1.
25th Hour
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25th Hour is a 2002 American drama film directed by Spike Lee and starring Edward Norton. 25th Hour opened to reviews, with several critics since having named it one of the best films of its decade. A canary yellow vintage Super Bee pulls up short on a New York City street, the animal was mauled in a dogfight so Monty intends to shoot him, but changes his mind after he looks it in the eye. Monty decides to take the dog to a nearby clinic instead, Monty is about to begin serving a seven-year prison sentence for dealing drugs. He sits in a park with Doyle, the dog he rescued and he plans to meet childhood friends Frank Slaughtery and Jacob Elinsky at a club with his girlfriend Naturelle. Frank is a trader on Wall Street, Jacob is an introverted high school teacher with a crush on 17-year-old Mary. Monty visits his father, James, a firefighter and recovering alcoholic who owns a bar. Montys drug money helped James keep the bar, so a remorseful James sneaks a drink when Monty goes to the bathroom, finally, he turns on himself, revealing that he is actually angry for getting greedy and having not given up drug dealing before he was caught. In a flashback, Monty remembers the night he was arrested, detectives come to Montys apartment while hes still there. They find the drugs immediately and not after any real search, Monty sold drugs for Uncle Nikolai, a Russian mobster. Kostya tries to persuade Monty it was Naturelle who turned him in, since she knew where he hid his drugs, Monty refused to turn states evidence against Nikolai, but hes not sure what Nikolai will do at the club that night. Monty remembers how he met Naturelle when she was 18, hanging around his old school and he asks Frank to find out if it was Naturelle who betrayed him. Jacob sees Mary outside the club, so Monty invites her inside with them, Frank accuses Naturelle of living high on Montys money, not caring where it came from, but she reminds Frank that he knew as well and said nothing. The argument culminates in Franks insulting Naturelles ethnicity, followed by her slapping Frank, Jacob, meanwhile, finds the courage to kiss Mary, but both appear to be in shock afterwards and go their separate ways. Monty and Kostya go see Uncle Nikolai, who gives Monty advice on surviving in prison, Nikolai then reveals it was Kostya, not Naturelle, who betrayed Monty, and offers him a chance to kill Kostya in exchange for protecting his fathers bar. Monty refuses, reminding Nikolai that he had asked Monty to trust Kostya in the first place, Monty walks out, leaving Kostya to be killed by the Russian mobsters. Monty returns to his apartment and apologizes to Naturelle for mistrusting her, at the park, he transfers custody of Doyle to Jacob. Then he admits that he is terrified of being raped in prison, whereupon he asks Frank to brutally beat him, Frank refuses, so Monty deliberately provokes him
2.
Film poster
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A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and they normally contain an image with text. Todays posters often feature photographs of the main actors, prior to the 1990s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the title in large lettering. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitors pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater, by the early 1900s, they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, as an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years and those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner, but some found their way into the hands of collectors. Today there is a thriving market in film posters, some have become very valuable. The record price for a poster was set on November 15,2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Langs 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. The 1931 Frankenstein six-sheet poster, of only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors items, occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011,33 film posters, including a Dracula Style F one-sheet, from 1930-1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania, as a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, several websites on the Internet offer authentication tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other venues by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable, however some recent posters, such as the recalled Pulp Fiction Lucky Strike U. S. one sheet poster, are quite rare
3.
Howard Terpning
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Howard Terpning is an American painter and illustrator best known for his paintings of Native Americans. Terpning was born in Oak Park, Illinois and his mother was an interior decorator, and his father worked for the railroad. He grew up in the Midwest living in Iowa, Missouri, as a boy he liked to draw and knew by the age of seven that he wanted to be an artist. At age 15, he became fascinated with the West and Native Americans when he spent the summer camping and fishing with a cousin near Durango, when he turned 17, he enlisted in the Marine Corps and served from 1945 through 1946. He was stationed in China for nine months, after leaving the Marines he enrolled at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts in their two-year commercial art program using the G. I. To further his study he attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago for six months where he honed his drawing and painting skills. After art school a family friend introduced Terpning to Haddon Sundblom, based on the recommendation and the strength of Terpnings drawings, Sundblom hired Terpning to work at his Chicago studio as an apprentice for $35 per week. Initially, Terpning ran errands, cut mats, built crates, after about a year and a half he began to work on his own commissions. In 1955, he moved to a Milwaukee studio where he stayed for three years before relocating to New York where he was hired by a major Chicago studio, by 1962, he was working as a freelance artist using an agent to facilitate the business side of his craft. As a result, Terpning was able to work from his home studio eliminating the long commute into NYC, in addition to illustrating for magazines Terpning completed over 80 movie posters starting with The Guns of Navarone in 1961. Other examples include Cleopatra, Doctor Zhivago, The Sound of Music, The Sand Pebbles, in 1967 in the midst of his commercial art career Terpning left his home in Connecticut and headed to Vietnam as a civilian combat artist. He was invited by the Marine Corps to document the war by living with the Marines for one month, after two weeks of training he wound up in Da Nang, South Vietnam, with camera and sketch pad going out on patrols with combat troops. Of the experience Terpning stated he was changed by the experience. Upon his return home he created six paintings which are now at the National Museum of the Marine Corps, around 1974, Terpning began to tire of commercial work and decided to follow his interest in the American West and Plains Indians. Consequently, he began to transition into fine art by creating paintings, the first paintings sold for $2,000 to $2,500. After three years, he left Connecticut and the art world and moved to Arizona to devote himself entirely to painting the American West. Within two years he was elected to both the National Academy of Western Art and the Cowboy Artists of America, in the 22 years he was an active member of the CAA, Terpning earned 42 awards for his work. In 1985, Terpning was honored with a retrospective at the Gilcrease Museum with 38 original works on display and his work has also been displayed in Beijing, China, and the Grand Palais in Paris
4.
