1.
University of California
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The University of California is a public university system in the U. S. state of California. The University of California was founded in 1868 and operated temporarily in Oakland until opening its first campus in Berkeley in 1873 and its tenth and newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005. Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students, one campus, UC San Francisco, enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences. In addition, the UC Hastings College of Law, located in San Francisco, is affiliated with UC. The University of Californias campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline, as of 2016, UC faculty and researchers have won 62 Nobel Prizes. UC campuses are perennially ranked highly by various publications, internationally, UC Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego are respectively ranked 3rd, 12th, and 14th worldwide by Academic Ranking of World Universities. In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, taking advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, the California Legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. However, it existed only on paper, as a placeholder to secure federal land-grant funds, meanwhile, Congregational minister Henry Durant, an alumnus of Yale, had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20,1853, in Oakland, California. The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison, the Colleges trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of a liberal arts education, but ran into a lack of interest in liberal arts colleges on the American frontier. In November 1857, the Colleges trustees began to acquire parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley for a future planned campus outside of Oakland. But first, they needed to secure the Colleges water rights by buying a farm to the east. In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $35,000 to purchase the land, the Association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new college town. But sales of new homesteads fell short, at the College of Californias 1867 commencement exercises, where Low was present, Benjamin Silliman, Jr. criticized Californians for creating a state polytechnic school instead of a real university. That same day, Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already-functional College of California with the state college. The University of Californias second president, Daniel Coit Gilman, opened its new campus in Berkeley in September 1873, earlier that year, Toland Medical College in San Francisco had agreed to become the Universitys Medical Department, it later evolved into UCSF. In 1878, the University established Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco as its first law school, the California Constitution was amended to designate Hastings as the Law Department of the University of California in consideration of a $100,000 gift from Serranus Clinton Hastings. Hastings is the only UC campus not governed by the Regents of the University of California, in August 1882, the California State Normal School opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. In 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles, during the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus
2.
Sport
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SPORT was an American sports magazine. Launched in September 1946 by New York-based publisher Macfadden Publications, SPORT pioneered the use of color photography – it carried eight full-color plates in its first edition. SPORT predated the launch of Sports Illustrated by eight years, and is remembered for bringing several editorial innovations to the genre, as well as creating, in 1955, the SPORT Magazine Award. What made SPORT the most distinctive from Sports Illustrated, however, was that it was a magazine as opposed to SIs weekly distribution. SPORT was published continually between its launch and August 2000, when its then-owner, British publisher EMAP PLC, made the decision to close the money-losing title. Launched in September 1946, Macfaddens SPORT magazine broke new ground, as the first mainstream national sports publication, the emphasis was not on the games or the teams, but on the elements of human drama that lay beneath. SPORT was an icon in the league of LIFE, Look and it continued to thrive for a quarter-century or so, as SI struggled to reach profitability, and to find the right blend of spectator and participatory sports. Ogden Nash wrote his baseball poem Line-Up for Yesterday for the magazine in 1949, the concept was expanded over the years until a SPORT magazine award was presented to the outstanding post-season performer in all four major team sports, as sanctioned by the leagues. But by the early 1970s, Macfadden, lacking Time Magazines deep pockets, was fading, in 1976, Downe and its family of magazines that included Ladies Home Journal and Redbook, was acquired by The Charter Company. Under Downe and Charter, there was a zig-zag in editorial direction, and gradually SPORT lost its way, its distinctive voice, and circulation declined. In 1980, SPORT was purchased from the Charter Company by its VP of Corporate and Investor Relations, Park Beeler, Beeler quickly restructured the personnel of SPORT and named Don Hanrahan, a former publisher under Downe, to return to that role. Beeler and Hanrahan immediately implemented a plan of editorial and circulation repositioning with a return to a sports in depth theme as opposed to attempts to cover sports news. Beeler and Hanrahan also solidified SPORTs historic role of awarding of the MVP Awards for the Super Bowl, World Series, Stanley Cup, circulation practices were improved and re-validated. This quickly revived the magazine and its advertising base, Beeler then sold MVP Sports to Raymond Hunt of Dallas, who integrated it into his existing publishing enterprises, Southwest Media, which included the very successful D Magazine, which was headed by. Hanrahan, Allison and Bauer all moved on to other projects after a few years, the magazine was sold by Ray Hunt to Peterson Publishing Company in 1988, at which time SPORTs decline resumed. In August 2000, after appearing every month for 54 years under 10 different owners, allen Barra, writing in Salon. com, put it this way, Though it didnt make any headlines, the news of the death of SPORT magazine. Must have put a lump in the throat of those old enough to remember the greatest of all American sports magazines. Sports Illustrated was great, but SI, in an era when you couldnt see all the highlights every night, was read for news, there is also a second location in Vancouver, Canada
3.
