1.
Unincorporated area
–
Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
Unincorporated area
–
Sign at
Contra Costa Centre Transit Village, an unincorporated community in
Contra Costa County, California, United States, north of the city of
Walnut Creek.
Unincorporated area
–
Sign prohibiting entry to the
Military Area Boletice
Unincorporated area
–
Nutbush, an unincorporated area in
Haywood County,
Tennessee
Unincorporated area
–
Rosslyn, one of many highrise neighborhoods in
Arlington County, Virginia. The county has no cities within its borders, and five times the
population density of the state's most populous city,
Virginia Beach.
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Louisiana
–
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
Louisiana
–
Louisiana entrance sign off
Interstate 20 in
Madison Parish east of
Tallulah.
Louisiana
–
Flag
Louisiana
–
Aerial view of Louisiana wetland habitats.
Louisiana
–
A field of yellow wildflowers in
Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana
5.
List of parishes in Louisiana
–
The U. S. state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes in the same way that 48 other states of the United States are divided into counties. Alaska, the exception, is divided into boroughs and census areas instead. Forty-one parishes are governed by a called the Police Jury. The other 23 have various forms of government, including, president-council, council-manager, parish commission. Louisiana was formed from French and Spanish colonies, which were both officially Roman Catholic, local colonial government was based upon parishes, as the local ecclesiastical division. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislative council divided the Territory of Orleans into 12 counties. The borders of counties were poorly defined, but they roughly coincided with the colonial parishes. On March 31,1807, the legislature created 19 parishes without abolishing the old counties. In 1811, a convention was held to prepare for Louisianas admission into the Union. This organized the state into seven districts, each consisting of groups of parishes. In 1816, the first official map of the state used the term parish, since then, the official term for Louisianas primary civil divisions has been parishes. The 19 original parishes were joined by Catahoula Parish in 1808, by April 1812, Attakapas Parish became St. Martin Parish and St. Mary Parish. On April 30, the state was admitted to the Union with 25 parishes, by 1820, Washington Parish was added, and Feliciana Parish split into West and East in 1824. The next year, Jefferson Parish was carved from Orleans Parish, by 1830, Claiborne Parish was created, and the old Warren Parish was mostly absorbed into Ouachita Parish, only to return as Carroll Parish a few years later. In 1838, Caddo Parish was created from Natchitoches, as were Madison, in 1839, Union Parish was formed from Ouachita, and Calcasieu was formed from St. Landry in 1840. Five parishes were created in 1843, Bossier, DeSoto, Franklin, Sabine, morehouse Parish and Vermilion Parish were formed from Ouachita and Lafayette parishes, respectively, in 1844. The next year, Jackson Parish was formed, the old county units were abandoned, in 1848, Bienville Parish was formed from Claiborne Parish. In 1852, Winn parish was formed, while further south added
List of parishes in Louisiana
–
EC
6.
Richland Parish, Louisiana
–
Richland Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,725, the parish was founded in 1868. Richland Parish is home to the first parishwide public library in the State of Louisiana, the library was built in 1925 by the Lambda Kappa Club of Rayville. Rhymes donated the building in memory of his wife, Nonnie Roark Rhymes. In 2008, Governor Bobby Jindal appointed Bibb Ingram, a granddaughter to Nonnie Rhymes, as a member of the Louisiana State Library Board. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 565 square miles. The population density was 38 people per square mile, there were 8,335 housing units at an average density of 15 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 60. 96% White,38. 01% Black or African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 20% from other races,1. 08% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.14. In the parish the population was out with 27. 30% under the age of 18,9. 90% from 18 to 24,26. 80% from 25 to 44,21. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 88.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.30 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $23,668, and the median income for a family was $29,075. Males had an income of $28,471 versus $18,587 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $12,479, about 23. 10% of families and 27. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39. 50% of those under age 18 and 20. 90% of those age 65 or over. Public schools in Richland Parish are operated by the Richland Parish School Board, jones, Jr. city, district, and state court judge, born in Rayville, resided in Ruston, Louisiana Ralph E. Francis C
Richland Parish, Louisiana
–
Richland Parish Courthouse in Rayville
Richland Parish, Louisiana
–
Former Rayville High School, operated by the Richland Parish School Board and originally designed by the
Shreveport architect Edward F. Neild, was renovated into an apartment complex.
Richland Parish, Louisiana
–
Holly Ridge High School in Holly Ridge in rural Richland Parish
Richland Parish, Louisiana
–
Rhymes Memorial Library in
Rayville is the first parishwide public library in Louisiana.
