1.
Nat Wolff
–
Nathaniel Marvin Nat Wolff is an American actor, singer-songwriter, and musician. Following the ending of the Nickelodeon series, Wolff and his formed the music duo Nat & Alex Wolff. He later became known for his role in the film Paper Towns, and other films such as Admission, Behaving Badly. Wolff also co-starred in the successful theatrical film, The Fault in Our Stars before portraying Ed in the film Ashby in 2015. Wolff was born in Los Angeles, California, to jazz pianist Michael Wolff and he is the older brother to actor/musician and singer-songwriter Alex Wolff. His father is Jewish, while his mother is of Christian background, when Nat and his younger brother Alex were toddlers, they arose from the bathtub shouting, Were the naked brothers band. Their father tells of Nat teaching himself to play major and minor chords on the piano when he was four years old, as his father recalls, I asked him, How did you learn them. He said, Dad, theyre right here, I said, What are those chords. He said, These are my proud chords, by age five, Wolff had started writing his own songs, and by the time he was in preschool, he constructed a band called The Silver Boulders with his best friends. Nat first gained notice in the wake of the September 11 attacks when he held his birthday party outside his apartment, the benefit concert was a success, it raised over $46,000 and was donated to the children of New York City Fire Departments Squad 18. Alex eventually joined the band as the drummer, both boys were emboldened by The Beatles, when Wolff was young, he put signs on his bedroom door stating, I want to be a child actor. At first, his mother refused because she did not want her children exposed to stardom when they were young, as a result, Draper decided to appease Nat by letting him film his own sitcom called Dont Eat Off My Plate. He began his acting career Off-Broadway with a role in his mothers play Getting Into Heaven and in the Off-Broadway production of Heartbeat to Baghdad. Moreover, Nats younger brother was featured in the ensemble cast and also wrote, the series earned him one BMI Cable Award for composing the series music, as well as two Young Artist Award nominations and one KCA nomination for Best TV Actor. The show produced two albums and the single Crazy Car reached #23 on the Billboard 200. Wolff, who was six when he wrote the song, is believed to be the youngest person ever to compose a song on the Billboard charts. His unreleased song Yes We Can, in honor of President Barack Obama, was heard by the President, prior to the encounter, Nat had the occasion of meeting Obama, who emboldened him to write the composition. In 2010, he starred in his brothers play What Would Woody Do. at The Flea Theater, Wolff co-starred in the comedy film Admission, Palo Alto, and the comedy film Behaving Badly
Nat Wolff
–
Wolff at the
2012 Toronto International Film Festival premiere of
Stuck in Love
Nat Wolff
–
Wolff at the
2011 Toronto International Film Festival
2.
Charli XCX
–
Charlotte Emma Aitchison, better known by her stage name Charli XCX, is a British singer, songwriter, and actress. She released her debut single independently in 2008 and initially performed at raves in London. She signed to Asylum Records with producer Tim Gonzalez in 2010, Charli XCXs major label debut album, True Romance, was released in 2013, accompanied by singles including You and Nuclear Seasons. She rose to prominence during 2013 and 2014 when she was featured on two singles, Icona Pops I Love It and Iggy Azaleas Fancy. Her 2014 single Boom Clap from the album of The Fault in Our Stars became a top ten single in a number of countries. It also preceded the release of her album, Sucker. In 2016, she released the extended play Vroom Vroom, in March 2017, she released the mixtape Number 1 Angel. Her upcoming third album is expected to be released in late 2017. Charlotte Emma Aitchison was born on 2 August 1992, in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, to a Scottish father, Jon Aitchison, and a Gujarati Indian mother, Shameera and her father is an entrepreneur and former show-booker and her mother is a former nurse and air hostess. Aitchison grew up in Start Hill, near Bishops Stortford, and attended Bishops Stortford College, Aitchison also studied at UCLs Slade School of Fine Art in London, but left during the second year of her degree course. Aitchison started writing songs when she was 14 years old and began recording an album on a loan granted by her parents, in early 2008, she began posting songs from the album, as well as numerous other demos, on her official MySpace page. This caught the attention of a promoter running numerous illegal warehouse raves and parties in east London, Aitchison was billed on flyers under the stage name Charli XCX, her MSN Messenger display name when she was younger. Despite the illicit nature of the gigs, her parents were supportive of her career and she released two singles. Franchesckaar. and double A-side Emelline/Art Bitch, in late 2008 under Orgy Music. The album she recorded at this time,14, was never released, although several promotional copies were issued. After being signed to Asylum Records in 2010, she took a break from music in what she describes as a lost period, early in 2011, Alex Metric released the single End of the World which featured her vocals. When the song appeared on BBCs Radio One, her age, success, in May 2011, she released the single Stay Away, followed by Nuclear Seasons in November. Both tracks were produced by Ariel Rechtshaid and released exclusively in the United Kingdom, the singles gained attention from music website Pitchfork Media, where she earned Best New Track accolades for both, the former was eventually named to the sites Best Tracks of 2011 list. In May 2012, Charli XCX released her first mixtape, Heartbreaks and Earthquakes and she supported Santigold and Coldplay on tour during that year
Charli XCX
–
Charli XCX in 2014.
Charli XCX
–
Charli performing at
Positivus Festival 2013
3.
Magazine
–
A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
Magazine
–
Journalism
Magazine
–
German Printmagazines
Magazine
–
Magazine stand, Sweden 1941
4.
