1.
Sony Pictures Networks India
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Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian company which handles Sony Pictures diversified interests in India. e. AXN and Animax which includes 45 SD channels,20 HD channels,1 SD channels and 32 Upcoming HD channels, Sony Entertainment Television and SAB TV are the main brands of SPNI although it owns many other brands and companies under the umbrella Sony brand. Sony LIV is an Indian general entertainment Video on demand service which was launched on 23 January 2013, according to report, From The Economic Times on 18/3/2015 Multi Screen Media is charging advertisers an average of R47508800 for 10 Seconds ad-spot. According to another report by MoneyControl, during the IPL9 season spot rate by SPN was Rs 5.25 lakh, the report also reads that SPN earned 1200 crore from IPL9. On 3 November 2015, MSM was renamed Sony Pictures Networks India Private Limited after 21 years
2.
576i
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576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
3.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
4.
Afghanistan
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Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north and its territory covers 652,000 km2, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, the political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah unsuccessfully attempted to modernize the country and it remained peaceful during Zahir Shahs forty years of monarchy. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan. The name Afghānistān is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan, the root name Afghan was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns, and the suffix -stan means place of in Persian. Therefore, Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or, more specifically in a historical sense, however, the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. An important site of historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and it has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within large regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Indian Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west. Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of Mundigak may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, in more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well, after 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan, among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, the region at the time was referred to as Ariana
5.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
6.
Tajikistan
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Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2. It is bordered by Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the south, the Republic of Uzbekistan to the west, the Kyrgyz Republic to the north, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability, Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Most of Tajikistans 8 million people belong to the Tajik ethnic group, many Tajiks also speak Russian as their second language. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country and it has a transition economy that is highly dependent on remittances, aluminium and cotton production. Tajikistan means the Land of the Tajiks, the suffix -stan is Persian for place of or country and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic tribe. Tajikistan appeared as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English prior to 1991 and this is due to a transliteration from the Russian, Таджикистан. In Russian, there is no single letter j to represent the phoneme /ʤ/ and дж, Tadzhikistan is the most common alternate spelling and is widely used in English literature derived from Russian sources. Tadjikistan is the spelling in French and can occasionally be found in English language texts, the way of writing Tajikistan in the Perso-Arabic script is. The earliest recorded history of the dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all. After the regions conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, northern Tajikistan was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of tribes, moved into the region. Central Asia continued in its role as a crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680, the Samanid Empire,819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara which became the cultural centres of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania and ruled between 999–1211, during Genghis Khans invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia
7.
Karachi
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Karachi is the capital of Sindh, and is the largest and most populous city in Pakistan, as well as the 7th largest in the world and the worlds second most populous city proper. Ranked as a world city, the city is Pakistans premier industrial and financial centre. Karachi is also Pakistans most cosmopolitan city, though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia, the city was founded as a village named Kolachi that was established as a fortified settlement in 1729. By the time of the Partition of British India, the city was the largest in Sindh with a population of 400,000. Immediately following the independence of Pakistan, the population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India. The city experienced economic growth following independence, attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan. Karachi is now Pakistans premier industrial and financial centre, the city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $113 billion as of 2014. Karachi collects over a third of Pakistans tax revenue, and generates approximately 20% of Pakistans GDP, approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi, while Karachis ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistans foreign trade. Approximately 90% of the corporations operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi. Up to 70% of Karachis workforce is employed in the informal economy, Karachi is one of Pakistans most secular and socially liberal cities. It is also the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan, Karachi is considered to be one of the worlds fastest growing cities, and has communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi is also home to over 2 million Bangladeshi migrants,1 million Afghans, the citys murder rate in 2015 had decreased by 75% compared to 2013, and kidnappings decreased by 90%, with the improved security environment triggering sharp increases in real-estate prices. Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi, the new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slayed a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it. The citys inhabitants are referred to by the demonym Karachiite in English, the earliest inhabitants of the Karachi region are believed to have been hunter-gatherers, with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites. The Karachi region is believed to have known to the ancient Greeks. The region may be the site of Krokola, where Alexander the Great once camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia, in 711 C. E. Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley. The Karachi region is believed to have known to the Arabs as Debal. Under Mirza Ghazi Beg the Mughal administrator of Sindh, development of coastal Sindh, under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh
8.
Pakistanis
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Pakistanis are the people who are citizens of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan. As of 2011, the population of Pakistan was over 199 million making it the worlds sixth most-populous country. Pakistan has one of the worlds fastest growing populations, as the country is located in South Asia, Pakistani people are a mixture of various indigenous ethnic groups. The Punjabi people, the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, reside predominantly in Central, considerable population of Punjabis live in Karachi as well. The Baloch people inhabit the southwest of the country, the Kashmiri people are an important ethnic group of the Kashmir region in the north. The Chitrali people are indigenous people who live high in the mountains in the northwest. There are countless other ethnic groups make up part of Pakistanis mosaic such as the Bengalis, Burmese, Hazara, Tajik and Hakka. Pakistan has a culture, with all of the provinces maintaining differing social mores. However, Islam is the force behind the unity of varying ethnic groups from different parts of the country. Pakistani culture falls in the category of high context, Urdu, a major standard register of Hindustani, is Pakistans national language. Urdu was chosen as a token of unity and as a lingua franca so as not to any native Pakistani language preference over the other. It is mostly learned as a language, with nearly 93% of Pakistans population having a mother tongue other than Urdu. Urdu is spoken as a first, second or at times third tongue by almost all Pakistani people, english is spoken at an official level and in most elite circles, as a legacy of the long British Raj colonial rule in the region. Many Pakistanis worldwide speak the regional languages of Pakistan such as, Urdu, Saraiki, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi. The largest religion practiced in Pakistan is Islam, other religious groups in Pakistan include Judaism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. There are large populations of Pakistani ancestry around the world, due to emigration, the population of Pakistanis abroad is considered to exceed seven million and can be found in the Middle East, North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The Pakistani diaspora in Europe and its impact on building in Pakistan. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, relevance of Education for Womens Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan
9.
