1.
World Wide Web Consortium
–
The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. As of 1 April 2017, the World Wide Web Consortium has 461 members, the W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web. The World Wide Web Consortium was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research in October,1994, the organization tries to foster compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards defined by the W3C. Incompatible versions of HTML are offered by different vendors, causing inconsistency in how web pages are displayed, the consortium tries to get all those vendors to implement a set of core principles and components which are chosen by the consortium. It was originally intended that CERN host the European branch of W3C, however, CERN wished to focus on particle physics, not information technology. In April 1995, the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation became the European host of W3C, starting in 1997, W3C created regional offices around the world. In October 2012, W3C convened a community of major web players and publishers to establish a MediaWiki wiki that seeks to document open web standards called the WebPlatform and WebPlatform Docs. Sometimes, when a specification becomes too large, it is split into independent modules which can mature at their own pace, subsequent editions of a module or specification are known as levels and are denoted by the first integer in the title. Subsequent revisions on each level are denoted by a following an decimal point. The W3C standard formation process is defined within the W3C process document, after enough content has been gathered from editor drafts and discussion, it may be published as a working draft for review by the community. A WD document is the first form of a standard that is publicly available, commentary by virtually anyone is accepted, though no promises are made with regard to action on any particular element commented upon. At this stage, the document may have significant differences from its final form. As such, anyone who implements WD standards should be ready to significantly modify their implementations as the standard matures, a candidate recommendation is a version of a standard that is more mature than the WD. At this point, the responsible for the standard is satisfied that the standard meets its goal. The purpose of the CR is to aid from the development community as to how implementable the standard is. The standard document may change further, but at this point, significant features are mostly decided, the design of those features can still change due to feedback from implementors. A proposed recommendation is the version of a standard that has passed the two levels. The users of the standard provide input, at this stage, the document is submitted to the W3C Advisory Council for final approval
2.
Markup language
–
A markup language is a system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text. The idea and terminology evolved from the marking up of manuscripts, i. e. the revision instructions by editors. In digital media this blue pencil instruction text was replaced by tags, examples include typesetting instructions such as those found in troff, TeX and LaTeX, or structural markers such as XML tags. Markup instructs the software displays the text to carry out appropriate actions. Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics—meaning that their specification prescribes how to present the structured data, others, such as XML, do not have them and are general purpose. Such markup is usually hidden from users, even authors or editors. Procedural markup Markup is embedded in text and provides instructions for programs that are to process the text, well-known examples include troff, TeX, and PostScript. It is expected that the processor will run through the text from beginning to end, Text with such markup is often edited with the markup visible and directly manipulated by the author. Popular procedural-markup systems usually include programming constructs, so macros or subroutines can be defined and invoked by name, descriptive markup Markup is used to label parts of the document rather than to provide specific instructions as to how they should be processed. Well-known examples include LaTeX, HTML, and XML, the objective is to decouple the inherent structure of the document from any particular treatment or rendition of it. Such markup is often described as semantic, an example of descriptive markup would be HTMLs <cite> tag, which is used to label a citation. Descriptive markup—sometimes called logical markup or conceptual markup—encourages authors to write in a way that describes the material conceptually, there is considerable blurring of the lines between the types of markup. In modern word-processing systems, presentational markup is often saved in descriptive-markup-oriented systems such as XML, the programming constructs in procedural-markup systems such as TeX may be used to create higher-level markup systems that are more descriptive, such as LaTeX. In recent years, a number of small and largely unstandardized markup languages have developed to allow authors to create formatted text via web browsers, for use in wikis. These are sometimes called lightweight markup languages, Markdown or the markup language used by Wikipedia are examples of such wiki markup. It is computer jargon used in coding proof, Markup was also commonly applied by editors, proofreaders, publishers, and graphic designers, and indeed by document authors. The first well-known public presentation of markup languages in computer processing was made by William W. Tunnicliffe at a conference in 1967. It can be seen as a response to the emergence of such as RUNOFF that each used their own control notations
3.
International standard
–
International standards are standards developed by international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide, the most prominent organization is the International Organization for Standardization. International standards may be used either by application or by a process of modifying an international standard to suit local conditions. Technical barriers arise when different groups together, each with a large user base. Establishing international standards is one way of preventing or overcoming this problem, the implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the need for high-precision machine tools and interchangeable parts. Henry Maudslay developed the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800, maudslays work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest amount of industry standardization, some companies in-house standards spread a bit within their industries. Joseph Whitworths screw thread measurements were adopted as the first national standard by companies around the country in 1841 and it came to be known as the British Standard Whitworth, and was widely adopted in other countries. By the end of the 19th century differences in standards between companies were making trade increasingly difficult and strained, the Engineering Standards Committee was established in London in 1901 as the worlds first national standards body. After the First World War, similar national bodies were established in other countries, by the mid to late 19th century, efforts were being made to standardize electrical measurement. An important figure was R. E. B, Crompton, who became concerned by the large range of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists in the early 20th century. Many companies had entered the market in the 1890s and all chose their own settings for voltage, frequency, current, adjacent buildings would have totally incompatible electrical systems simply because they had been fitted out by different companies. Crompton could see the lack of efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for a standard for electric engineering. In 1904, Crompton represented Britain at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis as part of a delegation by the Institute of Electrical Engineers. He presented a paper on standardisation, which was so well received that he was asked to look into the formation of a commission to oversee the process. By 1906 his work was complete and he drew up a permanent constitution for the first international standards organization, the body held its first meeting that year in London, with representatives from 14 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation, Lord Kelvin was elected as the bodys first President, the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations was founded in 1926 with a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during World War II, after the war, ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee with a proposal to form a new global standards body. List of international common standards List of technical standard organisations Global Frameworks and standards organized along function lines, accessed 2014 ^ Cordova
4.
XML
–
In computing, Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3Cs XML1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML, the design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS, Atom, SOAP, SVG, and XHTML. XML-based formats have become the default for many office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice. org and LibreOffice, XML has also provided the base language for communication protocols such as XMPP. Applications for the Microsoft. NET Framework use XML files for configuration, apple has an implementation of a registry based on XML. XML has come into use for the interchange of data over the Internet. IETF RFC7303 gives rules for the construction of Internet Media Types for use when sending XML and it also defines the media types application/xml and text/xml, which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics. The use of text/xml has been criticized as a source of encoding problems. RFC7303 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml, further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC3470, also known as IETF BCP70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language. The material in this section is based on the XML Specification and this is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML, it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. Character An XML document is a string of characters, almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document. Processor and application The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application, the specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser, Markup and content The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character &, strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <. > are classified as markup, in addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup. Tag A tag is a construct that begins with <
5.
Multimedia
–
Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material, Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in art, for example. The term rich media is synonymous with interactive multimedia, the term multimedia was coined by singer and artist Bob Goldstein to promote the July 1966 opening of his LightWorks at LOursin show at Southampton, Long Island. Goldstein was perhaps aware of an American artist named Dick Higgins, two years later, in 1968, the term multimedia was re-appropriated to describe the work of a political consultant, David Sawyer, the husband of Iris Sawyer—one of Goldsteins producers at LOursin. In the intervening forty years, the word has taken on different meanings, in the late 1970s, the term referred to presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. However, by the 1990s multimedia took on its current meaning, in the 1993 first edition of Multimedia, Making It Work, Tay Vaughan declared Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video that is delivered by computer. When you allow the user – the viewer of the project – to control what, when you provide a structure of linked elements through which the user can navigate, interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia. The German language society Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache recognized the words significance, the institute summed up its rationale by stating has become a central word in the wonderful new media world. In common usage, multimedia refers to an electronically delivered combination of media including video, still images, audio, much of the content on the web today falls within this definition as understood by millions. That era saw also a boost in the production of educational multimedia CD-ROMs, the term video, if not used exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Video is often used to describe the format, delivery format. Multiple forms of content are often not considered modern forms of presentation such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of content with single methods of information processing are often called multimedia. Performing arts may also be considered multimedia considering that performers and props are multiple forms of content and media. Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, a broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed, streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand
6.
