1.
Turks and Caicos Islands
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They are known primarily for tourism and as an offshore financial centre. The resident population is 31,458 as of 2012 of whom 23,769 live on Providenciales in the Caicos Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands lie southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain and north of the island of Hispaniola and the other Antilles archipelago islands. Cockburn Town, the capital since 1766, is situated on Grand Turk Island about 1,042 kilometres east-southeast of Miami, the islands have a total land area of 430 square kilometres. The first recorded European sighting of the now known as the Turks. In the subsequent centuries, the islands were claimed by several European powers with the British Empire eventually gaining control, for many years the islands were governed indirectly through Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the islands received their own governor, in August 2009, the United Kingdom suspended the Turks and Caicos Islands self-government following allegations of ministerial corruption. Home rule was restored in the islands after the November 2012 elections, the Turks and Caicos Islands are named after the Turks cap cactus, and the Lucayan term caya hico, meaning string of islands. The first inhabitants of the islands were Arawakan-speaking Taíno people, who crossed over from Hispaniola sometime from AD500 to 800, together with Taino who migrated from Cuba to the southern Bahamas around the same time, these people developed as the Lucayan. Around 1200, the Turks and Caicos Islands were resettled by Classical Taínos from Hispaniola, the southern Bahama Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands were completely depopulated by about 1513, and remained so until the 17th century. The first European documented to sight the islands was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the islands passed from Spanish, to French, to British control, but none of the three powers ever established any settlements. Bermudian salt collectors settled the Turks Islands around 1680, for several decades around the turn of the 18th century, the islands became popular pirate hideouts. From 1765–1783, the islands were under French occupation, and again after the French captured the archipelago in 1783, after the American War of Independence, many Loyalists fled to British Caribbean colonies, in 1783, they were the first settlers on the Caicos Islands. They developed cotton as an important cash crop, but it was superseded by the development of the salt industry, in 1799, both the Turks and the Caicos island groups were annexed by Britain as part of the Bahamas. The processing of sea salt was developed as an important export product from the West Indies. Salt continued to be an export product into the nineteenth century. In 1807, Britain prohibited the trade and, in 1833. British ships sometimes intercepted slave traders in the Caribbean, and some ships were wrecked off the coast of these islands, in 1837, the Esperanza, a Portuguese slaver, was wrecked off East Caicos, one of the larger islands. While the crew and 220 captive Africans survived the shipwreck,18 Africans died before the survivors were taken to Nassau, Africans from this ship may have been among the 189 liberated Africans whom the British colonists settled in the Turks and Caicos from 1833 to 1840
2.
Telephone
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A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice and this instrument was further developed by many others. The telephone was the first device in history that people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, the essential elements of a telephone are a microphone to speak into and an earphone which reproduces the voice in a distant location. Until approximately the 1970s most telephones used a dial, which was superseded by the modern DTMF push-button dial. The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the ear, the dial may be located either on the handset, or on a base unit to which the handset is connected. The transmitter converts the sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the network to the receiving phone. The receiving telephone converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver, telephones permit duplex communication, meaning they allow the people on both ends to talk simultaneously. The first telephones were connected to each other from one customers office or residence to another customers location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. For greater mobility, various systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the middle 20th century. Hand-held mobile phone]s was introduced for personal service starting in 1973, by the late 1970s several mobile telephone networks operated around the world. In 1983, the Advanced Mobile Phone System was launched, offering a standardized technology providing portability for users far beyond the residence or office. These analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with better security, greater capacity, better regional coverage, the public switched telephone network, with its hierarchical system of many switching centers, interconnects telephones around the world for communication with each other. With the standardized international numbering system, E.164, each line has an identifying telephone number. Although originally designed for voice communications, convergence has enabled most modern cell phones to have many additional capabilities. Since 1999, the trend for mobile phones is smartphones that integrate all mobile communication, a traditional landline telephone system, also known as plain old telephone service, commonly carries both control and audio signals on the same twisted pair of insulated wires, the telephone line. The control and signaling equipment consists of three components, the ringer, the hookswitch, and a dial, the ringer, or beeper, light or other device, alerts the user to incoming calls
3.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
4.