Henri Verneuil
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Henri Verneuil, born Ashot Malakian, was a French-Armenian playwright and filmmaker, who made a successful career in France. According to one obituary, For exactly 40 years, the prolific Verneuil made movies as mainstream, in his best period - the 1950s and 1960s - he delivered films in the tradition of quality so despised by the Nouvelle Vague. Many of them proved excellent vehicles for old-timers Jean Gabin and Fernandel, Verneuil was born Ashot Malakian to Armenian parents in Rodosto, East Thrace, Turkey. In 1924, when Ashot was a child his family fled to Marseille in France. Verneuil entered the Ecole Nationale dArts et Metiers in Aix-en-Provence in 1942, after graduation, he worked as a journalist, then became editor of Horizon Armenian magazine. In 1947, Verneuil managed to convince the established European film actor Fernandel to appear in his first film, in 1951 he directed his first feature, the black comedy La Table Aux Crevés. His second film, Forbidden Fruit, based on a Georges Simenon novel, was even more acclaimed, later he also directed other movie stars including Jean Gabin, Alain Delon, Lino Ventura, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Omar Sharif, Claudia Cardinale, Yves Montand and Michèle Morgan. Verneuil has filmed almost all the figures of French cinema, with the exception of Bourvil. After the American experience, in 1969 Verneuil found France and he was awarded a César in 1996 and he was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 2000. He died at Bagnolet, a suburb of Paris, in 2002, the opening of the seventh annual Golden Apricot International Film Festival in Yerevan paid tribute to Verneuil. His son, television director Patrick Malakian, who reclaimed the name of his ancestors, received the posthumous award
5.
Anthony Quinn
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Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca, more commonly known as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-born American actor, painter and writer. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice, for Viva Zapata. in 1952, Quinn was born Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca on April 21,1915 in Chihuahua, Mexico during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela Nellie and Francisco Frank Quinn. Francisco Quinn was born in Mexico, to an Irish immigrant father from County Cork, Frank Quinn rode with Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, then later moved to the East Los Angeles neighborhood of City Terrace and became an assistant cameraman at a movie studio. In Quinns autobiography, The Original Sin, A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn, he denied being the son of an Irish adventurer, when he was six years old, Quinn attended a Catholic church. At age eleven, however, he joined the Pentecostals in the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, for a time he played in the churchs band and was an apprentice preacher with the renowned evangelist. Quinn grew up first in El Paso, Texas, and later the Boyle Heights, tucson High School in Arizona, many years later, awarded him an honorary high school diploma. As a young man, Quinn boxed professionally to earn money, then studied art and architecture under Frank Lloyd Wright, at Wrights Arizona residence and his Wisconsin studio, when Quinn mentioned that he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him. Quinn said he had been offered $800 per week by a film studio, Wright replied, Take it, youll never make that much with me. During a 1999 interview on the show Private Screenings with Robert Osborne, after a short time performing on the stage, Quinn launched his film career performing character roles in the 1936 films Parole and The Milky Way. He played ethnic villains in Paramount films such as Dangerous to Know and Road to Morocco, and played a more sympathetic Crazy Horse in They Died with Their Boots On with Errol Flynn. By 1947, he had appeared in more than fifty films and had played Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks and he returned to the theater, playing Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire on Broadway. In 1947, he became a citizen of the United States. He came back to Hollywood in the early 1950s, specializing in tough roles and he was cast in a series of B-adventures such as Mask of the Avenger. His big break came from playing opposite Marlon Brando in Elia Kazans Viva Zapata, Quinns performance as Zapatas brother won Quinn an Oscar while Brando lost the Oscar for Best Actor to Gary Cooper in High Noon. Quinn was the first Mexican-American to win an Academy Award, Quinn won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnellis Lust for Life. The following year, he received an Oscar nomination for his part in George Cukors Wild Is the Wind and he starred in The Savage Innocents 1959 as Inuk, an Eskimo who finds himself caught between two clashing cultures. As the decade ended, Quinn allowed his age to show and his physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged. He played a Greek resistance fighter in The Guns of Navarone, a boxer in Requiem for a Heavyweight
6.
Virna Lisi
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Virna Pieralisi, better known as Virna Lisi, was an Italian actress. Her film appearances included How to Murder Your Wife, Not With My Wife You Dont, Beyond Good and Evil, for the 1994 film La Reine Margot, she won Best Actress at Cannes and the César Award for Best Supporting Actress. Ancona-born Lisi began her career in her teens. Discovered in Paris by two Neapolitan producers, Antonio Ferrigno and Ettore Pesce, she debuted in La corda dacciaio, initially, she did musical films, like E Napoli canta and the successful Questa è la vita. Nonetheless, her beauty was more valued than her talent, as seen in Le diciottenni, yet she filled demanding roles, particularly in La donna del giorno, Eva, and the spectacle Romolo e Remo. In the late 1950s, Lisi did theater at Piccolo Teatro di Milano in I giacobini by Federico Zardi under the direction of Giorgio Strehler, during the 1960s, Lisi did comedies and participated in television dramas that were widely viewed in Italy. Lisi also promoted a brand on television with a slogan that would become a catchphrase among Italians. She garnered attention for a photo of her shaving her face appeared on the March 1965 cover of Esquire magazine. To overcome her typecasting playing seductresses, Lisi sought new types of roles, in those years, she participated in Italian productions, in Casanova 70 and Le bambole, Arabella, and Le dolci signore. Lisi also starred in The Birds, the Bees and the Italians which shared the Palme dOr at Cannes that year, in the early 1970s, she took a temporary hiatus from acting to spend more time with her husband Franco Pesci and their son, Corrado. Nonetheless, Lisis career underwent a renaissance with a number of projects, including Al di là del bene e del male, Ernesto, and La cicala. For the film La Reine Margot, Lisis portrayal of Catherine de Medici won her both the César and Cannes Film Festival awards, along with a Silver Ribbon for Best supporting Actress, in 2002, Lisi starred in Il più bel giorno della mia vita. Virna Lisi then participated in many sitcoms and TV series and her last movie was in the Italian comedy-drama Latin Lover in 2014, shortly before her death. On 18 December 2014, Lisi died of cancer in Rome at age 78, a Brazilian rock band named Virna Lisi is named after her. The 1980s Argentinian band Sumo made a song for her, the singers brother is the actor Andrea Prodan, who appeared with her in the movie I ragazzi di via Panisperna
7.
