1.
Optical disc
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The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the disc surface. Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves and this side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The reverse side of a disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper. Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm in diameter, with 12 cm being the most common size, a typical disc is about 1.2 mm thick, while the track pitch ranges from 1.6 µm to 320 nm. An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types, read-only, recordable, or re-recordable, write-once optical discs commonly have an organic dye recording layer between the substrate and the reflective layer. Rewritable discs typically contain an alloy recording layer composed of a phase change material, most often AgInSbTe, an alloy of silver, indium, antimony, Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music, video, or data and programs for personal computers. The Optical Storage Technology Association promotes standardized optical storage formats, although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact optical media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in the optical disc drive or corresponding disc player. For computer data backup and physical data transfer, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs are gradually being replaced with faster, smaller solid-state devices and this trend is expected to continue as USB flash drives continue to increase in capacity and drop in price. Additionally, music purchased or shared over the Internet has significantly reduced the number of audio CDs sold annually. The first recorded use of an optical disc was in the 1884 when Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell. An early optical disc system existed in 1935, named Lichttonorgel, an early analog optical disc used for video recording was invented by David Paul Gregg in 1958 and patented in the US in 1961 and 1969. This form of optical disc was an early form of the DVD. It is of special interest that U. S, patent 4,893,297, filed 1989, issued 1990, generated royalty income for Pioneer Corporations DVA until 2007 —then encompassing the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray systems. In the early 1960s, the Music Corporation of America bought Greggs patents and his company, american inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record a digital signal on an optical transparent foil which is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966 and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. Both Greggs and Russells disc are floppy media read in transparent mode, in the Netherlands in 1969, Philips Research physicist, Pieter Kramer invented an optical videodisc in reflective mode with a protective layer read by a focused laser beam U. S
2.
Content format
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A content format is an encoded format for converting a specific type of data to displayable information. Content formats are used in recording and transmission to prepare data for observation or interpretation and this includes both analog and digitized content. Content formats may be recorded and read by either natural or manufactured tools, in addition to converting data to information, a content format may include the encryption and/or scrambling of that information. Multiple content formats may be contained within a section of a storage medium or transmitted via a single channel of a transmission medium. With multimedia, multiple tracks containing multiple content formats are presented simultaneously, content formats may either be recorded in secondary signal processing methods such as a software container format or recorded in the primary format. Observable data is known as raw data, or raw content. There has been a number of content formats throughout history
3.
Direct Stream Digital
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DSD Records is the name of a trademark used by Sony and Philips for their system of digitally recreating audible signals for the Super Audio CD. DSD uses pulse-density modulation encoding—a technology to store audio signals on digital media that are used for the SACD. The signal is stored as delta-sigma modulated digital audio, a sequence of values at a sampling rate of 2.8224 MHz. Noise shaping occurs by use of the 64-timed oversampled signal to reduce noise, therefore, it is a topic of discussion whether it is possible to eliminate distortion in one-bit delta-sigma conversion. DSD is a method of storing a delta-sigma signal before applying a decimation process that converts the signal to a PCM signal, delta-sigma conversion was originally described in patent 2,927,962, filed by C. C. Cutler in 1954, but was not named as such until a 1962 paper by Inose et al, previously, decimation had not existed and the intention was to have oversampled data sent as-is. Indeed, the first proposal to decimate oversampled delta-sigma data to convert it into PCM audio did not appear until 1969, goodmans paper The Application of Delta Modulation of Analog-to-PCM encoding. DSD technology was developed and commercialized by Sony and Philips. However, in 2005, Philips later sold its DSD tool division to Sonic Studio, for further development. Despite this, in 2011, The Warner Premium Sound series of albums was released by Warner Music Group, marking the first time the label released titles in a SACD format, with recording in DSD. The series grew to ten rock and pop albums, with Super Audio CD/CD hybrid discs containing both an SACD layer and a standard CD layer, Sony did not promote