Teenager
–
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier. For example, puberty now typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females, physical growth, and cognitive development can extend into the early twenties. Thus age provides only a marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country, Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, cognitive advances encompass both increment in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations, for example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles, developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status. Some scientists have questioned the universality of adolescence as a developmental phase, puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys, every persons individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can contribute to precocious and delayed puberty. Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in height, weight, body composition. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity, puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of sex characteristics. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur
Teenager
–
Two adolescents listening to music
Teenager
–
Adolescents of diverse backgrounds in
Oslo
Teenager
–
Upper body of a teenage boy. The structure has changed to resemble an
adult form.
Teenager
–
G. Stanley Hall
5.
Posters
–
A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative, Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers, propagandists, protestors, Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the 1840s and 1850s when the printing industry perfected colour lithography, according to the French historian Max Gallo, for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, First, the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production of large and inexpensive images possible. Second, government censorship of public spaces in countries like France was lifted, and finally, advertisers began to market mass-produced consumer goods to a growing populace in urban areas. They have ranged in styles from Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Cubism, and Art Deco to the more formal Bauhaus, Posters, in the form of placards and posted bills, have been used since earliest times, primarily for advertising and announcements. Purely textual posters have a history, they advertised the plays of Shakespeare. The invention of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colours to be printed, by the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. Chéret is considered to be the father of advertisement placards and he was a pencil artist and a scene decorator, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He used striking characters, contrast and bright colours, and created over 1000 advertisements, primarily for exhibitions, theatres, the industry soon attracted the service of many aspiring painters who needed a source of revenue to support themselves. Not surprisingly, Chéret is said to have introduced sex in advertising or, at least, Posters soon transformed the thoroughfares of Paris, making the streets into what one contemporary called the poor man’s picture gallery. Their commercial success was such that some artists took up poster design in earnest. Some of these artists were, like Alphonse Mucha, in great demand, the popularity of poster art was such that in 1884 a major exhibition was held in Paris. By the 1890s, poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, by the end of the 19th century, during an era known as the Belle Époque, the standing of the poster as a serious artform was raised even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules Chéret created the Maîtres de lAffiche series that became not only a commercial success, Alphonse Mucha and Eugène Grasset were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylized figures, particularly of women. Advertisement posters became a type of graphic art in the modern age. ”In the United States
Posters
–
Madam Ada Castello and her horse Jupiter, poster for
Ringling Brothers, ca. 1899.jpg
Posters
–
"Moulin Rouge - La Goulue"
Toulouse-Lautrec, 1891
Posters
–
Poster for the Holzer Fashion Store
Posters
–
Office of War Information. Bureau of Special Services. 1943)
6.
Label
–
A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a container or product, on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item. Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling, methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards. In many countries, hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label, labels may be used for any combination of identification, information, warning, instructions for use, environmental advice or advertising. They may be stickers, permanent or temporary labels or printed packaging, Permanent product identification by a label is commonplace, labels need to remain secure throughout the life of the product. For example, a VIN plate on an automobile must be resistant to heat, oils and tampering, similarly, removable product labels need to bond until they are removed. For example, a label on a new refrigerator has installation, usage and environmental information, packaging may have labeling attached to or integral with the package. These may carry pricing, barcodes, UPC identification, usage guidance, addresses, advertising, recipes and they also may be used to help resist or indicate tampering or pilferage. In industrial or military environments, asset labeling is used to identify assets for maintenance. Such labels are made of engraved Traffolyte or a similar material. They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or frangible and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers, for example, the US Military uses a UID system for its assets. Garments normally carry separate care/treatment labels which, in regions, are subject to legislation. These labels typically indicate how the item should be washed, whether bleach can be used, textile labels may be woven into the garment or attached, and may be heat resistant, colorfast, washable, leather or PVC/Plastic. Printed labels are an alternative to woven labels, some upholstered furniture and mattresses have labels that are required by law, describing the contents of the stuffing. Textiles containing pesticides as an ingredient may also require government approval, a label including a company name or identification number and a material content list may also be required. Mailing labels identify the addressee, the sender and any information which may be useful in transit. Many software packages such as word processor and contact manager programs produce standardized mailing labels from a set that comply with postal standards. These labels may also include routing barcodes and special handling requirements to expedite delivery, piggyback labels are made from combining two layers of adhesive substrate. The bottom layer forms the backing for the top, the label can be applied to any object as normal, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which may change the message or marking on the remaining label underneath
Label
–
Shirt with labels
Label
–
A bunch of
bananas with a label
Label
–
A label with faux
embossing
Label
–
Fire extinguisher with permanent and temporary labels
7.
Cosmetics
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Cosmetics, also known as make-up, are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and they are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and this broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category, Egyptian women and men also used makeup. They were very fond of eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colors including blue, red, Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians extracted red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. Six thousand year old relics of the hollowed out tombs of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are discovered, according to one source, early major developments include, Kohl used by ancient Egypt as a protective of the eye kohl Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm. Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century. The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics as the Ancient Romans did, Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9,30, where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described. One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus Tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in China, the fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history, for example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared make-up improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. During the sixteenth century, the attributes of the women who used make-up created a demand for the product among the upper class. As of 2016, the worlds largest cosmetics company is LOréal, the market was developed in the US during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II, during the 18th century, there was a high number of incidences of lead-poisoning because of the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder. This led to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, attacked tooth enamel, heavy use was known to lead to death. Concealer is commonly used by men, Cosmetics brands release products especially tailored for men, and men are increasingly using them. Cosmetics are intended to be applied externally, a subset of cosmetics is called make-up, refers primarily to products containing color pigments that are intended to alter the users appearance
Cosmetics
–
Effects include light
foundation,
rouge on
cheekbones,
eyebrow plucking, simple black
eye liner
Cosmetics
–
Woman wearing several forms of cosmetics, including
lipstick,
eye liner, eye shadow and
hair dye
Cosmetics
–
Make up by an artist himself for an Indian classical dance
Cosmetics
–
Assorted cosmetics and tools
8.
