1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
State defense force
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State defense forces are authorized by state and federal law and are under the command of the governor of each state. State defense forces are distinct from their states National Guard in that they cannot become federal entities, all state National Guard personnel can be federalized under the National Defense Act of 1933 with the creation of the National Guard of the United States. This provides the basis for integrating units and personnel of the Army National Guard into the U. S. Army and, since 1947, units and personnel of the Air National Guard into the U. S. Air Force. However, under the law, individual members serving in the state defense force are not exempt from service in the armed forces. Under 32 USC §109, A person may not become a member of a defense force, if he is a member of a reserve component of the armed forces. Nearly every state has laws authorizing state defense forces, and 22 states, plus the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, have active SDFs with different levels of activity, support, State defense forces generally operate with emergency management and homeland security missions. Most SDFs are organized as units, but air and naval units also exist. In 1903, with passage of the Militia Act of 1903 and it required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, the Secretary of War was authorized to furnish these Home Guard units with rifles, ammunition, and supplies. This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new forces that would come to be known as State Guards. Many states took advantage of this law and maintained distinct state military forces throughout the war to defend their own territories, shorelines, Army Air Forces and would now be operationally gained by the newly established Air Force. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, as well as arms, ammunition, clothing, at the end of the two years, however, they were not reauthorized under federal law. In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized State defense forces permanently under Title 32, Section 109, two years later, Congress amended the law and changed the name from State defense forces to defense forces. By the late 1980s, however, a series of high-profile reports caused several states to shut down or significantly restructure their forces. Meanwhile, in 1990, the Virginia General Assembly launched an investigation, with the end of the Cold War came a general decrease of interest in state defense forces. In 2008, Alaska disarmed its state defense force after an investigation concluded the lack of training intensity or standardization was a legal liability to the state. Another former commander asserted he regularly awarded titles to members of the New York legislature in exchange for their support of budgetary allocations to the force
3.
United States Code
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The Code of Laws of the United States of America is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. It contains 52 titles, and a further three titles have been proposed, the main edition is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The official version of those laws not codified in the United States Code can be found in United States Statutes at Large, the official text of an Act of Congress is that of the enrolled bill presented to the President for his signature or disapproval. Upon enactment of a law, the bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register within the National Archives. After authorization from the OFR, copies are distributed as slip laws by the Government Printing Office, the Archivist assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States Statutes at Large. By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is legal evidence of the laws enacted by Congress, slip laws are also competent evidence. The Statutes at Large, however, is not a convenient tool for legal research and it is arranged strictly in chronological order so that statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes. Statutes often repeal or amend laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time. The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, the Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U. S. House of Representatives. The LRC updates the Code accordingly, because of this codification approach, a single named statute may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem, for example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7, Title 26, and Title 43. When the Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles, usually, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted, however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC. Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law, the authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in the Code. For example, the United States Code omitted 12 U. S. C. §92 for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in U. S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, by law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are prima facie evidence of the law in effect. The United States Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority, if a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. This process makes that title of the United States Code legal evidence of the law in force, where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress. The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate, the United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat
4.
United States Armed Forces
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
5.
Militia
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For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
6.
National Guard of the United States
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All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U. S. C. National Guard units are under the control of the state. The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member, local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, the various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title National Guard was used from 1824 by some New York State militia units, National Guard became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control from 1933. The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16,1565, appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World. The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World, Jamestown Colony and Plymouth Colony both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company, as a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792, in 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections, the law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, and Reserve Militia for all others. During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government. The National Guard of the states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States. C. Where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee, the governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. The National Guard may be called up for duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods. The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army, the National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. S. C. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard, today, ADTs bring an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan
7.