International Cricket Council
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The International Cricket Council is the international governing body of cricket. The ICC has 105 members,10 Full Members that play Test matches,39 Associate Members, the ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of crickets major international tournaments, most notably the Cricket World Cup. It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, One Day International, the Chairman heads the board of directors and on 26 June 2014, N. Srinivasan, the former president of BCCI, was announced as the first chairman of the council. The role of ICC president has become an honorary position since the establishment of the chairman role. It has been claimed that the 2014 changes have handed control to the so-called Big Three nations of England, the current ICC president is Zaheer Abbas, who was appointed in June 2015 following the resignation of Mustafa Kamal in April 2015. Kamal, the president of the Bangladesh Cricket Board, resigned shortly after the 2015 World Cup. The current CEO is David Richardson, who succeeded Haroon Lorgat, on 15 June 1909 representatives from England, Australia and South Africa met at Lords and founded the Imperial Cricket Conference. Membership was confined to the bodies of cricket within the British Empire where Test cricket was played. West Indies, New Zealand and India were elected as Full Members in 1926, however the United States did not meet these criteria and was not made a member. After the formation of Pakistan in 1947, it was given Test status in 1952, in May 1961 South Africa left the Commonwealth and therefore lost membership. In 1965, it was renamed as the International Cricket Conference and this led to the expansion of the Conference, with the admission of Associate Members. Associates were each entitled to one vote, while the Foundation, Foundation Members retained a right of veto. Sri Lanka was admitted as a Full Member in 1981, returning the number of Test-playing nations to seven, in 1989, new rules were adopted and the current name, the International Cricket Council came into existence. South Africa was re-elected as a Full Member of the ICC in 1991, after the end of apartheid, then, in the year 2000 Bangladesh received test status. From its formation the ICC had Lords Cricket Ground as its home, the independent ICC was funded initially by commercial exploitation of the rights to the World Cup of One Day International cricket. This was established in January 1994 and was based in Monaco, for the remainder of the nineties, the administration of IDI was a modest affair. But with the negotiation of a bundle of rights to all ICC events from 2001–2008, revenues available to International cricket and this led to a growth in the number of commercial staff employed by IDI in Monaco. It also had the disadvantage that the Councils cricket administrators, who remained at Lords, were separated from their colleagues in Monaco
10.
Cricket World Cup
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The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International cricket. The event is organised by the governing body, the International Cricket Council, every four years. The tournament is one of the worlds most viewed sporting events and is considered the event of the international cricket calendar by the ICC. The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975, the first three World Cups were held in England. From the 1987 tournament onwards, hosting has been shared between countries under a rotation system, with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament. A total of twenty teams have competed in the editions of the tournament. Australia has won the tournament five times, with the West Indies, India, Pakistan, the best performance by a non-full-member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament. The first international match was played between Canada and the United States, on 24 and 25 September 1844. However, the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England, and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years, South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889. Representative cricket teams were selected to each other, resulting in bilateral competition. Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games and this was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics. The event was not a success, the summer was exceptionally wet, making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches, since then, international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series, a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999. The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time, with the addition of West Indies in 1928, New Zealand in 1930, India in 1932, however, international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three, four or five days. In the early 1960s, English county cricket teams playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day. Starting in 1962 with a knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock-Out Cup. A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 and it was a forty over game with eight balls per over. In the late 1970s, Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket competition, the first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England, the 1975 tournament started on 7 June
11.
Ligue 1
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Ligue 1, is a French professional league for mens association football clubs. At the top of the French football league system, it is the primary football competition. Administrated by the Ligue de Football Professionnel, Ligue 1 is contested by 20 clubs, seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each, totaling 380 matches in the season, most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays, with a few games played during weekday evenings. Play is regularly suspended the last weekend before Christmas for two weeks before returning in the week of January. The name lasted until 2002 before switching to its current name, AS Saint-Étienne is the most successful club with ten league titles in France while Olympique Lyon is the club that has won the most consecutive titles. With the presence of 67 seasons in Ligue 1, Olympique de Marseille hold the record for most seasons among the elite, the current champions are Paris Saint-Germain, who won their sixth title in the 2015–16 season. Prior to 1930, professionalism in French football was non-existent, in July 1930, the National Council of the French Football Federation voted 128–20 in support of professionalism in French football. The founding fathers of professionalism in French football are Georges Bayrou, Emmanuel Gambardella, professionalism was officially implemented in 1932. In order to create a professional football league in the country. In order to participate in the competition, clubs were subjected to three important criteria, The incoming club must have had positive results in the past, the incoming club must be able to pull in enough revenue to balance its finances. The incoming club must be able to recruit at least eight professional players. Jooris feared his league would fold and proposed it become the division of the new league. The leagues inaugural season of the league, called National, was held in 1932–1933. The 20 clubs were inserted into two groups of 10 with the three of each group suffering relegation to Division 2. The two winners of each group would face each other in a final held at a neutral venue. The first final was held on 14 May 1933 and it matched the winner of Group A, Olympique Lillois, against the runner-up of Group B, Cannes. Antibes, the winner of Group B, was supposed to take part in the final but was suspected of bribery by the French Football Federation and was forced into disqualification, in the first final, Lillois were crowned the inaugural champions following the clubs 4–3 victory
12.