7.
Central Time Zone (Americas)
–
The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
Central Time Zone (Americas)
–
Regions in the Central Time Zone
8.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
9.
UTC-5
–
UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
UTC-5
–
Behind (−)
10.
ZIP code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
ZIP code
–
A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes
ZIP code
ZIP code
–
"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.
ZIP code
–
USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".
11.
Country music
–
Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
–
Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
–
Vernon Dalhart
Country music
–
Roy Acuff
Country music
–
Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
12.
Singer
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Singer
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Singer
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Singer
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
Singer
–
Rock singer Ian Gillan performing live with
Deep Purple in
Hoyos del Espino in 2013.
13.
Tim McGraw
–
Samuel Timothy Tim McGraw is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He has been married to singer Faith Hill since 1996, and is the son of the baseball player Tug McGraw. McGraw has released fourteen studio albums,10 of those albums have reached number 1 on the Top Country Albums charts, with his 1994 breakthrough album Not a Moment Too Soon being the top country album of 1994. All of these albums have produced 65 singles,25 of which have reached number 1 on the Hot Country Songs or Country Airplay charts. Three of these singles — Its Your Love, Just to See You Smile, and Live Like You Were Dying — were the top songs of 1997,1998. He has also won three Grammy Awards,14 Academy of Country Music awards,11 Country Music Association awards,10 American Music Awards, and three Peoples Choice Awards. His Soul2Soul II Tour with Faith Hill is one of the highest grossing tours in music history. McGraw has ventured into acting, with supporting roles in The Blind Side, Friday Night Lights, The Kingdom, Tomorrowland, and Four Christmases and he was a minority owner of the Arena Football Leagues Nashville Kats. McGraw is of Italian and Irish descent on his mothers side, and of Scots-Irish, English, Scottish, Swiss, Dutch, Czech, and German descent on his fathers side. In 1966, Tug was a pitcher for the Jacksonville Suns, and he lived in an apartment above Betty DAgostino, the pair had a relationship, and when Betty became pregnant, her parents sent her to Louisiana to live with relatives and to have the baby. Raised by his mother in Start, also in Richland Parish, east of Monroe, McGraw grew up believing his stepfather, from the time of his mothers marriage until the time he met his biological father, his last name was Smith. At age 11, McGraw discovered his birth certificate while searching his mothers closet to look for Christmas presents, after his discovery, his mother revealed that his biological father was Tug McGraw, and took Tim to meet him for the first time. For seven years, Tug denied being Tims father, Tim was 18 years old when Tug first realized how much Tim looked like him at that age, and he acknowledged paternity. They remained close until Tugs death in 2004, as a child, McGraw loved to play competitive sports, including baseball, even though he did not know his biological father was a professional athlete. He was also a member of the FFA, a knee injury sustained while playing baseball prevented him from pursuing a career in sports and therefore, he decided to drop out of college and move to Nashville. During his college period, he learned to play guitar, and would perform and sing for tips. His mother, Betty, returned to Jacksonville, Florida in 1987 and he attended Florida Community College at Jacksonville for one term, and occasionally sat in with local bands. In 1989, on the day his hero Keith Whitley died, McGraw dropped out of college to head to Nashville, McGraw came to the attention of Curb Records in 1990
Tim McGraw
–
McGraw performing for the United States Air Force in 2003
Tim McGraw
–
Start, Louisiana, welcome sign notes that McGraw once resided there.
Tim McGraw
–
Tim McGraw's star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame
Tim McGraw
–
McGraw performing during the
Soul2Soul Tour, July 2006
14.
Oak Ridge, Louisiana
–
Oak Ridge is a village in Morehouse Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 142 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Bastrop Micropolitan Statistical Area. Oak Ridge is located at 32°37′25″N 91°46′28″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.6 km2, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 142 people,63 households, the population density was 143.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 72 housing units at a density of 72.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 91. 55% White,7. 75% African American,34. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 25. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the family size was 2.95. In the village, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,4. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 1% from 25 to 44,23. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males, the median income for a household in the village was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $70,417. Males had an income of $75,287 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the village was $25,408, there were 9. 8% of families and 17. 5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 17. 5% of under eighteens and 33. 3% of those over 64. Edwards Barham, Oak Ridge farmer and former Republican member of the Louisiana State Senate, robert J. Barham, was appointed as the Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries in 2008. He is a former Republican state senator and a brother of Edwards Barham. Tammie McDaniel, one of three appointees of Governor Bobby Jindal to the Louisiana State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education in 2008, starr Homeplace http, //www. starrhomeplace. org/pandemoniafoundation/index. htm Oak Ridge Progress Community Progress Site for Oak Ridge, LA
Oak Ridge, Louisiana
–
Location of Oak Ridge in Louisiana
15.
