1.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
2.
Action film
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Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists end up in a series of challenges that typically include violence, extended fighting, physical feats, and frantic chases. Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences, while action has long been a recurring component in films, the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects. The genre is associated with the thriller and adventure film genres. Some historians consider The Great Train Robbery to be the first action film, during the 1920s and 1930s, action-based films were often swashbuckling adventure films in which actors, such as Douglas Fairbanks, wielded swords in period pieces or Westerns. The 1940s and 1950s saw action in a new form through war, the film, along with a war-adventure called The Guns of Navarone, inspired producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman to invest in their own spy-adventure, based on the novels of Ian Fleming. The long-running success of the James Bond films or series introduced a staple of the action film. Such larger-than-life characters were a veritable “one-man army”, able to dispatch villainous masterminds after cutting through their disposable henchmen in increasingly creative ways, such heroes are ready with one-liners, puns, and dry quips. The Bond films also used fast cutting, car chases, fist fights, a variety of weapons and gadgets, Dirty Harry essentially lifted its star, Clint Eastwood, out of his cowboy typecasting, and framed him as the archetypal hero of the urban action film. In many countries, restrictions on language, adult content, and violence had loosened up, in the 1970s, martial-arts films from Hong Kong became popular with Western audiences and inspired big budget films such as Bruce Lees Enter the Dragon. Chuck Norris blended martial arts with cops and robbers in films such as Good Guys Wear Black, from Japan, Sonny Chiba starred in his first martial arts movie in 1973 called the Karate Kiba. His breakthrough international hit was The Street Fighter series, which established him as the reigning Japanese martial arts actor in international cinema and he also played the role of Mas Oyama in Champion of Death, Karate Bearfighter, and Karate for Life. Chibas action films were not only bounded by martial arts, but also action thriller, jidaigeki, in the 1980s Hollywood produced many big budget action blockbusters with actors such as Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Lorenzo Lamas, Michael Dudikoff, Charles Bronson and Bruce Willis. Steven Spielberg and George Lucas paid their homage to the Bond-inspired style with Raiders of the Lost Ark, in 1982, veteran actor Nick Nolte and rising comedian Eddie Murphy broke box office records with the action-comedy 48 Hrs. credited as the first buddy-cop movie. That same year, Sylvester Stallone starred in First Blood, the first installment in the Rambo film series made the character John Rambo a pop culture icon. 1984 saw the beginning of the Terminator starring Linda Hamilton and Arnold Schwarzenegger and this story provides one of the grittiest roles for a woman in action and Hamilton was required to put in extensive effort to develop a strong physique. The 1988 film, Die Hard, was influential on the development of the action genre. In the film, Bruce Willis plays a New York police detective who becomes embroiled in a terrorist take-over of a Los Angeles office building high-rise. The film set a pattern for a host of imitators, like Under Siege and Sudden Death, by the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre
3.
Thriller film
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Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, a strict definition of the thriller film is that the films overarching goal is to build tension in audiences as the film approaches its climax. Tension is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible, Life is typically threatened in thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films characters conflict with other or with an outside force. Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres, there exist adventure thrillers, science fiction thrillers, Western thrillers, Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective, common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Alfred Hitchcocks first thriller was his silent film, The Lodger. His next thriller was Blackmail, his and Britains first sound film and his notable thrillers in the 1930s include The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps. 326 —this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films, the German film M, directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing Foreign Correspondent, the Oscar-winning Rebecca, Suspicion, Saboteur and Shadow of a Doubt, notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase and Sorry, Wrong Number. In the 1950s, Hitchcock added technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales and he reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic films such as, Strangers on a Train, Dial M For Murder with Ray Milland, Rear Window and Vertigo. Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter —Charles Laughtons only film as director—and Orson Welless crime thriller Touch of Evil, director Michael Powells Peeping Tom featured Carl Boehm as a psychopathic cameraman. After Hitchcocks classic films of the 1950s, he produced Psycho about a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner, J. Lee Thompsons Cape Fear, with Robert Mitchum, had a menacing ex-con seeking revenge. A famous thriller at the time of its release was Wait Until Dark by director Terence Young, john Boormans Deliverance followed the perilous fate of four Southern businessmen during a weekends trip. In Francis Ford Coppolas The Conversation, a bugging-device expert systematically uncovered a covert murder while he himself was being spied upon, Peter Hyams science fiction thriller Capricorn One proposed a government conspiracy to fake the first mission to Mars. His notable films include Sisters, Obsession, which was inspired by Vertigo, Dressed to Kill. Other films include Curtis Hansons The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and Unlawful Entry, detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 90s
4.