Georges Delerue
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Georges Delerue was a French composer who composed over 350 scores for cinema and television. Delerue won numerous important film awards, including an Academy Award for A Little Romance. The French newspaper Le Figaro named him the Mozart of cinema, Delerue was the first composer to win three consecutive César Awards for Get Out Your Handkerchiefs, Love on the Run, and The Last Metro. Georges Delerue was named Commander of Arts and Letters, one of Frances highest honours, Georges Delerue was born 12 March 1925 in Roubaix, France to Georges Delerue and Marie Lhoest. He was raised in a household, his grandfather led an amateur chorale group and his mother sang. By the age of fourteen he was playing clarinet at the music conservatory. In 1940 he was forced to abandon his studies at the Turgot Institute in order to work at a factory to support his family. He continued playing clarinet with bands, eventually transitioning to piano under the instruction of Madame Picavet-Bacquart. He studied Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, and Grieg, following a long convalescence after being diagnosed with scoliosis, Georges decided to become a composer. In 1945, following his studies at the Roubaix conservatory, Delerue was accepted into the Conservatoire de Paris, to help support himself, he took jobs playing at dances, baptisms, marriages, and funerals—even performing jazz in the piano bars near the Paris Opera. In 1947 he received a mention for the Rome Prize. That year at the Theater Festival of Avignon, Delerue conducted a performance of Scheherazade, in the 1949 Rome Prize competition, he won the First Second Grand Prize, and the First Prize for Composition. He began writing music during the late 1940s, including for the Théâtre National Populaire, Comédie-Française. He also became friends with Maurice Jarre and Pierre Boulez, by the early 1950s Delerue was composing music for short films and writing theatrical music for the Théâtre Babylone and the Opéra Comique. In 1952 he began directing the orchestra of the Club dEssai for French National Radio and Television, in 1954 he wrote his first compositions for historical spectacles of light and sound, Lisieux and The Liberation of Paris. In 1955 he composed his Concert Symphony for Piano and Orchestra, in 1959 he composed his first score for a feature film, Le bel âge. He composed the music for Flemming Flindts ballet, Enetime, based on Ionescos play, during his 42 years career he put his talent to the service of nearly 200 feature movies,125 short ones,70 TV films and 35 TV serials. The soundtrack for war docudrama by Pierre Schoendoerffer, Diên Biên Phu, was one of the notable works
8.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
9.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
10.
Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu
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Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu was a Romanian writer, best known for his 1949 novel, The 25th Hour, Editura Omegapres Bucharest & Editions du Rocher Paris. Virgil Gheorghiu was born in Valea Albă, a village in Războieni Commune, Neamţ County and his father was an Orthodox priest in Petricani. A top student, he attended school in Chişinău from 1928 to June 1936, after which he studied philosophy and theology at the University of Bucharest. Between 1942 and 1943, during the regime of General Ion Antonescu and he went into exile when Soviet troops entered Romania in 1944. Arrested at the end of World War II by American troops, a year later, he published the novel Ora 25, written during his captivity. Gheorghiu was ordained a priest of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris on May 23,1963, in 1966, Patriarch Justinian awarded him the cross of the Romanian Patriarchate for his liturgical and literary activities. He is buried in the Passy Cemetery, in Paris, Gheorghius best-known book depicts the plight of a naive Romanian young farmhand, Johann Moritz, under German, Soviet and American occupation of Central Europe. Johann is sent to a camp by a police captain who covets his wife. At first, he is tagged as Jacob Moritz, a Jew, then, he and fellow Jewish prisoners escape to Hungary, where he is interned as a citizen of an enemy country. The Hungarian government sends its foreign residents as Hungarian voluntary workers to Nazi Germany, later, Moritz Ianos is rescued by a Nazi officer who determines he is a perfect Aryan specimen, and forces him into service in the Waffen SS as a model for German propaganda. Imprisoned after the war, he is beaten by his Russian captors. Once imprisoned, the two begin an odyssey of torture and despair. Traian Koruga is deeply unsettled because what he sees as the machinism and inhumanity of the Western technical society and he was writing a book within a book, The 25th Hour, about Johann Moritz and the ordeal awaiting mankind. The book was published in French translation in 1949 and was not published in Romania until 1991, in 1967, Carlo Ponti produced a film based on Gheorghius book. The movie was directed by Henri Verneuil, with Anthony Quinn as Johann, Virna Lisi as Suzanna, Éditions du Rocher,1999, ISBN 2-268-03275-2 Les immortels dAgapia,1964. The immortals of the mountain, Regnery Publishing, Chicago,1969 La jeunesse du docteur Luther, Éditions Plon,1965 De la vingt-cinquième heure à lheure éternelle, Éditions du Rocher,1990, ISBN 2-268-01038-4 Le meurtre de Kyralessa,1966. Éditions Plon,1968 La vie du patriarche Athénagoras, Éditions Plon,1969 Lespionne, Virgil Gheorghiu, Romanian Author,75, The New York Times, June 24,1992. La Vingt-cinquième heure at the Internet Movie Database Cogs & Machines, Time, the Bright Side of the Ax, Time, February 24,1967
11.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
12.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
13.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
14.
Internment
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Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. The term is used for the confinement of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects. Thus, while it can simply mean imprisonment, it tends to refer to preventive confinement, use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities. Interned persons may be held in prisons or in known as internment camps. In certain contexts, these may also be known either officially or pejoratively, internment also refers to a neutral countrys practice of detaining belligerent armed forces and equipment on its territory during times of war under the Hague Convention of 1907. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights restricts the use of internment, article 9 states that No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. The United States set up camps for Cherokee and other Native Americans in the 1830s. From 1863 to 1868, the U. S, military persecuted and imprisoned 9,500 Navajo and 500 Mescalero Apache. Living under armed guards, more than 3,500 Navajo and Mescalero Apache men, women, the term concentration camp saw wider use during the Second Boer War, when the British operated such camps in South Africa for interning Boers. They built 45 tented camps for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans, of the 28,000 Boer men captured as prisoners of war, the British sent 25,630 overseas. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the camps were women and children. Some of them managed to go into exile or went off to join the armies of the Allies in order to fight against the Axis powers, while others ended up in Nazi concentration camps. During the 20th century, the internment of civilians by the state reached its most notorious excesses with the establishment of the Nazi concentration camps. The Nazi concentration camp system was notable for its size, with as many as 15,000 camps. Moreover, Nazi Germany established six camps, specifically designed to kill millions
15.