Teen Ink
–
Teen Ink is a monthly tabloid-format magazine which is marketed to, and written by, teenagers. It is based in Newton, Massachusetts, and published by the Young Authors Foundation, the magazines name was originally The 21st Century. Artists that have published in Teeninks Magazine Ellena Pfeffer, London Wood, Janna Dimopoulos, Tze En. Teen Ink also prints a series of anthologies with selected writing from the magazine, they are co-published by HCI, publishers of the Chicken Soup series, Magazine gives teens with views a place to express them, The Boston Globe, October 11,2004. Teen Ink offers creative outlet for youth, The Denver Post, April 8,2001
Teen Ink
–
The April 2007 cover of Teen Ink
9.
Teen Voices
–
Teen Voices is an intensive journalism, mentoring, and leadership program for teen girls in Boston. Through its program, teens write and create articles for an internationally distributed print, Teen Voices has 45,000 print readers and receives more than 275,000 page views from 179 countries annually. The magazine, founded in 1988, focuses on justice issues and encourages girls to become critical media consumers. It also encourages teen girls around the world to speak out on issues, creates positive and powerful media and its mission is to support and educate teen girls to amplify their voices and create social change through media. Teen Voices is published by Women Express in print biannually, Teen Voices accepts submissions from teen girls around the world. Girls ages 13–19 can submit art, poetry, reviews, fiction and nonfiction content for possible publication, the Spring/Summer 2010 issue of ‘’Teen Voices’’ contains cover stories on sex trafficking, writing college essays, bullying, and instructions on staying safe and professional online. It includes interviews with photojournalist Scout Tufankjian, Twitters Del Harvey, the Fall/Winter 2011 issue of ‘’Teen Voices’’ commemorated Teen Voices’ 20th year of print publishing. This issue contains articles on the dangers of sexting, teenage runaways, child marriage, Teen Voices hosts an annual event, Poetically Speaking, where teen girls share their poetry. Since 2009, this event has held at Emerson College. It is the spoken word and poetry event for teen girls in the Greater Boston Area. In April, Teen Voices holds its annual fundraising event, amplify, in 2011, Teen Voices celebrated “20 years of girls speaking truth to power. ”Political powerhouse Donna Brazile gave the keynote speech and helped the organization celebrate its 20th year of print publication. Actress and playwright Anna Deavere Smith performed at the Amplify event held at Simmons College on April 14,2010, author and filmmaker Jean Kilbourne gave the keynote speech at the 2009 event. Teen Voices is published by Teen Voices, Inc, annette Florczak, Finance Director Kathryn A. Wheeler, Ed. D. Editor Saun Green, Director of Transformational Leadership Kirsten Hashemi, Development Director Media and teen relationships teenvoices. com
Teen Voices
–
Teen Voices
10.
Seventeen (American magazine)
–
Seventeen is an American magazine for teenagers. The magazines reader base is 10-to-21-year-old females and it began as a publication geared towards inspiring teen girls to become model workers and citizens. Soon after its debut, Seventeen took a more fashion and romance-oriented approach in presenting its material while promoting self-confidence in young women and it was first published in September 1944 by Walter Annenbergs Triangle Publications. The first editor of Seventeen, Helen Valentine, provided teenage girls with working woman role models, Seventeen enhanced the role of teenagers as consumers of popular culture. The concept of teenager as a distinct demographic originated in that era, in July 1944, King Features Syndicate began running the comic strip Teena, created by cartoonist Hilda Terry, in which a typical teenagers life was examined. Teena ran internationally in newspapers for twenty years, from 1945 to 1946, the magazine surveyed teen girls in order to better understand the magazines audience. The magazine became an important source of information to manufacturers seeking guidance on how to satisfy demand among teenagers. Today, the magazine entertains as well as promotes self-confidence in young women, sylvia Plath submitted nearly fifty pieces to Seventeen before her first short story, And Summer Will Not Come Again, was accepted and published in the August 1950 issue. Joyce Walker became the first black model to be featured on the cover of Seventeen magazine in July 1971, in the early 1980s, Whitney Houston was also featured on the cover of the magazine. News Corporation bought Triangle in 1988 and sold Seventeen to K-III Communications in 1991, primedia sold the magazine to Hearst in 2003. Seventeen remains popular on newsstands today despite greater competition, in 2010, writer Jamie Keiles conducted The Seventeen Magazine Project, an experiment in which she followed the advice of Seventeen magazine for thirty days. In 2012, in response to protests against the magazines airbrushing its models photos. In August 2016, Michelle Tan was fired from her position as Editor in Chief while she was on maternity leave and it was announced shortly thereafter that Michele Promaulayko, who was appointed Editor in Chief of Cosmopolitan, would also serve as Seventeens editorial director. Starting with their Dec/Jan 2017 issue, the magazine was to publishing only six issues a year instead of ten. The South African edition of Seventeen magazine is published by 8 Ink Media based in Cape Town, the Philippine version is published by Summit Media, but it ceased publication in April 2009. The Hispanic American edition is published by Editorial Televisa, the Indian edition is published by Apricot Publications Pvt. The Malaysian version of Seventeen is published by Bluinc, Seventeen Singapore is published by SPH Magazines. The Thai edition of Seventeen is published by Media Transasia Limited in Bangkok, in the United Kingdom there is no Seventeen magazine, but there is a similar magazine recently touted as a fresher and edgier competition to Teen Vogue called Company
Seventeen (American magazine)
–
Lucy Hale on the cover of the June/July 2013 issue.
11.
