1.
Telephone numbers in Slovakia
–
This page details the format and usage of telephone numbers in Slovakia. Today, Slovakia uses a closed numbering plan with area codes beginning with 0, after 0, there is usually a 2-digit prefix, followed by a 7-digit subscriber number. The capital, Bratislava, has one-digit prefix and an 8-digit subscriber number, the following special telephone numbers are valid across the country,112 - General emergency 150 - Fire brigade 155 - Ambulance 158 - Police 159 - Municipal police These numbers are toll-free. Numbering plan published by the Telecommunication Office of the Slovak Republic
2.
Czech Republic
–
The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3.
Telephone numbers in Europe
–
Telephone numbers in Europe are managed by the national telecommunications authorities of each country. The country calling codes start primarily with 3 and 4, however, some countries that by the Copenhagen criteria are considered part of Europe have country codes from the Asia range, the international access code has been standardized as 00. † = Disputed state, may not be recognized as an independent state by some or all European Union members, *A variable dialing plan has different dialing procedures for local and long distance telephone calls. A call within the city or within an area is dialed only by the subscriber number, while for calls outside the area. For fixed dialing plan it is required to dial all digits of the complete telephone number, including any area codes. Calls between member states would no longer require the use of the access code 00. Instead the digit 1 was proposed for these calls, replaced by +3 for call from outside the EU, each country would have a two-digit country code after the 1 or the +3. Calls inside each country would not be affected, option 3, Creation, in addition to providing numbers for special services, of a clear European numbering identity by using the number 3 to proceed current national country codes. This would liberate up to 50 new country codes within Europe and this would create four different ways of calling someone. For example, to call a number in Berlin, in Germany, a disadvantage would have been that every local number beginning with 1 would have had to be changed. wtng. info/wtng-reg. html#Europewide
4.
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
–
Czechoslovakia was created with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. Soon after, the philosophy of Edvard Beneš pushed for greater unity, some Slovaks were not in favour of this change, and in March 1939, with pressure from Adolf Hitler, the First Slovak Republic was created. Occupation by the Soviet Union after World War II oversaw their reunification into the third Czechoslovak republic, in 1968, the Constitutional Law of Federation reinstated an official federal structure, but during the Normalization period in the 1970s, Gustáv Husák returned most of the control to Prague. This approach encouraged a regrowth of separatism after the fall of communism, by 1991, the Czech Republics GDP per capita was some 20% higher than Slovakias, but its long-run GDP growth was lower. Transfer payments from the Czech budget to Slovakia, which had been the rule in the past, were stopped in January 1991, many Czechs and Slovaks desired the continued existence of a federal Czechoslovakia. Some major Slovak parties, however, advocated a form of co-existence. In the next years, political parties re-emerged, but Czech parties had little or no presence in Slovakia, in order to have a functional state, the government demanded continued control from Prague, while Slovaks continued to ask for decentralization. In 1992, the Czech Republic elected Václav Klaus and others who demanded either an even tighter federation or two independent states, Vladimír Mečiar and other leading Slovak politicians of the day wanted a kind of confederation. The two sides opened frequent and intense negotiations in June, on 17 July, the Slovak parliament adopted the Declaration of independence of the Slovak nation. Six days later, Klaus and Mečiar agreed to dissolve Czechoslovakia at a meeting in Bratislava, Czechoslovak president Václav Havel resigned rather than oversee the dissolution which he had opposed, in a September 1992 poll, only 37% of Slovaks and 36% of Czechs favoured dissolution. The goal of negotiations switched to achieving a peaceful division, on 13 November, the Federal Assembly passed Constitution Act 541 which settled the division of property between the Czech lands and Slovakia. With Constitution Act 542, passed on 25 November, they agreed to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia as of 31 December 1992, in contrast, other post-communist break-ups involved violent conflict. That is why, Czechoslovakia is known as the only former socialist state to have a peaceful breakup. Those who argue from the inevitability stance tend to point to the stereotypes between the two nations, which date back to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and other issues, disputes occurred only with respect to the Czechoslovak national flag. From 1990 to 1992, the red and white Flag of Bohemia officially served as the flag of the Czech Republic, the national territory was divided along the existing internal borders. Nevertheless, the border was not clearly defined at points and, in some areas. Most federal assets were divided in a ratio of 2 to 1, including equipment, rail. Some minor disputes lasted for a few years after dissolution, initially the old Czechoslovak currency, the Czechoslovak koruna, was still used in both countries. Fears of economic loss on the Czech side caused the two states to two national currencies as early as 8 February 1993
5.
Slovakia
–
Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Slovakias territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks, the capital and largest city is Bratislava. The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries, in the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samos Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra. In the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary, which became part of the Habsburg Empire. After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a separate Slovak Republic existed in World War II as a client state of Nazi Germany. In 1945, Czechoslovakia was reëstablished under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite, in 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The country maintains a combination of economy with universal health care. The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009, Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the OECD, the WTO, CERN, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group. The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and its legal tender, the Euro, is the worlds 2nd most traded currency. Although regional income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, in 2016, Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world. Slovakia is the world’s biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone, the car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia’s industrial output, and a quarter of its exports. Radiocarbon datingputs the oldest surviving archaeological artefacts from Slovakia – found near Nové Mesto nad Váhom – at 270,000 BC and these ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia. Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic era come from the Prévôt cave near Bojnice, the most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium, discovered near Gánovce, a village in northern Slovakia. The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of mammoth-bone, the statue was found in the 1940s in Moravany nad Váhom near Piešťany. Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina and these findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. The Bronze Age in the territory of modern-day Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BC
6.