Aryan
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Aryan is a term meaning noble which was used as a self-designation by Indo-Iranian people. The closely related Iranian people also used the term as a label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures. It was believed in the 19th century that it was also a used by all Proto-Indo-Europeans. Scholars point out that, even in ancient times, the idea of being an Aryan was religious, cultural and linguistic, through Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Gobineaus ideas later influenced the Nazi racial ideology, which also saw Aryan peoples as innately superior to other putative racial groups. The English word Aryan is borrowed from the Sanskrit word ārya, आर्य and it was reintroduced into English with the new spelling by William Jones in the 18th century. Philologist J. P. Mallory argues that As an ethnic designation, the word is most properly limited to the Indo-Iranians, in early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta was the name given to northern India, where the Indo-Aryan culture was based. The Manusmṛti gives the name Āryāvarta to the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern to the Western Sea, initially the term was used as a national name to designate those who worshipped the Vedic deities and followed Vedic culture. The Sanskrit term comes from proto-Indo-Iranian *arya- or *aryo-, the used by the Indo-Iranians to designate themselves. The Zend airya venerable and Old Persian ariya are also derivates of *aryo-, in Iranian languages, the original self-identifier lives on in ethnic names like Alans and Iron. Similarly, the name of Iran is the Persian word for land/place of the Aryans, the Proto-Indo-Iranian term is hypothesized to have proto-Indo-European origins, while according to Szemerényi it is probably a Near-Eastern loanword from the Ugaritic ary, kinsmen. It has been postulated the Proto-Indo-European root word is *haerós with the members of ones own group, peer. The word *haerós itself is believed to have come from the root *haer meaning put together, the original meaning in Proto-Indo-European had a clear emphasis on the in-group status as distinguished from that of outsiders, particularly those captured and incoporated into the group as slaves. While in Anatolia, the word has come to emphasize personal relationship. A review of other ideas, and the various problems with each is given by Oswald Szemerényi. Proto-Indo-Europeans, during the 19th century, it was proposed that Aryan was also the self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, Aryan language family, the Indo-Aryan languages, Iranian languages and Nuristani languages, Indo-Aryan languages specifically, also called Indic. The term Aryan is used by Indian nationalists and Iranian nationalists to refer themselves as Aryan in contrast to the Indo-Aryan migration theory, during the 19th century it was proposed that Aryan was also the self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Based on speculations that the Proto-Indo-European homeland was located in northern Europe, a 19th-century hypothesis which is now abandoned and it has been used in Nazi racial theory to describe persons corresponding to the Nordic physical ideal of Nazi Germany. In Sanskrit and related Indic languages, ārya means one who does noble deeds, Āryāvarta abode of the āryas is a common name for North India in Sanskrit literature
16.
Waffen-SS
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The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Nazi Partys SS organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers, the Waffen-SS grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, and served alongside the Heer, Ordnungspolizei and other security units. Prior to the war, it was under the control of the SS Führungshauptamt beneath Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, initially, in keeping with the racial policy of Nazi Germany, membership was only open to people of Germanic origin. The rules were relaxed in 1940, and later the formation of units composed largely or solely of foreign volunteers. These SS units were made up of men mainly from among the nationals of Nazi-occupied Europe, despite relaxation of the rules, the Waffen-SS was still based on the racist ideology of Nazism, and ethnic Poles were barred specifically from the formations. At the post-war Nuremberg trials the Waffen-SS was judged to be a criminal organisation due to its connection to the Nazi Party, former Waffen-SS members were denied many of the rights afforded to the military veterans. An exception was made for Waffen-SS conscripts, who were exempted because they were not volunteers, about a third of the total membership were conscripts. The origins of the Waffen-SS can be traced back to the selection of a group of 120 SS men in March 1933 by Sepp Dietrich to form the Sonderkommando Berlin. By November 1933 the formation had 800 men, and at a ceremony in Munich for the tenth anniversary of the failed Munich Putsch the regiment swore allegiance to Adolf Hitler. The oaths pledged were Pledging loyalty to him alone and Obedience unto death, the formation was given the title Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. On 13 April 1934, by order of Himmler, the regiment became known as the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, led by one of Hitlers oldest comrades, Ernst Röhm, the SA was seen as a threat by Hitler to his newly gained political power. Hitler also wanted to conciliate leaders of the Reichswehr and conservatives of the country, when Hitler decided to act against the SA, the SS was put in charge of eliminating Röhm and the other high-ranking SA officers. The Night of the Long Knives occurred between 30 June and 2 July 1934 and saw the killing of up to 200 people and this included almost the entire SA leadership, effectively ending its power. This action was carried out by SS personnel, and the Gestapo. In September 1934, Hitler authorized the formation of the wing of the Nazi Party and approved the formation of the SS-Verfügungstruppe. The SS was given the lowest priority for recruits, at the same time Himmler established the SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz and SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig for military training of SS officers. Both schools used regular army training methods and mainly used former army officers as instructors, Himmler initially in 1934 set stringent requirements for recruits. They were to be German nationals who could prove their Aryan ancestry back to 1800, unmarried, a four-year commitment was required for the SS-VT and LSSAH
17.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
18.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
19.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
20.
