1.
Television Addict
–
Television Addict was the A-side of the debut single by The Victims, an early punk rock band from Perth, Western Australia. The song is a mainstay of compilations of Australian punk from the 1970s and it was co-written by singer-guitarist Dave Faulkner and drummer James Baker. The slow, menacing, bass line, played by Rudolph V, is also a prominent feature of the recording, the Victims released the single independently in late 1977 or early 1978, with Im Flipped Out Over You on the B-side. Lyrically, Television Addict revolves around a youth who went out and shot someone, the song is, in large part, a satirical comment on the tendency to blame popular culture for crime, rather than individuals, or broader social problems. The song ends by questioning why other social phenomena are not attributed to TV programs, just because I watch Dinah Shore, doesnt mean my brain has slipped, the band broke up in 1979. During the mid-1980s, Baker and Faulkner were briefly reunited in the Hoodoo Gurus, the Hoodoo Gurus later recorded Television Addict, and issued it as a bonus track on Crank. Victims Television Addict Australian Punk 1978 on YouTube
2.
Telly Addicts
–
Telly Addicts is a game show that aired on BBC1 from 3 September 1985 to 29 July 1998 and hosted by Noel Edmonds. Two teams sat opposite each other on sofas, the final series in 1998 had three teams of two players. The original format had two teams of four people with a winner-stays-on format, the challengers had to try to beat the champions to win and return as the champions in the next show, whilst the champions were simply playing to retain their title. This backfired somewhat after a family, the Payne family. The format changed to a tournament format and it involved 16 teams in eight qualifying heats. There was no series in 1997, the show returned in 1998 with a massive revamp with new rounds and rules. Instead of two teams, there were now three teams of two players and the tournament format was dropped and these changes were first exhibited in a special Christmas edition in 1997 before a full series commenced the following year. TV Clip, The only round to be retained in its format for the new series. Each team was given a classic TV clip and had to answer 3 questions related to the clip with 1 point for each correct answer, someone who worked on a classic TV show, was asked what would be the 10 best things that summed up the programme. Each team had 60 seconds to guess as many as they could, in The Box, A mystery celebrity was concealed inside a multi-coloured box and answering general knowledge TV questions correctly allowed for a small panel to be opened. Each question was one point, with three points for managing to correctly guess the mystery celebrity. If a team got the celebrity guess wrong, they are out for the rest of the round. Following the reveal, the celebrity guest would ask a question in return for a small prize. After this round, the team with the least points was eliminated, the Pyramid, One member from each of the two remaining teams had to stand in a small pyramid and answer question on a particular subject on TV. 1 point for each correct answer, World TV, Teams were shown a small film documenting the kind of TV shown in a foreign country and then took in turns answering questions on what they saw. 1 point for an answer but incorrect answers saw the question passed onto the opposition. Raiders Of The Lost Archive, Taking in turns, the teams selected a category from a grid of nine and were asked a question from it, the lowest scoring team after this game was eliminated. The team had 60 seconds to get to the top, if they did, they won a holiday, usually to the shown in the World TV round but if they failed
3.
Television program
–
It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
4.
Drug
–
A drug is any substance that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue, causes a physiological change in the body. In pharmacology, a drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System and this classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties. Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception. They include alcohol, a depressant, and the nicotine and caffeine. These three are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide and are also considered recreational drugs since they are used for rather than medicinal purposes. Other recreational drugs include hallucinogens, opiates and amphetamines and some of these are used in spiritual or religious settings. Some drugs can cause addiction and all drugs can have side effects, excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many recreational drugs are illicit and international such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition. The transitive verb to drug arose later and invokes the psychoactive rather than properties of a substance. A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, the use may also be as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies and these medications are designated by the letter P on the label. The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country, medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder, pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into drug classes. A group of drugs will share a chemical structure, or have the same mechanism of action. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System and this groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties
5.