T-Mobile
–
T-Mobile International AG was a German holding company for Deutsche Telekom AGs mobile communications subsidiaries. From 2003 to 2007 T-Mobile International was one of Deutsche Telekoms segments beside the segments of Broadband/Fixnet, Business Customers and Group HQ and Shared Services. T-Mobile International AG was based in Bonn, Germany and its subsidiaries operated GSM, UMTS and LTE-based cellular networks in Europe, the United States, Puerto Rico, the company had financial stakes in mobile operators in both Central and Eastern Europe. S. Globally, T-Mobile Internationals subsidiaries had a total of approximately 230 million subscribers. Germanys first mobile-communications services were radiotelephone systems that were owned and operated by the postal monopoly. It launched the analog first-generation C-Netz, Germanys first true mobile phone network in 1985, on July 1,1989, West Germany reorganized Deutsche Bundespost and consolidated telecommunications into a new unit, Deutsche Bundespost Telekom. On July 1,1992, it began to operate Germanys first GSM network, along with the C-Netz, the GSM900 MHz frequency band was referred to as the D-Netz, and Telekom named its service D1, the private consortium awarded the second license chose the name D2. Deutsche Bundespost Telekom was renamed Deutsche Telekom AG on January 1,1995 as part of two of the German communications reform. This process of continued in November 1996, when DT was privatized and had the largest European IPO at the time. That same year, DT began to brand its subsidiaries with the T- prefix, in 2002, as DT consolidated its international operations, it anglicized the T-Mobil name to T-Mobile. On July 5,2005 Deutsche Telekom transformed its structure and adopted a regional setup, where available, the local mobile businesses were combined with the respective local wireline businesses to follow the integrated business aproach. In late 2007, it was confirmed that the merger of the high-speed 3G, the merger was completed the following month, the new companys name later being announced as EE. Orange and T-Mobile continued as separate brands in the market until 2015, until 2000, T-Mobile was a shareholder of the former max. mobil. In April 2001, it acquired one hundred percent and subsequently introduced the T-Mobile brand in Austria by rebranding max. mobil. in April 2002 as T-Mobile Austria, in 2005, it acquired former competitor tele. ring from Western Wireless International. It is now used as a discount brand, tele. ring is an Austrian mobile network operator. Since it was bought by T-Mobile in 2006, it is no longer an independent company. Tele. ring is independent and now acts primarily as a discount-offer, similar to Yesss. In the past, tele. ring was known for their aggressive price-politics, T-Mobile entered the Croatian market in October 1999 when DT initially acquired a thirty-five percent interest in Hrvatski telekom, including its cell phone service provider Cronet
7.
Prague
–
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
8.
Central Bohemian Region
–
Central Bohemia is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the central part of its historical region of Bohemia. Its administrative center is placed in the Czech capital Prague, which lies in the center of the region, the city is not, however, a part of it and creates a region of its own. The Central Bohemian Region is situated in the center of Bohemia, in terms of area it is the largest region in the Czech Republic. It occupies 11,014 km² which is almost 14% of the area of the country. It surrounds the country’s capital Prague and it borders with Liberec Region, Hradec Králové Region, Pardubice Region, Vysočina Region, South Bohemian Region, Plzeň Region and Ústí nad Labem Region. In 2011, the region counted in total 1,145 municipalities where of 26 were municipalities with a municipal office. 1,044 municipalities had less than 2,000 inhabitants,82 municipalities had a status of town. With an area of 11,014 km², the Central Bohemian Region is the largest region of the Czech Republic, the region has relatively various natural conditions. The highest point of the region is located on Tok hill in Brdy Highlands in the part of the region. The lowest point of the region is situated on the surface of the Elbe River near Dolní Beřkovice. The region is divided into two landscape types, the north-eastern part is formed by Polabí lowlands with a high share of land being used for agricultural purposes and deciduous forests. The south-western part of the region is hilly with coniferous and mixed forests, important rivers in the region are Elbe, Vltava, Berounka, Jizera and Sázava. On Vltava river, a series of nine dams were constructed throughout the 20th century, the agricultural land accounts for 83. 5% of all land in the region, which 11p. p. The highest share of the land can be found in Polabí, especially in Kolín. There are a number of parks located in the region. Křivoklátsko is the largest and most important landscape park in the region, another remarkable area is the Bohemian Karst, the largest karst area in the Czech republic where the Koněprusy Caves are located. Finally, Kokořínsko Landscape park is for a part situated in the Central Bohemian Region. As of December 31,2012 the Central Bohemian Region had 1,291,816 inhabitants and was the most populous region in the country, about 53% of the inhabitants lived in towns or cities
9.
Karlovy Vary Region
–
The Karlovy Vary Region or Carlsbad Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the westernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Karlovy Vary, the region is world-famous for its spas, including Karlovy Vary and Mariánské Lázně. 3% and 50. 7% of the population respectively. The region is known for its spas and is responsible over half of the countys spa industry. Twelve spas can be found in the city of Karlovy Vary alone, other famous spa towns in the region include Františkovy Lázně, Mariánské Lázně, Lázně Kynžvart and Jáchymov. The spas are visited not only by Czechs but by people from the rest of Europe, Russia, Israel, Karlovy Vary spa wafers, a food item from the region, was awarded protected designation of origin status by the European Commission in 2011. The water from the region is used in locally produced beverages including Mattoni from Karlovy Vary, the region is the home of two power stations, Vřesová and Tisová, both in the Sokolov District. The region is part of the so-called Black Triangle, an area of heavy industrialization and environmental damage on the three-way border of Poland, Germany. The Karlovy Region is served by Karlovy Vary Airport, which handled more than 100,000 passengers in 2012, the region is also home to two other airports, neither of which are used for passenger flights. These are Cheb Airport, the oldest airport in the country, the unfinished R6 expressway passes through the region, linking Cheb and Karlovy Vary to Prague. The length of operated railway lines in the region is 493 km, the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague opened a centre in the village of Dalovice in the Karlovy Vary District in 2007. Official website Karlovy Vary photos and sights to visit
10.