Mangham, Louisiana
–
Mangham is a village in Richland Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States. The population was 595 at the 2000 census and it is named for Wyley P. Mangham, the publisher of the Richland Beacon-News, a weekly newspaper in Rayville, the seat of Richland Parish. Mangham is located at 32°18′30″N 91°46′34″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 square mile, all of it land. The community straddles the border with Franklin Parish, Louisiana Highway 15 runs through Mangham. As of the census of 2000, there were 595 people,247 households, the population density was 590.0 people per square mile. There were 268 housing units at a density of 265.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 59. 66% White,39. 83% African American,0. 17% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 34% of the population. 28. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was out with 27. 1% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,24. 4% from 25 to 44,23. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 85.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $17,500, and the median income for a family was $23,558. Males had an income of $22,273 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,813, about 22. 0% of families and 28. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42. 8% of those under age 18 and 9. 0% of those age 65 or over. Public schools in Richland Parish are operated by the Richland Parish School Board, three campuses serve the village of Mangham - Mangham Elementary School, Mangham Junior High School, and Mangham High School. The current principal of MHS is Connie Williams, author of I Think I Heard a Rooster Crow, a collection of inspirational poems and devotionals, published in 2011 by Westbow Press. Noble Ellington is a member of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature, having served continuously from 1988 to 2012. He graduated in 1960 from Mangham High School, robert Neal Harwell is a commissioner of the Tensas Basin Levee District and the former Republican mayor of Mangham. Bennie McLain Hixon, a principal of Mangham High School, self-published The History of Mangham
Mangham, Louisiana
–
Downtown Mangham, Louisiana
Mangham, Louisiana
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Welcome sign to Mangham on
United States Highway 425
Mangham, Louisiana
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Mangham Town Hall
Mangham, Louisiana
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First
Baptist Church of Mangham
16.
Documentary
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
17.
United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
United States Census Bureau
–
Census headquarters in
Suitland, Maryland
United States Census Bureau
–
Seal
United States Census Bureau
–
A card puncher, part of the tabulation system used to compile the thousands of facts gathered by the Bureau. Holes are punched in the card according to a prearranged code transferring the facts from the census questionnaire into statistics.
18.
Parish seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
Parish seat
–
Many county seats in the United States feature a historic courthouse, such as this one in
Renville County, Minnesota, pictured in May 2008.
19.
Rayville, Louisiana
–
Rayville is a town in and the parish seat of Richland Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States. The population, which is 69 percent African American, was 4,234 at the 2000 census, Rayville is the home of Palmetto Addiction Recovery Center. City Hall, located next to the U. S, post Office across from U. S. Highway 80, is named for former Rayville Mayor Joe Kalil. Rayville is located at 32°28′25″N 91°45′27″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.3 square miles, of which,2.2 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,234 people,1,504 households, the population density was 1,880.1 people per square mile. There were 1,629 housing units at a density of 723.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 31. 44% White,67. 26% African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 17% Asian,0. 12% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 50% of the population. 30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.32. In the town, the population was out with 32. 3% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,22. 8% from 25 to 44,16. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 76.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 66.3 males, the median income for a household in the town was $14,309, and the median income for a family was $16,480. Males had an income of $21,000 versus $16,107 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,589, about 44. 2% of families and 48. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 65. 9% of those under age 18 and 28. 6% of those age 65 or over. Public schools in Richland Parish are operated by the Richland Parish School Board, three campuses serve the town of Rayville - Rayville Elementary School, Rayville Junior High School, and Rayville High School. Rayville is also served by Riverfield Academy a non-denominational private school, james Terry Watson, a native of Holly Ridge in Richland Parish, was an agent for thirteen years of the United States Drug Enforcement Administration. On June 20,2013, he was murdered by a gang during a robbery in Bogota. His funeral at the Richland Arts Center in Rayville drew dozens of law-enforcement officers, including from Washington, United States Attorney General Eric Holder and DEA Administrator Michele Leonhart. Holder noted that Watson volunteered for the most dangerous missions, fellow agents Frank Tarentino, Phil Welcome, and Scott Rowan told stories of the heroism of their friend, who served in more than a half dozen countries
Rayville, Louisiana
–
Bodock tree, the oldest in Rayville, is located between the Civic Center and the Rhymes Memorial Library.