Gambling
–
Gambling is the wagering of money or something of value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning money or material goods. Gambling thus requires three elements be present, consideration, chance and prize, the term gaming in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically permitted by law. However, this distinction is not universally observed in the English-speaking world, for instance, in the United Kingdom, the regulator of gambling activities is called the Gambling Commission. Gambling is also an international commercial activity, with the legal gambling market totaling an estimated $335 billion in 2009. In other forms, gambling can be conducted with materials which have a value, many popular games played in modern casinos originate from Europe and China. Games such as craps, baccarat, roulette, and blackjack originate from different areas of Europe, a version of keno, an ancient Chinese lottery game, is played in casinos around the world. In addition, pai gow poker, a hybrid between pai gow and poker is also played, many jurisdictions, local as well as national, either ban gambling or heavily control it by licensing the vendors. Such regulation generally leads to gambling tourism and illegal gambling in the areas where it is not allowed, there is generally legislation requiring that the odds in gaming devices are statistically random, to prevent manufacturers from making some high-payoff results impossible. Since these high-payoffs have very low probability, a bias can quite easily be missed unless the odds are checked carefully. Most jurisdictions that allow gambling require participants to be above a certain age, in some jurisdictions, the gambling age differs depending on the type of gambling. For example, in many American states one must be over 21 to enter a casino, E. g. Nonetheless, both insurance and gambling contracts are typically considered aleatory contracts under most legal systems, though they are subject to different types of regulation. Under common law, particularly English Law, a contract may not give a casino bona fide purchaser status. For case law on recovery of gambling losses where the loser had stolen the funds see Rights of owner of money as against one who won it in gambling transaction from thief. This was a plot point in a Perry Mason novel, The Case of the Singing Skirt. Religious perspectives on gambling have been mixed, ancient Hindu poems like the Gamblers Lament and the Mahabharata testify to the popularity of gambling among ancient Indians. However, the text Arthashastra recommends taxation and control of gambling, ancient Jewish authorities frowned on gambling, even disqualifying professional gamblers from testifying in court. For these social and religious reasons, most legal jurisdictions limit gambling, in at least one case, the same bishop opposing a casino has sold land to be used for its construction. Although different interpretations of law exist in the Muslim world
6.
DSM-IV
–
The DSM is now in its fifth edition, DSM-5, published on May 18,2013. It evaluated the patient on five axes or dimensions rather than just one aspect of mental disorder. These dimensions relate to biological, psychological, social and other aspects, the DSM evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, and from a United States Army manual. Revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the number of mental disorders. The International Classification of Diseases is the commonly used manual for mental disorders. It is distinguished from the DSM in that it covers health as a whole, while the DSM is the most popular diagnostic system for mental disorders in the US, the ICD is used more widely in Europe and other parts of the world. The DSM-IV-TR contains specific codes that allows for comparisons between the DSM and the ICD manuals, which may not systematically match because revisions are not simultaneously coordinated, while the DSM has been praised for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria, it has also generated controversy and criticism. Critics, including the National Institute of Mental Health, argue that the DSM represents an unscientific, the publication of the DSM, with tightly guarded copyrights, now makes APA over $5 million a year, historically totaling over $100 million. The DSM can be used clinically in this way, and also to patients using diagnostic criteria for research purposes. Studies done on specific disorders often recruit patients whose symptoms match the criteria listed in the DSM for that disorder, DSM-5, and the abbreviations for all previous editions, are registered trademarks owned by the APA. The initial impetus for developing a classification of mental disorders in the United States was the need to collect statistical information, the first official attempt was the 1840 census, which used a single category, idiocy/insanity. Frederick H. Wines was appointed to write a 582-page volume called Report on the Defective, Dependent, Wines used seven categories of mental illness, dementia, dipsomania, epilepsy, mania, melancholia, monomania and paresis. These categories were also adopted by the Association, in 1917, together with the National Commission on Mental Hygiene, the APA developed a new guide for mental hospitals called the Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane. This included 22 diagnoses and would be revised several times by the APA over the years, World War II saw the large-scale involvement of US psychiatrists in the selection, processing, assessment, and treatment of soldiers. This moved the focus away from mental institutions and traditional clinical perspectives, a committee headed by psychiatrist Brigadier General William C. Menninger developed a new classification scheme called Medical 203, that was issued in 1943 as a War Department Technical Bulletin under the auspices of the Office of the Surgeon General, the Veterans Administration also adopted a slightly modified version of Medical 203. In 1949, the World Health Organization published the sixth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, the foreword to DSM-1 states this categorized mental disorders in rubrics similar to those of the Armed Forces nomenclature. An APA Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics was empowered to develop a specifically for use in the United States, to standardize the diverse
7.