Field hockey
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Field hockey is a team sport of the hockey family. The earliest origins of the date back to the Middle Ages in England, Scotland, France. The game can be played on a field or a turf field as well as an indoor board surface. Each team plays with eleven players, including the goalie, players use sticks made out of wood, carbon fibre, fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities to hit a round, hard, plastic ball. The length of the stick depends on the players individual height, only one end of the stick is allowed to be used. Goalies often have a different kind of stick, however they can use an ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick, the uniform consists of shin guards, shoes, shorts, a mouth guard and a jersey. Today, the game is played globally, with particular popularity throughout Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Field Hockey is the national game of India and Pakistan. The term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular, in Sweden the term landhockey is used. To some degree also in Norway and it is a section of Norways Bandy Association. Until recently they called it hockey, when it was changed to landhockey, during play, goal keepers are the only players who are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body, while field players play the ball with the flat side of their stick. Goal keepers also cannot play the ball with the back of their stick, whoever scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout, there are many variations to overtime play that depend on the league and tournament play. In college play, an overtime period consists of a 10-minute golden goal period with seven players for each team. If a tie remains, the game enters a one-on-one competition where each team chooses 5 players to dribble from the 25 yard line down to the circle against the opposing goalie. The player has 8 seconds to score on the goalie keeping it in bounds, the play ends after a goal is scored, the ball goes out of bounds, a foul is committed or time expires. If the tie still persists extra rounds thereafter until one team has scored, the FIH is also responsible for organising the Hockey Rules Board and developing the rules for the game. A popular variant of field hockey is indoor field hockey, which differs in a number of respects while embodying the principles of hockey
4.
Skeleton (sport)
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Skeleton is a winter sliding sport in which a person rides a small sled, known as a skeleton bobsled down a frozen track while lying face down, as well as the name of the sled employed. Unlike other sliding sports of bobsleigh and luge, the race always involves single riders, like bobsleigh, but unlike luge, the race begins with a running start from the opening gate at the top of the course. The sport were named from the appearance of the sled. Previously, skeleton bob appeared in the Olympic program in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in 1928 and it was added permanently to the Olympic program for the 2002 Winter Olympics, at which stage a womens race was added. During elite racing the rider experiences forces up to 5 g, the skeleton originated in St. Moritz, Switzerland, as a spinoff of the popular British sport called Cresta sledding. Skeleton sleds are steered using torque provided by the head and shoulders, the Cresta toboggan does not have a steering or braking mechanism, though Cresta riders use rakes on their boots in addition to shifting body weight to help steer and brake. The sport of skeleton can be traced to 1882, when English soldiers constructed a track between the towns of Davos and Klosters. While toboggan tracks were not uncommon at the time, the challenge of curves and bends in the Swiss track distinguished it from those of Canada. In 1884, Major William Bulpett, with the backing of winter sports pioneer and Kulm hotel owner Caspar Badrutt, constructed Cresta Run, the track ran three-quarters of a mile from St. Moritz to Celerina and contained ten turns still used today. In the 1887 Grand National competition in St. Moritz, a Mr. Cornish introduced the now-traditional head-first position, until 1905, skeleton was practiced mainly in Switzerland, however, in 1905, Styria held its first skeleton competition in Mürzzuschlag, Austria. This opened the door to other national skeleton competitions including the Austrian championship held the following year, in 1908 and 1910, skeleton competitions were held in the Semmering Pass. As the popularity of the sport grew, skeleton evolved into the sport recognized today, in 1892, the sled was transformed by L. P. Child, an Englishman. The newly designed bare-bones sled resembled a skeleton, and the sport adopted its modern name of skeleton. In 1923, the Federation Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing was established as the body of the sport. Soon afterward, in 1926, the International Olympic Committee declared bobsleigh and skeleton as Olympic sports and it was not until 2002, however, that skeleton itself was added to the Olympic program with the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. However, the FIBT narrows the field greatly and only a few dozen countries compete in the Winter Olympic Games, the accessibility of skeleton to amateurs may have been the catalyst for its upswing in popularity. Most notably, Nino Bibbia, a fruit and vegetable merchant from St. Moritz, with the advent of the first artificially refrigerated track in 1969 at Königssee/Berchtesgaden, Germany, athletes are currently able to practice the sport regardless of weather conditions. The sport is promoted by skeleton officials as a gateway sport to “train young, aspiring athletes…for their future career in bobsleigh. ”The major competitions of non-Olympic seasons include the World Championships and World Cups
5.