Karlovy Vary
–
Karlovy Vary or Carlsbad is a spa town situated in western Bohemia, Czech Republic, on the confluence of the rivers Ohře and Teplá, approximately 130 km west of Prague. It is named after Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and it is historically famous for its hot springs. It is the most visited spa town in the Czech Republic, an ancient late Bronze Age fortified settlement was found in Drahovice. A Slavic settlement in Karlovy Vary is documented by findings in Tašovice, people lived in the close proximity of later Karlovy Vary as far back as the 13th century and they must have been aware of the curative effects of close thermal springs. Around 1350, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor organized an expedition into the forests surrounding modern-day Karlovy Vary during a stay in Loket, on the site of a spring, he established a spa called the Horké Lázně u Lokte. The location was renamed after him once he had acclaimed the healing power of the hot springs. Charles IV granted the city privileges on 14 August 1370, earlier settlements can be also found in the outskirts of todays city. An important political event took place in the town in 1819, initiated by the Austrian Minister of State Klemens von Metternich, the decrees were intended to implement anti-liberal censorship within the German Confederation. It became more popular after railway lines to Cheb and Prague were completed in 1870, the number of visitors rose from 134 families in the 1756 season to 26,000 guests annually at the end of the 19th century. By 1911, that figure had reached 71,000, at the end of World War I in 1918, the large German-speaking population of Bohemia was incorporated into the new state of Czechoslovakia in accordance with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. As a result, the German-speaking majority of Karlovy Vary protested, a demonstration on 4 March 1919 passed peacefully, but later that month, six demonstrators were killed by Czech troops after a demonstration turned unruly. In 1938, the majority German-speaking areas of Czechoslovakia, known as the Sudetenland, after World War II, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, the vast majority of the people of Karlovy Vary were forcibly expelled from the city because of their German ethnicity. In accordance with the Beneš decrees, their property was confiscated without compensation, since the end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the presence of Russian businesses in Karlovy Vary has steadily increased. In 2012, foreigners were around 7% of the population of the Karlovy Vary region, after Prague, this is the highest proportion in the Czech Republic. The largest group of foreigners were Vietnamese, followed by Germans, Russians and Ukrainians, local buses and cable cars take passengers to most areas of the city. The city can be reached from other locations by inter-city buses, the city is connected by expressway R6. International Karlovy Vary Airport is located 4.5 km south-east from the city, the city is also known for the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, which is one of the oldest in the world and one of Europes major film events. It is also known for the popular Czech liqueur Becherovka and the production of the glass manufacturer Moser Glass
11.
South Bohemian Region
–
South Bohemia is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mostly in the southern part of its historical land of Bohemia, with a small part in southwestern Moravia. The western part of the South Bohemian Region is former Prachens, in 2011, there were 623 municipalities in the region, whereof 54 had a status of town. The region borders the regions Plzeň, Central Bohemia, Vysocina, to the south it borders Austria and Germany. Until 30 May 2001, the region was named as Budějovický kraj or Českobudějovický kraj, after its capital, thanks to its geographical location and natural conditions the region belongs to the areas where the first settlements began to appear in the distant past. In the past centuries, the South Bohemia was famous for fishpond cultivation, the region has been industrialized since the beginning of the twentieth century. Nowadays, it is a destination due to its natural. The travel industry has been recently the fastest growing industry in the region, the region was established based on the constitutional lax No. 347/97 of Collections concerning the formation of higher territorial administrative units, the region and its authorities are specified by Act No. 129-2000 of Collections concerning regions, which came into effect on the day of the regional authorities elections, as of September 2013, South Bohemias population is 636,459 and with only 63 people per 1 km² the region has the lowest population density in the whole country. 64. 2% of region’s population lives in towns or cities, one third of the inhabitants live in the five largest municipalities. Only 4% of region’s population lives in municipalities with less than 200 inhabitants, in 2011, the average age in the region is 41.2 years. Approximately 11% of inhabitants who were 15 years or older had a university degree, according to 2011 census,20. 6% of inhabitants in the region believe in god. The table below gives an overview of town and cities in the region that have more than 8,000 inhabitants, other significant towns are, Vimperk, Dačice, Kaplice, Soběslav, Sezimovo Ústí, Vodňany, Blatná, Veselí nad Lužnicí, Bechyně and Protivín. The following table provides details on the districts of the South Bohemia, South Bohemia consists of the South Bohemian Basin, České Budějovice Basin. The Bohemian Forest is a low range of mountains situated in the south-west, other highlands that can be found in the region are the Brdy Highlands, the Central-Bohemian Highlands, the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands and the Novohradské Mountains. The highest elevation in the region is the 1, 378-metre high Plechý in the Bohemian Forest, the region is located in the drainage basin of Vltava river. Other significant rivers are Malše, Lužnice, Otava, Nežárka, South Bohemia is famous for its countless ponds. In the past, more than seven thousand ponds were established across the region, with its 489 ha Rožmberk is the largest one, followed by Bezdrev and Horusice pond
12.
Pardubice Region
–
Pardubice Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice, as an administrative unit, Pardubice Region has in the course of history existed three times. It was established for the first time in 1850, and extended from Český Brod to the Bohemian-Moravian border, in its second existence, it was one of 19 regions as they were set between 1949 and 1960. After 1960, Pardubice became the capital of Pardubice district, which part of the Eastern Bohemian Region. The Pardubice Region as it is now was reestablished in 2000, the Pardubice Region is divided into 4 districts, Chrudim District Pardubice District Svitavy District Ústí nad Orlicí District There are a total of 451 municipalities in the region. Among these are 15 municipalities with extended powers and 26 municipalities with a municipal office. Thirty-two of the municipalities are classified as towns, the regional central offices are in Pardubice. The total population of the Pardubice Region was 516,411 as of 31 December 2011, There are in total 453 municipalities in the Pardubice Region, whereof 17 municipalities have a higher population than 5,000. The largest municipality of the region is Pardubice with a population of almost 90,000, the table below shows the municipalities in Pardubice Region with a population larger than 10,000. Other significant towns in Pardubice Region are Holice, Králíky, Polička, Přelouč, Choceň, with a total size of 4,519 km², Padrubice is the fifth smallest region in the Czech Republic. Králický Sněžník is the highest point in the region, the lowest point is situated on the water surface of the Labe River near Kojice. The southern and southeastern parts of the region are home to the areas of Žďárské vrchy. The central and western parts of the region are formed by the Polabí lowlands, in the northeast, the region reaches the Orlické hory and Hrubý Jeseník Mountains. The European Watershed runs through the region, where it separates the basins of the North Sea, the tripoint of the Danube, Elbe and Oder watersheds is located at the peak of Králický Sněžník. The majority of the region belongs to the basin of the Elbe, consisting of the rivers Chrudimka, Divoká Orlice, Doubrava, Loučná, Tichá Orlice. The rivers in the basin of the Danube are the Morava, Moravská Sázava, Svitava. The Seč Dam and the Pastviny Dam are among the water bodies in the region. The most prevalent soil types in the region are podzol and cambisol, forests cover 29. 6% of the region and are predominantly coniferous
13.