Country code
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Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have developed to do this. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes and this standard defines for most of the countries and dependent areas in the world, a two-letter a three-letter, and a three-digit numeric code. For more applications see ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. S. government and in the CIA World Factbook, on September 2,2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by NIST as a Federal Information Processing Standard. GOST7.164 international telephone dialing codes, list of country calling codes with 1-3 digits and these prefixes are legally administered by the national entity to which prefix ranges are assigned. Diplomatic license plates in the United States, assigned by the U. S. State Department, north Atlantic Treaty Organisation used two-letter codes of its own, list of NATO country codes. They were largely borrowed from the FIPS 10-4 codes mentioned below, in 2003 the eighth edition of the Standardisation Agreement adopted the ISO3166 three-letter codes with one exception. The following can represent countries, The initial digits of International Standard Book Numbers are group identifiers for countries, areas, the first three digits of GS1 Company Prefixes used to identify products, for example, in barcodes, designate numbering agencies. A comparison with ISO, IFS and others with notes United Nations Region Codes
5.
Telecommunications in the Bahamas
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Telecommunications in the Bahamas includes telephones, radio, television, and the Internet. Access to the Internet is unrestricted, there were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight. The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice, an independent press combined with a relatively effective—albeit extremely backlogged—judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system ensures freedom of speech and press. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, strict and antiquated libel laws dating to British legal codes are seldom invoked. We have to freedom of the press with protecting the public. Also in April Rodney Moncur was charged with committing an indecent act by posting autopsy photographs of a man who died in police custody on his Facebook page. Phone calls to the Bahamas are monitored by the National Security Agencys MYSTIC program, Bahamas BTC, Bahamas Telecommunications Company, primary telecommunications provider for the Bahamas, partly government owned. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index. html
6.
Telecommunications in Barbados
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Communications in Barbados refers to the telephony, Internet, postal, radio, and television systems of Barbados. Barbados has long been an informational and communications centre in the Caribbean region, electricity coverage throughout Barbados is good and reliable. Usage is high and provided by a monopoly, Barbados Light & Power Company Ltd. The International Telecommunication Union call sign prefix allocated for all radio and television broadcasts in Barbados is 8P, Barbados has had various forms of Communications as early as the 1840s. The first telephone network in the country was developed in 1884, as the former British Empires All Red Line came into existence during the early 1900s, Barbados played an important role as a crucial link in the trans-Atlantic communications network. By 1935 a hard wired cable-based radio network was deployed throughout the country to broadcast the Rediffusion service directly from London to homes. The process was aimed at bringing Barbados sector into compliance with the World Trade Organisation, the plan outlined the first phase commencing on 1 December 2001 and the entire process ending with full liberalisation being achieved on 1 August 2003. As these target dates were missed, the Phase I process was later commenced on 1 November 2002, full liberalisation was attained in February,2005, for the international telecommunications services market. Country Code, +1246International Call Prefix,011 Calls from Barbados to the US, Canada, Calls from Barbados to non-NANP countries are dialed as 011 + country code + phone number with local area code. Number Format, nxx-xxxx The rate of penetration in Barbados ranks among the highest in the world. According to the International Telecommunication Union, telephone service for the period 2000-2004, Telecommunications are virtually universally accessible to all. The report entitled State Of The Worlds Children 2007 stated Barbados had rate of Internet usage which was 55 users for every 100 people, telecoms. gov. bb - Government of Barbados Telecommunications unit The Telecommunications Act,2001 Statistic by the Government of Barbados as of 2010
7.
Telecommunications in Canada
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Present-day Telecommunications in Canada include telephone, radio, television, and internet usage. In the past, telecommunications included telegraphy available through Canadian Pacific, stations owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation use CB through a special agreement with the government of Chile. Some codes beginning with VE and VF are also in use to identify radio repeater transmitters, in 1868 Montreal Telegraph began facing competition from the newly established Dominion Telegraph Company. In 1882, Canadian Pacific transmitted its first commercial telegram over telegraph lines they had erected alongside its tracks, great North Western Telegraph, facing bankruptcy, was taken over in 1915 by Canadian Northern. By the end of World War II, Canadians communicated by telephone, in 1967 the CP and CN networks were merged to form CNCP Telecommunications. As of 1951, approximately 7000 messages were sent daily from the United States to Canada, the agreement was complicated by the fact that some Canadian destinations were served by only one of the two networks
8.