James Spader
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James Todd Spader is an American actor. His best-known television roles are those of attorney Alan Shore in The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal and he currently stars as high-profile criminal-turned-FBI-informant Raymond Red Reddington in the NBC crime drama The Blacklist, for which he has earned two Golden Globe Award nominations. Spader was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and is the youngest of three children and his parents Jean and Stoddard Greenwood Todd Spader were both teachers. Spader grew up in a liberal and progressive home, saying regarding his mother and he later transferred to Phillips Academy before dropping out at the age of seventeen and moving to New York City to pursue his acting career. On his way to becoming an actor, Spader undertook jobs such as bartending, teaching yoga, driving a meat truck, loading railroad cars. Spaders first major role was in the film Endless Love. However, he did not rise to stardom until 1986, when he played the rich and he co-starred in Mannequin and the film adaptation of Less Than Zero, in which he played a drug dealer named Rip. For this performance, he received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival, in 1994, he starred as Egyptologist Daniel Jackson in the sci-fi film Stargate. In 1996, he played car accident fetishist James Ballard in the controversial Canadian film Crash, in 1997, Spader guest starred in the Seinfeld episode The Apology, as an angry recovering alcoholic who refuses to apologize to George for making fun of him. In 2000, he played a drug-addicted detective tracking down a killer in The Watcher. In 2002, he starred as a boss in Secretary. From 2004 to 2008, Spader starred as Alan Shore in the series Boston Legal and he won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2004 for his portrayal on The Practice and won it again in 2005 and 2007 for Boston Legal. With the 2005 win, he one of only a few actors to win an Emmy award while playing the same character in two different series. Even rarer, he won a second consecutive Emmy while playing the character in two different series. He also won the Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Series, in October 2006, Spader narrated China Revealed, the first episode of Discovery Channels documentary series Discovery Atlas. He has also done the voice-over in several commercials for Acura. He starred in Race, a written and directed by David Mamet. The show closed on August 21,2010 after 297 performances, in March 2011, he was named to star in the film By Virtue Fall, written and to be directed by Sheldon Turner
5.
Megan Boone
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Megan Boone is an American actresss. She is best known for her role as FBI agent/profiler-turned blacklist consultant Elizabeth Keen on the NBC drama series The Blacklist and she was also a regular on Law & Order, LA and has appeared in films such as My Bloody Valentine 3D and Step Up Revolution. Boone was born in Petoskey, Michigan, and raised in The Villages and her parents relocated there when she was a child to be closer to her grandparents. Her grandfather, H. Gary Morse, was The Villages developer, Boone studied acting as a student at Belleview High School, where she graduated in 2001. In 2005, she graduated from Florida State Universitys School of Theatre with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Acting, Boone studied with Jane Alexander and Edwin Sherin at the Asolo Repertory Theatre and workshopped with playwright Mark Medoff. Boone credits Jane Alexander with influencing her to acting despite expressing an interest in quitting early in her career. Boone starred in the 2007 Los Angeles debut of the Charles L. Mee play Limonade Tous Les Jours, Boone made her feature film debut in the horror film My Bloody Valentine 3D, followed by a supporting role in Sex and the City 2 in 2010. During 2010 in her year in television, she portrayed Junior Deputy District Attorney Lauren Stanton in the short-lived NBC series Law & Order, LA. That same year, Boone made her debut with the independent film Eggshells for Soil, portions of which were shot in her hometown, The Villages. She has also appeared in Step Up Revolution, the film in the Step Up series. Boone would later receive a role in the independent drama Leave Me Like You Found Me. She had a role on the CBS police drama series Blue Bloods in 2013. In November 2015, Boones rep confirmed that she and artist Dan Estabrook were expecting their first child together, in January 2016, during an appearance on Live. with Kelly and Michael, Boone revealed that she and Estabrook were engaged and expecting a baby girl. Boone gave birth to the daughter, Caroline Boone Estabrook. Megan Boone at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Diego Klattenhoff