Militia Act of 1903
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It also provided federal funds to the National Guard to pay for equipment and training, including annual summer encampments. During the nineteenth century, the militia in each U. S. state, under these laws, the question of state versus federal control of the militia was unresolved. As a result, the government could not rely on the militia for national defense. Because the issue of state versus federal control was not resolved and these units of United States Volunteers were not militia, though often they consisted of militia units which had volunteered en masse, nor were they part of the regular Army. This solution was employed during the Mexican–American War, and in the Union Army during the American Civil War, during the Spanish–American War some volunteer units were organized, most notably the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, nicknamed Rough Riders. The federal government also mobilized several National Guard units which volunteered en masse and were accepted as volunteer units. As a result of the problems identified during the Spanish–American War, Secretary of War Elihu Root and other leaders took steps to reform the Army. Roots allies included Charles Dick, Congressman from Ohio and Chairman of the House Militia Affairs Committee, Dick was a veteran of the Spanish–American War and a longtime National Guard member who attained the rank of Major General as commander of the Ohio National Guard. Dick championed the Militia Act of 1903, which known as the Dick Act. The Dick Act included $2 million for National Guard units to modernize equipment, the National Guard in each state was also required to carry out a uniform schedule of weekend or weeknight drills and annual summer training camps. In addition, the War Department agreed to fund the attendance of Guard officers at Army schools, the War Department also agreed to organize joint Army-National Guard exercises and training encampments. In return, the government gained greater control over the National Guard. The President of the United States was empowered to call up the National Guard for up to nine months to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, Guardsmen had to answer a presidential call or face court-martial. States had to organize, equip, and train their units in accordance with the policies and procedures of the regular Army, if Guard units failed to meet Army standards, they would lose federal recognition and federal funding. The Dick Act was amended several times, in 1908, The nine-month limit on federal service was dropped, and the President was empowered to set the length of federal service. In addition, the 1908 law stated that during a mobilization the National Guard had to be federalized before the Army could organize volunteer units. The 1908 law also included the creation of the Division of Militia Affairs as the Army agency responsible for overseeing federal training and administrative requirements for the National Guard. The National Defense Act of 1916 doubled the number of required drill periods from 24 to 48, in addition, the War Department was enabled to centrally plan for the National Guards authorized strength, and the number and types of National Guard units in each state
8.
National Guard Bureau
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It was created by the Militia Act of 1903. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, elevated the National Guard to a joint function of the Department of Defense. This act also elevated the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from Lieutenant General to General with the appointment of General Craig R. McKinley, the National Guard Bureau holds a unique status as both a staff and operation agency. United States Secretary of War Elihu Root militated for reform of the guard, in annual reports of 1901 of 1903. The Militia Act of 1792 was obsolete, the resulting Militia Act of 1903 became law. It gave federal status to the militia and required the militia of the States to conform to Regular Army organization. It dramatically increased funding of the militia, between 1903 and 1916, the federal government spent $53 million on the Guard, more than the total of the previous hundred years. The 1903 act authorized the creation of a section responsible for National Guard affairs. The Division remained a part of the Office of the Secretary of War until July 25,1910 when the Chief was directed to report directly to the Army Chief of Staff. The Division continued to perform under the jurisdiction of the Chief of Staff until the passage of the National Defense Act of June 3,1916. Then the Division of Militia Affairs became the Militia Bureau of the War Department, the National Defense Act of 1916 is the most important piece of legislation in the history of the National Guard. It transformed the militia from individual state forces into a Reserve Component of the U. S. Army—and made the term National Guard mandatory. The act stated that all units would have to be recognized. It increased the number of training days to 15, increased the number of yearly drills to 48. The 1916 act transformed the Division of Militia Affairs into a separate Militia Bureau, increasing its autonomy, eight new civilian positions were authorized, something which the various Chiefs had been requesting for years, the number of military assigned to the Bureau had grown to 13. The National Defense Act also authorized the President to assign two National Guard officers to duty with the Militia Bureau, the inclusion of National Guard officers in the Militia Bureau was an important step towards creating a centralized planning organization for the National Guard headed by its own officers. The first National Guard officer assigned to the Bureau was Major Louis C. Wilson of Texas in 1916, thus the National Guard Bureau was charged with the responsibility of maintaining high standards in the National Guard. Prior to 1910 the Chief of the Militia Bureau was a Regular Army officer and this situation changed on June 4,1920, when Congress passed an amendment to the National Defense Act of 1916
9.