Addiction
–
Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding, ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions. Due to the relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, and continued use despite consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification, the only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM-5 is gambling addiction. The term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence. Addiction is the use of a substance or performance of a behavior that is independent of withdrawal. Cognitive control and stimulus control, which is associated with operant and classical conditioning, cognitive control, and particularly inhibitory control over behavior, is impaired in both addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a rewarding stimulus tend to dominate ones behavior in an addiction. The term behavioral addiction correctly refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding – despite adverse consequences, reviews of preclinical studies indicate that long-term frequent and excessive consumption of high fat or sugar foods can produce an addiction. Gambling is a natural reward which is associated with behavior and for which clinical diagnostic manuals. There is evidence from functional neuroimaging that gambling activates the reward system, similarly, shopping and playing videogames are associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have also been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of the reward system. Based upon this evidence, gambling addiction, video game addiction, there are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Roughly half of a risk for developing an addiction is derived from genetics. However, even in individuals with a low genetic loading. In other words, anyone can become an addict under the right circumstances, adolescence represents a period of unique vulnerability for developing addiction. Not only are more likely to initiate and maintain drug use. Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on, about 33% of the population tasted their first alcohol between the ages of 15 and 17, while 18% experienced it prior to this
8.
Social aspects of television
–
The social aspects of television are influences this medium has had on society since its inception. The belief that this impact has been dramatic has been largely unchallenged in media theory since its inception, however, there is much dispute as to what those effects are, how serious the ramifications are and if these effects are more or less evolutionary with human communication. They refer to this finding as the social surrogacy hypothesis and this benefit is considered a positive consequence of watching television, as it can counteract the psychological damage that is caused by isolation from social relationships. Several studies have found that television has many advantages. The Media Awareness Network explains in its article The Good Things about Television that television can be a very powerful, similarly, while those exposed to negative role models suffered, those exposed to positive models behaved better. The rich array of pejoratives for television indicate a disdain held by people for this medium. Newton N. Minow spoke of the vast wasteland that was the programming of the day in his 1961 speech. Complaints about the influence of television have been heard from the U. S. justice system as investigators and prosecutors decry what they refer to as the CSI syndrome. Television has also credited with changing the norms of social propriety, although the direction. Milton Shulman, writing about television in the 1960s, wrote that TV cartoons showed cows without udders and not even a pause was pregnant, Shulman suggested that, even by the 1970s, television was shaping the ideas of propriety and appropriateness in the countries the medium blanketed. He asserted that, as a pervasive and ubiquitous medium, television could create a comfortable familiarity with and acceptance of language. Television, as well as influencing its viewers, evoked a response from other competing media as they struggle to keep pace. The research was conducted with 30,000 people during the period between 1975 and 2006 and this contrasted with a previous study, which indicated that watching TV was the happiest time of the day for some people. Based on his study, Robinson commented that the effects of television may be likened to an addictive activity, producing momentary pleasure but long-term misery. One theory explains that when a person plays video games or watches TV, a study conducted by Herbert Krugman found that in television viewers, the right side of the brain is twice as active as the left side which causes a state of hypnosis. Research shows that watching television starting at an age can profoundly effect childrens development. These effects include obesity, language delays, and learning disabilities, physical inactivity while viewing TV reduces necessary exercise and leads to over-eating. Language delays occurs when a child doesnt interact with others, children learn language best from live interaction with parents or other individuals
. PMID 25083294.