SACD actively in North America, with the result that DVD-Audio gained competitive traction in the market. Elsewhere, such as in Europe or Japan, SACD gained more of a foothold, examples include the German Stockfisch Records, which releases vinyl editions of albums and DSD-recordings, released as hybrid SACDs. Independent label use Many music companies that specialize in Super Audio CD products therefore use DSD encoding, a number of independent record labels have also worked directly with Sony to focus on DSD products or the DSD recording process. DMP Digital Music Products was a user of the SACD digital audio format. In 1997 their release Alto by Joe Beck & Ali Ryerson was the first commercial recording captured with Sonys Direct Stream Digital recording technology, the labels Just Jobim by Manfredo Fest in 1998 was the first project captured with the new Meitner DSD conversion technology. In 2000, DMP released the world s first multi-channel SACD—Sacred Feast by Gaudeamus, the majority of Telarc International Corporations releases are on SACD, and are DSD recordings. Telarc often works with early audiophile company Soundstream, and has re-released many of its original Soundstream recordings in SACD format, Soundstream, which made the first ever digital recording, recorded in 16 bit PCM at a sample rate of 50 kHz via its own proprietary digital recorder. This 50 kHz PCM format was converted to DSD for release on Telarc SACD, the record label Mobile Fidelity had engineers who decided to adopt the Super Audio CD over the DVD-Audio disc as a high resolution digital format after listening tests and technical evaluations
4.
Gigabyte
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The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB. However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 bytes. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity. The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either 10003 bytes or 10243 bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 is approximately 1000, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 10003 bytes and gibibyte denote 10243 bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST and this is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are an example of this usage in software. The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte. Since the first disk drive, the IBM350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as 500 GB. The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes. Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example,400 GB might be reported by the operating system as 372 GB, meaning 372 GiB. The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes and this means that a 300 GB hard disk might be indicated variously as 300 GB,279 GB or 279 GiB, depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity
5.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
6.
Philips
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Koninklijke Philips N. V. is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics, healthcare and lighting. It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891, by Gerard Philips and it is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105,000 people across more than 60 countries. Philips is organized into three divisions, Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Philips Healthcare and Philips Lighting. As of 2012, Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the world measured by applicable revenues, Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of Philips, Philips has a primary listing on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The Philips Company was founded in 1891, by Gerard Philips and this first factory has been adapted and is used as a museum. In 1895, after a difficult first few years and near bankruptcy, though he had earned a degree in engineering, Anton started work as a sales representative, soon, however, he began to contribute many important business ideas. After Gerard and Anton Philips changed their business by founding the Philips corporation. In the 1920s, the company started to other products. In 1939, they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave, the Chapel is a radio with built-in loudspeaker, which was designed during the early 1930s. On 11 March 1927, Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ which was joined in 1929 by sister station PHOHI, PHOHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies while PCJJ broadcast in English, Spanish and German to the rest of the world. The international program on Sundays commenced in 1928, with host Eddie Startz hosting the Happy Station show, broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. The Germans commandeered the transmitters in Huizen to use for pro-Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, Philips Radio was absorbed shortly after liberation when its two shortwave stations were nationalised in 1947 and renamed Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service. Some PCJ programs, such as Happy Station, continued on the new station, by the late 1940s, the Type 10 was ready to be handed over to Philips subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be produced and incorporated into a generator set as originally planned. The result, rated at 180/200 W electrical output from a bore, approximately 150 of these sets were eventually produced. However, they filed a number of patents and amassed a wealth of information. The first Philips shaver was introduced in the 1930s, and was simply called “The Philishave”, in the USA, it was called the “Norelco”, which remains a part of their product line today
7.