Pardubice
–
Pardubice is a city in the Czech Republic. It is the city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the river Elbe,96 kilometres east of Prague. There is an old Tower and a Castle, factories include the Synthesia chemical factory, an oil refinery Paramo, a heavy machinery factory and an electronic equipment plant. The city is known for its sport events, ginger bread, rail. The oldest extant Document regarding Pardubice comes from 1295, the area had a monastery beginning in the early 13th century, and the city was founded c. 1340. In 1491, Pardubice was bought by William II of Pernstein, until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy, head of the PARDUBITZ district, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia. In 1845, the first train arrived to Pardubice, the town was connected to other railway lines so Pardubice could thrive even more. New industrial enterprises started to emerge in the town, namely a distillery, since 1874, the Great Pardubice Steeplechase horse race has taken place every autumn. Jan Kašpar made history by flying the first long-haul flight towards Prague, in Pardubice, industrial expansion was on the rise, especially after the First World War. However, during the Second World War the town was damaged by air strikes of the Allies, the Fanto Werke refinery at Pardubice was repeatedly bombed during the Oil Campaign of World War II, and forced labor was provided by a concentration camp. Tesla electronics manufacturer operated from 1921–1989, and the Foxconn factory was established in June 2000, after 1989 the town continued to develop and flourish, the Chateau and its surroundings of estates were reconstructed. Pardubice has established contacts with foreign towns, Pardubice is situated on the bank of the second longest river in the Czech Republic, the Labe River, where there is a mouth of another river called Chrudimka. Pardubice is located at approximately 15° east longitude and 50° north longitude, the town is located 100 km east of the capital city of Prague,150 km north-west of Brno. Pardubice is in the area of Labe Lowlands with average elevation of 225m, the area is of lowland character without many hills. One exception is a nearby hill Kunětická hora, Pardubice is an important railway junction. From Pardubice come tracks to Prague, Ostrava, Hradec Králové, railway station Pardubice main station is very busy, all trains of Czech railways, RegioJet and LEO Express are standing there. Paradubice is served by Pardubice Airport, Pardubice is called the city of industry. The dominant industries are chemical industry, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, the chemical industry is mainly represented by a company Paramo and Synthesia, which was founded in Pardubice-Semtín as a stock factory for explosive substances
14.
Liberec Region
–
Liberec Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the northernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Liberec, the region shares international borders with Germany and Poland. Domestically the region borders the Ústí nad Labem Region to the west, the Central Bohemian Region to the south, the region was affected by flash floods in August 2010, with swelling of the river Smědá being one of the factors to prompt evacuation efforts in the region. As of 1 January 2012 the population of the Liberec Region was 438,600 with 214,983 males and 223,617 females, the Liberec Region hosts manufacturing, glassmaking, mechanical engineering and jewellery production industries among others. The region is part of the so-called Black Triangle, an area of heavy industrialization and environmental damage on the border of Poland, Germany. A Neolithic site dating to around 4,500 BC was uncovered in 2007 near the village of Příšovice, lake Mácha near the town of Doksy is an important regional centre for leisure, attracting around 30,000 visitors annually. The vicinity of the lake has a park and hosts an annual music festival called Mácháč. The region is linked to Prague by the R10 expressway, which terminates in the town of Turnov, the length of operated railway lines in the region is 551 km. Three airports are in the region, Hradčany Airport, a military airport near the town of Ralsko, is the most significant. Other minor airports exist in Česká Lípa and Hodkovice nad Mohelkou, the region is home to the public Technical University of Liberec, which was founded in 1953
15.
Liberec
–
Liberec /ˈlɪbərɛts/ is a city in the Czech Republic. Located on the Lusatian Neisse and surrounded by the Jizera Mountains and Ještěd-Kozákov Ridge, for many Czechs, Liberec is mostly associated with the citys dominant Ještěd Tower. Since the end of the 19th century, the city has been a conurbation with the suburb of Vratislavice, therefore, the total area with suburbs encompasses 150,000 inhabitants. This makes Liberec the third-largest city in Bohemia after Prague and Plzeň, Liberec was first mentioned in a document of 1348 and from 1622 to 1634 was among the possessions of Albrecht von Wallenstein. After his death it belonged to the Gallas and Clam Gallas families, the cloth-making industry was introduced in 1579. The prosperous local industry was interrupted by the Thirty Years War, the Battle of Reichenberg between Austria and Prussia occurred nearby in 1757 during the Seven Years War. Until 1918 the town was part of the Austrian monarchy, seat of the Reichenberg district, the Opera House has a spectacular main curtain designed by the Austrian artist Gustav Klimt. The neighbourhoods on the hills above the town centre display beautiful homes and streets, after the end of World War I Austria-Hungary fell apart. Reichenberg was declared the capital of the German-Austrian province of German Bohemia, on 16 December 1918 the Czechoslovak Army occupied Reichenberg and the whole province and both became part of Czechoslovakia. The Great Depression devastated the economy of the area with its textile, carpet, glass, whilst he declared fidelity to the Republic, he secretly negotiated with Adolf Hitler. The city became the centre of Pan-German movements and later of the Nazis, especially after the 1935 election, despite its important democratic mayor, Karl Kostka. The final change came in Summer 1938, after the radicalization of the terror of the SdP, whose death threats forced Kostka, most of the citys Jewish and Czech population fled to the rest of Czechoslovakia or were expelled. The important synagogue was burned down, during a rally in December 1938, Hitler laid out the future of the Hitler Youth. After World War II the town became a part of Czechoslovakia. The region was resettled with Czechs. Liberec also has a Jewish minority with a newly built synagogue, the origin of the city name was the subject of many discussions, often nationally influenced, because it was a bilingual settlement. The oldest known names of the city are German, Reychinberch and Raichmberg and it was also named Reichenberg and Rychmberg. The Czech equivalent originated as a distortion, Rychberk, Lychberk, Libercum, Liberk, in Czech, words starting with R were often dissimilated into L
16.