Rayville, Louisiana
–
Rayville welcome sign
Rayville, Louisiana
–
Kalil Municipal Building is named for former Rayville
Mayor Joe Kalil.
Rayville, Louisiana
–
Rayville Civic Center
20.
Town (Louisiana)
–
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size definition for what constitutes a town varies considerably in different parts of the world, the word town shares an origin with the German word Zaun, the Dutch word tuin, and the Old Norse tun. The German word Zaun comes closest to the meaning of the word. An early borrowing from Celtic *dunom, in English and Dutch, the meaning of the word took on the sense of the space which these fences enclosed. In England, a town was a community that could not afford or was not allowed to build walls or other larger fortifications. In the Netherlands, this space was a garden, more specifically those of the wealthy, in Old Norse tun means a place between farmhouses, and is still used in a similar meaning in modern Norwegian. If there was any distinction between toun and burgh as claimed by some, it did not last in practice as burghs, for example, Edina Burgh or Edinburgh was built around a fort and eventually came to have a defensive wall. In some cases, town is a name for city or village. Sometimes, the town is short for township. A places population size is not a determinant of urban character. In many areas of the world, as in India at least until recent times, in the United Kingdom, there are historical cities that are far smaller than the larger towns. Some forms of settlement, such as temporary mining locations, may be clearly non-rural. Towns often exist as governmental units, with legally defined borders. In the United States these are referred to as incorporated towns, in other cases the town lacks its own governance and is said to be unincorporated. Note that the existence of a town may be legally set forth through other means. In the case of planned communities, the town exists legally in the form of covenants on the properties within the town. Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification of towns based on their age, although there is no official use of the term for any settlement. In Albanian qytezë means small city or new city, while in ancient times small residential center within the walls of a castle
Town (Louisiana)
–
Çeşme,
Turkey a coastal Turkish town with houses in regional style and an Ottoman Castle.
Town (Louisiana)
–
The alpine town of
Davos in the
Swiss Alps.
Town (Louisiana)
–
Reading,
England, is a large town which has unsuccessfully tried to
become a city.
Town (Louisiana)
–
The historical town of
Skalica in
Slovakia.
21.
Delhi, Louisiana
–
Delhi, originally called Deerfield, is a town in Richland Parish, Louisiana, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,969. Grant spent the winter of 1862-1863 at Winter Quarters south of Newellton in Tensas Parish in preparation for the siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, winters reported strong Union sympathy in both Delhi and Monroe. In the 1940s, Delhi was the center of a natural gas boom. From 1968-1969, Delhi Fire Department was home to the now defunct Louisiana State Police - Troop O. Abandoned after only thirteen months in 1969, on February 21,1971, Louisianas only recorded F5 tornado struck outside of Delhi. It took forty-six lives and was the deadliest F5 tornado to hit the United States since the Jackson, Mississippi, Candlestick Park Tornado in 1966 and the earliest confirmed F5 tornado during a year. Delhi has a store, the E. W. Thomsom Drug Company. The company has owned for four generations by the McEacharn family. Pharmacist Wilfred Bruce McEacharn is the current owner, hand-crafted milk shakes and old-fashioned fountain Coca-Colas are still available. Popular menu items include cheeseburgers and plates of tuna and chicken salad and his wife, Shari, operates a gift shop within the drug store. The Thomson Company remains a mainstay of Delhi for all generations of patrons, Delhi is located at 32°27′21″N 91°29′36″W. The town lies at the confluence of US Highway 80 and Louisiana Highway 17, and near to Interstate Highway 20. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 2.6 square miles. The elevation of 89 ft spared Delhi from the brunt of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 that destroyed most of the surrounding Mississippi River Delta area. The Poverty Point Reservoir, which hosts the acclaimed Black Bear Golf Club, the reservoir project was pushed to fruition by State Senator Francis C. Thompson of Delhi. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,066 people,1,129 households, the population density was 1,215.2 people per square mile. There were 1,253 housing units at a density of 496.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 42. 24% White,56. 78% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 36% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 98% of the population
Delhi, Louisiana
–
Delhi City Hall
Delhi, Louisiana
–
Downtown Delhi looking south along La 17
Delhi, Louisiana
–
Abandoned theater in downtown Delhi
Delhi, Louisiana
–
Commercial Capital Bank is located in downtown Delhi across the street from the First
Baptist Church.
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