Insurrection Act
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The laws are chiefly contained in 10 U. S. C. The general aim is to limit Presidential power as much as possible, relying on state, coupled with the Posse Comitatus Act, Presidential powers for law enforcement are limited and delayed. The entire text of the Posse Comitatus Act, as amended in 1956, is as follows,18 U. S. C, accordingly, actions taken under the Insurrection Act, as an Act of Congress, have always been exempt from the Posse Comitatus Act. On September 30,2006, the Congress modified the Insurrection Act as part of the 2007 Defense Authorization Bill, Section 1076 of the law changed Sec.333 of the Insurrection Act, and widened the Presidents ability to deploy troops within the United States to enforce the laws. The bill also modified Sec.334 of the Insurrection Act, the law changed the name of the chapter from Insurrection to Enforcement of the Laws to Restore Public Order. The 2008 Defense Authorization Bill, repeals the changes made in the 2007 bill. To proclaim a state of insurrection is a prerequisite if cascading powers. Congress was granted the right to be informed immediately and every 14 days thereafter during the exercise of authority under these conditions. Below is a comparison between the previous and current wording of 10 U. S. C. §331 -10 U. S. C. §335 with new or revised sections and wording in bold and deleted wording in strikethrough. On February 7,2007, Sen. Patrick Leahy and Sen. Kit Bond introduced legislation that would revert the Insurrection Act to its previous state, senator Leahy remarked on September 19,2006 we certainly do not need to make it easier for Presidents to declare martial law. Invoking the Insurrection Act and using the military for law enforcement activities goes against some of the tenets of our democracy. No mention of Section 1076 was made in the Presidents statement about H. R.5122, besides the current drug interdiction exceptions, the 104th Congress considered two bills to create new exceptions to the PCA. The Border Integrity Act would have created an exception to allow direct military enforcement of immigration, the Comprehensive Antiterrorism Act would have allowed military involvement in investigations of chemical and biological weapons. Increasing direct military involvement in law enforcement through border policing—an exception-in-fact—is an easy case against which to argue, investigative support—an exception-in-name—is passive, indirect enforcement. Drug interdiction—an exception-in-name for the most part—falls between border policing and investigative support because of the military involvement. Accordingly, they intended that the Armed Forces be used in law enforcement only in those cases to which the ordinary processes of civilian law were incapable of responding. These changes were repealed in their entirety in 2008, the changes described above were repealed in their entirety by HR4986, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 SEC. REPEAL OF PROVISIONS IN SECTION1076 OF PUBLIC LAW 109–364 RELATING TO USE OF ARMED FORCES IN MAJOR PUBLIC EMERGENCIES, INTERFERENCE WITH STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS. — IN GENERAL. —Section 333 of title 10, United States Code, is amended to read as follows, ‘‘§333
10.
Military uniform
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Military uniform is the standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations. Military dress and military styles have gone through changes over the centuries from colourful. Military uniforms in the form of standardised and distinctive dress, intended for identification, a distinction should be made between uniforms and ethnic dress. If a particular people or culture favoured a distinctive dress style this could create the impression of uniformly dressed warriors. The issue is complicated by the distinctive features of particularly effective warrior classes often being copied. Thus the distinctive and colourful clothing of the Hungarian hussars became a model for hussar units all over Europe, the kilts and sporrans of Scottish highland clans were distilled into regimental dress when the British Army started to recruit from these tribal groups. Mercenary or irregular fighters could also develop their own fashions, which set apart from civilians. The clothing of the German Landsknechte of the 16th century is an example of distinctive military fashion, special units such as Zouaves developed non-standard uniforms to distinguish them from troops of the line. There are a few recorded attempts at uniform dress in antiquity, one example is the Spanish infantry of Hannibal who wore white tunics with crimson edgings. Another is the Spartan hoplite in his red garment, the legions of the Roman Republic and Empire had a fairly standardised dress and armour, particularly from approximately the early to mid 1st century onward, when Lorica Segmentata was introduced. However the lack of unified production for the Roman army meant that there were considerable differences in detail. Even the armour produced in factories varied according to the province of origin. Shields were painted in patterns to indicate which cohort a soldier was from. Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings indicate that the tunic of the Roman soldier was of un-dyed or red-dyed wool. Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes, the regular thematic and Tagmata troops of the Byzantine Empire are the first known soldiers to have had what would now be considered regimental or unit identification. During the 10th century, each of the cavalry banda making up these forces is recorded as having plumes, the feudal system of Western Europe provided instances of distinguishing features denoting allegiance to one or another lord. These however seldom went beyond colours and patterns painted on shields or embroidered on surcoats, orders of military monks such as the Knights Templar or Hospitaler wore mantles respectively of white or black over the usual pattern of armour for their periods. In the later part of the Medieval period instances of standardised clothing being issued for particular campaigns began to occur, English examples included the white coats worn by Norfolk levies recruited in 1296 and the green and white clothing that identified Cheshire archers during the 14th century
11.