HTML
–
Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web, Web browsers receive HTML documents from a webserver or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document, HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects, such as interactive forms and it provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets, tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty, by carefully following the W3Cs compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML1.0 and have made compatible in this way. When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, HTML4 defined three different versions of the language, Strict, Transitional and Frameset. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for presentational markup, which is omitted in the Strict version, instead, cascading style sheets are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML4, as this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support, rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opening it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML1.0 to XHTML1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification, the strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML1.1 support, the modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as MathML, in summary, the HTML4 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML1.0, ported this specification, as is, next, XHTML1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML2.0 was intended to be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach. The WHATWG considers their work as living standard HTML for what constitutes the state of the art in major browser implementations by Apple, Google, Mozilla, Opera, hTML5 is specified by the HTML Working Group of the W3C following the W3C process. HTML lacks some of the found in earlier hypertext systems, such as source tracking, fat links
7.
Scalable Vector Graphics
–
Scalable Vector Graphics is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is a standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files and this means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, All major modern web browsers—including Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, and Microsoft Edge—have SVG rendering support. SVG has been in development within the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999, the early SVG Working Group decided not to develop any of the commercial submissions, but to create a new markup language that was informed by but not really based on any of them. SVG allows three types of objects, vector graphic shapes such as paths and outlines consisting of straight lines and curves, bitmap images. Graphical objects can be grouped, styled, transformed and composited into previously rendered objects, the feature set includes nested transformations, clipping paths, alpha masks, filter effects and template objects. SVG drawings can be interactive and can include animation, defined in the SVG XML elements or via scripting that accesses the SVG Document Object Model, SVG uses CSS for styling and JavaScript for scripting. Text, including internationalization and localization, appearing in plain text within the SVG DOM enhances the accessibility of SVG graphics, the SVG specification was updated to version 1.1 in 2011. There are two Mobile SVG Profiles, SVG Tiny and SVG Basic, meant for mobile devices with reduced computational, Scalable Vector Graphics 2 became a W3C Candidate Recommendation on 15 September 2016. SVG2 incorporates several new features in addition to those of SVG1.1, though the SVG Specification primarily focuses on vector graphics markup language, its design includes the basic capabilities of a page description language like Adobes PDF. It contains provisions for rich graphics, and is compatible with CSS for styling purposes, SVG has the information needed to place each glyph and image in a chosen location on a printed page. A print-specialized subset of SVG is currently a W3C Working Draft, SVG drawings can be dynamic and interactive. Time-based modifications to the elements can be described in SMIL, or can be programmed in a scripting language, the W3C explicitly recommends SMIL as the standard for animation in SVG. A rich set of event handlers such as onmouseover and onclick can be assigned to any SVG graphical object, SVG images, being XML, contain many repeated fragments of text, so they are well suited for lossless data compression algorithms. When an SVG image has been compressed with the industry standard gzip algorithm, it is referred to as an SVGZ image, conforming SVG1.1 viewers will display compressed images. An SVGZ file is typically 20 to 50 percent of the original size, W3C provides SVGZ files to test for conformance. SVG1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 4 September 2001, SVG1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 14 January 2003
8.
Multimedia Messaging Service
–
Multimedia Messaging Service is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from a mobile phone over a cellular network. Users and providers may refer to such a message as a PXT, the MMS standard extends the core SMS capability, allowing the exchange of text messages greater than 160 characters in length. Unlike text-only SMS, MMS can deliver a variety of media, including up to forty seconds of video, one image, the most common use involves sending photographs from camera-equipped handsets. The 3GPP and WAP groups fostered the development of the MMS standard, early MMS deployments were plagued by technical issues and frequent consumer disappointments. In recent years, MMS deployment by major companies have solved many of the early challenges through handset detection, content optimization. China was one of the markets to make MMS a major commercial success, partly as the penetration rate of personal computers was modest. The chairman and CEO of China Mobile said at the GSM Association Mobile Asia Congress in 2009 that MMS in China was now a service on par with SMS text messaging. Europes most advanced MMS market has been Norway, and in 2008, Norwegian mobile subscribers sent on average one MMS per week. Between 2010 and 2013, MMS traffic in the U. S. increased by 70% from 57 billion to 96 billion messages sent and this is due in part to the wide adoption of smartphones. MMS messages are delivered in a different way from SMS, the first step is for the sending device to encode the multimedia content in a fashion similar to sending a MIME message. The message is forwarded to the carriers MMS store and forward server. If the receiver is on a different from the sender, then the MMSC acts as a relay. Once the recipients MMSC has received a message, it first determines whether the handset is MMS capable. If so, the content is extracted and sent to a storage server with an HTTP front-end. An SMS control message containing the URL of the content is sent to the recipients handset to trigger the receivers WAP browser to open. Several other messages are exchanged to indicate the status of the delivery attempt, before delivering content, some MMSCs also include a conversion service that will attempt to modify the multimedia content into a format suitable for the receiver. This is known as content adaptation, if the receivers handset is not MMS capable, the message is usually delivered to a web-based service from where the content can be viewed from a normal internet browser. The URL for the content is sent to the receivers phone in a normal text message
9.
SVG animation
–
Styling, Since 2008, the development of CSS Animations as a feature in WebKit has made possible stylesheet-driven implicit animation of SVG files from within the Document Object Model. Libraries have also written as a shim to give current SVG-enabled browsers SMIL support. This method is known as SVG+Time. Because SVG supports PNG and JPEG raster images, it can be used to such images as an alternative to APNG. SVG animation elements were developed in collaboration with the W3C Synchronized Multimedia Working Group, the SYMM Working Group, in collaboration with the SVG Working Group, has authored the SMIL Animation specification, which represents a general-purpose XML animation feature set. SVG incorporates the features defined in the SMIL Animation specification. The following code snippets demonstrate three techniques to create animated SVG on compatible browsers, the relevant parts are in bold green. AttributeName = <attributeName> Specifies the name of the target attribute, an XMLNS prefix may be used to indicate the XML namespace for the attribute. The prefix will be interpreted in the scope of the current animation element, attributeType = CSS | XML | auto Specifies the namespace in which the target attribute and its associated values are defined. CSS This specifies that the value of ‘attributeName’ is the name of a CSS property defined as animatable in this specification, XML This specifies that the value of ‘attributeName’ is the name of an XML attribute defined in the default XML namespace for the target element. The attribute must be defined as animatable in this specification. auto The default value is auto, the implementation should match the ‘attribute Name’ to an attribute for the target element. The implementation must first search through the list of CSS properties for a matching property name, note, MediaWiki automatically generates static, non-animated thumbnails of SVG images. Viewing the actual. svg image from each respective description page will show its animation in a compatible browser, there are several JavaScript libraries for working with SVG animation. An advantage to the use of libraries is that these libraries often solve incompatibility issues in browsers through abstraction
10.