South Moravian Region
–
The South Moravian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia. Its capital is Brno, the 2nd largest city in the Czech Republic, the region has 1,169,000 inhabitants and the total area of 7,196.5 km². It is bordered by the South Bohemian Region, Vysočina Region, Pardubice Region, Olomouc Region, Zlín Region, there are 21 municipalities with extended powers and 34 municipalities with a delegated municipal office. The region is famous for its wine production, the area around the towns of Mikulov, Znojmo, Velké Pavlovice along with the Slovácko region provide 94% of the Czech Republics vineyards. The total population of the region as of 30 June 2012 was 1,168,975 inhabitants, the number of inhabitants has been growing since 2002. The net migration has been positive in all years since 2003, since 2007 the region has also experienced natural population growth. In 2012 there were 37 thousand foreigners living in the region, the average age of citizens in the region was 41.5 years in 2012. The average age has grown by 5 years over the last two decades, the life expectancy at birth in 2012 was 75.2 years for men and 81.7 years for women. Life expectancy has been growing over recent years, the divorce-marriage ratio in the region was 60.3 in 2012. One third of the population lives in the capital Brno. The share of inhabitants living in towns and cities on the population of the region has been steadily decreasing due to suburbanization. The table below displays 12 municipalities with the highest number of inhabitants in the region, with an area of 7,196.5 km² the South Moravian Region is the fourth largest region of the Czech Republic. The highest point of the region is located in the part on Durda mountain. The point with the lowest elevation is situated in Břeclav District at the meeting of the rivers Morava, the northern and north-western part of the region is covered by the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands and the Moravian Karst. There is a cave complex in the Moravian Karst with a 138.5 m depth in the Macocha Gorge in the Punkva Caves. In the eastern part, the region reaches to the Carpathian Mountains, the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands and the Carpathian Mountains are separated by the Lower-Moravian Valley. The southern part of the region is flat and dominated by fields, meadows. The largest river of the region is the Morava river, other significant rivers are the Dyje, Svratka, which are all tributaries of the Morava river
17.
Brno
–
Brno is the second largest city in the Czech Republic by population and area, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the center of the South Moravian Region in which it forms a separate district. The city is also a significant administrative centre and it is the seat of a number of state authorities, including the Ombudsman, and the Office for the Protection of Competition. Brno is also an important centre of education, with 33 faculties belonging to 13 institutes of higher learning. Brno Exhibition Centre ranks among the largest exhibition centres in Europe, the complex opened in 1928 and established the tradition of large exhibitions and trade fairs held in Brno. Brno hosts motorbike and other races on the Masaryk Circuit, an established in 1930. Another cultural tradition is a fireworks competition, Ignis Brunensis. The other large preserved castle near the city is Veveří Castle by the Brno Dam Lake and this castle is the site of a number of legends, as are many other places in Brno. Another architectural monument of Brno is the functionalist Villa Tugendhat which has been included on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, one of the natural sights nearby is the Moravian Karst. The etymology of the name Brno is disputed and it perhaps comes from Old Czech brnie muddy, swampy. Alternative derivations are from a Slavic verb brniti or a Celtic language spoken in the area before it was overrun by Germanic peoples, throughout its history, Brnos locals also referred to the town in other languages, including Brünn in German, ברין in Yiddish and Bruna in Latin. The city was referred to as Brunn in English. The Asteroid 2889 Brno was named after the city, as well as the Bren light machine gun, one of the most famous weapons of World War II. In the early 11th century Brno was established as a castle of a prince from the House of Přemyslid. Brno was first mentioned in Cosmas Chronica Boëmorum dated to year 1091, seats of these rulers and thus capitals of these territories were castles and towns of Brno, Olomouc, and Znojmo. In the late 12th century, Moravia began to reunify, forming the Margraviate of Moravia, since then, until the mid of the 17th century, it was not clear which town should be the capital of Moravia. Political power was therefore divided between Brno and Olomouc, but Znojmo also played an important role. The Moravian Diet, the Moravian Land Tables, and the Moravian Land Court were all seated in both cities at once, however, Brno was the official seat of the Moravian Margraves, and later its geographical position closer to Vienna also became important
18.
Moravian-Silesian Region
–
The Moravian-Silesian Region, is one of the 14 administrative Regions of the Czech Republic. Before May 2001 it was called the Ostrava Region, the region is located in the north-eastern part of its historical region of Moravia and in most of the Czech part of the historical region of Silesia. The region borders the Olomouc Region to the west and the Zlín Region to the south and it also borders two other countries – Poland to the north and Slovakia to the east. Once a highly industrialized region, it was called the Steel Heart of the Country in the communist era, there are, in addition, several mountainous areas where the landscape is relatively preserved. Nowadays, the economy of the benefits from its location in the Czech/Polish/Slovak borderlands. The geography of the region varies considerably, comprising many landforms from lowlands to high mountains whose summits lie above the tree line. In the west lie the Hrubý Jeseník mountains, with the highest mountain of the region, the mountains are heavily forested, with many spectacular places and famous spas such as Karlova Studánka and Jeseník and are therefore very popular with tourists. There are also several ski resorts, including Červenohorské Sedlo and Ovčárna, the Hrubý Jeseník mountains slowly merge into the rolling hills of the Nízký Jeseníks and Oderské Vrchy, rising to 800 m at Slunečná and 680 m at Fidlův Kopec respectively. To the east, the landscape gradually descends into the Moravian Gate valley with the Bečva, the former flows to the south-west, the latter to the north-east, where the terrain spreads into the flat Ostrava and Opava basins, where most of the population lives. The regions heavy industry, which has been in decline for the last decade, is located there too, the confluence of the rivers Odra and Olše is the lowest point of the region, at 195 m. The mountains are forested and serve as a holiday resort for the industrial north. There are three large Landscape Protected Areas and a number of nature reserves in the region. The countryside is mostly man-made, but there are five Natural Parks with preserved natural scenery, the CHKO Jeseníky lies in the mountain range of the same name in the north east of the region. The terrain is diverse, with steep slopes and deep valleys. Eighty percent of the area is forested, mostly by secondary plantations of Norway spruce, due to local weather conditions, the tree line in the area descends to 1, 200–1,300 m. Alpine meadows can be found in low elevations in the Jeseník mountains. There are also a few peat moors, which are otherwise non-existent in Moravia, the CHKO Poodří lies in the Moravian Gate, in close proximity to the regions capital Ostrava, on the banks of the meandering Odra. It is an area of forests, flooded meadows and a lot of shallow ponds
19.