Optical disc drive
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Some drives can only read from certain discs, but recent drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of media which can be read. Optical disc drives that are no longer in production include CD-ROM drive, CD writer drive, combo drive, as of 2015, DVD writer drive supporting all existing recordable and rewritable DVD formats is the most common for desktop PCs and laptops. There are also the DVD-ROM drive, BD-ROM drive, Blu-ray Disc combo drive and they are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed on disc, and to record discs for archival and data exchange purposes. Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1, USB flash drives, high-capacity, small, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required. Large backups are often made on external hard drives, as their price has dropped to a level making this viable. The first laser disc, demonstrated in 1972, was the Laservision 12-inch video disc, the video signal was stored as an analog format like a video cassette. The first digitally recorded optical disc was a 5-inch audio compact disc in a format created by Sony. The CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced in 1984, as an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, the CD-ROM has a storage capacity of 650 MB. Also in 1984, Sony introduced a LaserDisc data storage format, in 1987, Sony demonstrated the erasable and rewritable 5. 25-inch optical drive. The first Blu-Ray prototype was unveiled by Sony in October 2000, technically Blu-ray Disc also required a thinner layer for the narrower beam and shorter wavelength blue laser. The first BD-ROM players were shipped in mid-June 2006, the first Blu-ray Disc titles were released by Sony and MGM on June 20,2006. The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, initially, CD-type lasers with a wavelength of 780 nm were used. For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm, two main servomechanisms are used, the first to maintain the proper distance between lens and disc, to ensure the laser beam is focused as a small laser spot on the disc. The second servo moves the head along the discs radius, keeping the beam on the track. Optical disk media are read beginning at the radius to the outer edge. This is detected by photodiodes that create corresponding electrical signals, an optical disk recorder encodes data onto a recordable CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, or BD-R disc by selectively heating parts of an organic dye layer with a laser. This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read like the pits, for recordable discs, the process is permanent and the media can be written to only once
8.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
9.
Compact Disc Digital Audio
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Compact Disc Digital Audio is the standard format for audio compact discs. The standard is defined in the Red Book, one of a series of Rainbow Books that contain the specifications for all Compact Disc formats. These parameters are common to all discs and used by all logical formats. The standard also specifies the form of audio encoding, 2-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz. Although rarely used, the specification allows for discs to be mastered with a form of emphasis, the second edition of IEC60908 was published in 1999 and it cancels and replaces the first edition, amendment 1 and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the Red Book, such as the details for CD-Text, CD+G, the standard is not freely available and must be licensed. It is available from Philips and the IEC, as of 2013, Philips outsources licensing of the standard to Adminius, which charges US$100 for the Red Book, plus US$50 each for the Subcode Channels R-W and CD Text Mode annexes. The audio contained in a CD-DA consists of two-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz, the sampling rate is adapted from that attained when recording digital audio on a PAL videotape with a PCM adaptor, an earlier way of storing digital audio. An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the selection of the sample rate was based primarily on the need to reproduce the audible frequency range of 20–20,000 Hz. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a rate of more than twice the maximum frequency of the signal to be recorded is needed. The exact sampling rate of 44, the device that converts an analog audio signal into PCM audio, which in turn is changed into an analog video signal is called a PCM adaptor. This technology could store six samples in a horizontal line. 60 field/s black and white video was required, and in NTSC countries that video signal has 245 usable lines per field, similarly, PAL has 294 lines and 50 fields, which gives 44,100 samples/s/stereo channel. This system could store 14-bit samples with some correction, or 16-bit samples with almost no error correction. There was a debate over the use of 14-bit or 16-bit quantization. When the Sony/Philips task force designed the Compact Disc, Philips had already developed a 14-bit D/A converter, in the end,16 bits and 44.1 kilosamples per second prevailed. Philips found a way to produce 16-bit quality using its 14-bit DAC by using four times oversampling, some CDs are mastered with pre-emphasis, an artificial boost of high audio frequencies. The pre-emphasis improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio by making use of the channels dynamic range
10.
CD-ROM
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A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. From the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers, some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer. An early CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced at a Japanese computer show in 1984 and it was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a capacity of 540 MiB. The Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a similar manner. Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits. This pattern of changing intensity of the beam is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on discs, known as the Rainbow Books. The Yellow Book, published in 1988, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, the CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, the Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM, ISO9660 defines the standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions. The ISO13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs. The bootable CD specification was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito, data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification. This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, eight-to-fourteen modulation, and the use of pits, the structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book
11.