JavaScript
–
JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted programming language. It has been standardized in the ECMAScript language specification, JavaScript is prototype-based with first-class functions, making it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. JavaScript was influenced by programming languages such as Self and Scheme, JavaScript is also used in environments that are not Web-based, such as PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets. Newer and faster JavaScript virtual machines and platforms built upon them have increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side Web applications. On the client side, developers have traditionally implemented JavaScript as an interpreted language, programmers also use JavaScript in video-game development, in crafting desktop and mobile applications, and in server-side network programming with run-time environments such as Node. js. In 1994, a company called Mosaic Communications was founded in Mountain View, California, however, it intentionally shared no code with NCSA Mosaic. The internal codename for the browser was Mozilla, which stood for Mosaic killer. The first version of the Web browser, Mosaic Netscape 0.9, was released in late 1994, within four months it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market and became the main browser for Internet in the 1990s. To avoid trademark problems with the NCSA, the browser was subsequently renamed Netscape Navigator in the same year. Netscape Communications realized that the Web needed to more dynamic. In 1995, the company recruited Brendan Eich with the goal of embedding the Scheme programming language into its Netscape Navigator, to defend the idea of JavaScript against competing proposals, the company needed a prototype. Eich wrote one in 10 days, in May 1995, there is a common misconception that JavaScript was influenced by an earlier Web page scripting language developed by Nombas named C--. Brendan Eich, however, had never heard of C-- before he created LiveScript, Nombas did pitch their embedded Web page scripting to Netscape, though Web page scripting was not a new concept, as shown by the ViolaWWW Web browser. Nombas later switched to offering JavaScript instead of C-- in their ScriptEase product and was part of the TC39 group that standardized ECMAScript, in December 1995, soon after releasing JavaScript for browsers, Netscape introduced an implementation of the language for server-side scripting with Netscape Enterprise Server. Since the mid-2000s, additional server-side JavaScript implementations have been introduced, Microsoft script technologies including VBScript and JScript were released in 1996. JScript, an implementation of Netscapes JavaScript, was part of Internet Explorer 3. JScript was also available for server-side scripting in Internet Information Server, JavaScript began to acquire a reputation for being one of the roadblocks to a cross-platform and standards-driven Web. Some developers took on the task of trying to make their sites work in both major browsers, but many could not afford the time
11.
RSS
–
RSS uses a family of standard web feed formats to publish frequently updated information, blog entries, news headlines, audio, video. An RSS document includes full or summarized text, and metadata, like publishing date, RSS feeds enable publishers to syndicate data automatically. A standard XML file format ensures compatibility with many different machines/programs, RSS feeds also benefit users who want to receive timely updates from favourite websites or to aggregate data from many sites. Subscribing to a website RSS removes the need for the user to check the website for new content. Instead, their browser constantly monitors the site and informs the user of any updates, the browser can also be commanded to automatically download the new data for the user. Software termed RSS reader, aggregator, or feed reader, which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based, users subscribe to feeds either by entering a feeds URI into the reader or by clicking on the browsers feed icon. The RSS reader checks the users feeds regularly for new information and can download it. The reader also provides a user interface, the RSS formats were preceded by several attempts at web syndication that did not achieve widespread popularity. RDF Site Summary, the first version of RSS, was created by Dan Libby and it was released in March 1999 for use on the My. Netscape. Com portal. This version became known as RSS0.9, in July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS0.91, which simplified the format by removing RDF elements and incorporating elements from Dave Winers news syndication format. Libby also renamed the format from RDF to RSS Rich Site Summary and this would be Netscapes last participation in RSS development for eight years. Winer published a version of the RSS0.91 specification on the UserLand website, covering how it was being used in his companys products. A few months later, UserLand filed a U. S. trademark registration for RSS, but failed to respond to a USPTO trademark examiners request and the request was rejected in December 2001. The RSS-DEV Working Group, a project whose members included Guha and representatives of OReilly Media and Moreover and he also released drafts of RSS0.93 and RSS0.94 that were subsequently withdrawn. In September 2002, Winer released a new version of the format, RSS2.0. RSS2.0 removed the type attribute added in the RSS0.94 draft, to preserve backward compatibility with RSS0.92, namespace support applies only to other content included within an RSS2.0 feed, not the RSS2.0 elements themselves. Because neither Winer nor the RSS-DEV Working Group had Netscapes involvement and this has fueled ongoing controversy in the syndication development community as to which entity was the proper publisher of RSS. One product of that debate was the creation of an alternative syndication format, Atom
12.
Atom (standard)
–
The name Atom applies to a pair of related Web standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds, Web feeds allow software programs to check for updates published on a website. To provide a web feed, the owner may use specialized software that publishes a list of recent articles or content in a standardized. A feed contains entries, which may be headlines, full-text articles, excerpts, summaries, and/or links to content on a website, the Atom format was developed as an alternative to RSS. Proponents of the new format formed the IETF Atom Publishing Format, the Atom syndication format was published as an IETF proposed standard in RFC4287, and the Atom Publishing Protocol was published as RFC5023. The blogging community uses web feeds to share recent entries headlines, full text, the providers allow other websites to incorporate a blogs syndicated headline or headline-and-short-summary feeds under various usage agreements. As of 2016 people use Atom and other formats for many purposes, including journalism, marketing, bug-reports. Atom also provides a way to export an entire blog, or parts of it. It is common to find web feeds on major websites, as well as on smaller ones. Some websites let people choose between RSS- or Atom-formatted web feeds, others offer only RSS or only Atom, in particular, many blog and wiki sites offer their web feeds in the Atom format. A feed reader or aggregator program can be used to check feeds, client-side readers may also be designed as standalone programs or as extensions to existing programs like web browsers. Web-based feed readers and news aggregators require no software installation and make the users feeds available on any computer with Web access, some aggregators syndicate web feeds into new feeds, e. g. taking all football-related items from several sports feeds and providing a new football feed. The Atom working group chose instead to use timestamps formatted according to the rules specified by RFC3339, while the RSS vocabulary has a mechanism to indicate a human language for the feed, there is no way to specify a language for individual items or text elements. Atom, on the hand, uses the standard xml. The elements of the RSS vocabulary are not generally reusable in other XML vocabularies, the Atom syntax was specifically designed to allow elements to be reused outside the context of an Atom feed document. For instance, it is not uncommon to find atom, link elements being used within RSS2.0 feeds. Despite the emergence of Atom as an IETF Proposed Standard and the decision by major companies such as Google to embrace Atom, use of the older, there are several reasons to this, RSS2.0 support for enclosures led directly to the development of podcasting. While many podcasting applications, such as iTunes, support the use of Atom 1.0, many sites choose to publish their feeds in only a single format
13.
Web syndication
–
Web syndication is a form of syndication in which content is made available from one website to other sites. Most commonly, websites are available to provide either summaries or full renditions of a websites recently added content. The term may also describe other kinds of content licensing for reuse, Web syndication involves a website providing content to an arbitrary number of subscribing websites that redistribute it. For the subscribing sites, syndication is a way of adding greater depth and immediacy of information to their pages. For the providing site, syndication increases exposure and this generates new traffic for the providing site—making syndication an easy and relatively cheap, or even free, form of advertisement. Content syndication has become a strategy for link building, as search engine optimization has become an increasingly important topic among website owners. Links embedded within the content are typically optimized around anchor terms that will point an optimized link back to the website that the content author is trying to promote. These links tell the algorithms of the engines that the website being linked to is an authority for the keyword that is being used as the anchor text. However the recent rollout of Google Pandas algorithm may not reflect this authority in its SERP rankings based on quality scores generated by the sites linking to the authority, although the format could be anything transported over HTTP, such as HTML or JavaScript, it is more commonly XML. Web syndication formats include RSS and Atom, Syndication first arose in earlier media such as print, radio, and television, allowing content creators to reach a wider audience. In the case of radio, the United States Federal government proposed a syndicate in 1924 so that the countrys executives could quickly and efficiently reach the entire population, in the case of television, it is often said that Syndication is where the real money is. Additionally, syndication accounts for the bulk of TV programming, one predecessor of web syndication is the Meta Content Framework, developed in 1996 by Ramanathan V. Guha and others in Apple Computers Advanced Technology Group. Today, millions of online publishers, including newspapers, commercial websites, and blogs, distribute their news headlines, product offers, there are different structures of partnership agreements. One such structure is licensing content, in which distribution partners pay a fee to the content creators for the right to publish the content, another structure is ad-supported content, in which publishers share revenues derived from advertising on syndicated content with that contents producer. A third structure is free, or barter syndication, in which no currency changes hands between publishers and content producers and this requires the content producers to generate revenue from another source, such as embedded advertising or subscriptions. Alternatively, they could distribute content without remuneration, typically, those who create and distribute content for free are promotional entities, vanity publishers, or government entities. Types of content syndicated include RSS or Atom Feeds and full content, with RSS feeds, headlines, summaries, and sometimes a modified version of the original full content is displayed on users feed readers. With full content, the entire content—which might be text, audio, video, there are two methods for selecting distribution partners
14.