Sassy (magazine)
–
Sassy magazine is a defunct teen magazine, aimed at teenage female fans of alternative and indie rock music. The magazine existed between 1988 and 1996, the magazine was founded in March 1988 by an Australian feminist, Sandra Yates, CEO of Matilda Publications, who based it on the teen magazine Dolly, which is still in publication in Australia. Women Aglow, a womens group, boycotted Sassy due to its content about sexuality immediately following its start. Sassys founding editor was Jane Pratt, and it had a half Australian and its original main writers were referred to by Pratt as Sex, Drugs, and Rock n Roll because of the topics they covered. The fashion department was headed by Mary Clarke, Jacinta Dobson and Andrea Lee Linett, the Australian half of the staff covered the art & design and beauty departments. Sassy was originally published in March 1988 in the United States by Matilda Publications with a circulation of 250,000 and it was acquired by Lang Communications in October 1989, at which point its circulation was 450,000. Petersen Publishing officially took over with the February – March 1995 issue and it then stopped publishing as its own title in 1996, when editorial sections of Sassy were absorbed into another magazine published by Petersen called TEEN beginning with the January 1997 issue. In 1992, Sassy spun off a title for teen boys called Dirt, Son of Sassy. It published seven issues until 1994. According to Canadian author Douglas Coupland, Dirt was a funny, Sassy anticipated crowd sourced content by over a decade, starting with their every single little thing in this issue is reader-produced, December 1990, issue. Originally conceived by Alan Goodmans and Fred Seiberts Fred/Alan, Inc, Sassy conducted an annual search for the Sassiest Girl in America and in 1990 Sassy magazine conducted a search for the Sassiest Boy in America. Over 150 entries were received with the winner being Ian Svenonius. In the story highlighting his selection Pratt states Hes going to be a big deal, im sure he will be and were going to be so proud that we were the first ones to discover him. However, it was discovered that Svenonius wasnt a boy at all and he was however allowed to retain his title. Karen Catchpole also lent co-lead vocals to some songs including Hey Baby, the band once opened for The Lemonheads at iconic, now-closed, New York City rock club CBGB. Hey Baby -- CD single of original songs Hey Baby Lunch Blind Date Tannis Root Presents, the book recounts the magazines rise and fall, its unusual appeal to both men and women, teenagers and adults, and its influence on mainstream as well as alternative womens magazines. It includes interviews with staffers and fans, sonic Youth 7 info Issue 8 of Dirt, never published Wired
Sassy (magazine)
–
Sassy
12.
Cosmogirl
–
CosmoGirl was an American magazine based in New York City, published from 1999 until 2008. The teenage spin-off of Cosmopolitan magazine, it targeted teenage girls and featured fashion and it was published ten times a year and reached approximately eight million readers before folding. The last issue was December 2008, subscribers instead received issues of fellow Hearst publication, Seventeen. The magazine was founded by Atoosa Rubenstein, who was asked to create a mock issue and she repeatedly scrawled the word Girl. in bed using fuchsia lipstick for use on the magazine cover. When she and her husband woke up, they were covered in lipstick, ann Shoket was the executive editor before leaving the magazine to replace Atoosa Rubenstein as the editor-in-chief of fellow Hearst magazine, Seventeen. The last editor-in-chief was Susan Schulz, who was reassigned to special projects at Hearst Magazines, like Elle Girl magazine, which closed in 2006, CosmoGirl continued their website. It was eventually merged into the website of Seventeen, a monthly free calendar allowed readers to win various prizes by typing in a code to enter for a chance to win a prize on the magazines website. There was also a section introduced in March 2008 named JSYK, which had advice and stories of how readers fell in love, there were also embarrassing stories, and a manga comic featuring a character named CG. The magazines content was rounded out with the Body & Soul section, which covered sexual health, mental health, fitness, project 2024 was created in 2002. It was named 2024 because that was when the youngest readers would be thirty-five years old, old enough to run for President of the United States, the UK Cosmogirl closed in June 2007. Website Hearst Corporation Cosmogirl Website Cosmogirl Website Cosmogirl Website Cosmogirl Website Cosmogirl Website
Cosmogirl
–
Vanessa Hudgens on the cover of CosmoGirl
13.
Seventeen (magazine)
–
Seventeen is an American magazine for teenagers. The magazines reader base is 10-to-21-year-old females and it began as a publication geared towards inspiring teen girls to become model workers and citizens. Soon after its debut, Seventeen took a more fashion and romance-oriented approach in presenting its material while promoting self-confidence in young women and it was first published in September 1944 by Walter Annenbergs Triangle Publications. The first editor of Seventeen, Helen Valentine, provided teenage girls with working woman role models, Seventeen enhanced the role of teenagers as consumers of popular culture. The concept of teenager as a distinct demographic originated in that era, in July 1944, King Features Syndicate began running the comic strip Teena, created by cartoonist Hilda Terry, in which a typical teenagers life was examined. Teena ran internationally in newspapers for twenty years, from 1945 to 1946, the magazine surveyed teen girls in order to better understand the magazines audience. The magazine became an important source of information to manufacturers seeking guidance on how to satisfy demand among teenagers. Today, the magazine entertains as well as promotes self-confidence in young women, sylvia Plath submitted nearly fifty pieces to Seventeen before her first short story, And Summer Will Not Come Again, was accepted and published in the August 1950 issue. Joyce Walker became the first black model to be featured on the cover of Seventeen magazine in July 1971, in the early 1980s, Whitney Houston was also featured on the cover of the magazine. News Corporation bought Triangle in 1988 and sold Seventeen to K-III Communications in 1991, primedia sold the magazine to Hearst in 2003. Seventeen remains popular on newsstands today despite greater competition, in 2010, writer Jamie Keiles conducted The Seventeen Magazine Project, an experiment in which she followed the advice of Seventeen magazine for thirty days. In 2012, in response to protests against the magazines airbrushing its models photos. In August 2016, Michelle Tan was fired from her position as Editor in Chief while she was on maternity leave and it was announced shortly thereafter that Michele Promaulayko, who was appointed Editor in Chief of Cosmopolitan, would also serve as Seventeens editorial director. Starting with their Dec/Jan 2017 issue, the magazine was to publishing only six issues a year instead of ten. The South African edition of Seventeen magazine is published by 8 Ink Media based in Cape Town, the Philippine version is published by Summit Media, but it ceased publication in April 2009. The Hispanic American edition is published by Editorial Televisa, the Indian edition is published by Apricot Publications Pvt. The Malaysian version of Seventeen is published by Bluinc, Seventeen Singapore is published by SPH Magazines. The Thai edition of Seventeen is published by Media Transasia Limited in Bangkok, in the United Kingdom there is no Seventeen magazine, but there is a similar magazine recently touted as a fresher and edgier competition to Teen Vogue called Company
Seventeen (magazine)
–
Lucy Hale on the cover of the June/July 2013 issue.