CD-R
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CD-R is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a disc that can be written once. CD-R disks are readable by most plain CD readers, i. e. CD readers manufactured prior to the introduction of CD-R and this is an advantage over CD-RW, which can be re-written but cannot be played on many plain CD readers. The CD-R, originally named CD Write-Once, specification was first published in 1988 by Philips, the Orange Book consists of several parts, furnishing details of the CD-WO, CD-MO, and CD-RW. The latest editions have abandoned the use of the term CD-WO in favor of CD-R, written CD-Rs and CD-RWs are, in the aspect of low-level encoding and data format, fully compatible with the audio CD and data CD standards. This means they use Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation, CIRC error correction, and, for CD-ROM, properly written CD-R discs on blanks of less than 80 minutes length are fully compatible with the audio CD and CD-ROM standards in all details including physical specifications. 80 minute CD-R discs marginally violate the Red Book physical format specifications, CD-RW discs have lower reflectivity than CD-R or pressed CDs and for this reason cannot meet the Red Book standard. Some hardware compatible with Red Book CDs may have difficulty reading CD-Rs and, because of their lower reflectivity, especially CD-RWs. To the extent that CD hardware can read extended-length discs or CD-RW discs, it is because that hardware has capability beyond the minimum required by the Red Book and Yellow Book standards. The dye materials developed by Taiyo Yuden made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD, a standard CD-R is a 1.2 mm thick disc made of polycarbonate about 120 mm or 80 mm diameter. The 120 mm disc has a capacity of 74 minutes of audio or 650 Megabytes of data. Despite the foregoing, most CD-Rs on the market have an 80-minute capacity, there are also 90 minute/790 MiB and 99 minute/870 MiB discs, although they are less common. Also, due to the limitations of the structures in the ATIP,90 and 99 minute blanks will identify as 80 minute ones. Therefore, in order to use the capacity, these discs have to be burned using overburn options in the CD recording software. Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book standards prohibits disc reading/writing devices from having the capacity to read or write discs beyond the Compact Disc standards, the polycarbonate disc contains a spiral groove, called the pregroove, to guide the laser beam upon writing and reading information. The polycarbonate disc is coated on the side with a very thin layer of organic dye. Then, on top of the dye is coated a thin, reflecting layer of silver, finally, a protective coating of a photo-polymerizable lacquer is applied on top of the metal reflector and cured with UV-light. A blank CD-R is not empty, the pregroove has a wobble, maintaining a constant rate is essential to ensure proper size and spacing of the pits and lands burned into the dye layer
12.
CD-RW
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CD-RW is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-RW disc is a disc that can be written, read arbitrarily many times, erased. The technology was introduced in 1997, CD-RW discs require readers that have more sensitive laser optics than are required to read plain CDs. Consequently, CD-RWs cannot be read in many CD readers built prior to the introduction of CD-RW, CD-ROM drives that bear a MultiRead certification claim compatibility. CD-RW discs need to be blanked before reuse, fast blanking is much quicker, and is usually sufficient to allow rewriting the disc. Full blanking removes traces of the data, often for confidentiality reasons. It may be possible to data from full-blanked CD-RWs with specialty data recovery equipment, however. Their ideal usage field is in the creation of test discs, temporary short or mid-term backups, and in general, the CD-MO standard also allowed for an optional non-erasable zone on the disc, which could be read by normal CD-ROM reader units. Reading of the discs relied on the Kerr effect, the format was never released commercially, mostly because of its inherent incompatibility with standard CD reading units. A similar situation was present for early CD-R media, which suffered from either physical or logical incompatibilities. There were however some magneto-optical drives and media with the form factor that dont have this limitation. Unlike modern CD-RWs, CD-MO allowed for hybrid discs containing both an unmodifiable, pressed section, readable in standard drives, and a writable MO section, other kinds of magneto-optical media, unbound by the limitations of the typical CD-ROM filesystems, took the place intended for CD-MO. Rewritable media can, with hardware, according to some manufacturers. The CD-RW technology is based on phase change technology, so the degree of reflection reached is only 15–25%, the properties of the medium and the write and erase procedure is defined in the Orange Book Part III. To keep rotational speed precise, tracks have a slight superimposed sinusoidal excursion of 0.3 µm at a frequency of 22.05 kHz, in addition a 1 kHz frequency modulation is applied to provide the recorder with an absolute time reference. The grooves have a width of 0.6 µm and pitch of 1.6 µm, the media for CD-RW has basically the same layers as CD-R media. The reflective layer is, however, an alloy, which has in its original state. When writing the laser beam uses its power to heat the material to 500–700 °C
13.