Coupe de la Ligue
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The Coupe de la Ligue, known outside France as the French League Cup, is a knockout cup competition in French football organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. Paris Saint-Germain are the current champions, having defeated Monaco 4–1 for a seventh title in the 2016-2017 competition. Competitions similar to the Coupe de la Ligue had been held in France. The Coupe Charles Drago was held from 1953 to 1965, it involved teams eliminated from the Coupe de France, the winner of the first Coupe Charles Drago final was decided by a coin-toss when Sochaux and Toulouse tied 3–3 after extra time. Another competition named Coupe de la Ligue existed from 1963 to 1965, in 1982, a Coupe dEté was held before the start of the French league season, the cup was won by Stade Laval. This tournament continued under the name of Coupe de la Ligue, until 1994, entrance to the UEFA Cup, now called the UEFA Europa League, is offered to the winning team. Its first winner was Paris Saint-Germain, after their 2–0 victory over Bastia, the first final decided by a penalty shootout was in 1996 when Metz beat Lyon. The first three finals were held at Parc des Princes, since the 1998 cup, all finals have been held at the Stade de France, strasbourg and Paris Saint-Germain have won the competition at both stadiums. Gueugnon became the first team below the top division of France to win the cup after beating Paris Saint-Germain in the 2000 final, overall, there have been 14 winners of the competition since 1995. The current holders of the cup are Paris Saint-Germain, who beat Lille in the 2016 final to win the cup for a sixth time. Most tournament wins, seven, Paris Saint-Germain, most final appearances, eight, Paris Saint-Germain. Most goals scored in a season, Stéphane Guivarch, seven goals in 1997–98, in France, the Coupe de la Ligue is broadcast by France Television until the 2008–09 season and will continue to do so until at least the 2015–16 season. In Spain, the Coupe de la Ligue is broadcast by beIN Sports, in Australia the Coupe de la Ligue is broadcast by Setanta Sports Australia. In many parts of the world the game is broadcast live on TV5Monde, Coupe de France, the nations football cup Coupe de la Ligue information on LFP. fr
13.
DFB-Pokal
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The DFB-Pokal or German Cup is a German knockout football cup competition held annually. Sixty-four teams participate in the competition, including all clubs from the Bundesliga and it is considered the second-most important club title in German football after the Bundesliga championship. The DFB-Pokal is run by the German Football Association, and runs from August until June, the winner qualifies for the DFL-Supercup and the UEFA Europa League unless the winner already qualifies for the UEFA Champions League in the Bundesliga. The competition was founded in 1935, then called the Tschammer-Pokal, in 1937, Schalke 04 were the first team to win the double. The Tschammer-Pokal was suspended in 1944 due to World War II, in 1952–53, the cup was reinstated as the DFB-Pokal, named after the DFB, and was won by Rot-Weiss Essen. Bayern Munich have won the most titles with 18 wins, also being the incumbent title holders, fortuna Düsseldorf hold the record for most consecutive tournament game wins between 1978 and 1981, winning the cup in 1979 and 1980. The competition format has varied considerably since the inception of the Tschammer-Pokal in 1935, the DFB-Pokal begins with a round of 64 teams. The 36 teams of the Bundesliga and 2, Bundesliga, along with the top four finishers of the 3. Liga are automatically qualified for the tournament, of the remaining slots 21 are given to the cup winners of the regional football associations, the Verbandspokale. The three remaining slots are given to the three regional associations with the most mens teams and they may assign the slot as they see fit but usually give it to the runner-up in the association cup. Reserve teams like Borussia Dortmund II are not permitted to enter, the pairings for the DFB Cup are not entirely random as the teams are split into two pots of 32 teams each. One pot contains all the amateur teams including teams from the 3, liga and the teams just being promoted to the 2. The other pot contains the teams from the Bundesliga and the teams of the 2, Bundesliga who has not just been promoted. Therefore, in the first round of the cup each professional team plays an amateur team, since 1982, the amateur generally plays at home when facing a professional team. For the second round, the teams are divided into two pots according to the same principles. This time, the dont have to be of equal size, though. Amateur teams get paired with professional teams until one pot is empty, the remaining teams are then drawn from the nonempty pot with the team first drawn playing at home. For the remaining other than the final the teams are drawn from one pot
14.
Copa del Rey
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The Copa del Rey is an annual football cup competition for Spanish football teams. Its full name is Campeonato de España - Copa de Su Majestad el Rey de Fútbol, the competition was founded in 1903, thus making it the oldest Spanish football competition. Typically, the winner of Copa del Rey goes to the UEFA Europa League, Barcelona are the current holders, who won their 28th Copa del Rey against Sevilla at the 2016 Copa del Rey Final held at the Vicente Calderón Stadium. Four other teams joined Madrid FC for the competition, FC Barcelona, Club Español de Foot-Ball, New Foot-Ball de Madrid and that cup is on display in the Athletic Bilbao museum and the club includes the victory in its honours list. Nevertheless, it is considered only the forerunner of the Copa del Rey, Copa del Rey was Spains football National Championship from 1903 until the foundation of the Campeonato de Liga — League Championship — in 1928. It was initially known as the Copa del Ayuntamiento de Madrid, between 1905 and 1932, it was known as the Copa de Su Majestad El Rey Alfonso XIII. Athletic Bilbao were declared winners in 1904 after their opponents Español de Madrid failed to show up. In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, clubs in the Republican area of Spain entered the Copa de la España Libre, because of the dispute regarding the 1902 competition, the statistics regarding the leading winners are also disputed. Barcelona have won the Copa 28 times, Athletic Bilbao are just behind, with either 24 or 23 titles, throughout the history of the competition, there have been 12 actual trophies. Trophies have been awarded to clubs for winning the competition either three times in a row or on five separate occasions and for other special reasons. Thus, four trophies have been awarded to Barcelona, three to Bilbao and one to Real Madrid. In December 2010, the cup was given to Sevilla, the 2010 winners, before the formation of La Liga in 1929, the competition was effectively a national championship. Teams qualified to enter via their regional leagues, over the years, various formats, including group stages have been used. Unlike the English FA Cup, entry is limited, only teams from the Primera División, Segunda A, about 23 teams from the Segunda B and the Tercera División champions are invited to enter. The early rounds are one-off games with teams from the lower divisions given home advantage, the round of 32, the round of 16, the quarter-finals, and semi-finals are played over two legs. The final is a game played at a neutral venue. The winners qualify for both the Supercopa de España and the UEFA Europa League the following season. There had been a precedent for this, Real Madrid were allowed to keep the last Copa de la República, Sevilla, the first Copa del Generalísimo and, Atlético Madrid, a new trophy was made by Madrid jeweller Federico Alegre
15.