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Diego Klattenhoff is a Canadian actor best known for playing Mike Faber in the Showtime series Homeland. He has also appeared as Derek in Whistler and Ivan in Men in Trees, Klattenhoff was born in French River, Nova Scotia. He moved to Toronto at the age of 19 to pursue an acting career, for a number of years, he worked as a bartender while studying in theater workshops. Klattenhoff studied with some of Canadas most respected acting coaches, including David Rotenberg, Bruce Clayton and his first notable acting role was in Mean Girls. He followed that with a string of appearances in notable TV shows like Smallville and Stargate SG-1, and films like Lucky Number Slevin. Since 2006, he has been in recurring roles like Young Jacob in CBC Televisions At the Hotel, Derek in CTVs Whistler, Ivan Palacinke in ABCs Men in Trees and Mike Callahan in NBCs Mercy. Klattenhoff appeared in Homeland as Mike Faber, a Marine major whose best friend returns to the U. S. after disappearing in Iraq eight years earlier. He and the cast were nominated once for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast and he has also guest starred on television series such as Psych, Supernatural,24, and Falling Skies. Klattenhoff starred in J. J. Abrams television film Anatomy of Hope and appeared in the Guillermo del Toro film Pacific Rim, in March 2013, Klattenhoff joined the cast of the NBC thriller The Blacklist, as FBI Field Agent Donald Ressler. The show premiered on September 23,2013 to 12.6 million viewers, Klattenhoff enjoys various physical activities in his free time, including baseball, golf, hockey and swimming. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife and their son, pictou Countys Diego Klattenhoff Stars in Homeland, One of TVs Hottest Shows. Diego Klattenhoff at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Parminder Nagra
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Nagra was born in Leicester, Leicestershire, England, to Sukha and Nashuter Nagra, Sikh factory workers who emigrated from the Punjab region of India in the 1960s. She is the eldest of four children with two brothers and a sister, Nagra attended the Northfield House Primary School in Leicester. At her comprehensive school, Soar Valley College, she played the viola in the youth orchestra and she accepted and was cast as a chorus member in the 1994 musical Nimai presented at the Leicester Haymarket Theatre. Only a week into rehearsals, she was switched from the chorus to replace the lead actress, simons recalls that Nagra, a good singer and actress, also had a quality that raised her above other actresses which led him to select her as the new lead. Nagra left Leicester for London and decided not to go to university, instead she pursued a theatrical career and her childhood ambition of becoming an actress. Nagras first London theatrical job came in 1994, when she was cast as the Princess in the pantomime Sleeping Beauty at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, after Sleeping Beauty, Nagra worked with small Indian theatre companies such as Tara Arts and Tamasha. These roles eventually led to radio and television appearances that defined her career throughout most of the 1990s and she also appeared in The 6th Wonder of the World, The Kali Tutti Story, in 1994. In 1996, Nagra took a part in Chikamatsu Monzaemons Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem Cards that was performed at Cottesloe. In 1997, Nagra appeared in the three-part drama Turning World opposite Roshan Seth, the following year, she appeared on Casualty again. In 1999, she played a convenience store clerk in the television movie Donovan Quick, also of note were appearances on the British comedy Goodness Gracious Me. Nagra also co-starred in radio plays including, amongst others, plays by Tanika Gupta, in 1998, Nagra co-starred in the radio play Dancing Girls of Lahore which was co-written by her future Bend It Like Beckham co-star Shaheen Khan. In 1997, not long after Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem Cards, Nagra was cast in Oh Sweet Sita, during that time, Nagra caught the attention of director Gurinder Chadha. Nagra played Jesminder Jess Bhamra, a teenage Sikh football player who idolises football superstar David Beckham, the script was written by Chadha with her husband Paul Mayeda Berges and Guljit Bindra with Nagra in mind. While initially indifferent to the game of football, Nagra found the story to be both funny and touching. She agreed to audition and eventually accepted the role, an intensive ten week training course in the game Futebol De Salao, coached by Simon Clifford, put Nagra through rigorous nine-hour-a-day workouts. Nagra learned to bend or curve the ball in flight, as she did in a scene in the film, acknowledging Nagras actual burn-scarred leg, Chadha wrote it into the film. Nagra received critical and professional acclaim for her performance and she was nominated, and won, several awards, including the FIFA Presidential Award, making her the first woman to have done so. Although Second Generation was a flop, it was a critical success
8.