Photo CD
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Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and saving photos in a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints, Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They were intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players, furthermore, Photo CD relied on CRT-based TV sets for home use. However, these were designed for moving pictures and their typical flicker became an issue when watching still photographs. The Photo CD system gained a level of acceptance among professional photographers due to the low cost of the high quality film scans. Prior to Photo CD, professionals who wished to digitize their film images were forced to pay higher fees to obtain drum scans of their film negatives and transparencies. The Kodak Pro Photo CD Master Disc contains 25 images with resolution of 6144 x 4096 pixels. This type is appropriate for 120 film, 4x5, but also for small picture film, separate from the Photo CD format is Kodaks proprietary Portfolio CD format, which combines Red Book CD audio and Beige Book PCD with interactive menus and hotspots on PCD images. Some standalone Philips Photo/Audio CD players could play Portfolio CDs, the Kodak Portfolio CD is not defined in any particular Rainbow Book. The Photo CD system was announced by Kodak in 1990, Photo CD targeted a full range of photographic needs, ranging from consumer level point-and-shoot cameras to high-end professionals using large format 4x5 sheet film. The first Photo CD products, including scanners for processing labs and Photo CD players for consumers, the project was expected to be a $600 million business by 1997 with $100 million in operational earnings. Kodak entered into a number of partnerships grow the usage of Photo CD and this included, for example, an arrangement with L. L. These measures, together with the relatively low cost of $3 per image and convenience. For example, a 16Base Photo CD image of 5.5 Mb can be encoded as a JPEG image of 2.1 Mb at 80% quality, when the Photo CD format was designed in the early 1990s, a design goal was to allow low cost playback-to-TV devices. While the pixel resolution of Photo CD was still comparable or better than the alternatives, firstly, the Photo CD color space, designed for TV display, is smaller than what can be achieved by even a low cost desktop scanner. Secondly, the rendition of Photo CD images changed over time. Thirdly, the range of scans was lower than for desktop scanners. Tests at the time indicated that the rating of Photo CD was 2. 8-3.0, while commonly available desktop scanners were reaching 4.2
14.
CD Video
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CD Video is a format of optical media disc that was introduced in 1987 that combines the technologies of standard compact disc and LaserDisc. CD-V discs are the size as a standard 12-cm audio CD. It also contains up to 5 minutes of video information plus digital CD-quality sound. One of the first LaserDisc players that can play CD-V discs is the Pioneer CLD-1010 from 1987, though it is a CD-based format, CD Video was never given a rainbow book designation. CD Video discs have a gold color, to differentiate them from regular silver-colored audio CDs. This is a characteristic that would later be replicated in HVD, a similar version of CD Video called Video Single Disc was also released. It is basically the same as CD Video, but it only has the video track. CD Video was targeted toward teenagers who watched music videos on MTV, however, few of them were familiar with LaserDiscs, and far fewer owned CDV-compatible players at the time. Buying a costly new player was not an option just for the use of playing a single music video that can be recorded with a VCR. IEC61104 - Compact disc video system -12 cm CD-V A webpage on CD Video discs, featuring a list of NTSC CD-V releases The LaserDisc Database, including CD Video
15.