EFL Cup
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The EFL Cup, or simply the League Cup, is an annual knockout football competition in mens domestic English football. First held in 1960–61 as the Football League Cup, it is one of the three top domestic competitions in England, alongside the Premier League and FA Cup. It concludes in February, long before the two, which end in May. It was introduced by the league as a response to the popularity of European football. It also took advantage of the roll-out of floodlights, allowing the fixtures to be played as midweek evening games, with the renaming of the Football League as the English Football League in 2016, the tournament was rebranded as the EFL Cup from the 2016–17 season onwards. The tournament is played over seven rounds, with single leg ties throughout, the final is held at Wembley Stadium, it is the only tie in the competition played at a neutral venue and on a weekend. Entrants are seeded in the rounds, and a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds. Winners receive the EFL Cup, of which there have been three designs, the current one also being the original, the current holders are Manchester United, who beat Southampton 3–2 in the 2017 final to win their fifth League Cup. Some clubs have fielded a weaker side in the competition. Many of the top English sides, Arsenal and Manchester United in particular, have used the competition to give young players valuable big-game experience. However, in 2010, in response to Arsène Wengers claim that a League Cup win would not end his trophy drought, Alex Ferguson described the trophy as a pot worth winning. The original idea for a League Cup came from Stanley Rous who saw the competition as a consolation for clubs who had already knocked out of the FA Cup. However it was not Rous who came to implement it, the re-organisation of the league was not immediately forthcoming, however, the cup competition was introduced regardless. The trophy was paid for personally by Football League President Joe Richards, Richards was proud of the competition, Richards described the competitions formation as an interim step on the way to the leagues re-organisation. I hope the Press will not immediately assume that the League is going to fall out with the F. A. or anybody else, the time has come for our voice to be heard in every problem which affects the professional game. The League Cup competition was established at a time when match day attendances were dwindling, the league had lost 1 million spectators compared to the previous season. It was established at a time when tensions between the Football League and the Football Association were high, the biggest disagreement was how revenue was shared between the clubs. During the late 1950s, the majority of senior English clubs equipped their grounds with floodlights and this opened up the opportunity to exploit weekday evenings throughout the winter
16.
EFL Championship
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The English Football League Championship is the highest division of the English Football League and second-highest overall in the English football league system, after the Premier League. Each year, the top finishing teams in the Championship are promoted to the Premier League, the Football League Championship, which was introduced for the 2004–05 season, was previously known as the Football League First Division, and before that was known as Division Two. The winners of the Championship receive the Football League Championship trophy, the Championship is the wealthiest non-top flight football division in the world and the seventh richest division in Europe. With an average attendance for the 2015-16 season of 17,578. Bundesliga as the secondary league in the world. In the 2015–16 season, Burnley were the champions, Middlesbrough were the runners up. At present, Ipswich Town hold the longest tenure in the Championship, the total figures were aided somewhat by the presence of 24 clubs, compared to 20 clubs in both Serie A and Ligue 1, and 18 in the Bundesliga. A major factor to the success comes from television revenue. On 30 September 2009, Coca-Cola announced they would end their deal with The Football League at the end of the 2009–10 season. On 18 July 2013, UK bookmaker Sky Bet announced that signed a 5-year agreement to sponsor the league. Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw, the teams are ranked in the league table by points gained, then goal difference, then goals scored and then their head-to-head record for that season. At the end of the season, the top two teams and the winner of the Championship play-offs are promoted to the Premier League and the three teams are relegated to Football League One. The Football League Championship play-offs is a competition for the teams finishing the season in third to sixth place with the winner being promoted to the Premier League. In the play-offs, the team plays against the sixth-placed team. The winners of each semi-final then compete in a match with the prize being promotion to the Premier League. From 2009 to 2012, Sky Sports had the rights to broadcast 65 live matches, the BBC had the rights to show 10 first choice live games for the regular season as well as the rights to show a highlight show. The deal is on a contract and is worth £264m that will mostly be paid by Sky. The deal included 75 live league games, all the matches,15 League Cup ties
17.
UEFA Champions League
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The UEFA Champions League is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations and contested by top-division European clubs. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world, the UEFA Champions League final is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide. The final of the 2012–13 tournament had the highest TV ratings to date, the pre-1992 competition was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each country. During the 1990s, the format was expanded, incorporating a round-robin group stage to include clubs that finished runner-up of some nations top-level league. Clubs that finish next-in-line in each top level league, having not qualified for the UEFA Champions League competition. In its present format, the UEFA Champions League begins in mid-July with three qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams enter the stage, joining 22 other teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams, the eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup, Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competitions history, having won the tournament 11 times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, followed by England, the competition has been won by 22 different clubs,12 of which have won it more than once. Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, Milan were the last holders to defend their title. The reigning champions are Real Madrid, who secured their title in the competition after defeating Atlético Madrid on penalties following a 1–1 draw in the 2016 final. The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs. In 1930, the Coupe des Nations, the first attempt to create a cup for national clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette. Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent, the tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary. Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949 and it was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs Cup. The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season, the first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan. The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP, the inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid
18.
UEFA Europa League
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The UEFA Europa League, previously called the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organized by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues, previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season, following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, in 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup. For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase, the 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and changed qualifying criteria. The winner enters at least at the round, and will enter the group stage if the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders is not used. The title has been won by 27 different clubs,12 of which have won the more than once. The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971, the competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA, the UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers versus Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool in 1973, Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 1976, beating Club Brugge in the final. During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg and Real Madrid won the competition twice each,1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs domination, when Maradonas Napoli beat Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. 1995 saw a third final, with Parma proving their consistency. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996, Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, either side of Sevillas success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraines Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final, in 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year
19.