Uniforms of the United States Army
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The uniforms of the United States Army distinguish soldiers from other service members. U. S. Army uniform designs have historically influenced by British and French military traditions. The two primary uniforms of the modern U. S. Army are the Army Combat Uniform, used in environments. The design of early army uniforms was influenced by both British and French traditions, bandsmen wore red uniforms to make them more easily identifiable to commanders on the field of battle. Pantaloons were originally white, following British uniforms, but were changed to gray in 1821, Infantry wore tricorne hats, with different cover prescribed for cavalry and specialist troops depending on function. Beginning in the 1850s, American military leadership began to place an emphasis on French army tactics and styles, influenced, in part. However, more subtle styling - including frock coats, kepi hats, an alternate semi-dress uniform authorized for officers during the summer months, the Army Khaki Cotton Uniform continued in use until 1985. Field dress during this period was either the Army Tropical Uniform and these were followed in 1981 by the Battle Dress Uniform, which was pulled from use in favor of the Army Combat Uniform in the mid 2000s. The Army Combat Uniform is the utility uniform worn in garrison, the uniform features a digital camouflage pattern, known as the Universal Camouflage Pattern, which is designed for use in woodland, desert, and urban environments. Two U. S. flag insignia are authorized for wear with the ACU, full-color, the U. S. flag insignia is worn on the right shoulder pocket flap of the ACU coat. Unit patches are worn on the shoulder, while combat patches are worn on the right. In the field, the jacket may be replaced by the flame resistant Army Combat Shirt when worn directly under a tactical vest, most soldiers operating in Afghanistan are issued a Multicam pattern better suited to that countrys terrain. The Army has announced the replacement of the Universal Camouflage Pattern for the ACU in favor of the Operational Camouflage Pattern, using the Scorpion W2 pattern, current plans call for a full transition to the OCP by the summer of 2018. The standard garrison service uniform is known as the Army Service Uniform and this uniform will function as both a garrison uniform and a dress uniform. The blue uniform will be a mandatory wear item by fourth quarter, the beret, adopted Army-wide in 2001, will continue to be worn with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Mess dress is the term for the formal evening dress worn in the mess or at other formal occasions. This is generally worn as the equivalent of white tie or black tie. The Army blue mess uniform comprises the Army blue mess jacket, dark- or light-blue high-waisted trousers, white dress shirt with a turndown collar, black bow tie
12.
Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps
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The Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps serve to distinguish Marines from members of other services. Among current uniforms in the United States Armed Forces, the Marines uniforms have been in service the longest, the Marine Dress Blue uniform has, with few changes, been worn in essentially its current form since the 19th century. The Marine Corps dress uniform is a uniform worn for formal or ceremonial occasions. Its basic form of a jacket with red trim dates back to the 19th century. It is the only U. S. military uniform that incorporates all three colors of the U. S. Flag. There are three different variations of the Dress uniform, Evening Dress, Blue Dress, and Blue-White Dress, only officers and staff non-commissioned officers are authorized to wear the Evening Dress. Until 2000, there was a White Dress uniform, similar in appearance to the U. S. Navys Dress White uniforms and this uniform has since been replaced with the Blue/White Dress uniform for officers and SNCOs. The most recognizable uniform of the Marine Corps is the Blue Dress uniform and it is often called Dress Blues or simply Blues. It is equivalent in composition and use to civilian black tie, full-size medals are worn on the left chest, with ribbon-only awards worn on the right. Women wear pumps in place of shoes, and may wear a skirt in place of slacks, for men, the dress coat is cut to be formfitting. Blue Dress B is the same as A, but medals are replaced with their corresponding ribbons, Blue Dress C is the same as B, but a khaki long sleeve button-up shirt and tie replace the outer blue coat and white gloves. Ribbons and badges are worn on the shirt. Blue Dress D is the same as C, but with a short sleeve button-up shirt. Because the Blue Dress uniform is considered formal wear, Blue Dress C and D are rarely worn, the main exceptions are Marine Recruiters and Marine Corps Security Guards, who wear the C and D in warm weather, and Marine One pilots in place of a flight suit. Only the B, C, and D Blue Dress uniforms are authorized for leave and liberty wear, Officers, NCOs, and SNCOs wear a scarlet stripe down the outer seam of each leg of the blue trousers. General officers wear a 2 in wide stripe, field- and company-grade officers have a 1.5 in wide stripe, general officers wear trousers that are the same color as the coat, while all other ranks wear medium blue trousers. A blue boatcloak with a lining is optional. When wearing the sweater with the long sleeve khaki shirt
13.
Uniforms of the United States Navy
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This article examines dress uniforms, daily service uniforms, working uniforms, special situations, and the history of uniforms of the United States Navy. For simplicity in this article, Officers refers to both commissioned officers and warrant officers, the United States Navy has three categories of dress uniforms, from least to most formal, service, full, and dinner dress. Service dress uniforms are worn for official functions not rising to the level of full or dinner dress and they are also commonly worn when traveling in official capacity, or when reporting to a command. The civilian equivalent is a business suit and they are seasonal, with the white uniform worn in summer and the blue in winter. Service Dress Blue may be worn year round for travel only, ribbons are worn over the left breast pocket in all variations of the service dress uniform. The All-Weather Coat, Overcoat, or Reefer may be worn with dress uniforms in cold or inclement weather. The Service Dress Blue uniform consists of a blue suit coat and trousers that are nearly black in color, or the optional skirt for women, a white shirt. The material is generally wool or a blend, depending on the vendor. The mens jacket is double breasted with six gold-colored buttons, rank insignia is the gold sleeve stripes for commissioned officers, while rating badges and service stripes are worn on the left sleeve by Chief Petty Officers. Beginning in 2016, the Navy began phasing out the combination cap and now prescribes a cover similar to the male version for female officers. Commissioned and warrant officers wear a cap badge of the American shield and eagle in silver upon gold crossed anchors, the combination covers chinstrap is gold for commissioned and warrant officers, narrower gold for midshipmen, and black for CPOs. Female officers and chief petty officers wear beltless slacks with the SDB, although since January 2017, while both styles share the same 100% Polyester CNT fabric, The Service Dress White uniform has been different for the mens and womens variations. Men wear a high stand-collared white tunic, with shoulder boards for officers or the metal anchor collar devices for CPOs, white trousers and this uniform is informally called chokers due to the standing collar. The material, formerly cotton, today is a weave of polyester known as Certified Navy Twill, women wear a uniform similar to the Service Dress Blue but with a white coat and skirt or trousers. The white combination cap is the prescribed headgear and they consist of navy blue wool jumper with three rows of white stripes on the collar and cuffs. There are two stars, one at each corner of the collar. A traditional white hat or Dixie cup is also worn, as well as leather shoes. A black silk or synthetic fiber neckerchief, rolled diagonally, is worn around the neck, under the collar, the trousers for the dress blue uniform are flared as bell bottoms