Podcast
–
The word arose as a portmanteau of iPod and broadcast. Thus, the files distributed are typically in audio or video formats, the distributor of a podcast maintains a central list of the files on a server as a web feed that can be accessed through the Internet. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically, files are stored locally on the users device, ready for offline use. Podcasting contrasts with webcasting or streaming which do not allow for offline listening, many podcast players allow listeners to adjust the playback speed. Podcasts are usually free of charge to listeners and can often be created for little to no cost and it is very much a horizontal media form, producers are consumers, consumers may become producers, and both can engage in conversations with each other. Podcast is a portmanteau, invented by BBC journalist Ben Hammersley in 2004, of the words pod — from iPod, despite the etymology, the content can be accessed using any computer or similar device that can play media files. Use of the term podcast predated Apples addition of support for podcasting to the iPod. Other names for podcasting include net cast, intended as a term without the loose reference to the Apple iPod. The name is used by shows from the TWiT. tv network, some sources have suggested the backronym portable on demand for POD, for similar reasons. Podcasting, once a method of spreading information, has become a recognized medium for distributing audio content. Podcasts are similar to programs, but they are audio files. Listeners can play them at their convenience, using devices that have more common than portable broadcast receivers. The first application to make this process feasible was iPodderX, developed by August Trometer, by 2007, audio podcasts were doing what was historically accomplished via radio broadcasts, which had been the source of radio talk shows and news programs since the 1930s. This shift occurred as a result of the evolution of internet capabilities along with increased access to cheaper hardware and software for audio recording and editing. In August 2004, Adam Curry launched his show Daily Source Code and it was a show focused on chronicling his everyday life, delivering news and discussions about the development of podcasting, as well as promoting new and emerging podcasts. Daily Source Code is believed to be the first podcast produced on a consistent basis, Curry published it in an attempt to gain traction in the development of what would come to be known as podcasting and as a means of testing the software outside of a lab setting. The name Daily Source Code was chosen in the hope that it would attract an audience with an interest in technology, Daily Source Code started at a grassroots level of production and was initially directed at podcast developers. As its audience became interested in the format, these developers were inspired to create and produce their own projects and, as a result, as more people learned how easy it was to produce podcasts, a community of pioneer podcasters quickly appeared
15.
MusicXML
–
MusicXML is an XML-based file format for representing Western musical notation. The format is proprietary, but fully and openly documented, MusicXML was developed by Recordare LLC, deriving several key concepts from existing academic formats. It is designed for the interchange of scores, particularly between different scorewriters, MusicXML development is currently managed by MakeMusic following the companys acquisition of Recordare in 2011. Version 1.0 was released in January 2004, Version 1.1 was released in May 2005 with improved formatting support. Version 2.0 was released in June 2007 and included a standard compressed format, all of these versions were defined by a series of document type definitions. An XML Schema Definition implementation of Version 2.0 was released in September 2008, Version 3.0 was released in August 2011 with improved virtual instrument support, in both DTD and XSD versions. The MusicXML DTDs and XSDs are each freely redistributable under the MusicXML Public License, as of December 2015, MusicXML is supported to varying degrees by over 210 notation programs. These programs include, Most scorewriting programs, including Finale, Sibelius, Most Music OCR programs, including SmartScore and PhotoScore. Most music sequencer programs, including Cubase, Logic Pro, Digital Performer, additionally, web support is possible through the use of the HTML5 canvas element and JavaScript resulting in the rendering of legible music within a web browser. Features include key and time signatures, clefs, beaming information, stem directions, slurs, ornaments, barlines, like all XML-based formats, MusicXML is intended to be easy for automated tools to parse and manipulate. Though it is possible to create MusicXML by hand, interactive score writing programs like Finale and MuseScore greatly simplify the reading, writing, the following example is a score consisting of a single whole note middle C in the key of C major on the Treble Clef
16.
Vector graphics
–
Vector graphics is the use of polygons to represent images in computer graphics. Vector graphics are based on vectors, which lead through locations called control points or nodes, one of the first uses of vector graphic displays was the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were retired from U. S. en route air traffic control in 1999. Vector graphics were used on the TX-2 at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory by computer graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his program Sketchpad in 1963. Subsequent vector graphics systems, most of which iterated through dynamically modifiable stored lists of drawing instructions, include the IBM2250, Imlac PDS-1, storage scope displays, such as the Tektronix 4014, could display vector images but not modify them without first erasing the display. In computer typography, modern outline fonts describe printable characters by cubic or quadratic mathematical curves with control points, nevertheless, bitmap fonts are still in use. Processing outline character data in sophisticated fashion to create satisfactory bitmaps for rendering is called hinting, although the term implies suggestion, the process is deterministic, and done by executable code, essentially a special-purpose computer language. While automatic hinting is possible, results can be inferior to that done by experts, although a typical plot might easily require a few thousand paper motions, back and forth, the paper doesnt slip. In a tiny roll-fed plotter made by Alps in Japan, teeth on thin sprockets indented the paper near its edges on the first pass, some Hewlett-Packard pen plotters had two-axis pen carriers and stationery paper. However, the moving-paper H-P plotters had grit wheels which, on the first pass, indented the paper surface, present-day vector graphic files such as engineering drawings are typically printed as bitmaps, after vector-to-raster conversion. The term vector graphics is used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes an artist can use to create an image on a raster display, Vector graphics can be uploaded to online databases for other designers to download and manipulate, speeding up the creative process. Other modes include text, multimedia, and 3D rendering, virtually all modern 3D rendering is done using extensions of 2D vector graphics techniques. Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper, the World Wide Web Consortium standard for vector graphics is Scalable Vector Graphics. The standard is complex and has been slow to be established at least in part owing to commercial interests. Many web browsers now have support for rendering SVG data. In recent years, SVG has become a significant format that is independent of the resolution of the rendering device. SVG files are essentially printable text that describes both straight and curved paths, as well as other attributes, wikipedia prefers SVG for images such as simple maps, line illustrations, coats of arms, and flags, which generally are not like photographs or other continuous-tone images
17.
Animation
–
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
18.