Central Europe
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Central Europe lies between Eastern Europe and Western Europe. The concept of Central Europe is based on a historical, social and cultural identity. Central Europe is going through a phase of strategic awakening, with such as the CEI, Centrope. While the regions economy shows high disparities with regard to income, elements of unity for Western and Central Europe were Roman Catholicism and Latin. According to Hungarian historian Jenő Szűcs, foundations of Central European history at the first millennium were in connection with Western European development. The keyword of Western social development after millennium was the spread of liberties and autonomies in Western Europe and these phenomena appeared in the middle of the 13th century in Central European countries. There were self-governments of towns, counties and parliaments, in 1335 under the rule of the King Charles I of Hungary, the castle of Visegrád, the seat of the Hungarian monarchs was the scene of the royal summit of the Kings of Poland, Bohemia and Hungary. They agreed to cooperate closely in the field of politics and commerce, in the Middle Ages, countries in Central Europe adopted Magdeburg rights. Before 1870, the industrialization that had developed in Western and Central Europe, even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind. Russia, for example, remained rural and agricultural. The concept of Central Europe was already known at the beginning of the 19th century, an example of that-time vision of Central Europe may be seen in J. Partsch’s book of 1903. On 21 January 1904, Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftsverein was established in Berlin with economic integration of Germany, another time, the term Central Europe became connected to the German plans of political, economic and cultural domination. The bible of the concept was Friedrich Naumann’s book Mitteleuropa in which he called for a federation to be established after the war. The concept failed after the German defeat in World War I, the revival of the idea may be observed during the Hitler era. According to Emmanuel de Martonne, in 1927 the Central European countries included, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, italy and Yugoslavia are not considered by the author to be Central European because they are located mostly outside Central Europe. The author use both Human and Physical Geographical features to define Central Europe, the interwar period brought new geopolitical system and economic and political problems, and the concept of Central Europe took a different character. The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part – the countries that have appeared on the map of Europe, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, however, the conflict of interests was too big and neither Little Entente nor Intermarium ideas succeeded. The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe, after the war, the Eastern part of Central Europe was placed at the centre of the concept
21.
Michael Redgrave
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Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave CBE was an English stage and film actor, director, manager and author. Redgrave was born in Bristol, England, the son of the silent film actor Roy Redgrave and he never knew his father, who left when the boy was six months old to pursue a career in Australia. He died when Redgrave was fourteen and his mother subsequently married Captain James Anderson, a tea planter. He studied at Clifton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, Clifton Colleges theatre, The Redgrave Theatre, was later named after him. He was a schoolmaster at Cranleigh School in Surrey before becoming an actor in 1934 and he directed the boys in Hamlet, King Lear and The Tempest, but played all the leading roles himself. The Redgrave Room at the school was named after him, in the new Guildford School of Acting building, which opened in January 2010, the Sir Michael Redgrave Studio was named for him. They married on 18 July 1935, offered a job by Tyrone Guthrie, Redgrave made his first professional debut in London at the Old Vic on 14 September 1936, playing Ferdinand in Loves Labours Lost. During 1936–37 he also played Mr Horner in The Country Wife, Orlando in As You Like It, Warbeck in The Witch of Edmonton and his hit of the season was Orlando. Edith Evans was his Rosalind and the two fell very much in love, as he later explained, Edith always had a habit of falling in love with her leading men, with us it just went rather further. As You Like It transferred to the New Theatre in February 1937 and Redgrave again played Orlando. At the Apollo in June 1955 he played Hector in Tiger at the Gates, appearing in the role at the Plymouth Theatre. While in New York he directed A Month in the Country at the Phoenix Theatre in April 1956, returning to London in January 1958, Redgrave appeared as Philip Lester in A Touch of the Sun at the Saville Theatre. He won Best Actor in the Evening Standard Awards 1958 for this role and he rejoined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company in June 1958, to play Hamlet and Benedick, also playing Hamlet with the company in Leningrad and Moscow in December 1958. At the Queens Theatre in London in August 1959, he played H. J. in his own adaptation of the Henry James novella The Aspern Papers and his play was later successfully revived on Broadway in 1962, with Dame Wendy Hiller and Maurice Evans. The 1984 London revival featured his daughter, Vanessa Redgrave, along with Christopher Reeve and Hiller, while still at the National in June 1964 he also played Halvard Solness in The Master Builder, which he said went wrong. At this time he had incipient Parkinsons disease, although he did not know it and he again played Rakitin in September 1965, when his production transferred to the Cambridge Theatre in London. For the Glyndebourne Festival Opera he directed Werther in 1966 and La bohème in 1967, nevertheless, he successfully took over the part of Father in John Mortimers A Voyage Round My Father at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, also touring Canada and Australia in the role in 1972–73. Redgraves final theatre appearance came in May 1979 when he portrayed Jasper in Simon Grays Close of Play and it was a silent, seated role, based on Grays own father, who had died a year before he wrote the play
22.
Marcel Dalio
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Marcel Dalio was a French character actor. He had major roles in two films directed by Jean Renoir, Grand Illusion and The Rules of the Game, Dalio was born Israel Moshe Blauschild in Paris to Romanian-Jewish immigrant parents. He trained at the Paris Conservatoire and performed in revues from 1920, Dalio appeared in stage plays from the 1920s and acted in French films in the 30s. His first big success was in Julien Duviviers Pépé le Moko. He followed them with two films for Jean Renoir, La Grande Illusion and The Rules of the Game, after divorcing his first wife, Jany Holt, he married the young actress Madeleine Lebeau in 1939. In June 1940, Dalio and Lebeau left Paris ahead of the invading German army and they are presumed to have received transit visas from Aristides de Sousa Mendes, allowing them to enter Spain and journey on to Portugal. It took them two months to get visas to Chile, however, when their ship, the S. S. Quanza, stopped in Mexico, they were stranded when the Chilean visas they had purchased turned out to be forgeries. Eventually they were able to get temporary Canadian passports and entered the United States, meanwhile, the advancing German Nazi army in occupied France used posters of his face as a representative of a typical Jew. All other members of Dalios family died in Nazi concentration camps, Dalios first movie in the United States was the Fred MacMurray comedy One Night in Lisbon in which he portrayed a hotel concierge. Around the same time, he appeared in the Edward G. Robinson movie Unholy Nights and he remained busy, appearing in Flight Lieutenant starring Pat OBrien and Glenn Ford. Dalio next portrayed a Frenchman, Focquet, in the movie The Pied Piper, in this movie, Monty Woolley portrayed an Englishman trying to get out of France with an ever-increasing number of children ahead of the German invasion. Dalio then appeared among the star-studded cast in Tales of Manhattan, emil approaches him and hands him his usual bribe money saying, Your winnings sir. While Rick darts Emile a flabbergasted look and his wife Madeleine Lebeau was also in the film, playing Yvonne, Ricks intermittent girlfriend. On June 22, while Lebeau was filming her scenes with Hans Twardowski as the German officer and he was cast in some larger roles, for example in the war dramas Tonight We Raid Calais and Paris After Dark, in the later his ex-wife Lebeau also appeared. Dalio played a French policeman in The Song of Bernadette and his penultimate wartime role in an American film was in the adaptation of To Have and Have Not reuniting him with Humphrey Bogart. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, Dalio returned to France to continue his movie career and his first appearance that year was in Her Final Role. He appeared in ten movies in France and one in England through the late 1940s. He played Captain Nikarescu in Black Jack, Dalio appeared in four American movies in the mid-1950s
23.