Ostrava
–
Ostrava is a city in the north-east of the Czech Republic and is the capital of the Moravian-Silesian Region. It is 15 km from the border with Poland, at the point of four rivers. The population was around 300,000 in 2013, Ostrava grew to prominence thanks to its position at the heart of a major coalfield, becoming an important industrial centre. Industries have been restructured, and the last coal was mined in the city in 1994. Lower Vítkovice has applied for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List, since the 1990s Ostrava has been transformed into a modern cultural city, with numerous theatres, galleries and other cultural facilities. It hosts a range of cultural and sporting events throughout the year. Among the best known are the Colours of Ostrava multi-genre music festival, the Janáček May classical music festival, Ostrava is home to two public universities, the VŠB-Technical University and the University of Ostrava. In 2014 Ostrava was a European City of Sport, the city co-hosted the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship in 2004 and 2015. The city’s coat of arms features a shield with a rearing silver horse standing on a green lawn. The horse wears a saddle and a red coverlet. At the top right of the shield there is a rose with green leaves. The horse in the coat-of-arms wears no bridle, the oldest known depiction of this coat-of-arms is on a seal dating from 1426, the first coloured version dates from 1728. This explanation is supported by most modern literature, in 2008, Ostrava’s new marketing logo was unveiled. Designed by Studio Najbrt, the logo “OSTRAVA. ” is used in presentations of the city both in the Czech Republic and abroad. The three exclamation marks are meant to symbolise the dynamism, energy and self-confidence of Ostrava and its people, the light blue colour of the city’s name is based on the heraldic tradition, while the exclamation marks are a contrasting darker blue. The logo is intended to be striking, provocative and above all memorable, the first written mention of Silesian Ostrava dates from 1229, when it was described as a settlement. The first mention of Moravian Ostrava describes it as a township, Ostrava grew up on the banks of the Ostrá River, from which it took its name. This river still divides the city into two parts, Moravian Ostrava and Silesian Ostrava
20.
Jihlava
–
Jihlava is a city in the Czech Republic. There is also a Jewish cemetery, containing some remarkable monuments including the tombstone of the parents of Gustav Mahler, the citys German name, Iglau, is derived from the German word for hedgehog, Igel, hence the hedgehog on the coat of arms. According to legend, already in the year 799 silver was mined in Iglau, king Ottokar I established a mint, and Iglau was granted extensive privileges from early times onwards. An old Slavic settlement upon a ford was moved to a hill where the mining town was founded by king Václav I. Medieval mines surrounded by mining settlements were localized outside the walls of the medieval town, in the era of the Hussite Wars, Jihlava remained a Catholic stronghold and managed to resist a number of sieges. Later at Jihlava, on 5 July 1436, a treaty was made with the Hussites, a marble relief near the town marks the spot where Ferdinand I, in 1527, swore fidelity to the Bohemian estates. During the Thirty Years War Jihlava was twice captured by the Swedes, in 1742 it fell into the hands of the Prussians, and in December 1805 the Bavarians under Wrede were defeated near the town. In 1860 it became the home of Bohemian-Austrian composer Gustav Mahler. Until World War I the town was an important Austro-Hungarian Army military centre, in 1914 the I, II and III. Battalion of the Moravian Infantry Regiment No.81 and the Second Battalion of the Landwehr infantry regiment number 14 were the garrison troops, after World War I the town constituted a German language island within Slavic speaking Moravia. This affected local politics as it remained the centre of the second largest German-speaking enclave in the republic of Czechoslovakia. The Volksdeutsche of Iglau / Jihlava relied on peaceful opposition to the Czech military occupation of their region, unsuccessful in getting their right to self-determination recognized and incorporated into the new Czechoslovakian state instead, many of the indigenous Germans took to more nationalistic politics. Thereafter extremist political figures like Hans Krebs, editor of the Iglauer Volkswehr newspaper, became prominent with the rise of Nazism, the area remained, until the end of World War II, a distinctive regional folk culture reflecting hundreds of years of local customs. The local dialect of German was a branch of Mitteldeutsch. Musicians often used homemade instruments and original groups of four fiddles, typical folk dances were the Hatschou, Tuschen and Radln. Peasant women like wearing old pairische Scharkaröckchen costumes with shiny dark skirts, after the end of World War II, and following the Beneš decrees, these German speakers were evicted, it is estimated that hundreds died on the arduous trek to Austria. The town was repopulated with Czech and Moravian settlers favoured by the new Communist regime, after 1951, the town was the site of several Communist show trials, which were directed against the influence of the Roman Catholic Church on the rural population. In the processes eleven death sentences were passed and 111 years of prison sentences imposed, all the convicted persons were rehabilitated after the Velvet Revolution
21.
Olomouc Region
–
It is named for its capital Olomouc. Olomouc region borders with the Moravian-Silesian Region, Zlín Region, South Moravian Region, furthermore, the region shares a 104 km long border with Poland. In September 2013 the population of the Olomouc Region totalled 636,585 inhabitants, as of 2012,56. 6% of region’s population lived in towns or cities. Out of 399 municipalities located in the region,30 had a status of town, region’s capital Olomouc is with approximately 100 thousand inhabitants the largest city. With 121.3 inhabitants per square kilometre the region was close to the average of 133.2 persons per km2. There were, of course, differences within the region, the lowest population density was in the Jeseník District, in the long term, the population of the region has been aging. The share of children aged 0–14 has been decreasing, while the proportion of those aged 65+ has been increasing, the table below provides the list of regions most populous cities and town as of 31 December 2012. The total area of the Region amounted to 5,266 km2, the northern part of the region is of a mountainous nature. The Jeseníky mountains are located here, including Praděd which is the highest point of the region, the southern part of the Region consists of the Hanakian lowland. The lowest point of the region is situated on the level of the Morava River near to Kojetín in the Přerov District. The Morava river flows through the region and the majority of the territory belongs to Morava’s drainage basin. A small northern part of the region belongs to the basin of Odra River which flows to the Baltic Sea. The Olomouc Region offers a variety of natural points of interest. Protected landscape area of the Jeseníky mountains offers a number of places such as with the largest Moravian peatbog Rejvíz. Another scenic place is Dlouhé Stráně water reservoir situated on the top of a hill, protected landscape area Litovelské Pomoraví offers floodplain forests with many endangered kinds of plants and animals. Finally, many caves can be found in the region, Javoříčko Caves, Mladeč Caves, the Regions economy focuses on traditional agriculture, processing industry and services. Conditions for further development of the Region are its suitable position, transport accessibility, developed infrastructure, enough qualified labour force and entry of foreign investors. In 2011 the total economically active population of the Olomouc Region was 307.2 thousand people, the unemployment rate in late 2013 was 9%
22.