Harry Lennix
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Harry Joseph Lennix III is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Terrence Dresser Williams in the Robert Townsend film The Five Heartbeats, Lennix currently co-stars as Harold Cooper, Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division, on the NBC drama The Blacklist. Lennix played Calvin Swanwick in the DC Extended Universe, the youngest of four siblings, Lennix was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Lillian C. a laundress, and Harry Lennix, Jr. a machinist. His mother was African-American and his father was a Creole from Louisiana, Lennix attended Quigley Preparatory Seminary South and Northwestern University, where he majored in Acting and Direction. In his senior year at Northwestern, he was the coordinator of the African-American student organization, Lennix starred in the Showtime Networks made-for-cable television film Keep the Faith, Baby as Rev. Lennix currently co-stars as Harold Cooper, Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division, on the NBC drama The Blacklist, which debuted September 23,2013. In film, Lennix has had supporting roles such as The Five Heartbeats, Get on the Bus, Love & Basketball, The Matrix series, Ray, Barbershop 2, Back in Business, Stomp the Yard, and State of Play. In television, he had a role in Diagnosis, Murder as Agent Ron Wagner as well as a voice-over role in the Legion of Super Heroes animated series. He also had a role in the sixth season of 24 as fictional Muslim civil rights activist Walid Al-Rezani. He appeared on the series House M. D. as a jazz trumpet player. He also appeared in the episode The Blame Game of the first season of Ally McBeal and he played the parts of Boyd Langton in Joss Whedons series Dollhouse and U. S. president Barack Obama in the comedy sketch show Little Britain USA. In 2007, he was a festival judge at the first annual Noor Iranian Film Festival. In 2009, Lennix married Djena Graves, Harry Lennix at the Internet Movie Database Harry Lennix at AllMovie
9.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
10.
Single-camera setup
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The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as Portable Single Camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production. In this setup, each of the shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera. Choices can then be made during the editing process for when in the scene to use each shot. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long, in practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used, one to capture a medium shot, the other a close-up during the same take. Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, single-camera is mostly reserved for prime-time dramas, made-for-TV movies, music videos and commercial advertisements. Soap operas, talk shows, game shows, most reality television series, Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, situation comedies may potentially be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. Several comedy series of the era also use of feature film techniques. These effects were created using editing and optical printing techniques, in the case of Get Smart, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly-edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s, with its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series M*A*S*H was shot using single-camera style. Happy Days began in 1974 as a series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a laugh track, list of single-camera sitcoms Multiple-camera setup Tapeless camcorder
11.
Universal Television
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Universal Television is the television production subsidiary of the NBCUniversal Television Group and, by extension, the production arm of the NBC television network. It was formerly known as Revue Studios, MCA/Universal, NBC Studios, NBC Universal Television Studio, both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios. Revue Productions was founded in 1943 by MCA to produce live radio shows, Revue was re-launched as MCAs television production subsidiary in 1950. The partnership of NBC and Revue extends as far back as September 6,1950, with the television broadcast of Armour Theatre, MCA bought the Universal Studios lot in 1958 and was renamed Revue Studios. Following its merger with Decca Records, the then-parent of Universal Pictures, during the early years of television, Revue was responsible for producing and/or distributing many television classics. The most noteworthy included Leave It to Beaver, which ran for one season on CBS before going to ABC from 1958 until 1963. It produced Bachelor Father, for Bachelor Productions, Edmond OBriens syndicated crime drama Johnny Midnight, another of its offerings was the 52-episode Crusader, the first Brian Keith series, which ran on CBS 1955–1956. Also McHales Navy was produced by Revue from 1962 to 1966, in December 1958 MCA/Revue purchased Universal Studioss 367 acre backlot to produce television series, then leased it back to Universal for a million dollars a year for a decade. Wagon Train was the only Revue-produced TV show ever to finish an American television season in first place, NBC Productions was founded in 1947 by RCA. In 1996, the company was renamed NBC Studios, in 2004, NBC Studios was merged with Universal Network Television to form NBC Universal Television Studio. MCA TV was founded in 1951, several years before parent MCAs purchase of the US branch of Decca Records, for more than four decades, it was one of the most active syndicators of television programming. MCA Television and Paramount Domestic Television had formed Premier Advertiser Sales, as a possible outgrowth of this sales joint venture, MCA and Paramount began plans for a new network, Premier Program Service. MCA Television Entertainment was formed in 1987 and it primarily dealt with made-for-TV movies and series like Dream On that were made for cable networks like HBO. Like MCA TV, in 1996 it was renamed Universal Television Entertainment, EMKA, Ltd. is the holding company responsible for a majority of the pre-1950 Paramount Pictures sound library. As an official part of the Universal Pictures library, they are part of the television unit. The first incarnation of Universal Television was reincorporated from Revue Productions in 1966,4 years after MCA bought Universal Pictures, uni TV also co-produced many shows with Jack Webbs Mark VII Limited such as Emergency. Adam-12 and a revival of the 1951 series Dragnet. I, which received critical acclaim and several TV movie spin-offs after their cancellations. In 1990, MCA/Uni TV began the Law & Order franchise, in 1996, MCA was reincorporated as Universal Studios
12.