Sport in the United Kingdom
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This has meant that in the infancy of many sports, England, Scotland Wales and Ireland formed among the earliest separate governing bodies, national teams and domestic league competitions. After 1922 some sports formed separate bodies for Northern Ireland though some continued to be organised on an all-Ireland basis, in a small number of sports, these teams are supplemented by high-profile events featuring a combined team representing one or more nations. For more information on most sports you may wish, therefore, to reading the Sport in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland articles. The nation is notable for the diversity of its sporting interests, Major individual sports include athletics, golf, cycling, motorsport, and horse racing. Tennis is the highest profile sport for the two weeks of the Wimbledon Championships, but otherwise struggles to hold its own in the country of its birth, snooker and Darts, too, enjoy period profile boosts in line with the holding of their largest events. Many other sports are played and followed to a lesser degree. British Prime Minister John Major was the leader most closely identified with promotion of sports. In 1995 he argued, We invented the majority of the great sports. 19th century Britain was the cradle of a revolution every bit as significant as the agricultural and industrial revolutions we launched in the century before. The British showed a profound interest in sports, and in greater variety. This was chiefly due to the development of the network in the UK before other nations. Allowing for national newspapers, and travel around the far earlier than in other places. They gave pride of place to such issues as sportsmanship. Cricket became symbolic of the Imperial spirit throughout the Empire, Football proved highly attractive to the urban working classes, which introduced the rowdy spectator to the sports world. In some sports, there was significant controversy in the fight for amateur purity especially in rugby, New games became popular almost overnight, including golf, lawn tennis, cycling and hockey. Women were much more likely to enter these sports than the old established ones, the aristocracy and landed gentry, with their ironclad control over land rights, dominated hunting, shooting, fishing and horse racing. Many modern Olympic sports trace their roots back to Britain, Cricket had become well-established among the English upper class in the 18th century, and was a major factor in sports competition among the public schools. Army units around the Empire had time on their hands, most of the Empire embraced cricket, with the exception of Canada
6.
Hockey puck
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A hockey puck is a disk made of vulcanized rubber that serves the same functions in various games as a ball does in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, an international sport. Many tribes throughout North America played a version of hockey which involved some type of puck or ball. Ice hockey was first observed by Europeans being played by Mikmaq Indians in Nova Scotia in the late 17th century and it was called ricket by the Natives. The game was played utilizing a frozen road apple as the first puck, eventually, they began to carve pucks from cherrywood, which was the puck of preference until late in the century when rubber imported by Euro-Americans replaced the wood. The origin of the puck is obscure. The first known printed reference was in Montreal, Quebec in 1876, a hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a biscuit. To put the biscuit in the basket is to score a goal, Ice hockey requires a hard disk of vulcanized rubber. A standard ice hockey puck is black,1 inch thick,3 inches in diameter, pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces. Pucks are frozen before the game to reduce bouncing during play, Ice hockey and its various precursor games utilized balls until the late 19th century. By the 1870s, flat pucks were made of wood as well as rubber, the first recorded organized game of ice hockey used a wooden puck to prevent it from leaving the rink of play. The rubber pucks were first made by slicing a rubber ball, the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks in the 1880s. There are several variations on the black,6 ounces hockey puck. One of the most common is a blue,4 ounces puck that is used for training younger players who are not yet able to use a standard puck. Players looking to increase wrist strength often practice with steel pucks that weigh 2 pounds, white pucks can be used for goalie training. These are regulation size and weight, but made from white rubber, a hollow, light-weight fluorescent orange puck is available for road or floor hockey. Other variants, some with plastic ball bearings or glides, are available for use for road or roller hockey, the FoxTrax smart puck was developed by the Fox television network when it held NHL broadcasting rights for the U. S. The puck had integrated electronics to track its position on screen, the streak would turn red if the puck was shot especially hard
7.