UEFA Super Cup
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It takes place at the start of the domestic season, in mid-August, normally on a Tuesday. From 1972 to 1999, the UEFA Super Cup was contested between the winners of the European Cup/UEFA Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup, the current holders are Spanish club Real Madrid, who won 3–2 against Sevilla in 2016. The most successful teams in the competition are Barcelona and Italian side Milan, the European Super Cup was created in 1971 by Anton Witkamp, a reporter and later sports editor of Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf. The idea came to him in a time when Dutch total football was Europes finest, Witkamp was looking for something new to definitely decide which was the best team in Europe and also to further test Ajaxs legendary team, led by their star player Johan Cruyff. It was then proposed that the winner of the European Cup would face the winner of the European Cup Winners Cup, All was set for a new competition to be born. However, when Witkamp tried to get an endorsement to his competition. As a result, UEFA refused to endorse the competition until the following season and it was played in two legs and was financially supported by De Telegraaf. Ajax defeated Rangers 6–3 on aggregate and won the first European Super Cup, the 1973 final, in which Ajax defeated Milan 6–1 on aggregate, was the first Super Cup officially recognised and supported by UEFA. Although the two-legged format was kept until 1997, the Super Cup was decided in one match because of schedule issues or political problems in 1984,1986. In 1974,1981 and 1985, the Super Cup was not played at all, in the 1992–1993 season, the European Cup was renamed the UEFA Champions League and the winners of this competition would face the winners of the Cup Winners Cup in the UEFA Super Cup. In the 1994–1995 season, the European Cup Winners Cup was renamed the UEFA Cup Winners Cup, after the 1998–1999 season, the Cup Winners Cup was discontinued by UEFA. The 1999 Super Cup was the last one contested by the winners of the Cup Winners Cup, lazio, winners of the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup, defeated Manchester United, winners of the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League, 1–0. Since then, the UEFA Super Cup was contested between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup, the 2000 Super Cup was the first one contested by the winners of the UEFA Cup. Galatasaray, winners of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, defeated Real Madrid, winners of the 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League, 2–1. In the 2009–10 season, the UEFA Cup was renamed the UEFA Europa League and the winners of this competition would continue to face the winners of the Champions League in the UEFA Super Cup. To date, Chelsea is the club to contest the Super Cup as holders of all three UEFA club honours, having entered as holders of the Cup Winners Cup, the Champions League. Since 1998, the Super Cup was played as a match at a neutral venue. Between 1998 and 2012, the Super Cup was played at the Stade Louis II in Monaco, since 2013 various stadiums have been used
20.
WWE Raw
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WWE Raw, also known as Monday Night Raw or simply Raw, is a professional wrestling television program that currently airs live on Monday evenings at 8 pm EST on the USA Network in the United States. The shows name is used to refer to the Raw brand, in which WWE employees are assigned to work and perform on that program. The show debuted on January 11,1993 and has since been considered as the program of WWE. Raw moved from the USA Network to TNN in September 2000, on October 3,2005, Raw returned to the USA Network, where it remains today. As of December 9,2016, all episodes of the show are now available on demand on the WWE Network, since its first episode, Raw has broadcast live from 208 different arenas in 171 cities and towns in eleven different nations. Following the 1000th episode on July 23,2012, Raw became a three-hour broadcast from two hours, a format that had previously reserved for special episodes. Beginning as WWFs Monday Night Raw, the program first aired on January 11,1993 on the USA Network as a replacement for Prime Time Wrestling, the original Raw was sixty minutes in length and broke new ground in televised professional wrestling. Traditionally, wrestling shows were taped on sound stages with small audiences or at large arena shows, the Raw formula was considerably different from the taped weekend shows that aired at the time such as Superstars and Wrestling Challenge. Instead of matches taped weeks in advance with studio voice overs and taped discussion, Raw was a shot and aired to a live audience. Raw originated from the Grand Ballroom at Manhattan Center Studios, a small New York City theater, the combination of an intimate venue and live action proved to be a successful improvement. However, the live schedule proved to be a financial drain on the WWF. From Spring 1993 up until Spring 1997, Raw would tape several weeks worth of episodes after an episode had aired. The WWF taped several weeks worth of Raw from the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie, New York in April 1993, up until that point, unless it was part of an ongoing feud or a title match, most matches on nationally televised WWF programs were primarily squash matches. Only Saturday Nights Main Event and The Main Event generally featured the type of matches Raw had, though unlike Raw, huge storyline-developing matches were regularly featured, such as Ric Flair vs. Mr. Perfect in January 1993, this would be Flairs last appearance in the company for almost 9 years, also, The 1–2–3 Kids upset victory over Razor Ramon in May 1993 would result in The Kid becoming an upper roster mainstay for years to come. Vince McMahon, Randy Savage and Rob Bartlett were the hosts of the show. Bartlett, a comedian who previously had nothing to do with the wrestling industry, Lawler has since been named as a permanent co-host for SmackDown and later pre-shows. Corey Graves would later replace JBL, on September 4,1995, the WWFs chief competitor World Championship Wrestling began airing its new wrestling show, Monday Nitro, live each week on TNT
21.
WWE SmackDown
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WWE SmackDown, also currently referred to as SmackDown Live or simply SmackDown, is a professional wrestling television program that debuted on August 26,1999. The shows name is used to refer to the SmackDown brand, in which WWE employees are assigned to work and perform on that program, currently the other brands are Raw. SmackDown is currently broadcast live on Tuesday nights on the USA Network, debuted in the United States on the UPN television network on April 29,1999, but after the merger of UPN and the WB, SmackDown. Began airing on The CW in September 2006, the show was moved to MyNetworkTV in October 2008, to Syfy on October 1,2010 and to USA Network on January 7,2016. It complements Raw as the second of WWEs two main weekly programs, for international broadcast listings, see below. The show celebrated its 15th anniversary on October 10,2014, the early set included an oval-shaped TitanTron entrance and stage which made it stand out from the Raw set with its rectangular Titantrons. Later productions gained the ability to move the Ovaltron either to the left or to the right of the stage, throughout the shows early existence, The Rock routinely called SmackDown. His show, in reference to the fact that the name was derived from one of his catchphrases, in August 2001, as part of celebrating SmackDown. s second anniversary, the show received a new logo and set. As a result of that incident, a new set debuted the week and it consisted of a fist centered above the entrance. In March 2002, WWE underwent the brand extension, a process in which WWE divided itself into two branches with separate rosters, storylines and authority figures, the two divisions, hosted by and named after Raw and SmackDown. The split resulted from WWE purchasing its two biggest competitors, World Championship Wrestling and Extreme Championship Wrestling, and the subsequent doubling of its roster, Michael Cole was joined in commentary by Tazz on April 4,2002 until June 9,2006. Cole and Tazz also appeared as the commentators on February 22,2001 through June 28,2001, wrestlers began to wrestle exclusively for their specific show. At the time, this excluded the WWE Undisputed Championship and Womens Championship, in August 2002, then WWE Undisputed Champion, Brock Lesnar, refused to defend the title on Raw, in effect causing his title to become exclusive to SmackDown. Following this, the Womens Championship soon became a Raw exclusive as well, as a result of the brand extension, an annual draft was instituted to exchange members of each roster and generally refresh the lineups. SmackDown was the brand for many top WWE stars including Eddie Guerrero, The Undertaker, Kurt Angle, Big Show. Guerrero would go on to become the WWE Champion as part of the show, thus becoming the feature of SmackDown throughout 2004. The biggest star of the decade, John Cena, started his WWE career on this show. He won his first WWE Championship during his tenure on the brand, on June 6,2005, then WWE Champion John Cena switched brands from SmackDown. to Raw as part of the month-long draft lottery
22.