14.
Teen Vogue
–
Teen Vogue is a US magazine which was launched in 2004 as a sister publication to Vogue, targeted at teenage girls. Like Vogue, it includes stories about fashion and celebrities, since 2015, the magazine has moved its focus away from shopping and fashion features into more topical content, including politics and current affairs. Teen Vogue was established in 2003, as a spinoff of Vogue, the magazine is published in a smaller 6¾x9 format to afford it more visibility on shelves and some flexibility getting into a digest size slot at checkout stands. In May 2016, Elaine Welteroth was appointed as editor, replacing the founding editor-in-chief Amy Astley and her appointment at 29 saw her become the youngest editor-in-chief in Condé Nasts history, and the second African-American. She works closely with digital editorial director Phillip Picardi and creative director Marie Suter, in November 2016, it was announced Teen Vogue would start publishing quarterly, following the Dec/Jan 2017 issue. In December 2016, the published an opinion article by Lauren Duca. List of Teen Vogue cover models Official website Teen Vogue – magazine profile at Fashion Model Directory
Teen Vogue
–
Nat Wolff and
Charli XCX on the cover of the June/July 2015 issue
15.
J-14 (magazine)
–
J-14 is a monthly teenage magazine marketed at preteen and teenage girls around age 11-19. It is one of the earliest teen celebrity magazines, the magazine was among the top children magazines in the 2012 list of Forbes. The first issue of the magazine was released in January 1999 and it is published by Bauer Publishing, the United States division of the German firm Bauer Verlagsgruppe. The contents of these magazines include features like teen gossip, quizzes, fashion, posters, the name of the publication is a sound-alike abbreviation of its tagline Just For Teens. The headquarters of J-14 is in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, in April 2015, the Spanish language online edition of J-14 was launched. Circulation was 217,183 copies in 2006, J-14 Official Web Site J-14 Official Spanish Web Site
J-14 (magazine)
–
The July 2014 issue of J-14. From left to right:
Selena Gomez,
Niall Horan,
Harry Styles,
Ariana Grande, and
Austin Mahone.
16.
Tiger Beat
–
Tiger Beat is an American teen fan magazine originally published by The Laufer Company, and marketed primarily to adolescent girls. Tiger Beat was founded in September 1965 by Charles Chuck Laufer, his brother Ira Laufer, and television producer and host Lloyd Thaxton. The magazine has as its forte teen idol gossip, movies, music and fashion, a distinctive element of Tiger Beat is its covers, which feature cut and paste collaged photos - primarily head shots - of current teen idols. For the first twelve issues, the face of magazine co-founder Thaxton appeared at the top corner of the Tiger Beat cover, during the 1960s The Laufer Company leveraged the teen market dominated by Tiger Beat with additional, thematically and graphically similar magazines, including FaVE and Monkee Spectacular. In 1998 Tiger Beat was sold by publisher Sterling/MacFadden to Primedia, which in 2003 sold the magazine to Scott Laufer, since 2015 Tiger Beat has been published by Los Angeles-based Tiger Beat Media, Inc. which until 2014 also produced the similar teen magazine Bop
Tiger Beat
–
The April 2013 issue of Tiger Beat, featuring
One Direction
Tiger Beat
–
Cover of the September 1965 issue of Tiger Beat magazine - the very first issue
17.
Wichita, Kansas
–
Wichita is the largest city in the state of Kansas and the 48th-largest city in the United States. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County, as of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 382,368, as of 2014, it was estimated to have increased to 389,965. In 2015, the population of the Wichita metropolitan area was 644,610. The city began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and it subsequently became a key destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads, earning it the nickname Cowtown. In the 1920s and 1930s, businessmen and aeronautical engineers established a number of aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita including Beechcraft, Cessna. The city transformed into a hub of U. S. aircraft production, in 1937, the city of Wichita established their official flag. As an industrial hub and the largest city in the state, Wichita is a center of culture, media. It hosts several museums, theatres, parks, and entertainment venues. Several universities are located in the city including Wichita State University, the citys daily newspaper, The Wichita Eagle, has the highest circulation of any newspaper in Kansas, and the Wichita broadcast television market includes the western two-thirds of the state. Wichita is also home to the Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center and Kansass largest airport, archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, the site of present-day Wichita, as early as 3000 B. C. In 1541, a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira, or Wichita, conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south. Prior to American settlement of the region, the site was located in the territory of the Kiowa, the Wichita returned in 1864 due to the American Civil War and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas. During this period, trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site, after the war, the Wichita permanently relocated south to Indian Territory. In 1868, trader James R. Mead established another trading post at the site, and surveyor Darius Munger built a house for use as a hotel, community center, Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders, and a new settlement began to form. That summer, Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company, in 1870, Munger and German immigrant William Dutch Bill Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the citys first streets. Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21,1870, Wichitas position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads which led to markets in eastern U. S. cities. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872, as a result, Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives, earning it the nickname Cowtown. Across the Arkansas River, the town of Delano became an entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons, brothels
Wichita, Kansas
–
Wichita, Kansas
Wichita, Kansas
–
Boeing B-29 assembly line (1944)
Wichita, Kansas
–
The original
Pizza Hut building, which was moved to the campus of
Wichita State University (2004)
Wichita, Kansas
–
Downtown Wichita viewed from the west bank of the Arkansas River
18.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
19.