Jan Werich
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Jan Werich was a Czech actor, playwright and writer. Between 1916 and 1924, Werich attended reálné gymnasium in Křemencová Street in Prague. He studied law at the Charles University Law School from 1924 to 1927, from which he made a departure to begin his artistic career. His collaboration with Jiří Voskovec and Jaroslav Ježek lasted for more than 10 years and their partnership was a platform for their numerous left-wing political satires. The trios work took inspiration from Dada, with its love of the absurd, a reaction against bourgeois values, Werich returned to his homeland five years later, and started a partnership with Miroslav Horníček. He also worked with famous puppeteer Jiří Trnka to write fairy tales. With his new partner Miroslav Horníček at his side, he re-staged many of the plays he had created with Voskovec in the 1930s but set them in the political content specific to the time. Jan Werich appeared in films as Byl jednou jeden král, which was released in 1955. The 1960s were a peak in Werichs career, from the creation of the ABC Theatre he moved to the City Theatres of Prague and then to the Musical Theatre of Karlin and Nusle. Werich was originally cast by producer Harry Saltzman to play Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the 1967 James Bond film You Only Live Twice. Upon his arrival at the Pinewood set, both producer Albert R. Broccoli and director Lewis Gilbert felt that he was a choice, resembling a poor. Nonetheless, in an attempt to make the work, Gilbert continued filming. After several days, both Gilbert and Broccoli determined that Werich was not menacing enough, and recast Blofeld with Donald Pleasence in the role, Jan Werich signed the pro-reform manifesto 2000 Words in 1968. After the Soviet invasion of 1968, he and his wife fled to Vienna along with many other Czechs at the time. After long deliberations he realized he had to go back, saying that his home was his castle and he returned to Czechoslovakia in early 1969. Werich met with Voskovec for the very last time in Vienna and he had limited opportunities to perform in public until his death in 1980. His last public appearance was in Pragues Lucerna in 1977, Werich died on 31 October 1980 at the age of 75. There were not enough however and so it was renamed and other stories were added - some of them has been previously published and some are originals, from manuscripts
24.
Alexander Knox
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Alexander Knox was a Canadian actor and author of adventure novels set in the Great Lakes area during the 19th century. Knox was born in Strathroy, Ontario and graduated from the University of Western Ontario and he later moved to Boston, Massachusetts to perform on the stage with the Boston Repertory Theatre. However, during the McCarthy Era, he was blacklisted by the Hollywood film studio bosses and he also wrote six adventure novels, Bride of Quietness, Night of the White Bear, The Enemy I Kill, Raiders Moon, The Kidnapped Surgeon and Totem Dream. He also wrote plays and at least three novels under a pseudonym prior to 1945. Knox was married to American actress Doris Nolan from 1944 until his death in 1995 and they had a son Andrew Joseph Knox who became an actor and appeared in Doctor on the Go, and who was married to Imogen Hassall. Alexander Knox died in Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland from bone cancer, notes Alexander Knox at the Internet Movie Database Alexander Knox at the Internet Broadway Database New York Times obituary
25.
John Le Mesurier
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John Le Mesurier was an English actor. He is perhaps best remembered for his role as Sergeant Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dads Army. A self-confessed jobbing actor, Le Mesurier appeared in more than 120 films across a range of genres, Le Mesurier became interested in the stage as a young adult and enrolled at the Fay Compton Studio of Dramatic Art in 1933. From there he took a position in repertory theatre and made his debut in September 1934 at the Palladium Theatre in Edinburgh in the J. B. He later accepted an offer to work with Alec Guinness in a John Gielgud production of Hamlet and he first appeared on television in 1938 as Seigneur de Miolans in the BBC broadcast of The Marvellous History of St Bernard. During the Second World War Le Mesurier was posted to British India and he returned to acting and made his film debut in 1948, starring in the second feature comedy short Death in the Hand, opposite Esme Percy and Ernest Jay. He undertook a number of roles on television in 1951 including Educating Archie alongside Tony Hancock, Le Mesurier had a prolific film career, appearing mostly in comedies, usually in roles portraying figures of authority such as army officers, policemen and judges. As well as Hancocks Half Hour, Le Mesurier appeared in Hancocks two principal films, The Rebel and The Punch and Judy Man. He took an approach to acting and felt that his parts were those of a decent chap all at sea in a chaotic world not of his own making. Le Mesurier was married three times, most notably to the actress Hattie Jacques, a heavy drinker of alcohol for most of his life, Le Mesurier died in 1983, aged 71, from a stomach haemorrhage, brought about by a complication of cirrhosis of the liver. After his death, critics reflected that, for an actor who took minor roles. Le Mesurier was born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley, in Bedford on 5 April 1912, while John was an infant the family settled in Bury St Edmunds, in West Suffolk. He was sent to school, first to Grenham House in Kent, Le Mesurier disliked both schools intensely, citing insensitive teaching methods and an inability to accept individualism. These experiences fuelled an early desire to make a career on the stage, Le Mesurier received a Certificate of Fellowship, while Guinness won the Fay Compton prize. After the revue, rather remain at the studio for further tuition Le Mesurier took an opportunity to join the Edinburgh-based Millicent Ward Repertory Players at a salary of £3. 10s a week. Under his birth name John Halliley, Le Mesurier made his debut in September 1934 at the Palladium Theatre in Edinburgh in the J. B. Priestley play Dangerous Corner, along three other newcomers to the company. The reviewer for The Scotsman thought that Le Mesurier was well cast in the role, appearances in While Parents Sleep and Cavalcade were followed by a break, as problems arose with the lease of the theatre
26.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
27.
Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
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AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
29.
The Sheep Has Five Legs
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The Sheep Has Five Legs is a 1954 French comedy film directed by Henri Verneuil. It won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story and its considered a classic of French post-war cinema. An old farmer whose five sons are quintuplets has hated them for over 20 years, after a visit from the villagers they become convinced that they should all be reunited. A search for the five brothers starts
30.
A Monkey in Winter (film)
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A Monkey in Winter is a 1962 French comedy film directed by Henri Verneuil. It is based on the novel A Monkey in Winter by Antoine Blondin, albert Quentin is a reformed alcoholic who once swore never to drink again. He has kept this promise to his wife for many years although as the owner of a hotel he had opportunities galore to break it. One day a stranger comes to town and he visits Quentins little hotel because he is about to meet his daughter for the very first time. His name is Gabriel Fouquet and his daughter is already a pupil at the local school, Fouquet, who is obviously nervous about the looming encounter, tries to overcome his insecurity by having some drinks. Quentin, a soldier, wants to encourage Fouquet by telling him war stories about bravery. They drink together and undertake a major binge tour, when Fouquet goes to fetch his daughter, Quentin accompanies him. After Quentin has bid them farewell, the girl still talks about the fairy tale Quentin has told them about monkeys in winter. He applauded the performances of all the main actors, Un singe en hiver was shot in Villerville. Villerville celebrated the films 50th anniversary with events from 30 June to 20 October 2012. A Monkey in Winter at the Internet Movie Database A Monkey in Winter at the TCM Movie Database A Monkey in Winter at Le Film Guide A Monkey in Winter at AllMovie Un singe en hiver at Rotten Tomatoes
31.
Any Number Can Win (film)
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Any Number Can Win is a 1963 French film directed by Henri Verneuil. The film is based on the novel The Big Grab by Zekial Marko, Charles comes out of prison after serving five years for attempted robbery. His wife wants him to go legit but he starts making plans for robbing the gambling casino at Cannes. Charles hires two assistants, Francis, a man whom he met in prison, and Francis brother-in-law. Francis is a petty thief discontented with his working-class background, while Louis is a humble mechanic, Francis does this by beginning a romance with dancer Brigitte. Louis, meanwhile, tells Charles he will forego his share of the money, fearing that he will be seduced by the luxuries it can buy him, on the night of the robbery, Francis cavalierly breaks up with Brigitte, but watches her performance. After the show ends, he hides backstage, goes to the roof and lowers himself down first into the casino ventilation system. He penetrates the counting room, subdues the head cashier and his assistants, then lets in Charles, the two of them leave with a billion francs. Francis hides the money in a swimming pool locker room, the next day Charles unexpectedly sends Louis on a train out of town, and demands to meet with Francis immediately. He shows Francis the front page of the newspaper - there is a photograph with Francis in it, Charles tells Francis hes too risky, and thus he will leave the resort quickly and send Francis his share later. He orders him to get the bags and return them to him in an outdoor swap near the pool, Francis retrieves the bags, but finds police are everywhere in the pool area, making it difficult to pass the money to Charles, who is waiting at a table. Francis then overhears the cashier telling detectives he remembers the look of the used to carry out the money. Desperate, Francis places the bags in the pool, one bag breaks open, and Francis and Charles look on helplessly as the money inside floats to the top of the pool. The French-Italian production received significant backing from MGM, who released it in the United States, the main role of Charles was always intended for Jean Gabin, but the supporting role of Francis was initially planned for Jean-Louis Trintignant. Alain Delon heard about the project and lobbied Bar for the role, saying, Delon offered a compromise, taking the films distribution rights in certain countries instead of a straight salary. Because this had never been done before in France, this was known as Delons method, the gamble paid off well, with Jean Gabin later claiming that Delon earned ten times more money than him as a result. However, in 1965 Delon claimed no one else has tried it since, the Washington Post called the film dazzling. One of the best of its kind in years, bosley Crowther of the New York Times said it was one of the ten best films of the year
32.
Greed in the Sun
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Greed in the Sun is a 1964 French-Italian adventure film directed by Henri Verneuil. The film was entered into the 1964 Cannes Film Festival, the forwarder Castigliano instructs Steiner to drive a new truck with a payload through Sahara. Steiner is new to the operation and is viewed with suspicion by the other employees, in the evening Steiner goes out with Rocco, Marec and some colleagues. The next morning the truck is gone, Castigliano rages and commissions Marec to retrieve the truck which was stolen from Rocco. Rocco with his girlfriend Pepa go towards the border, a wild chase begins through the deserts and impassable areas. When crossing a state it turns out that Steiner is located under the name Frocht, Rocco several times succeeds to shake off Marec. Mitch has to help out Marec. After Rocco’s truck stops due to a defect, he provides a trap for Marec, Rocco forces at gunpoint to exchange his defective truck with the roadworthy truck of Marec. Steiner wants to defend himself and for this suffers a gunshot through his leg, Rocco leaves Marec and Steiner back in the desert. Rocco wants to sell the cargo for $100,000 to a fence, with great effort Marec and Steiner succeed to get to the next town. By chance Marec meets Rocco in a brothel, a wild brawl arises between the two. As they are too weak to beat each other up further, Rocco admits that he showed up to the rendezvous with the fence. However, the fence was not there, when he comes back to the hotel, the truck disappears with his girlfriend Pepa. I give Jean Paul the hat, blue jeans, boots of a cowboy, hes one of the few young actors in France who is young and manly. The film was a box office hit in France and it was the seventh most popular film of the year at the French box office. The film was nominated for the Palme dOr at the 1964 Cannes Film Festival, Greed in the Sun at the Internet Movie Database Greed in the Sun at Le Film Guide
33.