WWE Main Event
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WWE Main Event is a professional wrestling television program produced by WWE that originally aired on Ion Television in the United States, then the WWE Network, and is now broadcast on Hulu Plus. It debuted on October 3,2012 and ended its broadcasting on April 2,2014. After the final domestic TV broadcast, the moved to an Internet broadcast format. The show features mid-to-low card WWE Superstars, because of a conflict with British broadcaster Sky Sportss first-run syndication rights, episodes do not air in first run on WWE Network, but are uploaded 18 days after airing overseas. The show is taped before Raw tapings and is currently a sub-show of the Raw brands. The show is produced on Monday evenings, right before the Raw airing and it originally aired live, with a slight broadcast delay. WWE commentator Tom Phillips and Byron Saxton are the broadcast team, from October 3,2012 to January 22,2014, Diamond Eyes by Shinedown served as the official theme for Main Event. Since January 29,2014, On My Own by CFO$ now serves as the theme song, following the 2016 WWE Draft it was announced that Main Event would feature superstars exclusive to the SmackDown brand, making it the official B Show of the brand similar to WWE Velocity. On November 28,2016, matches for WWE Main Event began taping prior to Monday Night Raw, WWE Velocity WWE Superstars WWE Heat Official website WWE Main Event on Facebook WWE Main Event at the Internet Movie Database WWE Main Event at TV. com
23.
WWE NXT (TV series)
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WWE NXT is a professional wrestling television program that is produced by WWE and is broadcast on the WWE Network every Wednesday at 8 p. m. ET. Since June 2012, it has served as the television show of WWEs developmental system. Five seasons of this version of NXT were broadcast from February 23,2010 to June 13,2012, with the first four seasons seeing Wade Barrett, Kaval, Kaitlyn, and Johnny Curtis as winners. Following the end of the season, WWE ended the seasonal competition format of the show. The show originally made its debut on Syfy on February 23,2010, replacing ECW, in April 2010, a month after its premiere, it was announced that SmackDown would move from MyNetworkTV to Syfy on October 1. It soon aired as a WWE Network exclusive from 2014, where it remains today, as of March 23,2017, all archived episodes of the reformatted version of the show are available for on demand viewing via the WWE Network. NXT was formed in 2010 when they paired up wrestlers from WWEs developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling with wrestlers from WWEs existing Raw, each episode featured the rookies being mentored by the pros as they develop their characters and performance skills in front of a live audience. The pairings also enabled the show to crossover into WWEs Raw, as the length of each season differed, features of the competition occur at different times accordingly. In addition to matches, weekly challenges were held during the competition to further test the Rookies physical and mental skills, past physical challenges include a keg carrying contest, an assault course contest and a Rock Em Sock Em tournament. Past non-physical challenges include making 30-second promos on a given topic, during the first two seasons, the winner of the weekly challenge receives a special prize such as a main event match, a talk show segment or a feature on WWEs official website. One of the more frequent prizes given out to the winner is an Immunity Pass, during the last three seasons, a greater emphasis on challenges was placed on the show. Instead of awarding prizes to the winner of the challenges, points are awarded to the winner with a cumulative tally of points recorded before each of the first three polls. The Rookie with the most points before the upcoming poll is awarded immunity. In season three, one point is awarded for winning the challenge, in season four, the number of points vary on the difficulty of the challenge. In the result of a tie-break, the audience is asked to vote for the Rookie they want to get immunity. In various weeks, polls were held to evaluate the success of each Rookie, the poll rankings are entirely determined by votes from the Pros and starting from season 2, votes from fans via WWEs official website. In the Pros votes, each of the Pros vote for their favorite Rookie, however, since August 17,2010, only the elimination is revealed. The first poll, usually held a third of the way through the competition, subsequent polls are held several weeks later near the end of the season, where the lowest ranked Rookie without immunity is eliminated
24.