Sony Pictures Television
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Columbia TriStar Television was an American television studio that was active from 1994 to 2002. After the merger, Columbia Pictures Television Distribution was renamed as Columbia TriStar Television Distribution, expanding its television library in 1994, SPE acquired Stewart Television. Its global subsidiary, Columbia TriStar International Television, distributed Sonys programs across the globe and it was created in 1992 by merging Columbia Pictures International Television with TriStar Television. This was also the launch of the Columbia TriStar Television Group a year later, in 1996, CTT launched their own animation division, Columbia TriStar Childrens Television. The name was changed in 1997 to Adelaide Productions, within dismantling of Columbia Pictures Television in 2001 and TriStar Television in 1999, these studios were folded into Columbia TriStar Television. In 1998, it made a partnership with Global Maritime Group to create the company called Global Entertainment Productions GmbH & Co, medien KG used for copyright purposes. In 1999, they went back to the old way and ELP, on October 25,2001, CTT and CTTD merged to form Columbia TriStar Domestic Television. Some shows continued using the CTDT name, many stopped using it in November 2002, while Hollywood Squares continued using it until early 2003
13.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
14.
576i
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576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
15.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
16.
4K resolution
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4K resolution, also called 4K, refers to a horizontal resolution on the order of 4,000 pixels and vertical resolution on the order of 2,000 pixels. Several 4K resolutions exist in the fields of television and digital cinematography. In the movie industry, Digital Cinema Initiatives is the dominant 4K standard. In television and consumer media, 4K UHD or UHD-1 is the dominant 4K standard, by 2015, 4K television market share had increased greatly as prices fell dramatically during 2014 and 2015. By 2025, more than half of U. S. households are expected to have a 4K-capable TV, the name 4K resolution refers to a horizontal resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels. The use of width to characterize the overall resolution marks a switch from previous television standards such as 480i and 1080p, using that same convention, 4K UHD would be named 2160p. There are two main 4K resolution standards, The DCI 4K resolution standard, which has a resolution of 4096 ×2160 pixels and this standard is widely respected by the film and video production industry. The DCI 4K standard has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of DCI 2K, UHD-1, or ultra-high-definition television, is the 4K standard for television and computer monitors. UHD-1 is also called 2160p since it has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of 1080p and it has a resolution of 3840 ×2160. UHD-1 is used in television and other media, e. g. video games. Many manufacturers may advertise their products as UHD 4K, or simply 4K and this often causes great confusion among consumers. YouTube and the industry have adopted UHD-1 as their 4K standard. As of 2014, 4K content from major broadcasters remains limited, the channel is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to provide educational content. However, 4K content is becoming widely available online including on YouTube, Netflix. By 2013, some UHDTV models were available to consumers in the range of US$600. As of 2015, prices on smaller computer and television panels had dropped below US$400, DVB expects UHD-1 Phase 2 services to be introduced by broadcasters from 2017, with features such as High Dynamic Range, Wide Color Gamut, and High Frame Rate. The first commercially available 4K camera for cinematographic purposes was the Dalsa Origin, YouTube began supporting 4K for video uploads in 2010 as a result of leading manufacturers producing 4K cameras. Users could view 4K video by selecting Original from the quality settings until December 2013, the projection of movies at 4K resolution at cinemas began in 2011
17.