Text Encoding Initiative
–
The Text Encoding Initiative is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities, operating continuously since the 1980s. The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains a technical standard, a journal, a wiki, a SourceForge repository. The TEI Guidelines, which define an XML format, are the defining output of the community of practice. The format differs from other open formats for text in that its primarily semantic rather than presentational. Some 500 different textual components and concepts, each is grounded in one or more academic discipline, the standard is split into two parts, a discursive textual description with extended examples and discussion and set of tag-by-tag definitions. Schemata in most of the formats are generated automatically from the tag-by-tag definitions. A number of support the production of the guidelines and the application of the guidelines to specific projects. Most users of the format do not use the range of tags but produce a customisation, using a project-specific subset of the tags. The TEI defines a sophisticated customization mechanism known as ODD for this purpose, in addition to documenting and describing each TEI tag, an ODD specification specifies its content model and other usage constraints, which may be expressed using schematron. TEI Lite is an example of such a customization and it defines an XML-based file format for exchanging texts. It is a selection from the extensive set of elements available in the full TEI Guidelines. The text of the TEI guidelines is rich in examples, there is also a samples page on the TEI wiki which gives examples of real-world projects which expose their underlying TEI. TEI allows texts to be marked up syntactically at any level of granularity, for example, this paragraph has been marked up into sentences and clauses. TEI has tags for marking up verse and this example shows a sonnet The choice tag is used to represent sections of text which might be encoded or tagged in more than one possible way. In the following example, based on one in the standard, choice is used twice, once to indicate an original, one Document Does it all is a literate programming language for XML schemas. In literate-programming style, ODD documents combine human-readable documentation and machine-readable models using the Documentation Elements module of the Text Encoding Initiative. Tools generate localised and internationalised HTML, ePub, or PDF human-readable output and DTDs, W3C XML Schema, Relax NG Compact Syntax, ODD is the format used internally by the Text Encoding Initiative for their eponymous technical standard. Although ODD files generally describe the difference between a customized XML format and the full TEI model, ODD also can be used to describe XML formats that are separate from the TEI
19.
SMS
–
Short Message Service is a text messaging service component of most telephone, World Wide Web, and mobile telephony systems. It uses standardized protocols to enable mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages. SMS, as used on modern handsets, originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols and these were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications series of standards. The protocols allowed users to send and receive messages of up to 160 alpha-numeric characters to, though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS. SMS is also employed in marketing, a type of direct marketing. Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s, the first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks. Should be available in the mobile system and this plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time. The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand, the GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its main application. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost, however, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128 bytes so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of postcard and Telex messages. SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software, hence, a large base of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS. The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies, through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world. The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and this proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services based on a contribution from Germany. There were also discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad. The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June 85 document which was distributed to industry, the input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert. The last three words transformed SMS into something more useful than the prevailing messaging paging that some in GSM might have had in mind. SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System, the discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM02.03 TeleServices supported by a GSM PLMN
20.
HD DVD
–
HD DVD is a discontinued high-density optical disc format for storing data and playback of high-definition video. Supported principally by Toshiba, HD DVD was envisioned to be the successor to the standard DVD format, on 19 February 2008, after a protracted format war with rival Blu-ray, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28,2008, the HD DVD physical disc specifications were still in use as the basis for the China Blue High-definition Disc formerly called CH-DVD. Because all variants except 3× DVD and HD REC employed a laser with a shorter wavelength. In the late 1990s, commercial HDTV sets started to enter a larger market, jVCs D-VHS and Sonys HDCAM formats could store that amount of data, but were neither popular nor well-known. It was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would yield optical storage with higher density, shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes, but a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction. The two formats share several technologies, in February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members. The DVD Forum was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not, in March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs. In spite of this decision, the DVD Forums Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution, in August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc. It was adopted by the DVD forum and renamed to HD DVD the next year, the HD DVD Promotion Group was a group of manufacturers and media studios formed to exchange thoughts and ideas to help promote the format worldwide. The HD DVD promotion group was dissolved on March 28,2008, following Toshibas announcement on February 19,2008 that it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players. Much like the VHS vs. Betamax videotape format war during the late 1970s and early 1980s, HD DVD was competing with a rival format - in this case, in 2008, major content manufacturers and key retailers began withdrawing their support for the format. In an attempt to avoid a costly war, the Blu-ray Disc Association. One of the issues was that Blu-ray Disc companies wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity, another problem was the physical formats of the discs themselves. The negotiations proceeded slowly and ultimately stalled, on August 22,2005, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed. Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled, publicly, the reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited. By the end of September that year, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD, the Blu-ray Disc Association did not agree to HPs demands. On March 31,2006, Toshiba released their first consumer-based HD DVD player in Japan at ¥110,000, HD DVD was released in the United States on April 18,2006, with players priced at $499 and $799
21.
Digital signage
–
Digital signage is a sub segment of signage. Digital signages use technologies such as LCD, LED and Projection to display content such as images, video, streaming media. Digital Signage market is expected to grow from USD $15 billion to over USD $24bn by 2020, traditionally content designs have been created by small, specialist firms. However they are seen to be expensive and have uncertain ROI. More recently, digital content is created easily and flexibly via a Content Management System, Digital content displayed on the signage is presented in one of the following formats, Text - Scrolling text. Either scrolling text, or text dynamically updated via external Newsfeed source, images - Scrolling images, usually in the format of digital advertisement posters Video - Usually in the format of commercial TV advertisements. Interactive interfaces - Integration of signage with touch screen, beacons, sensors, RFID technologies, interactive digital signage helps to engage users and may also assist advertisers to gain insight in customer behaviour. Digital audiovisual content is reproduced on TVs and monitor displays of a digital network from at least one media player. Various hardware and software options exist, providing a range of different ways to schedule, the former are ideal for small groups of displays that can be updated via USB flash drive, SD card or CD-ROM. Another option is the use of D. A. N, players that connect directly to the monitor and to the internet, to a WAN, or to a LAN. This allows the end user the ability to manage multiple D. A. N, the end user can create new advertising or edit existing advertisements and then upload changes to the D. A. N. Via the internet or other networking options, with av content to produce the most up-to-date content. This is often called out of home H. Interactive Digital Signage allows end users to interact the displayed content via Touch Screens. Digital signs can interact with mobile phones using SMS messaging and Bluetooth, SMS can be used to post messages on the displays, while Bluetooth allows users to interact directly with what they see on screen. In addition to mobile interactivity, networks are also using technology that integrates social and this technology enables end users to upload photos and messages to social networks such as Twitter and Facebook as well as text messages to the displays. The wide spread of lead to the development of screen–smart device interaction technologies. These allow smartphone users to interact directly with the digital screen, for example participate in a poll, play a game
22.
Hulu
–
Hulu is an American subscription video on demand service owned by Hulu LLC, a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company, 21st Century Fox, Comcast, and as of August 10,2016, Time Warner. It is primarily oriented towards television series, carrying current and past episodes of series from its owners respective television networks, the subscription service is, in turn, divided into advertising-supported and mostly ad-free tiers. In 2016, Hulu spun out its content into a joint venture with Yahoo. called Yahoo. View and announced plans for a television streaming service some time in 2017. The name Hulu comes from two Mandarin Chinese words, húlú, calabash, bottle gourd, and hùlù, interactive recording, the company blog explains, In Mandarin, Hulu has two interesting meanings, each highly relevant to our mission. The primary meaning interested us because it is used in an ancient Chinese proverb that describes the Hulu as the holder of precious things and it literally translates to gourd, and in ancient times, the Hulu was hollowed out and used to hold precious things. The secondary meaning is interactive recording and we saw both definitions as appropriate bookends and highly relevant to the mission of Hulu. Key executives instrumental in the founding of Hulu include Bruce Campbell, Peter Chernin, JB Perrette, Michael Lang, Beth Comstock, the venture was announced in March 2006 with AOL, Comcast, Facebook, MSN, Myspace, and Yahoo. planned as initial distribution partners. Kilar was named the CEO in June 2006, the name Hulu was chosen in late August 2007, when the website went live, with an announcement only and no content. It invited users to leave their addresses for the upcoming beta test. In October, Hulu began the private beta testing by invitation, Hulu launched for public access in the United States on March 12,2008. The first product to launch was the HULU Syndication network, which was designed and developed by the NBC Universal team from New York, on October 29,2007, followed by the Hulu. com destinations site. Hulu began a campaign during NBCs broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII with an initial ad starring Alec Baldwin titled Alec in Huluwood. The ad intended to reveal the shocking secret behind Hulu. Advertisements have since aired featuring Eliza Dushku, Seth MacFarlane, Denis Leary, with its investment came a seat on the board of directors, where Providence was said to act as an independent voice on the board. In October 2012, Providence sold its 10 percent stake to Hulus media owners, ComScore says monthly video streams reached 903 million in January 2010, over three times the figure for a year earlier, and second only to YouTube. On August 16,2010, a report revealed that Hulu was planning an Initial Public Offering which could value the company at more than $2 billion. On June 21,2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that an unsolicited offer caused Hulu to begin weighing whether to sell itself
23.