Telecommunications in Costa Rica
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Telecommunications in Costa Rica include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Radio stations, more than 100 privately owned stations and a public radio network. Television stations, multiple privately owned TV stations and 1 publicly owned TV station, communications service provider, Grupo ICE, government monopoly. Calling code, +506 International call prefix,00 Main lines,1.0 million lines in use, mobile cellular,6.2 million lines, 100th in the world. Top-level domain. cr, the Academia Nacional de Ciencias is the registrar, Internet users,194,269 users, 154th in the world,34. 7% of the population, 123rd in the world. Fixed broadband,32,192 subscriptions, 120th in the world,5. 7% of population, Internet hosts,147,258 hosts, 78th in the world. IPv4,44,032 addresses allocated, less than 0. 05% of the total,78.6 addresses per 1000 people. Internet Service Providers,2 ISPs, Consumer ADSL services are offered by Grupo ICE. Cable Modem services are offered by two companies countrywide, Cable Tica and Amnet, several other companies offer local cable modem services. Six new ISP licenses were awarded by regulator Sutel in June 2009, the licenses include the right to provide VoIP services. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight, the constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, a judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech. Individuals are generally free to criticize the government openly without reprisal, the law limits hate speech in publications with regard to ethnic origin, race, or color. The government continues to support legislation that imposes criminal penalties, including lengthy jail sentences instead of fines, journalists believe such legislation promotes self-censorship. Journalists and media criticized the law, arguing it restricted access to information of public interest. Radio Club de Costa Rica, a club for amateur radio enthusiasts. Media of Costa Rica This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document 2014 edition and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State
9.
Telecommunications in Cuba
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Telecommunications in Cuba consists mainly of NTSC analog television, analog radio, telephony, AMPS, D-AMPS, and GSM mobile telephony, and the Internet. Telephone service is provided through ETECSA, mobile service is provided through the Cellular Telephone Company of Cuba. Cubas main international links are through Intersputnik, with antiquated undersea telephone cables to the U. S. the West Indies, Spain. Country code, +53 International call prefix,119 Telephones - main lines in use,1.2 million, 72nd in the world, less than 10 per 100 inhabitants. Telephones - mobile cellular, One million mobile phones at the end of 2010, up from 621,000 in 2009 and 330,000 in 2008, mobile-cellular telephone service is expensive and must be paid in convertible pesos, which limits subscribership. Telephone system, 95% of telephone switches were digitized by end of 2006, new fiber-optic link, A new undersea fiber-optic link with Venezuela was scheduled for 2011. In May 2012 there were reports that the cable was operational, Internet access by the general public still used the slower and more expensive satellite links, until January 2013 when internet speeds increased. Radio broadcast stations,6 national radio networks, an international station, all state-owned and operated by the Cuban Radio and Television Corporation, which manages Radio Rebelde, the largest AM network, and the SW service Radio Habana Cuba. Radio Marti, based in Miami, Florida and financed by the United States government, radios,3.9 million, 64th out of 188 in the world Television broadcast stations,4 national TV networks and many local TV stations. All state-owned and operated by the Cuban Radio and Television Corporation, TV Marti, based in Miami, Florida and financed by the United States government, transmits Spanish language TV broadcasts to Cuba. The American Forces Network has a station intended for U. S. military personnel at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. Televisions,2.64 million, 54th out of 185 in the world Internet users,2.8 million users, 79th in the world,1.6 million, 79th, 12% in 2010. Internet service providers,2, Empresa Telefónica de Cuba, S. A, access to the Internet is heavily controlled, and all e-mails are closely monitored. As a result of computer ownership bans, computer ownership rates were among the worlds lowest, however, since buying a computer was legalized in 2007, the ownership of computers in Cuba soared, dramatically increasing the number of Internet users. But, the rates still remain low, partially due to the high costs of systems. Human rights in Cuba Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S. A. web site, ¿Cómo andan los Servicios de Telecomunicaciones en Cuba. - A description and critique of the state of Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S. A. as of 21 June 2013, Cuba - Mobile Coverage and Network Information, Mobile World Live
10.