Latin America
–
Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
Latin America
–
Presencia de América Latina (Presence of Latin America, 1964–65) is a 300 square meters (3,200 sq ft) mural at the hall of the Arts House of the University of Concepción, Chile. It is also known as Latin America's Integration.
Latin America
–
Latin America
Latin America
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The Parc de l'Amérique-Latine in
Quebec City, the capital of the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, celebrates the cultural ties between Quebec and the other people who speak a Romance language in the Americas.
Latin America
–
A view of
Machu Picchu, a pre-Columbian
Inca site in
Peru. One of the
New Seven Wonders of the World.
20.
Europe
–
Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
–
Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
–
A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
–
Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
21.
Asia
–
Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
Asia
–
Two-point equidistant projection of Asia and surrounding landmasses.
Asia
–
Asia
Asia
–
The racial diversity of Asia's peoples,
Nordisk familjebok (1904)
Asia
–
Ptolemy's Asia
22.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
23.
African-American
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African-American
African-American
African-American
African-American
24.
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
Cosmopolitan is an international fashion magazine for women. Often referred to as Cosmo, its content as of 2011 includes articles on issues, relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion. Published by Hearst Corporation, Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, is printed in 35 languages, Cosmopolitan began as a family magazine, launched in 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan. There was also a department for the members of the family. Cosmopolitans circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, John Brisben Walker acquired the magazine in 1889. That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to his magazine. Under John Brisben Walkers ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harpers Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing colour illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Willa Cather. The magazines circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892, in 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school, No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan, No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study. When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school, also in 1897, H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon. Olive Schreiner contributed an article about the Boer War. And Colorado - New Tricks in an Old Game, Jack Londons novella, The Red One, was published in the October 1918 issue, and a constant presence from 1910-18 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the scientific detective, Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg. Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions, a company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. Cosmopolitan magazine was titled as Hearsts International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914 it was shortened to Hearsts and was ultimately titled Hearsts International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearsts International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, after Hearst died in 1951, the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
February 2015 cover featuring
Kylie Jenner
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
March 1894 issue
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
Cosmopolitan stand at
The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010)
25.
Cleo (magazine)
–
Cleo is an Malaysian, Singaporean, Thailand and Indonesia monthly womens magazine. The magazine was founded in 1972 in Australia, the Australia, aimed at an older audience than the teenage-focused Dolly, Cleo was published by Bauer Media Group in Sydney and was known for its Cleo Bachelor of the Year award. Audited circulation in June 2014 was 53,221 copies monthly, readership numbers for September 2014 are estimated to be 173,000. With a strong presence of 300, 000+ visitors monthly. In addition, Beauty Bites, Cleos digital app, offered an interactive component to technologically minded Gen Y readers, including how-to video tutorials, expert advice, Bauer announced on 20 January 2016 that the March issue of Cleo would be its last. Cleo was modelled on Cosmopolitan after the Packers lost the rights to the title to rivals Fairfax. The first issue was launched in November 1972, the month that Gough Whitlam came to power in Australia. In the original video for Cleo, Buttrose observes the rapidly changing personality of the Australian woman. Cleo was politically provocative with its journalism, alongside articles on group sex, contraception, happy hookers and Jack Thompson as the first nude Mate of the Month, the launch issue featured tips on How to be a sexy housekeeper. In stark contrast to the lack of content in modern glossy magazines, Buttrose ran a short story by Norman Mailer. This trend continued in subsequent issues, in two days,105,000 copies of the first issue were sold and by the end of its first year circulation reached 200,000. When the magazine conducted the first national survey in 1974. Through Cleo, feminism became a part of everyday lives. Ita Buttrose and her staff were committed to many of the ideas of womens, however, it is important to note that Cleos editorial agenda was that of liberal rather than radical feminism. Like us, certain aspects of Womens Lib appeal to you, the feminist tone and ideas proliferated on the pages of Cleo throughout the 1970s. The celebrities Cleo chose to interview were women who had succeeded in politics, business, there were also discussions of the Womens Liberation Movement itself, with writers for and against. Ordinary, every-day women gained knowledge and understanding of feminism through the pages of Cleo, the magazine helped create the feminist public sphere, opening doors for discussions about new ideas which modern women treat as mainstream today. Cleo pushed boundaries in mainstream publishing with articles on topics ranging from sex toys, fantasies and orgasms, to lesbianism
Cleo (magazine)
–
Cleo
Cleo (magazine)
–
Ita Buttrose
Cleo (magazine)
–
Lisa Wilkinson
Cleo (magazine)
–
Deborah Thomas
26.
Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
Internet
–
The Internet Messenger by
Buky Schwartz in
Holon.