Web browser
–
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier that may be a web page, image, hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, the most popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Safari, Opera and Firefox. The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees the Webs continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus, the first commonly available web browser with a graphical user interface was Erwise. The development of Erwise was initiated by Robert Cailliau, andreesens browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use, Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industrys first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market, Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002. Opera debuted in 1996, it has never achieved widespread use and it is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendos Wii video game console. In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model, as of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share. Apples Safari had its first beta release in January 2003, as of April 2011, the most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chromes take-up has increased year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, in December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chromes user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chromes usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined, by April 2014, Chromes usage had hit 45%. Internet Explorer was deprecated in Windows 10, with Microsoft Edge replacing it as the web browser. The ways that web browser makers fund their development costs has changed over time, the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was a research project. In addition to being freeware, Netscape Navigator and Opera were also sold commercially, Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system, and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac, in this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through lock-in to Microsofts browser
24.
Adobe Media Player
–
The Adobe Media Player was one of the first Adobe AIR applications from Adobe Systems. It was announced at NAB show in Las Vegas and was released in April 2008 and it used DRM and enforces advertisement viewing, when watching videos both online and offline. The player was designed to allow users to subscribe to webcasts from various providers to be streamed or download for viewing offline. Adobe had signed CBS, PBS, MTV Networks, Universal Music Group, CondeNet, Adobe had planned to release other features to support various business models, such as the ability to rent videos. Adobe Media Player was discontinued on 16 September 2010, the player had been praised for its user-friendliness and compared to the internet TV service Joost
25.
Amarok (software)
–
Amarok /ˈæmərɒk/ is a cross-platform free and open-source music player. Although Amarok is part of the KDE project, it is released independently of the central KDE Software Compilation release cycle, Amarok is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.4 versions. The program was originally named amaroK after a Mike Oldfield album of the same name, later the artwork changed to reference Amarok, a wolf in Inuit mythology. The apps capitalisation was changed to Amarok in June 2006, a new major version of Amarok, version 2.0, was released on December 12,2008. Amarok serves many functions in addition to the function of playing music files. Amarok does not play music files embedded with DRM. Associating cover art with an album, and retrieving the cover art from Amazon. Creating and editing playlists, including smart and dynamic playlists, the dynamic playlists can use such information as the score given to a song by an Amarok script, and the playcount which is stored in the database. Synchronizing, retrieving, playing, or uploading music to the digital music players, iPod, iriver iFP, Creative NOMAD, Creative ZEN, MTP, Rio Karma. Displaying artist information from Wikipedia and retrieving song lyrics, Last. fm support, including submitting played tracks to Last. fm, retrieving similar artists and playing Last. fm streams. From version 1.4.4, Amarok introduced the integration of Magnatune, a digital music store, enabling users to purchase music in Ogg, FLAC, WAV. Some of these depend on other programs or libraries that must be installed on the computer to operate. Three main window panes, playlist browser, collection and player window, song collection, which includes specific folders on the filesystem. fm and Shoutcast. Songs can be rated both dynamically and by hand, Amarok File Tracking, Stores file checksum in the collection. This allows the file be moved around in the filesystem without Amarok losing track of the song statistics, the backend of Phonon dictates which media types Amarok can play and how they play. When using Xine, Amarok supports crossfading, but not seeking in seekpointless FLAC files, when using Gstreamer, Amarok supports seeking and gapless playback, but not crossfading. Amarok can be controlled via D-Bus, Amarok Scripts, for example, when writing lyrics fetching plugins, can be written in QtScript. Amarok 2 was released on 10 December 2008, new features include, Tight integration with online services such as Magnatune, Jamendo, MP3tunes, Last. fm and Shoutcast
26.
Helix (multimedia project)
–
Helix DNA is a project to produce computer software that can play audio and video media in various formats, aid in producing such media, and serve them over a network. It is intended as a free and open source digital media framework that runs on numerous operating systems. The Helix Community is a collaborative effort to develop and extend the Helix DNA platform. Helix DNA Client is a package for multi-platform multi-format media playback. Helix Player is a player that runs on Linux, Solaris, Symbian and FreeBSD. The Helix DNA Producer application aids in the production of media files, additionally, the Helix DNA Client and the Helix Player are licensed under the popular GNU General Public License free and open source license. Helix DNA Client powers many digital media applications, including RealPlayer for MS Windows, Mac OS and Linux, RealPlayer Mobile and it is used on Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and Sony Ericsson mobile phones. According to https, //helixcommunity. org,800 million mobile phones with the Helix client have been shipped since 2004 and it is also being used in embedded devices like the Internet Tablet OS from Nokia, which is found on the Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets. Cingular Video is also based on the framework, other projects that use the Helix framework include RealNetworks Rhapsody online music service, the Banshee and Amarok music players, and MediaReady 4000. Helix DNA also manifests itself as the RealPlayer on Mobile Internet Devices, supporting H.264 and AAC codecs with Adaptive Bit Rate support including audio only. Armv7 and Armv6 supported using Stagefright media platform, Helix SDK is supplied as a library which is included within Android Java applications for over the air installation. Helix DNA client contains support for the media formats, Audio formats, AAC, RealAudio Video formats. There is also a version called Helix Server, which has more features. It was originally called the Helix Universal Server when it was announced in or before 2002 and it is based on the Helix DNA Client. It is available for Linux, Solaris, Symbian and FreeBSD, users of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X can use RealPlayer, which has similar capabilities. It is a media encoding engine for creating streaming broadcasts, on-demand streaming content, the Helix DNA Producer runs on MS Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. There is also a package for Helix DNA Producer SDK with AAC or aacPlus encoding support. Helix DNA Producer is also available in a commercial, closed-source version - RealProducer Plus for MS Windows, comparison of video player software RealNetworks RealPlayer Official website
27.