Ultra-high-definition television
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From just 30 in Q32015, the forum published a list up to 55 commercial services available around the world offering 4K resolution. Ultra-high-definition television is also known as Ultra HD, UHD, in Japan, 8K UHDTV will be known as Super Hi-Vision since Hi-Vision was the term used in Japan for HDTV. In the consumer electronics market companies had only used the term 4K at the 2012 CES. Two resolutions are defined as UHDTV, 4K UHDTV is 3840 pixels wide by 2160 pixels tall, NHK advocates the 8K UHDTV format with 22.2 surround sound as Super Hi-Vision. The human visual system has an ability to discern improvements in resolution when picture elements are already small enough or distant enough from the viewer. UHDTV, however, allows other image enhancements than pixel density, specifically, dynamic range and color are greatly enhanced, and these impact saturation and contrast differences that are readily resolved and greatly improve the experience of 4KTV compared to HDTV. UHDTV allows the use of the new Rec.2020 color space which can reproduce colors that cannot be shown with the current Rec.709 color space. UHDTVs increases in dynamic range allow not only brighter highlights but also increased detail in the greyscale, UHDTV also allows for frame rates up to 120 frames per second. 2020, higher range, and higher frame rates to work on HD services without increasing resolution to 4K. NHK researchers built a UHDTV prototype which they demonstrated in 2003 and they used an array of 16 HDTV recorders with a total capacity of almost 3.5 TB that could capture up to 18 minutes of test footage. The camera itself was built with four 2.5 inch CCDs, using two CCDs for green and one each for red and blue, they then used a spatial pixel offset method to bring it to 7680x4320. A review of the NAB2006 demo was published in a Broadcast Engineering e-newsletter, individuals at NHK and elsewhere project that the timeframe for UHDTV to be available in domestic homes varies between 2015 and 2020 but Japan may get it in the 2016 time frame. On November 2,2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of a UHDTV program over a 260 kilometer distance by a fiber-optic network, using dense wavelength division multiplex, 24 Gbit/s speed was achieved with a total of 16 different wavelength signals. On December 31,2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of their annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen over IP from Tokyo to a 450 in screen in Osaka. Using a codec developed by NHK, the video was compressed from 24 Gbit/s to 180–600 Mbit/s, uncompressed, a 20-minute broadcast would require roughly 4 TB of storage. The SMPTE first released Standard 2036 for UHDTV in 2007, UHDTV was defined as having two levels called UHDTV1 and UHDTV2. In May 2007, the NHK did a demonstration at the NHK Open House in which a UHDTV signal was compressed to a 250 Mbit/s MPEG2 stream. The signal was input to a 300 MHz wide band modulator and this on the air transmission had a very limited range, but shows the feasibility of a satellite transmission in the 36,000 km orbit
18.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
19.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
20.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
21.
Criminal profiler
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Offender profiling dates back to 1888 and the spree of Jack the Ripper, and the profiling theory describes how profiling will ideally work. Current applications include predictive profiling, sexual assault offender profiling, ainsworth identified four main approaches to offender profiling, geographical, investigative psychology, typological, and clinical profiling. Notable profilers in history include Walter C, langer, James Brussel, Howard Teten, Robert Keppel, Richard Walter, John Douglas, Robert Ressler, and David Canter. Unlike these and other media portrayals, offender profiling is just one of the tools, investigative methods. It is not a method for finding the person who committed the crime. Various aspects of the personality makeup are determined from his or her choices before, during. Psychological profiling may be described as a method of suspect identification which seeks to identify a persons mental, emotional, there are two major assumptions made when it comes to offender profiling, behavioral consistency and homology. Behavior consistency is the use of analysis in order to find similar cases that have little evidence. Homology is the idea that similar crimes are committed by similar offenders that possess similar characteristics, one type of criminal profiling is referred to as linkage analysis. Gerard N. Labuschagne defines linkage analysis as a form of analysis that is used to determine the possibility of a series of crimes as having been committed by one offender. An offender’s modus operandi is his or her habits or tendencies before, during, an offender’s signature is the unique similarities in each of his or her kills. Mainly, linkage analysis is used when physical evidence, such as DNA, there are three leading approaches in the area of offender profiling, the criminal investigative approach, the clinical practitioner approach, and the scientific statistical approach. The criminal investigative approach is what is used law enforcement and more specifically by the Behavioral Analysis Unit within the FBI, the clinical practitioner approach focuses on looking at each case as unique, making the approach very individualistic. One practitioner, Turco, believed that all violent crimes were a result of the struggle where female victims represent the offenders mother. This is also recognized as the psychodynamic approach, another practitioner, Copson, outlined some principles for profiling which include being custom made, interactive and reflexive. According to this approach, elements of the profile are developed by comparing the results of the analysis to those of previously caught offenders, offender profiling is also known as criminal profiling, criminal personality profiling, criminological profiling, behavioral profiling, or criminal investigative analysis. In modern criminology, offender profiling is generally considered the third wave of investigative science. The first wave was the study of clues, pioneered by Scotland Yard in the 19th century, the wave was the study of crime itself
22.