Olomouc
–
Olomouc is a city in Moravia, in the east of the Czech Republic. Located on the Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis, today it is an administrative centre of the Olomouc Region and sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. The city has about 100,154 residents, and its urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people. Olomouc is said to occupy the site of a Roman fort founded in the imperial period, during the 6th century, Slavs migrated into the area. As early as the 7th century, a centre of power developed in the present-day quarter of Povel. Around 810 the local Slavonic ruler was defeated by troops of Great Moravian rulers, a new centre, where the Great Moravian governor resided, developed at the gord at Předhradí, a quarter of the inner city. This settlement survived the defeat of the Great Moravia and gradually became the capital of the province of Moravia, the bishopric of Olomouc was founded in 1063. Centuries later in 1777, it was raised to the rank of an archbishopric, the bishopric was moved from the church of St. Peter to the church of Saint Wenceslas in 1141 under bishop Jindřich Zdík. The bishops palace was built in the Romanesque architectural style, the bishopric acquired large tracts of land, especially in northern Moravia, and was one of the richest in the area. Olomouc became one of the most important settlements in Moravia and a seat of the Přemyslid government, in 1306 King Wenceslas III stopped here on his way to Poland. He was going to fight Władysław I the Elbow-high to claim his rights to the Polish crown and was assassinated, with his death, the whole Přemyslid dynasty died out. The city was founded in the mid-13th century and became one of the most important trade. In the Middle Ages, it was the biggest town in Moravia, Olomouc finally lost after the Swedes took the city and held it for eight years. In 1235, the Mongols launched an invasion of Europe, after the Battle of Legnica in Poland, the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia, but were defensively defeated at the fortified town of Olomouc. The Mongols subsequently invaded and defeated Hungary, in 1454 the city expelled its Jewish population as part of a wave of anti-Semitism, also seen in Spain and Portugal. The second half of the 15th century is considered the start of Olomoucs golden age and it hosted several royal meetings, and Matthias Corvinus was elected here as King of Bohemia by the estates in 1469. In 1479 two kings of Bohemia met here and concluded an agreement for splitting the country, participating in the Protestant Reformation, Moravia became mostly Protestant. During the Thirty Years War, in 1640 Olomouc was occupied by the Swedes for eight years and they left the city in ruins, and it became second to Brno
23.
O2 Czech Republic
–
O2 Czech Republic is a major integrated operator in the Czech Republic. It is now operating more than six lines, both fixed and mobile, making it one of the Czech Republic’s leading providers of fully converged services. O2 Czech Republic operates a fixed and mobile network including a 3rd generation network, CDMA, UMTS and EDGE, enabling voice, data and video transmission. In 2013 it was announced that Telefónica would sell its stake in the company to PPF, as of 1 June 2015 the separation of O2 Czech Republic as two mutually independent companies has been in force. Therefore, there are now two new companies with two different lines of business, the retail operator O2 and the wholesale infrastructure provider CETIN. The separation includes commercial and managerial leadership and management of companies, including security, IT and control systems. The company was known as SPT Telecom, and used to have a monopoly for providing fixed-line services. It was reorganized and renamed Český Telecom, after the Velvet Divorce saw Czechoslovakia separate into the Czech Republic and its mobile subsidiary, Eurotel, was founded in 1990 as a joint venture between SPT and the American joint venture Atlantic West. In 2001, it won a license to the third-generation UMTS network and it paid 1 billion korunas immediately, and promised to pay an additional 2.5 billion korunas annually. It also agreed to launch the service commercially, at least in Prague, in 2003, it received a one-year extension in exchange for faster payments. In 2005 it was granted another year-long extension due to the granting of a licence to Vodafone. In the event, UMTS services launched on 1 November 2005, on 1 May 2006, the company launched HSDPA services on top of UMTS services. In 2004 it launched CDMA/1xEV-DO broadband wireless service at 450 MHz, leveraging its legacy NMT network
24.
Vodafone Czech Republic
–
Vodafone Czech Republic a. s. is a Czech telecommunications company. It is among the largest Czech companies by revenue and it was established as Český Mobil in 1999, when the government of Miloš Zeman granted it a free license to operate the third mobile GSM network. Its mobile network was called Oskar, the company itself was renamed in September 2004 to Oskar Mobil, in 2005 the international company Vodafone became the sole shareholder, which in November 2005, approved the most recent change in the company name. Czech Vodafone currently has over 3 million customers, the director is Balesh Sharma since the end of 2013. In September 1999, an evaluation of the tender for the license to operate telecommunications services in the GSM1800 MHz band was conducted. Of the four registered bidders the best to meet the requirements of the tender were Český Mobil, during the scheduled completion of the tender at the end of September 1999, it should be running a network by Český Mobil by the end of December 1999. Orange offered to launch its network in early March 2000, the tender was won by Český Mobil. On October 8,1999, Český Mobil had its contract. s, officially, the commercial operation of the network Oskar wasnt started until March 1,2000. In 2001, in cooperation with Ericsson and the Czech Technical University it opened a Research, between 2001 and 2002, Oskar won 5 nominations for the prestigious World Communication Award for the best mobile operator. It closed its partnership with the worlds mobile Vodafone family in 2005, within a few months, there was a complete rebranding and Oskar Vodafone later became Vodafone. In 2007, Vodafone OneNet was launched offering companies converged mobile and fixed voice, as the first operator to do so, it started to offer services for free in exchange for viewing the ad on your mobile phone. In the following years they began the construction of a 3G network, in the same year, Vodafone was the first operator to bring per-second billing and the first tablet under its own brand. The year 2013 was marked by unlimited tariffs, the test LTE network, commercial operation of the network was launched in March 2000. The Vodafone network currently covers 99. 1% of the population, with the launch of EDGE, Vodafone introduced unlimited data services in 2005. The operation of its 3G network was launched in 2009 and it launched LTE4 years later for the first time. Vodafone is different from other operators in that they want LTE networks to cover rural areas. By the end of 2014, it plans to cover 93% of the population, on December 2,2013 Vodafone launched its own virtual operator Oskarta, whose name follows its earlier service. It is a card that is already characterized by cheap calls
25.