QuickTime
–
QuickTime is an extensible multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, and interactivity. First made in 1991, the latest Mac version, QuickTime X, is available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard. Apple ceased support for the Windows version of QuickTime in 2016, as of Mac OS X Lion, the underlying media framework for QuickTime, QTKit, is deprecated in favor of a newer graphics framework, AV Foundation. Software development kits for QuickTime are available to the public with an Apple Developer Connection subscription and it is available free of charge for both macOS and Windows operating systems. There are some other free player applications that rely on the QuickTime framework, for example, iTunes can export audio in WAV, AIFF, MP3, AAC, and Apple Lossless. In addition, macOS has a simple AppleScript that can be used to play a movie in full-screen mode, QuickTime Player 7 is limited to only basic playback operations unless a QuickTime Pro license key is purchased from Apple. Until recently, Apples professional applications included a QuickTime Pro license, Pro keys are specific to the major version of QuickTime for which they are purchased and unlock additional features of the QuickTime Player application on macOS or Windows. The Pro key does not require any additional downloads, entering the code immediately unlocks the hidden features. Saving and exporting to any of the supported by QuickTime. QuickTime 7 includes presets for exporting video to a video-capable iPod, Apple TV, saving existing QuickTime movies from the web directly to a hard disk drive. This is often, but not always, either hidden or intentionally blocked in the standard mode, two options exist for saving movies from a web browser, Save as source – This option will save the embedded video in its original format. Save as QuickTime movie – This option will save the video in a. mov file format no matter what the original container is/was. Mac OS X Snow Leopard includes QuickTime X. QuickTime Player X lacks cut, copy and paste and will only export to four formats, but its limited export feature is free. Otherwise, users will have to install QuickTime 7 from the Optional Installs directory of the Snow Leopard DVD after installing the OS. Mac OS X Lion and later also include QuickTime X. No installer for QuickTime 7 is included with software packages. The QuickTime framework provides the following, Encoding and transcoding video, decoding video and audio, then sending the decoded stream to the graphics or audio subsystem for playback. In macOS, QuickTime sends video playback to the Quartz Extreme Compositor, a component plug-in architecture for supporting additional 3rd-party codecs. As of early 2008, the framework hides many older codecs listed below from the user although the option to Show legacy encoders exists in QuickTime Preferences to use them
28.
RealPlayer
–
RealPlayer, formerly RealAudio Player, RealOne Player and RealPlayer G2, is a cross-platform media player app, developed by RealNetworks. RealPlayer is also available for operating systems, Linux, Unix, Palm OS, Windows Mobile. The program is powered by an underlying open-source media engine called Helix, the first version of RealPlayer was introduced in April 1995 as RealAudio Player and was one of the first media players capable of streaming media over the Internet. Then, version 4.01 of RealPlayer was included as a selectable Internet tool in Windows 98s installation package. Subsequent versions of the software were titled RealPlayer G2 and RealOne Player, while free Basic versions as well as paid Plus versions, for the Windows OS, the RealPlayer version 9 subsumed the features of the separate program, RealJukebox. RealPlayer 11 was released for Microsoft Windows in November 2007 and for Mac OS X in May 2008, RealPlayer 15 was released November 18,2011. The Real. com Blog states that RealPlayer with RealTimes will still include the features, such as Downloader, Converter. It will also include our RealTimes features, such as Photos and RealTimes Stories™. Playlists Graphics, Bitmap, GIF Images, JPEG Images, PNG RealPlayer has a variety of plug-ins. Some of the plug-ins are listed at the RealPlayer accessories page, Audio Enhancement There are four audio enhancers available for the latest version of RealPlayer. DFX, iQfx, Volume Logic, and Sanyo 3D Surround, Lake PLS, created by Lake Technologies, works only with RealJukebox, and has limited use. There are some registry tweaks which allow Lake PLS to work with RealPlayer 10, Lake PLS is still available on the RealPlayer website. RealPlayer Skin Creators RealPlayer has had two skin creator plug-ins, SkinsEditor for RealJukebox -- an easy to use skins creator made by DeYoung software, the second application, RealJukebox Skins Converter, converts Winamp skins into RealPlayer skins. Playback Plug-Ins Please see section Formats supported by optional plug-ins, radio Tuners vTuner Plus is a radio tuner specially created for RealPlayer. There are some more visualization plug-ins like Surreal. FX by RealNetworks, G-Force and WhiteCap by SoundSpectrum, Firefox Browser Download RealPlayer has a browser download add-on for Firefox which allows users to download video from a video player window. ScrobRealPlayer an audioscrobbler plugin that connects RealPlayer with the Last. FM social music network. This includes music players such as iPod and Zune, smartphones such as iPhone and BlackBerry, portable gaming devices such as Sony PSP, and console gaming systems such as Xbox 360, PS3, and Wii. Since version 11, RealPlayer SP has gained Flash Video support, DVD, SVCD, VCD burning, as of 2011 RealPlayer Enterprise is a licensed product for enterprise applications which can be customized and remotely administered by RealPlayer Enterprise Manager
29.
GNOME Videos
–
GNOME Videos, formerly known as Totem, is a media player for the GNOME computer desktop environment. GNOME Videos uses the Clutter and GTK+ toolkits and it is officially included in GNOME starting from version 2.10, but de facto it was already included in most GNOME environments. Totem utilizes the GStreamer framework for playback, though until version 2.27.1, GNOME Videos is free and open-source software subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License. Until recently there were two versions of Totem, though the difference was not visible at the user interface level. One of them was based on GStreamer, which is a multimedia framework. This version has superior extensibility and supports a variety of media formats. The other one was based on xine, which is a multimedia library. At the time the latter had better encrypted DVD playback support, DVD navigation support, due to enhancements in GStreamer including the ability to play back encrypted DVDs, the Totem development team dropped support for the xine backend. Totem is closely integrated with the GNOME desktop environment and its file manager and this includes generating thumbnails of video files when browsing in Nautilus and a video plugin for Netscape-compatible browsers. Thanks to a number of plugins developed for GStreamer, Totem is able to play all mainstream media formats. It also understands numerous playlist formats, including SHOUTcast, M3U, XML Shareable Playlist Format, SMIL, Windows Media Player playlists, playlists are easily manageable using drag-and-drop features. Full-screen video playback is supported on nearly all X configurations, including multi-head Xinerama setups, brightness, contrast and saturation of the video can be dynamically adjusted during playback. 4.0,4.1,5.0,5.1, on computers with an infrared port, Totem can be remotely controlled via LIRC. Stills can be captured without resorting to external programs. There is also a plugin for telestrator-like functionality using Gromit, the loading of external SubRip subtitles, both automatic and manual, is also supported. The player was known as Totem, with the release of version 3.5.90, the name was changed to Videos. The name Totem, remained in de facto use, GNOME3.12 revamped the user interface radically and added support for direct playback from online video channels such as Guardian and Apple trailers. See GStreamer or Xine for such support
30.
Windows Media Player
–
Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for classic Mac OS, Mac OS X and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued. Windows Media Player replaced an earlier application called Media Player, adding features beyond simple video or audio playback, Windows Media Player 11 is available for Windows XP and included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. The default file formats are Windows Media Video, Windows Media Audio, and Advanced Systems Format, the player is also able to utilize a digital rights management service in the form of Windows Media DRM. Windows Media Player 12 is the most recent version of Windows Media Player. It was released on July 22,2009 along with Windows 7 and has not been available for previous versions of Windows nor has it been updated since for Windows 8, Windows 8.1. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT does not run Windows Media Player, the first version of Windows Media Player appeared in 1991, when Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions was released. Originally called Media Player, this component was included with Multimedia PC-compatible machines and it was capable of playing. mmm animation files, and could be extended to support other formats. It used MCI to handle media files, being a component of Windows, Media Player shows the same version number as that of the version Windows with which it was included. Microsoft continually produced new programs to play media files, indeo 3.2 was added in a later release. Video for Windows was first available as a free add-on to Windows 3.1, in 1995, Microsoft released ActiveMovie with DirectX Media SDK. ActiveMovie incorporates a new way of dealing with files. In 1996, ActiveMovie was renamed DirectShow, however, Media Player continued to come with Windows until Windows XP, in which it was officially renamed Windows Media Player v5.1. In 1999, Windows Media Players versioning broke away from that of Windows itself, Windows Media Player 7.0 and its successors also came in the same fashion, replacing each other but leaving Media Player and Windows Media Player 6.4 intact. Windows XP is the operating system to have three different versions of Windows Media Player side by side. All versions branded Windows Media Player support DirectShow codecs, Windows Media Player version 7 was a large revamp, with a new user interface, visualizations and increased functionality. Windows Vista, however, dropped older versions of Windows Media Player in favor of v11, Windows Media Player 12 was released with Windows 7. It included support for more media formats and added new features, with Windows 8, however, the player did not receive an upgrade. On April 16,2012, Microsoft announced that Windows Media Player would not be included in Windows RT, Windows Media Player supports playback of audio, video and pictures, along with fast forward, reverse, file markers and variable playback speed
31.