Ryan Eggold
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Ryan James Eggold is an American actor. He is known for playing Ryan Matthews on the CW teen drama series 90210 and Tom Keen on the NBC crime drama series The Blacklist and The Blacklist, Eggold was born in Lakewood, California, the son of Karen and James Frederick Eggold. In 2006, Eggold made his television debut by way of a guest appearance on the show Related. He made his debut the same year in the short film Con. Besides his success as an actor, Eggold writes music, plays guitar and piano, in January 2012, he played Mischa Bartons love interest in Mark Edwin Robinsons supernatural romance thriller Into the Dark. Since the fall of 2013, he has appeared as Tom Keen. In January 2015, Eggold appeared on the History Channels three-night miniseries Sons of Liberty as Dr. Joseph Warren, Ryan Eggold at the Internet Movie Database Ryan Eggold at The CW
23.
Office of Naval Intelligence
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The Office of Naval Intelligence is the military intelligence agency of the United States Navy. S. Navy and its partners, and surveying the global maritime environment, ONI employs over 3,000 military and civilian personnel worldwide and is headquartered at the National Maritime Intelligence Center in Suitland, Maryland. Despite playing an active and decisive role in the American Civil War, towards the end of the 19th century, American naval power had become vastly obsolete compared to Europe, and even lagged behind the navies of less developed nations such as Ottoman Turkey and Chile. Largely in response to Masons recommendations, on March 23,1882, to facilitate this work, the Department Library will be combined with the Office of Intelligence, and placed under the direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. The new Office of Naval Intelligence would be headquartered in the State, War and Navy Building, as originally conceived, ONI assisted in the Navys advancement by dispatching naval attachés around the world to acquire data and resources related to the latest in naval warfare. These findings would be analyzed, interpreted, and disseminated to Navy leaders and government officials, helping to inform policies, Mason was succeeded as Chief Intelligence Officer by Rear Admiral Raymond P. Rodgers in April 1885. ONI also began to develop capabilities in cryptography, which would foreshadow its evolution into a military intelligence office. ONIs emergence as a naval intelligence arm began in earnest with the Spanish–American War of 1898. Naval operations were critical in the conflict, and ONI was responsible for protecting Navy Personnel, providing tactical support, nevertheless, weaknesses in its intelligence gathering were revealed. ONI grew in prominence under President Theodore Roosevelt, a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and his expansionist foreign policy — and the central role the U. S. Navy played therein — made maritime intelligence more crucial. By 1911, the U. S. was constructing super-dreadnoughts at a pace that would eventually become competitive with Britain, American entry into the First World War in 1917 marked a turning point in the offices history. President Woodrow Wilson was an exponent of the importance of a navy to U. S. defense. ONIs mandate often entailed partnering with the departments of State, War, Justice, Commerce, due to the increasingly sensitive nature of its work, ONI also began to censor radio and mail communications, which further marked its development as a major intelligence office. During the 1920s and 1930s, many of ONIs activities were dedicated to Japan, the office investigated Japanese fortifications in the Pacific, acquired information on Japanese military aircraft and weaponry, and partnered with the U. S. Following Japans attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, concerns about subversive activity by Japanese Americans grew more pressing, ONI commissioned Kenneth Ringle, assistant district intelligence officer for the Eleventh Naval District in Los Angeles, to conduct a thorough investigation of the resident Japanese population. The Second World War would see another expansion of ONIs duties, the office established two intelligence schools that trained hundreds of Intel officers for the Navy. Its Special Activities Branch offered critical intelligence on German U-boat technology, operations, and tactics, while other parts of the Navy were downsized after the war, U. S. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz ensured ONIs continued strength, which was to prove important during the Cold War, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal broadened ONIs mandate to include investigations of major criminal and security matters
24.
