1.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
2.
LTE (telecommunication)
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In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements, the standard is developed by the 3GPP and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series. The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Advanced specification. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced, to differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as True 4G. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and is a trademark owned by ETSI for the wireless data communications technology. However, other nations and companies do play an role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of data networks using new DSP techniques. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, the evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to commence in 2013, additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s, LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, the simpler architecture results in lower operating costs. In 2004, NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE as the international standard, in September 2006, Siemens Networks showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an HDTV video in the downlink and playing a game in the uplink have been demonstrated
3.
Telephone numbers in Spain
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The Spanish telephone numbering plan is the allocation of telephone numbers in Spain. It is regulated by Comisión del Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones, Spain changed to a closed telephone numbering plan in 1998. Previously, the prefix was 9x, but this was incorporated into the subscribers number, so that a nine-digit number was used for all calls. Mobile phone numbers begin with 6 or 7, followed by 8 digits, note, numbers starting with 70 are personal numbers which can be re-directed to any other number by the personal owner. Since the blocks of mobile phone numbers are allocated according to demand from the service providers, personal numbers are used as redirection IDs. The owner of a number may request, for example. Personal numbers begin with 5, followed by 8 digits, Numbers starting with 2,3,4,5, and 99 are reserved. Numbers starting with 0 and 1 are used to compose short numbers or for prefixes, Numbers starting with 80 and 90 are used for premium rates, toll free, and internet access numbers. 803,806, and 807 prefixes are used for premium rate calls,905 numbers are supposed to be used for voting systems. Calls have a duration, and are charged a fixed rate per call. They are usually available from landlines but not from mobiles,901 and 902 numbers are Non Geographic Numbers. These have been introduced by the call centres of large multinational European businesses. Unlike other normal Spanish phone numbers beginning 910 onwards,901 and 902 numbers are always excluded from inclusive call bundles on Spanish landlines and mobiles,902 numbers are also extremely expensive to call from Spanish mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are also premium rated if calling Spain from overseas and low cost international call carriers to Spain normally refuse to connect calls to 901 and 902 numbers
4.
Telia Company
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Telia Company AB is the dominant telephone company and mobile network operator in Sweden and Finland. The company has operations in countries in Northern and Eastern Europe. It is headquartered in Stockholm and its stock is traded on the Stockholm Stock Exchange, Telia Company is the result of a 2002 merger between the Swedish and Finnish telecommunications companies, Telia and Sonera. This merger followed shortly after Telias failed merger with Norwegian telecommunications company Telenor, before privatisation Telia Company was a state telephone monopoly. Sonera on the hand had a monopoly only on trunk network calls. The separate brand names Telia and Sonera have continued to be used in the Swedish and Finnish markets respectively. Of the stock, 37% is owned by the Swedish government,3. 2% by the Finnish government, and the rest by institutions, companies, Telegrafverket was founded in 1853, when the first electric telegraph line was established between Stockholm and Uppsala. Allmänna Telefon found an equipment supplier in Lars Magnus Ericsson, in this early competition, Telegrafverket with its brand Rikstelefon was a latecomer. However, by securing a monopoly on long distance telephone lines, it was able with time to control. A de facto telephone monopoly position was reached around 1920, in 1953 the name was modernised to Televerket. The operation of the radio and TV broadcast network was spun off into a company named Teracom. On 1 July 1993 the remaining telephone and mobile operator was transformed into a government-owned shareholding company. At the height of the bubble, on 13 June 2000. In the 1980s, Televerket was a mobile network operator with the NMT system. Private competition in mobile phone systems had already broken the telephone monopoly. The most important of Telias Swedish competitors in these areas has been Tele2, SUNAB was founded as the jointly owned company that would in turn build, own and operate the joint 3G network. The history of Sonera dates back to 1917, when Suomen Lennätinlaitos was founded, in 1927, the telegraph agency was merged with the Finnish Post to form a new agency, Post and Telegraph Agency. This agency governed all long distance and international calls until 1994, in the same year, the Post and Telegraph Agency was divided to form two companies, Suomen Posti Oy, and Telecom Finland Oy
5.
Telephone numbers in the Republic of Macedonia
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The Macedonian telephone numbering plan, is the system used for assigning telephone numbers in the Republic of Macedonia. It is regulated by the Agency for Electronic Communications AEK, which responsibility for telecommunications. The country calling code of the Republic of Macedonia is +389, area codes should always be dialed, even within the country, because of the many fixed and mobile operators. The international call prefix depends on the country you are calling from, e. g.00 for most European countries, for domestic calls,0 must be dialed before the area code. For calls from the Republic of Macedonia, the prefix for international calls is 00, note, When dialing from abroad, the caller has to replace the initial zero with the longer-format +389 prefix. During Yugoslavias existence, Macedonian area codes all began with 9, on 1 October 1993, Macedonia was split from the +38 code and the 9 from the area codes was integrated into the country code. Between 2000 and 2001, the 9 in the codes was generally changed to either 3 or 4. The area codes for Skopje were changed from to, when the extra 3 was added to the beginning of Skopje numbers, new 30x and 39x exchanges became available. Communications in Macedonia Macedonian Telekom ITU allocations list Agency for Electronic Communications
6.