Internet
–
An
Opte Project visualization of
routing paths through a portion of the Internet
Internet
–
ICANN headquarters in the
Playa Vista neighborhood of
Los Angeles, California, United States.
Internet
–
This
NeXT Computer was used by
Tim Berners-Lee at
CERN and became the world's first
Web server.
27.
Rookie (magazine)
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Rookie is an American online magazine for teenage girls created by fashion blogger Tavi Gevinson. Rookie publishes art and writing from a variety of contributors, including journalists, celebrities. The subject matter ranges from pop culture and fashion to adolescent social issues, Rookies content is divided into monthly issues, each built around a theme. It updates five days a week, three times a day, roughly just after school, at dinnertime, and when it’s really late and you should be writing a paper but are Facebook stalking instead. In November 2010, Gevinson announced on her blog, Style Rookie, negotiations began between Pratt, Gevinson, and Say Media, the internet publisher behind Pratts womens lifestyle site xoJane. This American Life host Ira Glass acted as a consultant to Gevinson and her manager and father, Steve, eventually, Pratt withdrew from official involvement in the venture, enabling Gevinson to maintain ownership. Pratt remains credited on the Rookie contributors page as the fairy godmother. Rookie launched in September 2011, with Gevinson serving as editor-in-chief, former New York Times Magazine fact-checker Anaheed Alani serving as editorial director, Rookie has received much attention from the blogosphere and traditional news outlets. Eva Wiseman of The Observer described Gevinson as one of the sanest, most articulate voices in the media today and wrote, all the porny influences, the sexting, the surgery – all the saturated pink. But counteracting these pressures to conform are the voices like those on Rookie, ones that are non-prescriptive, enthusiastic, embarrassing, ones that, by unpicking the awkwardness of female adolescence and providing a place to talk about it, have helped feminism become almost fashionable. A number of Rookies features—such as Ask a Grown Man/Ask a Grown Woman, the Rookie website Gevinson discusses the motivation for Rookie in a TEDxTeen lecture, Still figuring it out
Rookie (magazine)
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Logo of Rookie
28.
Tavi Gevinson
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Tavi Gevinson is an American writer, magazine editor, and actress. She came to attention at the age of 12, due to her fashion blog Style Rookie. By the age of 15, she had shifted her focus to pop culture, Gevinson is the founder and editor-in-chief of the online Rookie Magazine, aimed primarily at teenage girls. In both 2011 and 2012, she appeared on the Forbes 30 Under 30 in Media list, in 2014, she was named one of The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014 by Time magazine. Gevinson was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in the town of Oak Park. Her father, Steve Gevinson, is a retired English high school teacher and her mother, Berit Engen, is a weaver and part-time Hebrew instructor who grew up in Oslo, Norway. Gevinsons father was born to an Orthodox Jewish family, while her mother, Gevinson and her two older sisters, Rivkah and Miriam, were raised in the Jewish faith, she had a Bat Mitzvah ceremony. Gevinson was educated at Oak Park and River Forest High School in Illinois and she took a gap year in the 2014/15 academic year before attending New York University. Gevinson started a blog, Style Rookie, in 2008. The blog, featuring photos of the eleven-year-old in distinctive outfits and her commentary on the latest fashion trends and her father wasnt terribly interested in her new hobby until she asked for his permission to be interviewed by The New York Times for an article about young bloggers. Because of the success, Gevinson was invited to attend New York Fashion Week. She made overseas fashion-related trips to Tokyo and Antwerp, funded by Pop magazine and she styled a shoot for BlackBook magazine, acted as a muse and model for Rodartes clothing line at Target stores, and partnered with Borders&Frontiers to design and sell her own T-shirt. In 2010, she spoke at a conference in New York and at Idea City. There was a backlash to Gevinsons early success in the fashion industry, New York Magazine questioned whether it was possible for Gevinson to write her blog without some help from a mom or older sister. Sarah Mower of The Daily Telegraph, while conceding that Gevinson had an independent, original voice. Its hard to imagine a kid being able to back down to reality. A Grazia fashion editor complained on Twitter that a bow worn by Gevinson had blocked her view of a runway during fashion week. Anne Slowey of Elle felt her success was gimmicky and commented, Shes been thirteen for, like, Gevinson later remarked, A lot of people on the Internet have a problem with a young person doing well
Tavi Gevinson
–
Gevinson in February 2013
29.
Dennis Publishing
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Dennis Publishing Ltd. is an independent publisher founded in 1974. Felix Dennis started in the business in the late 1960s as one of the editors of the counterculture magazine OZ. In the mid-1970s, Dennis Publishing was born, beginning with a kung-fu magazine, Dennis followed this up in the early 1980s by publishing titles in the soon-to-be-lucrative computer enthusiast sector, including Your Spectrum. In 1987 the publisher was renamed from Sportscene Specialist Press to Dennis Publishing, Dennis Publishing, Inc. publishes one of the most successful modern mens lifestyle magazines in America – Maxim – along with Stuff and general interest music magazine Blender. Maxim, Stuff and Blender are registered trademarks of Felix Dennis, on 5 February 2005, Maxim Radio was launched on Sirius Satellite Radio. On 12 November 2008, Sirius and XM merged, and five days later Sirius XM Stars Too debuted on Sirius Satellite Radio on Sirius 108, in May 2011, Stars Too moved to channel 104 on both services. On 15 February 2007, Dennis Publishing, Inc, in June 2007, all of Denniss United States holdings – minus the U. S. edition of The Week – were sold to the private equity firm Quadrangle Group. This included the editions of Maxim, Stuff and Blender, in January 2008, Dennis Publishing acquired the online news site The First Post for an undisclosed sum. In February 2008, Dennis Publishing announced the launch of iGizmo, in November 2008, Dennis Publishing acquired the online games and hardware enthusiast website bit-tech for an undisclosed sum. For 2012, Dennis Publishing, producing more than 50 magazines, Group operating profit climbed almost 12% to £4. 9m. Group turnover, excluding share of joint venture revenues, rose slightly year on year to just over £70m, revenues including joint ventures climbed 3% to £77. 7m. Operations in the UK accounted for almost 84% of total revenues, Chief Executive, James Tye Group Chief Financial Officer, Brett Reynolds Registered Company Number,1138891 Head Office,30, Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JD
Dennis Publishing
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Dennis Publishing Ltd
30.