Weekend at Dunkirk
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For the novel see Week-end at Zuydcoote Weekend at Dunkirk is a 1964 drama film directed by Henri Verneuil and starring Jean-Paul Belmondo. It is based on the 1949 Prix Goncourt winning novel Week-end at Zuydcoote by Robert Merle, set during World War II, it follows Julien Maillat, a French soldier who tries to join the English Army on the Royal Navy flotilla to England by boat. No matter how hard he tries to make it, he and his French partners are hard pressed to get away as the fight is getting harder and the Germans closer and closer. Jean-Paul Belmondo as Julien Maillat Catherine Spaak as Jeanne Jean-Pierre Marielle as Pierson Pierre Vernier as undertaker The film was the ninth most popular movie at the French box office in 1964, Week-end à Zuydcoote at the Internet Movie Database Weekend at Dunkirk at Le Film Guide Kirkup, James. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011
34.
Guns for San Sebastian
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Guns for San Sebastian is an 1968 French action-adventure film based on the 1962 novel A Wall for San Sebastian, written by Rev. Fr. The film is directed by Frenchman Henri Verneuil, it stars Anthony Quinn, the score is by Ennio Morricone. It is an instance of a spaghetti western actually being shot in Mexico instead of substituting Spain or some similar European location. In 1743 Mexico, an outlaw, the army deserter Leon Alastray is wounded and pursued by the Spanish military into a church. He is given sanctuary by a sympathetic priest, who will not turn Alastray over to the military, the church authorities side with the army, and when the priest still refuses to hand Alastray over they send him to minister to a remote village, San Sebastian. The priest smuggles Alastray, who is proudly atheistic and anti-clerical, Alastray feels guilty for what has happened to the priest, so accompanies him to the village to ensure he gets there safely. However he is angry and embittered throughout the trip and they arrive at San Sebastian to find the church barely stands and the village apparently abandoned. The priest is killed by a vaquero, but his ringing of the church bell brings the villagers out from their hiding places in the surrounding hills. They hide there because they are terrorized by Yaqui Indians. The villagers mistake Alastray for a priest and he at first denies it and is scornful of them, but, guided by a persistent village woman, Kinita, to whom he is attracted, decides to take on the role and organize the villagers. They are aided by the power of an accident the villagers think is a miracle. Teclo is a leader of the vaqueros. He pretends to side with the villagers, but in reality wants them to be scattered in the hills permanently, while Alastray organizes the men of the village to build a dam, the Yaqui attack and massacre many of the inhabitants of the village. The angry villagers order the priest out and he tells her all his life he has fallen just short of achieving something meaningful, and sends her back to the village. A storm of approaching riders are heard, and the two take cover and they see Teclo and the Yaqui leader, Golden Lance together, and realize the alliance of those two means terrible things for the village. Alastray goes to the capital and, using a love connection, obtains muskets, gunpowder and a cannon. When the villagers see the weapons, they are encouraged and willing to fight, Alastray makes a peace overture to Golden Lance which is initially successful, but Teclo sabotages it and a Yaqui attack is inevitable. On the eve of the battle the villagers ask Alastray to lead them in a Mass and he tells them he is not a priest, but they nonetheless accept him
35.
Le clan des siciliens
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The Sicilian Clan is a 1969 French crime film directed by Henri Verneuil and starring Jean Gabin, Lino Ventura and Alain Delon. The film was marketed by the casting together of three of the leading French movie actors of the day. The film score was written by Italian composer Ennio Morricone, unaccustomed to prison life, he made friends with Sartet and bit-by-bit supplied him with details of the exhibition. Vittorio and a fellow Mafiose, Tony Nicosia of New York City, furthermore, the exhibition hall is just down the road from the local police station. Nicosia instead comes up with a plan to steal the diamonds while they are en route to another exhibition in New York and sends over Jack, an alcoholic, in order to pass on the details. Meanwhile, Commissaire Le Goff pursues Sartet with unbridled determination — the gangster having killed two of his men in cold blood during an earlier arrest, while he questions Vittorio, Sartet slips out of the building in a car, right under Le Goffs nose. Jeanne, wife of Vittorios son Aldo and a crook in her own right. She has always felt out of place as the only French person in the Sicilian clan, while hiding out in a villa near the Italian border she attracts Sartets attention by sunbathing nude but as they kiss they are caught in the act by Luigis six-year-old son Roberto. Jeanne gets the boy to not to mention it to anyone. In Rome, the gang subtly kidnap Edward Evans, the man sent to oversee the transfer of the diamonds to New York. Sartet takes his place and joins the other officials accompanying the diamonds on a scheduled flight to New York via Paris. Among the passengers joining the plane in Paris are Jack, Jeanne, Vittorio, things almost go wrong when Evans wife turns up and even boards the plane looking for her husband, but Vittorio leads her to believe that her husband will be on another flight. Having tried to contact her husbands hotel in Rome and being told that he has left, at police HQ, she identifies Sartet as one of the men she saw on the plane while it was grounded in Paris. Told that his enemy has left the country, and guessing what he is up to, Le Goff requests a cigarette, meanwhile, the plane is making its descent towards New York when the gang suddenly hijacks the aircraft. The crew are held at gunpoint and Jack, a former pilot, takes over the co-pilots seat. Warned of Sartets imminent arrival in America, the police race to the airport. Other Mafia men are waiting in cars and they unload the diamonds from the plane and split up, Jack for Canada and the Manalese for Paris. Intending to move to Veracruz, Sartet hides out in New York while awaiting his share of the proceeds, back home, late one evening, the Manalese are watching a film on TV which includes a scene of a couple kissing on a beach