Television in Pakistan
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Television in Pakistan started in 1964, and the first live transmission of Pakistan Television began on November 26,1964, in Lahore. By 1962, after a series of pilot tests, the project was quickly taken over by the Ayub Khan Government in 1963 for the greater national interest of Pakistan. President Ayub Khan re-appointed Ubaidur Rahman in 1963 under the Ministry of Information to continue with the NEC joint venture collaboration to launch Pakistan Television or PTV, the project began with a tent on the back lot of Radio Pakistan Lahore where a transmission tower and a studio were constructed. On November 26,1964 the first official television station commenced transmission broadcasts from LAHORE, a third centre was established in Rawalpindi-Islamabad in 1965 and the fourth in Karachi in 1966. Later centres in Peshawar and Quetta were established by 1974, originally broadcast in black and white, PTV began colour transmission in 1976. With this new upgrade in techniques and equipment, the Pakistan Television Academy was founded and opened in 1987 to teach students who wished to work in the medium. As with the agreement, the government financed most of the funds while the private venture capitalists offered to fund the remainder. Late 1980s morning transmission started on PTV, in 1988, the then government launched the first semi government TV network of the country by the name of Peoples Television Network under the umbrella of Shalimar Recording Company. PTN was later renamed as Shalimar Television Network, STN started from Islamabad first and then from Karachi, Lahore and by mid-1990s the network made its way to the whole of the country. STN for the first time in Pakistan started the transmission of CNN International on the terrestrial beam, later on BBC World also became a part of STNs channel bouquet. NTM came as a breathe of fresh air to the Pakistani viewers due to its fresh, PTV Network launched a full-scale satellite broadcasting service in 1991-1992. PTV-2, the first ever satellite channel of Pakistan started in 1992, PTV2 was renamed as PTV World in 1998. PTV-2/World also enjoyed viewership on terrestrial beam, in 1998 PTV in association with a private company started PTV Prime exclusively for European and later for American viewers. Digital TV satellite broadcasting was launched in 1999, PTV got its satellite beam in 2001. NTM went off air in 1999 due to losses and with that STN also shut down CNN Intnl, BBC World. PTV and STN started Channel-3 as a joint venture in 1999 which started its transmissions on regular basis in 2001, a satellite beam of Channel-3 was also arranged. Prior to that the only private TV channel of the country NTM was not allowed to transmit its own news, ARY Digital, Geo, Hum, and the phenomenon went on & on. In 2007, PTV or PTV-1 was given a new name PTV Home, PTV Home, PTV News and ATV channels are shown on terrestrial beams along with the satellite beam
25.
Business Plus (TV Channel)
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Business Plus is a 24-hour business news channel with hourly updates from the Karachi Stock Exchange. It is owned by the Karachi Stock Exchange Listed Media Times PLC, Media Times PLC was owned by former Governor of Punjab and Pakistan Peoples Party stalwart Salmaan Taseer. The channel claims to be reaching more than 22.5 million homes nationwide with a penetration of over 87% in metro cities. List of Pakistani television stations Official Site
26.
PTV Home
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PTV Home or PTV is Pakistan Television Corporations flagship channel which is broadcast worldwide through satellite. The idea of establishing a media and television industry was conceived in late 1958 by the privately set-up national education commission, ali established a private television broadcasting company with the cooperation of Nippon Electric Company of Japan and Thomas Television International of Great Britain. In 1963, at a meeting chaired by President Ayub Khan. Since 1963, its headquarters have been located in Islamabad, PTV Home operations building is situated at H-9 sector, Islamabad, Pakistan. com. pk/public/userView/ptvHome Pakistan Television official PTV Home website, Retrieved 8 June 2016]
27.
PTV News
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PTV News is a 24-hour state news channel in Pakistan. It provides news in English and Urdu to the Pakistani community worldwide and it also provides News in Arabic, Sindhi, Pashto, Kashmiri, and various other regional languages. As the only Government News channel of Pakistan, its reports are generally favorable towards the current government, PTV News shows the most unbiased news of all the news channels in Pakistan. Until 2007, PTV News was known as PTV World
28.
PTV Global
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PTV Global is a TV channel broadcast by Pakistan Television Corporation and also offered in Europe and United States. Its broadcasts select programming from PTV National, PTV News and other PTV-run networks, on air since April 2006, PTV Global is available via Dish Network in the US. Its wide range of programmes are enjoyed by many people, part of the Pakistan Television Corporation brand name, it is under control of the Government of Pakistan. In the United Kingdom PTV Global is free-to-air on Sky Channel 810 and it commenced its transmissions on 2 April 2007. PTV Global was launched in 2006 and it is one of the six channels of the PTV Network. It commenced its transmission for the United States on 22 April 2006, PTV Global beams its transmission from Islamabad, Pakistan on AsiaSat-35, and is viewed in over 50 countries worldwide, covering the continents of Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Australia. PTV Global is available exclusively in the US on the Dish Network, PTV is the most watched television network in Pakistan. PTV Government of Pakistan List of Pakistani television stations Official site
29.
PTV National
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PTV National is a 24-hour channel that broadcasts regional languages programmes of Pakistan. PTV National is a channel formed with a vision to create a sense of integrity and it has viewership not only across Pakistan but it is being seen and appreciated all over world. The channel involves the participation of the viewers in the Live Programs, whereas Aijaz Aleem Uqaili is its General Manager. Some of the renowned Compares of PTV National are Yasir Qazi, Shazia Khanzada, Malik Sabir, Nadeem Akhter, Naureen and Tariq Mian. Happy Moster Band Paris With Bruno Dog 2015-2016 Digimon Adventure 1999-2000 Stoneage 2009-2010 TBS, MBS and Dog PoTTy Music & Band Hutos The Series, Since 1919 1919-1948 Official Site
30.
Virtual University of Pakistan
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Virtual University of Pakistan, is a public university located in urban area of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The university offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in administration, economics, computer science. Due to its reliance on serving lectures through the internet. Virtual University holds a federal charter from the Government of Pakistan and gets a federal recognition from the Higher Education Commission, a four-year full-time study program spread over eight semesters. Each semester has at least 18 weeks duration for teaching and examinations, all programs listed below are Bachelor of Science except for the Bachelor of Education in Elementary. MSBA/MBA study program for candidate having 16 years of education, students completing their 16-year education in computer science, information technology & Management Sciences field are given admission to advanced level degree program. According to HEC criteria, these advance level degrees are equivalent to an MS/MPhil program offered by any university in the country. In addition, Pakistani students residing in other countries in the region are also enrolled in the Universitys programs. Virtual University has two types of campuses, its own, and those that are run by organizations with modern computer lab. VU is one of two Pakistani universities which provide distance learning, the first one is Allama Iqbal Open University, and second is Virtual University. The students can get lectures without going to the campuses of VU, VU lectures can be seen on VUs cable channels on daily motion and YouTube. December 8,2001 President of Pakistan inaugurated the Virtual University of Pakistan, march 23,2002 First batch of 500 students starts classes. March 26,2002 Federal Charter granted by Government of Pakistan, september 1,2002 VU start broadcasts over its own TV channels VTV1 and VTV2. June 15,2004 VU selected as coordinating institute of multi-country IDRC funded project, march 1,2005 VU puts is lectures on YouTube November,2005 Launch of MCS, MIT and MBA programs. March 6,2006 Launch of two new TV channels VTV3, & VTV4, september 26,2006 VU becomes an Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union member. November 7,2006 VU agreement with Ujala TV Dubai to telecast VU programs, VU agreement with University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences to offer joint BS Bio-informatics program. May 25,2007 Launch of MS program in Computer Science, fall 2007 Launch of B. A. B. Com. Fall 2009 VU launch its in-house developed LMS and other MIS by IT Department, spring 2009 Virtual University of Pakistan held its first Convocation on Tuesday 18 May 2010 simultaneously at Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Jamshoro, Karachi and Quetta
31.