Teen pop
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Teen pop is a subgenre of pop music that is created, marketed and oriented towards preteens and teenagers. Teen pop copies genres and styles such as pop, R&B, dance, electronic, hip hop, country, teen-oriented popular music had become common by the end of the Swing Era, in the late 1940s, with Frank Sinatra being an early teen idol. However, it was the early 1960s that became known as the Golden Age for pop teen idols, other successful singers and bands appealing to tweens and teens were Bobby Sherman, The DeFranco Family, The Partridge Family, Shaun Cassidy, David Cassidy and a pre-disco Bee Gees. In the early 1990s, teen pop dominated the charts until grunge, in 1996 the girl group Spice Girls released their single Wannabe, which made them major pop stars in the UK, as well as in the US the following year. In their wake, other teen pop groups and singers came to prominence, including Hanson, the Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, Robyn, All Saints, S Club, B*Witched, and Destinys Child. In 2001 artists like Aaron Carter, Swedish group A-Teens, girl groups 3LW, Play, Edens Crush and Dream, alternate looks for female teen pop stars include Hoku, and girl group No Secrets. In the UK, teen pop continued to surge with Ellie Campbell, Atomic Kitten, many teen artists starting incorporating genres such as Pop Rock, Contemporary R&B and Hip-Hop. B2K, a hip hop, pop and R&B group, was made up of boys, so it was considered a boy band and was popular across the world. Their style of music was different than other teenage artists, sounding more mature than the typical boy band. Other teenage artists who sounded more mature in this way were Jhene, since early 2000s, but some did many years before that, many teen stars have developed careers through their involvement with Disney. Alongside Disney, other teen pop stars emerged by 2007, among them American Idol winner Jordin Sparks and Nickelodeon stars Miranda Cosgrove, Victoria Justice, miley Cyrus is another example of a Teen Pop singer whose career also started in Disney Channel. Her success worldwide was the reason of her status as Queen of Teen Pop since she has the biggest sales, the introduction of Canadian singer Justin Bieber, a protégé of Usher, created a resurgence of interest in teen pop. As for Japanese teen pop culture, the category of idol is playing an important role, momoiro Clover Z is ranked as number one among female idol groups according to 2013–2016 surveys
Teen pop
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Jonas Brothers in 2007.
Teen pop
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In Japan,
Momoiro Clover Z is popular among teenagers because of their energetic performance including acrobatic stunts.
31.
Teen idol
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A teen idol is a celebrity with a large teenage fan-base. Teen idols are generally young but not necessarily teenaged, often teen idols are actors or singers, but some sports figures and even political figures also have an appeal to teenagers. Some teen idols began their careers as actors, like Leif Garrett, Lindsay Lohan, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Raven-Symoné, Kenan Thompson, Kel Mitchell, Hilary Duff. The idols popularity may be limited to teens, or may extend to all age groups, many teen idols are targeted for adults for nostalgia purposes. With the advent of television, teen idols were also promoted through programs such as American Bandstand, The Ed Sullivan Show, todays teen idols have spawned an entire industry of gossip magazines, television shows, YouTube, and whole television channels such as E. Many American teen idols achieve cross-over success internationally, however, this list is not limited to American artists alone with some such as Japanese popstar Kusumi Koharu. Ha^Ash and RBD in the 2000s and 2010s, in Spain, La Oreja de Van Gogh, Miguel Bose, Mecano and Hombres G all enjoyed teen-idol status. Even in the music field, a British-Chinese violinist Vanessa-Mae became the first teen idol in that category. The kind of idolizing following Liszt drew in Europe would not be followed for several decades, geraldine Farrar, American opera singer, had a large following of young women nicknamed Gerry-flappers in the early 20th century. However, he claims that many males were also at his sold-out concerts. He was also possibly the first popular singer to have a vehicle created for him. Frank Sinatra, whose career is often linked to his appeal to bobby soxers, is also regarded as having been amongst the first teen idols. Even crooners like Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra were still considered idols, actors Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue and other artists deliberately cultivated a idol image, like Paul Anka. Anka initially modelled himself on a generic type, the teen idol carried on the process. Of changing the image of male youth, from wild to mild, by providing a cleaner, more wholesome image of masculinity than that of the previous eras rebellious rockabilly heroes. Post-war teens were able to buy relatively inexpensive phonographs — including portable models that could be carried to friends houses —, rock music played on 45s became the soundtrack to the 1960s as people bought what they heard on the radio. Their parents worried about their attraction to artists who were edgy, faces on magazines fed fans, fans buy records, see films, watch TV and buy fashions. Marketing of the teen idol generally focuses on the image, the teen idol is structured to appeal to the pre-teen and young teen female pop audience member and children in general
Teen idol
–
Rudy Vallée, one of the first
crooners and a teen idol of the early 20th century
Teen idol
–
Portable phonograph
Teen idol
–
Hilary Duff (left) and
Lindsay Lohan (right) were both popular teen idols in the 2000s.
Teen idol
32.
JSTOR
–
JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
JSTOR
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The JSTOR front page
33.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