Video CD
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Video CD is a home video format and the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs. The format was adopted in Southeast Asia instead of VHS. The format is a digital format for storing video on a compact disc. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most DVD and Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers, the Video CD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC and is referred to as the White Book standard. Although they have been superseded by other media, VCDs continue to be retailed as a low-cost video format, in 1979, Philips introduced the optical LaserDisc, which was about 30 cm in diameter. This disc could hold an hour of analog video along with audio on each side. The Laserdisc provided picture quality nearly double that of VHS tape, Philips later teamed up with Sony to develop a new type of disc, the compact disc or CD. Introduced in 1982 in Japan, the CD is about 120 mm in diameter, the format was initially designed to store digitized sound and proved to be a success in the music industry. A few years later, Philips decided to give CDs the ability to produce video and this led to the creation of CD Video in 1987. However, the small size significantly impeded the ability to store analog video. Therefore, CD-V distribution was limited to featuring music videos, by the early 1990s engineers were able to digitize and compress video signals, greatly improving storage efficiency. Because this new format could hold 83 minutes of audio and video, extra capacity was obtained by sacrificing the error correction. This format was named Video CD or VCD, VCD enjoyed a brief period of success, with a few major feature films being released in the format. However, VCDs are still being released in countries in Asia. The development of sophisticated, higher capacity optical disc formats yielded the DVD format. DVD players use lasers that are of shorter wavelength than those used on CDs, allowing the recorded pits to be smaller, the DVD was so successful that it eventually pushed VHS out of the video market once suitable recorders became widely available. Nevertheless, VCDs made considerable inroads into developing nations, where they are still in use today, Video CDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, and are authored using tracks in CD-ROM XA mode. The first track of a VCD is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1 and this track may also contain other non-essential files, and is shown by operating systems when loading the disc
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Super Video CD
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Super Video CD is a digital format for storing video on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to Video CD and an alternative to DVD-Video, although SVCDs proved more sophisticated than VCDs, the format remains in the latters shadow. Similar to VCDs, SVCDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, the first track is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1, and contains metadata about the disc. The other tracks are in Mode 2, Form 2, and contain audio and this allows roughly 800 megabytes of data to be stored on one 80 minute CD. One CD can hold up to 35 minutes of full quality SVCD-format video, on the downside, this increase in picture resolution sacrifices video length capacity by over 50%. Because of this, titles released on SVCD has to come in twice the number of discs of their VCD equivalents. Unlike other CD-based formats, such as China Video Disc and Video CD, however, many DVD and Blu-ray players will play back SVCD resolution video from a DVD or Blu-ray disc anyway. Interlaced video is supported for SVCD video, though not required,23.976 frames per second video is supported by use of interlacing and 3,2 pulldown. The combined audio and video bit rates should not exceed 2.7 Mbps and this data rate was chosen, in part, to ensure compatibility with slower and less expensive 2 × speed CD drives. Codec, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II Frequency,44,100 hertz Output, Monaural, dual channel, stereo, SVCDs may have two separate stereo, or four mono audio tracks. Audio may have up to 6 channels using the MPEG Multichannel surround sound format, although space constraints and inconsistent hardware support make it impractical, variable bit rate encoding, while not supported by the MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard, is part of the SVCD specification. However, variable bit rate audio is not consistently supported by standalone players, play back of SVCD titles is impaired when played on most DVD players, causing dropped frames, choppy video playback or skipping of sound. This is due to the unfortunately chosen two-thirds video ratio in the SVCD format specifications, most DVD players support the video formats VCD, SVCD and DVD but the best resolution usually dictates the design of all the electronics components, most notably the low pass filter. With only one analog low pass filter optimised for one video format, the SVCD format is especially prone to foldover because the 480p format doesnt fit well over a 720p output. Although the aliasing artifacts that result from this bad fit are usually buried in noise from other sources, such as camera, quantization, China Video Disc is a CD-based video format which was created during the development of the SVCD standard and is almost identical to SVCD. The primary technical difference is a video resolution of 352×480 or 352×576. Because 352×480/576 is a recognized DVD resolution, CVD video is fully compatible with the DVD-Video standard, the lower resolution also allows the bitrate to be reduced while keeping compression artifacts to a minimum. CVD also supports all of the features which are supported by SVCD