ILIM TV
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ILIM TV is a Pakistani Infotainment Channel operated from Dubai. Its programming covers social issues, government strategies and education and it has a special focus on the long term vision of Pakistan and how day to day issues affect this vision. The programming is a blend of news, current affairs, education, ahmed Tamjid Aijazi Shahnawaz Farooqui List of Television Stations in Pakistan ILIM TVs Website
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ARY Digital
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ARY Digital, a subsidiary of the ARY Group, is a popular Pakistani television network available in Pakistan, the Middle East, North America and Europe. The ARY Group of companies is a Dubai-based holding company founded by a Pakistani businessman, the network caters to the needs of South Asians, particularly the Pakistani diaspora. The channel is considered to be a pioneer in Pakistani media and broadcasting industry, ARY Digital, formerly known as the Pakistani Channel, was launched in the United Kingdom in December 2000 to cater to the growing demands of South Asian entertainment in the region. It uses Samacom, a monopolising uplink provider based in the UAE, although, flaming political talk shows and dramas were the main priority when it came to programming, the network soon was hailed for its news coverage. There was a limit as to how much PTV could show on their network, soon enough, when ARY Digital started broadcasting news covering the Afghan war, ARY Digital was hailed for their efforts. This one-screen TV business grew into a network of channels beaming into over 130 countries, the network however, at present, undoubtedly stands as one of the fastest growing Asian television networks in the world. The network was successful in acquiring a license for DTH operations in Pakistan, since then the network started to commit itself to the continuous development of Pakistan’s media market. The network now boasts a market size of more than 20 million households. The ARY Group, owners of the network, announced the launch of the ARY Digital Tower, the project is to stand a mammoth 44 to 45-storey broadcasting tower that will house the studios and corporate-head office of all the network’s operations. Construction of the tower, overseen by esteemed Adnan Z. Saffarini of Dimensions Engineering Consultants, is expected to end by 2008, ARY pioneered and set standards in television programming in Pakistan and all over the world. In 2002, The ARY Star Gold Quiz Show set new standards in the game-show broadcast history being the first live show ever which was offering a hefty prize of one kilogram of gold. For the period of its transmission, participants won over 260 kilograms of gold, partly due to the ban on Indian channels around the time, it has helped the channel grow popular by the day. The network in 2005 obtained the rights to show Live 8 on its music channel. The channel also held rights to the Who Wants to be a Millionaire franchise for Pakistan. At present, the network has four different coverage areas around the world, ARY Digital Asia, ARY Digital Middle East, ARY Digital UK/Europe and it has acquired and set up 1,200 premium-rate lines for its call centres to facilitate users. The awards sparked a new interest in the India-Pakistan affairs regarding media policies, to further hook users to the box, the network acquired exclusive rights to showcase all International Cricket Council cricket tournaments in the European markets. Another deal with the Pakistan Cricket Board led the network into rightful broadcast of all PCB matches from the year 2003 to 2008. On 18 October 2007 most of the ARY news team, covering former Prime Minister Benazir Bhuttos arrival from exile, were killed by one of two explosions, pictures of the victims were shown live on the news hour and prayers were observed
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ARY Zindagi
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ARY Zindagi is a Pakistani entertainment channel and a part of ARY Digital Network. The channel airs variety of Indian, Turkish and Pakistani programs, ARY Zindagi was first aired on 5 April 2014 as a test run available on AsiaSat 3S105.5 Degree East. The channel was launched on 11 April 2014. The channel has replaced food channel ARY Zauq
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ATV (Pakistan)
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ATV is the largest privately operated terrestrial television network in Pakistan, the channel has the second largest national viewership base in the country only behind PTV Home. The channel was launched on May 1,2005, the channel is a joint venture of Shalimar Recording and Broadcasting Company and Sports Star International. STN which had its only transmitting station at Islamabad in 1990 now operates with 20 stations covering all major cities, ATV today is a symbol of quality television entertainment in Pakistan. With its reach and impact ATV has forward looking vision that draws strength from the rich religious, aTVs role during and after the traumatic Earth Quake experience in 2005 in Pakistan was widely appreciated at home and abroad. All the capital and running expenses of the company are met from its own resources, no government grant, budgetary allocation or subsidy is given. ATVs drama, music, fashion, showbiz, current affairs and agriculture programs are designed to cater to the varying entertainment taste buds, the program mix of ATV includes entertainment, information and education. The channel has launched its main news bulletin at 8,55 PM and 10 minutes news bulletins every hour on-the-hour. ATV is available throughout Pakistan, terrestrially and in 86 countries of the world through PakSat 1R, ATV can be viewed online at ATV website. In 2010, ATV developed its network by launching the test transmission of Pakistans first women channel, on 3 April 2010, ATV organized the launch show of APLUS. On 24 June 2010, ATV celebrated its 5th anniversary and put ALite, both upcoming channels are satellite channels, and can be viewed locally and internationally. Shalimar Television Network official website ATV official website
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Hum TV
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Hum TV is a 24-hour entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It is owned by Hum Network Limited, Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005, in March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. List of Pakistani television serials List of television stations in Pakistan Hum Masala Style 360 Hum Sitaray Hum Europe Hum Films Hum News Hum Award List of programs broadcast by Hum TV