Erste Group
–
After the demise of Communism, the company started a strong expansion into Central and Eastern Europe and by 2008 it had acquired 10 banks. In 1997, it went public and today the company is listed on the exchanges of Vienna, Prague and Bucharest and included in the indices CEETX, ATX, Erste Group now includes all companies of the Group. In a ranking by Forbes Magazine of the worlds largest stock corporations in 2013, after restructuring and going public, Erste Bank – at the time the uniform organization – embarked on its expansion strategy into Central and Eastern Europe. The first takeover was the Hungarian Mezőbank in 1997, after carrying out another capital increase, the expansion continued. In 2000, majority stakes were acquired in the Czech Česká spořitelna, also in 2000, three small Croatian banks were merged to create Erste & Steiermärkische Bank d. d. following their takeovers as of 1997 by Erste Bank and the Steiermärkische Bank und Sparkassen AG. In 2003, Riječka banka was merged with Erste & Steiermärkische Bank, the stake owned by Erste in these subsidiaries has been 55. 1% ever since. The number of the employees at the end of 2008 was 9,985, in July 2005, Erste Bank signed the purchase agreement for the acquisition of 83. 28% of the shares in Novosadska banka a. d. Novi Sad, from the Republic of Serbia, with the acquisition of the bank, Erste Bank entered the Serbian market which promises enormous growth potential. In 2007, Erste acquired 100% of Bank Prestige in Ukraine, in April 2013, Erste Group sold its Ukrainian subsidiary for around EUR63 million to the owners of the Ukrainian Fidobank. The sale was in line with Erste Groups strategy to focus on the business in the eastern part of the European Union. Ukraine been growing more and more distant from the EU politically in the last few years, in 2008, the foreign business of Erste Bank was transferred to the newly founded Erste Group. s. Slovakia, Slovenská sporiteľňa Hungary, Erste Bank Hungary Zrt, croatia, Erste & Steiermärkische Bank d. d. Novi Sad Romania, Banca Comercială Română Slovenia Banka Sparkasse d. d, in October 2011 it said it expected a full year loss of up to EUR1.1 billion, after making writedowns and provisions of EUR1.6 billion. This would be its first loss since at least 1988 and it said the writedowns were due to government intervention in Hungary, where it is forced to take losses on Swiss franc mortgages, and a slower than expected recovery in Romania. It will also delay a plan to some of the state aid received in 2009. From 2009 to 2012, the Republic of Austria received annual payments from Erste Group of EUR98 million. As of year end 2015, Erste Group achieved a net profit of EUR968.2 million,4. 2% lending growth and a CET1 ratio of 12. 3%. In the spring of 2016,4.500 employees of Erste Group, of Erste Bank Oesterreich, the cornerstone had been laid on June 26th 2012
26.
Army of the Czech Republic
–
The Army of the Czech Republic comprise the Czech Land Forces, the Czech Air Force and support units. From the late 1940s to 1989, the extensive Czechoslovak Peoples Army formed one of the pillars of the Warsaw Pact military alliance, as defined by the Czech Law No. 219/1999 Coll. the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic are the forces of the Czech Republic. They consist of the Army of the Czech Republic, the Military Office of President of the Republic, the Czechoslovak Armed Forces were originally formed on 30 June 1918 when 6. On the other side of the conflict, a number of Czechoslovak units and formations served with the Polish Army, the French Army, the Royal Air Force, the British Army, four Czech and Slovak-manned RAF squadrons were transferred to Czechoslovak control in late 1945. From 1954 until 1990, the Army was known as the Czechoslovak Peoples Army. Of the approximately 201,000 personnel on duty in the ČSLA in 1987, about 145,000, or about 72 percent. About 100,000 of these were conscripts, there were two military districts, Western and Eastern. In the Eastern Military District, there were two divisions, the 13th and 14th, with a supervisory headquarters at Trenčín in the Slovak part of the country. 58 assault rifle or the Uk vz.59 machine gun were of Czechoslovak design, the Army of the Czech Republic was formed after the Czechoslovak Armed Forces split after the 1 January 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Czech forces stood at 90,000 in 1993 and they were reduced to around 65,000 in 11 combat brigades and the Air Force in 1997, to 63,601 in 1999, and to 35,000 in 2005. At the same time, the forces were modernized and reoriented towards a defensive posture, in 2004, the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The Army maintains an active reserve, the Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. At the 1999 Washington summit, the Czech Republic joined NATO, the unit is stationed in the outskirts of the city of Olomouc, in place of the canceled 156th Rescue Battalion. Active Reserve is a part of the otherwise professional Army of the Czech Republic and this service was created to allow the participation of citizens with a positive attitude to the military. A volunteer needs either to have completed the military service or to attend 8 week training. Then the reservists have to serve up to three weeks a year and can be called up to two weeks during a non-military crisis. They are not intended to serve abroad, the Reserve presents itself on events like BAHNA, a military show
27.
Landline
–
A landline telephone refers to a phone that uses a metal wire or fibre optic telephone line for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission. In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide, china had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom has 23.7 million residential fixed homephones, the 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.16 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology, a fixed phone line can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency, mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster. So-called leased lines are invariably of the type, the implications of a land line in this context are security and survivability. For example, a military headquarters might be linked to units by landline to ensure that communication remains possible even if the conventional telephone network is damaged or destroyed. Another example of this is in airports, all air traffic control towers have dedicated lines connected to the police, fire department, hospitals, army, etc. Deployed as a precaution in case of emergency, these can be used at any time, in many countries the landline has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced any rise in landline telephones, between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. However, during this time the number of mobile phone lines that have been subscribed to has skyrocketed. Between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use has risen from less than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. In developing countries it is difficult to install landline copper that is accessible to everyone than it is to install mobile wireless towers that people can connect to from anywhere. In the early 21st century, the telephone has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology. Some see this happening as soon as the year 2025, in 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, they had to rely on landline telephones, in just 4 years time, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year,2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone, in the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone
28.
Telephone numbers in Albania
–
For domestic calls,0 must be dialed before the user number of another administrative unit. The prefix for international calls from Albania is 00, as a result, cellular phone use is very common throughout the country. The numbering plan has evolved during the last 30 years. Tirana has passed to a seven digit plan as of 2008 from a four digit plan in the communist period by adding one digit. As of March 2008, a new numbering plan was introduced in an effort to improve the quality of the service, the old plan stayed in effect in parallel to the new until 15 September 2008. The new numbering plan introduces a new digit, represented by the number 2 that is put in front of local telephone numbers country-wide, for example, to dial a Tirana number with the old plan, it would have looked like XXX XXX. With the new plan, the digit 2 is added to form 2XXX XXX, the old plan is defunct and not longer in operation. In total, there are 8 digits for every number in the country. Additionally, changes include the replacement of the Municipality of Laçs calling code with the new 53 code and this is a list of prior area codes within Albania, incorporated into the user number as of 1 January 2014. To call from one unit to another one, the digit 0 still has to be dialed first
