforms, rank and insignia of any other soldier of their respective ranks. The design of the sleeve insignia has the central star. Red, white, and blue are the national colors, the CID distinctive unit insignia has a central star symbolizing centralized command
12.
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
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These violations included physical and sexual abuse, torture, rape, sodomy, and murder. The abuses came to public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse by CBS News in April 2004. The incidents received widespread condemnation both within the United States and abroad, although the soldiers received support from conservative media within the United States. The administration of George W. Bush attempted to portray the abuses as isolated incidents and this was contradicted by humanitarian organizations such as the Red Cross, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch. Several scholars stated that the abuses constituted state-sanctioned crimes, the United States Department of Defense removed seventeen soldiers and officers from duty, and eleven soldiers were charged with dereliction of duty, maltreatment, aggravated assault and battery. Between May 2004 and March 2006, these soldiers were convicted in courts-martial, sentenced to military prison, two soldiers, Specialist Charles Graner and PFC Lynndie England, were sentenced to ten and three years in prison, respectively. Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, the officer of all detention facilities in Iraq, was reprimanded and demoted to the rank of colonel. Several more military personnel who were accused of perpetrating or authorizing the measures, documents popularly known as the Torture Memos came to light a few years later. The memoranda also argued that international humanitarian laws, such as the Geneva Conventions, several subsequent U. S. Supreme Court decisions, including Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, have overturned Bush administration policy, and ruled that Geneva Conventions apply. The September 11 Attacks in the United States led to demands from the public that US president George Bush take actions that would prevent further attacks and this pressure led to the launch of the War on Terror. In addition, these tactics created the perception that the techniques used in the cold war would not be of much use. US vice-president Dick Cheney stated, for example, that the US to work sort of on the side. The Iraq War began in March 2003 as an invasion of Baathist Iraq by a led by the United States. The Baathist government led by Saddam Hussein was toppled within a month and this conflict was followed by a longer phase of fighting in which an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. During this insurgency, the United States was in the role of an occupying power, the Abu Ghraib prison in the town of Abu Ghraib was one of the most notorious prisons in Iraq during the government of Saddam Hussein. The prison was used to hold approximately 50,000 men and women in poor conditions, the prison was located on 280 acres of land 32 kilometers west of Baghdad. After the collapse of Saddam Husseins government, the prison was looted, following the invasion, the U. S. army refurbished it and turned it into a military prison. It was the largest of several centers in Iraq used by the U. S. military