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CD+G
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CD+G is an extension of the compact disc standard that can present low-resolution graphics alongside the audio data on the disc when played on a compatible device. CD+G discs are used for karaoke machines, which use this functionality to present on-screen lyrics for the song contained on the disc. The CD+G specifications were published by Philips and Sony in a revision of the Red Book specifications. The first CD to be released with CD+G graphics was Eat or Be Eaten by Firesign Theatre in 1985, the CD+EG is a similar format that allows for better graphics, but has been used very rarely. Some CD-ROM drives can read this data. Pioneers LaserActive player can also play CD+G discs, as long as either the PAC-S1/S-10 or PAC-N1/N10 game modules are installed, since 2003, some standalone DVD players have supported the CD+G format. The CD+G format takes advantage of the subcode channels R through W and these six bits store graphics information. In the CD+G system, 16-color graphics are displayed on a field which is 300×216 pixels in size. Compact disc Karaoke MP3+G The CD+G Museum and Discography, details on released titles and how to identify them CD+G faq
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CD-Text
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CD-Text is an extension of the Red Book Compact Disc specifications standard for audio CDs. It allows for storage of information on a standards-compliant audio CD. The specification for CD-Text was included in the Multi-Media Commands Set 3 R01 standard, released in September 1996 and it was also added to new revisions of the Red Book. The actual text is stored in a compatible with Interactive Text Transmission System. The ITTS standard is applied in the MiniDisc format, as well as in Digital Audio Broadcasting technology. The CD-Text information is stored in the subchannels R to W on the disc and this information is usually stored in the subchannels in the lead-in area of the disc, where there is roughly five kilobytes of space available. It can also be stored on the program area of the disc. Since the R to W channels are not used in the Red Book specification of audio CDs, they are not read by all CD players, of these, three are reserved and therefore they dont have keywords. The character encoding is not specified, and there is no provision for indicating in the CD-Text data which encoding is in use, the original Sony authoring tools and specifications supported ASCII and two of its supersets, ISO-8859-1 and MS-JIS. Annex J of the MMC-2 specification mentions only ASCII, but provides for double byte character codes to be indicated, cdrdao, Linux command line tool that supports writing CD-Text. CDRWIN can burn CD-Text Exact Audio Copy has support for reading CD-Text to fill in artist/title information when ripping CDs, foobar2000 Since version 1.0 has support for reading CD-Text to fill in artist/title information when playing and ripping CDs. Fre, ac has support for reading CD-Text to fill in artist/title information when ripping CDs, icedax, Linux command line tool that supports reading CD-Text. This information can be added/modified during the creation of a. CUE file, isoBuster copies CD-Text when a CD is ripped in raw format and saves it to a. cdt file. ITunes 7 or higher supports burning CD Text and it is by default an unchecked option in the burning preferences. K3b has support for reading and writing CD-Text on Linux, Media Player Classic reads from CD-Text and will automatically display track title and author. MusicBee audio player/organizer can read CD-Text when playing or ripping CDs, nero Burning ROM can burn CD-Text since version 5.5.10, its track saving utility can read CD-Text when ripping. RealPlayer 10 supports reading and writing of CD-Text Sound Juicer can read from CD-Text Toast on Mac OS X has support for CD-Text, VLC media player can read CD-Text on all platforms Winamp has had support for reading CD-Text since version 5.31, but does not write CD-Text. Windows Media Player 10 and higher with the WMPCDText plug-in supports reading CD-Text, x-CD-Roast for Linux has had reading/writing support since version 0. 98alpha10
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Green Book (CD standard)
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The standard was originally not freely available and had to be licensed from Philips. However, the 1994 version of the standard was made available for free by Philips. CD-i discs conform to the Red Book specification of audio CDs, tracks on a CD-is program area can be CD-DA tracks or CD-i tracks, but the first track must always be a CD-i track, and all CD-i tracks must be grouped together at the beginning of the area. CD-i tracks are structured according to the CD-ROM XA specification, and have different classes depending on their contents, message sectors contain audio data to warn users of CD players that the track they are trying to listen to is a CD-i track and not a CD-DA track. The CD-i specification also specifies a system similar to ISO9660 to be used on CD-i tracks. The CD-i Ready format is a type of format, also designed by Philips. This format puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of Track 1, the CD-i Bridge format, defined in Philips White Book, is a transitional format allowing bridge discs to be played both on CD-ROM drives and on CD-i players