Elisa Saunalahti
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Saunalahti is a Finnish mobile phone operator and an internet service provider. The company was founded in 1998 when three middle-sized internet operators merged, the company is now owned by Elisa. In addition to DSL and mobile service, Saunalahti also offers Finnish users Voice over IP without a monthly fee. The service includes free calls to Saunalahti mobile numbers, Saunalahti doesnt operate its own cellular network and thus relies on Elisa network. Saunalahti offers various plans, most of which are cheaper than the ones offered by the parent company Elisa. Elisa joined its marketing brands together as 15 October 2014, and marketing its telecommunications-services to private personals, icelandic-led Novator acquired a large share of the company in 2005. Subsequently Elisa acquired all stock and Saunalahti was delisted from the Helsinki Stock Exchange in the first half of 2006. Helsingin hovioikeus accused in 2009 Jippii leadership of using inside information when selling its own shares, accounting mistakes, the case was studied again in 2012 in hovrätt and all 26 accusements were withdrawn. The Finnish state was obliged to pay 4 million euros from the trial
7.
Telephone numbers in Albania
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For domestic calls,0 must be dialed before the user number of another administrative unit. The prefix for international calls from Albania is 00, as a result, cellular phone use is very common throughout the country. The numbering plan has evolved during the last 30 years. Tirana has passed to a seven digit plan as of 2008 from a four digit plan in the communist period by adding one digit. As of March 2008, a new numbering plan was introduced in an effort to improve the quality of the service, the old plan stayed in effect in parallel to the new until 15 September 2008. The new numbering plan introduces a new digit, represented by the number 2 that is put in front of local telephone numbers country-wide, for example, to dial a Tirana number with the old plan, it would have looked like XXX XXX. With the new plan, the digit 2 is added to form 2XXX XXX, the old plan is defunct and not longer in operation. In total, there are 8 digits for every number in the country. Additionally, changes include the replacement of the Municipality of Laçs calling code with the new 53 code and this is a list of prior area codes within Albania, incorporated into the user number as of 1 January 2014. To call from one unit to another one, the digit 0 still has to be dialed first
8.
Telephone numbers in Germany
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The regulation of telephone numbers in Germany is the responsibility of the Federal Network Agency of the German government. The agency has a mandate to telecommunications in Germany and other infrastructure systems, Germany has an open telephone numbering plan. There used to be no fixed lengths for either area codes or subscriber telephone numbers, as a result, dialing sequences are generally of a variable length, except for some non-geographic area codes for which subscriber numbers use a fixed-length format. It is not possible to determine unambiguously the end of a number from a prefix or the digits already dialed. This feature allows the extension of the length of numbers without revoking or changing existing numbers. Cell phone numbers in Germany are not given geographic area codes, thus they can easily be told apart from other numbers. A new numbering plan was introduced on May 3,2010, since then new landline phone numbers have a standard length of 11 digits including the area code and omitting the trunk prefix 0. Area codes remain as they are and are variable in length. The German telephone network uses 5200 geographical area codes, the length of which varies from two to five digits, with area codes only being assigned in the New States. In general, geographic area codes start with digits 02 to 09, whereas other non-geographic area codes including those for cell phone usage are assigned to 01, geographic area codes have a length of two to five digits. The maximum total length is eleven digits, geographic numbers are assigned to carriers in blocks, from which these carriers can make derivative assignments to subscribers. Subscriber numbers do not start with 0 or 11 and can be called directly from landlines within the geographic area code. Originally, the first digits following the code would indicate a smaller area within these area codes or the type of the subscriber line. However, this is no longer true as subscribers can keep their numbers when moving within a code or when switching from analogue to ISDN. Further, new carriers assign numbers from different blocks, xxxx-xxxx This is the format used for the four largest geographic areas in Germany, Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Munich. Newly assigned numbers have a length of eight digits for the subscriber number. This is shorter than the maximum of eleven digits in other areas in order to avoid local numbers to be longer than eight digits, Numbers assigned in the past, which are generally grandfathered, may be as short as five digits. Xxxx-xxxx In area codes that use three digits, newly assigned numbers also have a length of eight digits, yielding a total length of eleven digits, grandfathered numbers may be as short as four digits