Telecommunications in Jamaica
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Telecommunications in Jamaica include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Radio stations, Privately owned Radio Jamaica Limited and its subsidiaries operate multiple radio stations, country Code, +1876International Call Prefix,011 Calls from Jamaica to the US, Canada, and other NANP Caribbean nations, are dialed as 1 + NANP area code + 7-digit number. Calls from Jamaica to non-NANP countries are dialed as 011 + country code + phone number with area code. Number Format, nxx-xxxx Main lines,265,000 lines in use, mobile cellular,2.7 million, 135th in the world. Jamaica has a digital telephone communication system. Digicel opted for the widely used GSM wireless system, while Oceanic opted for the CDMA standard. Cable and Wireless, which had begun with TDMA standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM, with wireless usage increasing, landlines supplied by Cable and Wireless have declined from just over half a million to roughly about three hundred thousand as of 2006. Two more licenses were auctioned by the Jamaican government to provide services on the island, including one that was previously owned by AT&T Wireless but never utilized. Another entrant to the Jamaican communications market, FLOW, laid a new submarine cable connecting Jamaica to the United States and this new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four. The companys parent was acquired by Cable and Wireless Communications in November 2014, the new FLOW was re-launched as a successor to LIME and the old Flow on August 31,2015, offering mobile, fixed voice, fixed broadband and TV services to the market. It has now become the first quad-play provider in Jamaica, the company runs a vast copper network islandwide as well as a Hybrid Fiber and Coaxial network in the metropolitan areas of Kingston and Montego Bay. They also have small Fiber-to-the-home operations in certain sections of St. James that began in 2011, on the mobile side, the company had completed its 4G HSPA+ rollout across the island in November 2015 and has announced plans to move to LTE within the year 2016. However, Digicel has become the first LTE network operator in Jamaica, Internet users,1.3 million users, 108th in the world,46. 5% of the population, 94th in the world. Fixed broadband,125,188 subscriptions, 96th in the world,4. 3% of population, Wireless broadband,45,505 subscriptions, 127th in the world,1. 6% of the population, 128th in the world. Internet hosts,3,906 hosts, 149th in the world, iPv4,202,752 addresses allocated, less than 0. 05% of the world total,70.1 addresses per 1000 people. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight, the law provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, generally effective judicial protection, and a democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech. The independent media are active and express a variety of views without restriction
11.
Telecommunications in Mexico
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Communications in Mexico are regulated by the Secretariat of Communication and Transportation, a federal executive cabinet ministry and by the Federal Telecommunications Institute. Mexicos communication services market is among the largest in Latin America, liberalized in the 1990s, with the privatization of Teléfonos de México. Since then, new operators have entered the market, but Telmex still remains the dominant player, the SCT has ceded many of its regulatory functions to the Federal Telecommunications Institute. See also Radio in Mexico, List of Mexican television networks and List of television stations in Mexico Usage of radio, television, the first television transmission in Mexico was conducted by Javier Stavoli in 1931. Guillermo González Camarena built his own monochromatic camera in 1934, and in 1940 he developed the first trichromatic system, in addition, many states have their own television networks, and public television has increased its market penetration in recent years. In 2014 there were 1,762 radio stations and 1,063 separately licensed analog, in general, the telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex and América Móvil. The telecommunications industry was privatized in 1990 under the control of Grupo Carso, Telmex has diversified its operations by incorporating Internet service and mobile telephony. It has also expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador, the telecommunications industry is regulated by the government through the Federal Telecommunications Institute. In April 2009, the ITESM reported 25,217,500 users, the satellite system is domestic with 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic, Mexican satellites are operated by Satélites Mexicanos, a leading private company in Latin America which services both North and South America. Satmex offers broadcast, telephone, and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, through business partnerships, Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services. The system is composed of three main satellites, Solidaridad 2, Satmex 5 and Satmex 6. The Secretariat of Communications and Transportation is also in the process of deploying the Mexican Satellite System, Transportation in Mexico Economy of Mexico