Zune
–
Zune was a brand of digital media products and services marketed by Microsoft. Zune also provided music streaming for United Airlines inflight after a partnership in 2010, the Zune hardware players were discontinued in October 2011. The www. zune. net domain now redirects to Xboxs website, the Windows Phone App succeeded Zune Software as the desktop sync service for Windows Phone 8, as part of Microsofts discontinuation of the Zune brand. However, Zune Software must still be used for Windows Phone 7 desktop sync, in November 2015 Microsoft retired the Zune music download and streaming service. Remaining Zune subscribers would be switched over to Microsofts Groove Music platform, Zune music and devices were follow-on to Microsofts MSN Music service. MSN Music was created in 2004 to compete with Apples iTunes services, after only two years, Microsoft announced the closing of MSN Music in 2006 immediately before announcing the Zune service. In 2008 Microsoft shut down the MSN Music licensing servers only two years after promising users the servers would be available for five years. Xbox 360 overseer J Allard ran the project, codenamed Argo, staffed with Xbox and MSN Music Store developers who worked on Alexandria, both products were later united under the Zune brand name in the U. S. market. At midnight on December 31,2008, many first generation Zune 30 models froze, Microsoft stated that the problem was caused by the internal clock driver written by Freescale and the way the device handles a leap year. It automatically fixed itself 24 hours later, but an intermediate fix, for those who did not wish to wait, was to drain the devices battery and then recharge after 12 noon GMT on January 1,2009. The first generation and later Zune devices included a number of social features, songs that had been transferred over wi-fi could then be played three times over three days. The second-generation Zune 4,8, and 80 devices, manufactured by Flextronics, introduced the touch-sensitive Zune Pad, the 4 and 8 GB Zune devices use flash memory and are smaller in size than the 80 GB version, which uses a hard drive. The 30 GB Zune was not redesigned, although it received an update that brought its interface in line with the second generation models. At the same time, the Zune 2.0 software was released for Windows PCs and this version of the software was completely re-written and featured a new user interface. Zune devices feature games developed using XNA, an early version of XNA Game Studio 3.0, released in May 2008, allowed developers to work on games for Zune devices. This generation included a 120 GB model, one of the largest storage capacities ever released for a media player. The third-generation Zune 16 and 120 devices were released in September 2008, the ability to purchase songs from Zune Marketplace on the device while connected to the Internet via Wi-Fi was also introduced. To help push this feature, Microsoft partnered with Wayport to allow Zune devices to access its network of over 10,000 wireless hotspots, including those at McDonalds restaurants
32.
Planar Systems
–
Planar Systems, Inc. is a U. S. digital display manufacturing corporation based in Hillsboro, Oregon. Founded in 1983 as a spin-off from Tektronix, it was the first U. S. manufacturer of electroluminescent digital displays, Planar currently makes a variety of other specialty displays. It is a subsidiary of Shenzhen, China-based Leyard Optoelectronic Co, Planar was founded in 1983 by Jim Hurd, Chris King, John Laney and others as a spin-off from the Solid State Research and Development Group of the Beaverton, Oregon, based Tektronix. In 1986, a spun off from Planar to work on projection technology. In 1991, FinLux, a competitor in Espoo, Finland was purchased and is now the companys European headquarters, Planars executives took the company public in 1993, listing the stock on the NASDAQ boards Planar acquired Tektronixs avionics display business, creating the short-lived Planar Advance in 1994. Standish Industries, a manufacturer of flat panel LCDs in Lake Mills and this plant was closed in 2002 as worldwide LCD manufacturing shifted to East Asian countries. On April 23,2002, DOME Imaging Systems was purchased by Planar, Planar acquired Clarity Visual Systems on September 12,2006, now referred to as the Control Room and Signage business unit. On May 23,2007, Planar acquired Runco International, a brand in the high-end. On August 6,2008, Planar sold its business unit to NDS Surgical Imaging. In November 2012, Planar announced the sale of its electroluminescent business to Beneq Oy, Planar was purchased by Leyard Optoelectronic Co. of China in 2015 for $157 million. It became a subsidiary after formerly trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol PLNR, the merger was finalized in January of 2017. NaturalPoint will remain a separate business with its own team, customers. Planars EL manufacturing operations were consolidated into Planars Espoo, Finland facility in 2002, additional large-format displays are assembled and integrated in Albi, France. On November 27,2015, Planar closed its sale to become a subsidiary of Leyard Optoelectronic Co. an LED display product corporation, with the merger, Planar increased its capabilities to offer indoor, outdoor, fixed and creative LED display solutions. Headquarters operations for Planar remain in Beaverton, OR following the sale, in addition to its Oregon, U. S. headquarters, Planar has worldwide reach. Its sales offices are located in Europe, North America, and Asia
33.
ViewSonic
–
The privately held company has approximately $1 billion in worldwide sales annually. ViewSonics headquarters are located in Brea, California, United States, the company was initially founded as Keypoint Technology Corporation in 1987 by James Chu. In 1990 it launched the ViewSonic line of computer monitors. The ViewSonic logo features Gouldian finches, colorful birds native to Australia, every ViewSonic display features this logo but is often mistaken for a kitchy animal sticker and can be removed as such. In the mid-1990s, ViewSonic rose to one of the top-rated makers of computer CRT monitors, alongside Sony, NEC, MAG Innovision. ViewSonic soon displaced the rest of these companies to emerge as the largest display manufacturer from America/Japan at the turn of the millennium, in 2000, ViewSonic acquired the Nokia Display Products branded business. In 2005, ViewSonic and Tatung won a British patent lawsuit filed against them by LG Philips in a dispute over which company created technology for rear mounting of LCDs in a mobile PC, in 2007 ViewSonic launched its General Support Center in Wuhan, China. GSC, specialized in finance, customer service, sales support, supply management and Excel related services. GSC, enable ViewSonic to concentrate on their areas, while outsourcing their non-core areas of business GSC. On July 2,2007, the company filed with the Securities, in 1998, ViewSonic announced that two of its Professional Series monitors achieved TCO99 certification. In 2000, ViewSonic partnered with AT&T Corporation to offer Internet appliances integrated with the AT&T WorldNet Service, the Internet appliances ranged from standalone i-boxes, integrated LCD and CRT devices, to web phones and wireless web pads. The units were deemed capable of operating on any operating system, including Windows CE, Linux, QNX. In 2002 ViewSonic announced a 3840 ×2400 WQUXGA,22. 2-inch monitor, ViewSonic was the first manufacturer to bring Smart Display to the market, with the Airpanel V150 in early 2003. This included a 15 1024 × 768 LCD, a 400 MHz Intel XScale processor,32 MB ROM,64 MB RAM,802. 11b wireless, and a USB wireless hub for the host PC. At the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show, ViewSonic introduced display products, namely a projector, monitors, the ViewSonic LCD monitor range currently includes four product groups, the VA value range, the VG multimedia range, the VX gamer range, and the VP professional range. The two-letter range codes are used at the start of the product name followed by a number which indicates the diagonal screen size. They also produce the Optiquest line of budget displays, viewsonic Singapore unveiled their latest projectors series, the PJD7 that is designed for education and commercial use, and Pro8 which is ideal for businesses and homes.2, a. k. a. Asus Acer AOC NEC Display Solutions Samsung Electronics LG Electronics BenQ QXGA ViewSonic G Tablet ViewSonic Corporation ViewSonic Corporation Yahoo