Puck (sports)
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A hockey puck is a disk made of vulcanized rubber that serves the same functions in various games as a ball does in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, an international sport. Many tribes throughout North America played a version of hockey which involved some type of puck or ball. Ice hockey was first observed by Europeans being played by Mikmaq Indians in Nova Scotia in the late 17th century and it was called ricket by the Natives. The game was played utilizing a frozen road apple as the first puck, eventually, they began to carve pucks from cherrywood, which was the puck of preference until late in the century when rubber imported by Euro-Americans replaced the wood. The origin of the puck is obscure. The first known printed reference was in Montreal, Quebec in 1876, a hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a biscuit. To put the biscuit in the basket is to score a goal, Ice hockey requires a hard disk of vulcanized rubber. A standard ice hockey puck is black,1 inch thick,3 inches in diameter, pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces. Pucks are frozen before the game to reduce bouncing during play, Ice hockey and its various precursor games utilized balls until the late 19th century. By the 1870s, flat pucks were made of wood as well as rubber, the first recorded organized game of ice hockey used a wooden puck to prevent it from leaving the rink of play. The rubber pucks were first made by slicing a rubber ball, the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks in the 1880s. There are several variations on the black,6 ounces hockey puck. One of the most common is a blue,4 ounces puck that is used for training younger players who are not yet able to use a standard puck. Players looking to increase wrist strength often practice with steel pucks that weigh 2 pounds, white pucks can be used for goalie training. These are regulation size and weight, but made from white rubber, a hollow, light-weight fluorescent orange puck is available for road or floor hockey. Other variants, some with plastic ball bearings or glides, are available for use for road or roller hockey, the FoxTrax smart puck was developed by the Fox television network when it held NHL broadcasting rights for the U. S. The puck had integrated electronics to track its position on screen, the streak would turn red if the puck was shot especially hard
8.
Puck (sport)
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A hockey puck is a disk made of vulcanized rubber that serves the same functions in various games as a ball does in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, an international sport. Many tribes throughout North America played a version of hockey which involved some type of puck or ball. Ice hockey was first observed by Europeans being played by Mikmaq Indians in Nova Scotia in the late 17th century and it was called ricket by the Natives. The game was played utilizing a frozen road apple as the first puck, eventually, they began to carve pucks from cherrywood, which was the puck of preference until late in the century when rubber imported by Euro-Americans replaced the wood. The origin of the puck is obscure. The first known printed reference was in Montreal, Quebec in 1876, a hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a biscuit. To put the biscuit in the basket is to score a goal, Ice hockey requires a hard disk of vulcanized rubber. A standard ice hockey puck is black,1 inch thick,3 inches in diameter, pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces. Pucks are frozen before the game to reduce bouncing during play, Ice hockey and its various precursor games utilized balls until the late 19th century. By the 1870s, flat pucks were made of wood as well as rubber, the first recorded organized game of ice hockey used a wooden puck to prevent it from leaving the rink of play. The rubber pucks were first made by slicing a rubber ball, the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks in the 1880s. There are several variations on the black,6 ounces hockey puck. One of the most common is a blue,4 ounces puck that is used for training younger players who are not yet able to use a standard puck. Players looking to increase wrist strength often practice with steel pucks that weigh 2 pounds, white pucks can be used for goalie training. These are regulation size and weight, but made from white rubber, a hollow, light-weight fluorescent orange puck is available for road or floor hockey. Other variants, some with plastic ball bearings or glides, are available for use for road or roller hockey, the FoxTrax smart puck was developed by the Fox television network when it held NHL broadcasting rights for the U. S. The puck had integrated electronics to track its position on screen, the streak would turn red if the puck was shot especially hard
9.
Olympic games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