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
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The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives is a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. Individuals are generally removed from the list if the fugitive is captured, dies, or if the charges against them are dropped. In nine cases, the FBI removed individuals from the list after deciding that they were no longer a particularly dangerous menace to society. Machetero member Víctor Manuel Gerena, added to the list in 1984, was on the list for 32 years, billie Austin Bryant spent the shortest amount of time on the list, being listed for two hours in 1969. The oldest person to be added to the list was William Bradford Bishop on April 10,2014 at 77 years old. On rare occasions, the FBI will add a Number Eleven if that individual is extremely dangerous, despite occasional references in the media, the FBI does not rank their list, no suspect is considered #1 on the FBIs Most Wanted List or The Most Wanted. The list is posted in public places such as post offices. In some cases, fugitives on the list have turned themselves in on becoming aware of their listing, as of December 4,2014,504 fugitives have been listed, eight of them women, and 473 captured or located,155 of them due to public assistance. On May 19,1996, Leslie Isben Rogge became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the internet. The FBI maintains other lists of individuals, including the Most Wanted Terrorists, along with crime alerts, missing persons, on June 17,2013, the list reached the quantity of 500 fugitives. The Criminal Investigative Division at FBI Headquarters calls upon all 56 Field Offices to submit candidates for the FBIs Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, the nominees received are reviewed by Special Agents in the CID and the Office of Public Affairs. The selection of the candidate is forwarded to the Assistant Director of the CID for his/her approval. This process takes some time which is why James Joseph Whitey Bulger, rewards are offered for information leading to capture of fugitives on the list, the reward is $100,000 for all fugitives, with the exception of Jason Derek Brown, which is $200,000. Seven of the ten still at large are believed – or known – to be living outside the United States. S
25.
J. Edgar Hoover Building
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The J. Edgar Hoover Building is a low-rise office building located at 935 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. in the United States. It is the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Planning for the building began in 1962, and a site was formally selected in January 1963. Design work, focusing on avoiding the typical blocky, monolithic structure typical of most federal architecture at the time, land clearance and excavation of the foundation began in March 1965, delays in obtaining congressional funding meant that only the three-story substructure was complete by 1970. Work on the began in May 1971. These delays meant that the cost of the project grew to $126.108 million from $60 million, Construction finished in September 1975, and President Gerald Ford dedicated the structure on September 30,1975. The building is named for former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, President Richard Nixon directed federal agencies to refer to the structure as the J. Edgar Hoover FBI Building on May 4,1972, but the order did not have the force of law. The U. S. Congress enacted legislation formally naming the structure on October 14,1972, the building has three floors below-ground, and an underground parking garage. The structure is eight stories high on the Pennsylvania Avenue NW side, two wings connect the two main buildings, forming an open-air, trapezoidal courtyard. The exterior is buff-colored precast and cast-in-place concrete with repetitive, square, critical reaction to the J. Edgar Hoover Building ranged from strong praise to strong disapproval when it opened. More recently, it has been condemned on aesthetic and urban planning grounds. As of 2012, the J. Edgar Hoover Building is nearing the end of its useful lifespan and it is suffering from deterioration due to deferred maintenance and mediocre design. Since 1935, as an element of the United States Department of Justice, in March 1962, the Kennedy administration proposed spending $60 million to construct a headquarters for the FBI on the north side of Pennsylvania Avenue NW opposite the Justice Department. The administration argued that the FBI, which had offices in the Justice Department building as well as 16 other sites in the capital, was too dispersed to function effectively, initially, prospects for the new building seemed good. A House committee approved the budget request on April 11, but the United States House of Representatives deleted the funds when the budget reached the House floor. A budget conference committee voted in September to restore enough funds for site selection, planning. The site selection process for the new FBI headquarters was largely driven by factors unrelated to organizational efficiency, Kennedy noticed the dilapidated condition of the street when his inaugural procession traversed Pennsylvania Avenue in January 1961. At a cabinet meeting on August 4,1961, Kennedy established the Ad Hoc Committee on Federal Office Space to recommend new structures to accommodate the federal government. Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan was assigned to staff the committee
26.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
27.
Black site
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In military terminology, a black site is a location at which an unacknowledged black project is conducted. It can refer to the facilities that are controlled by the CIA, U. S. President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6,2006. A claim that the black sites existed was made by The Washington Post in November 2005, after denying the fact for years, Poland confirmed in 2014 that it has hosted black sites. In January 2012, Polands Prosecutor Generals office initiated investigative proceedings against Zbigniew Siemiątkowski, Siemiątkowski is charged with facilitating the alleged CIA detention operation in Poland, where foreign suspects may have been tortured in the context of the War on Terror. The possible involvement of Leszek Miller, Polands Prime Minister in 2001–04, is also considered, black sites operated by the U. S. government and its surrogates were first officially acknowledged by U. S. President George W. Bush in the fall of 2006. The International Committee of the Red Cross reported details of black site practices to the U. S. government in early 2007, and the contents of that report became public in March 2009. On September 6,2006, Bush publicly admitted the existence of secret prisons, the report was submitted to Bush administration officials. On March 15,2009, Mark Danner provided a report in the New York Review of Books describing and commenting on the contents of the ICRC report, according to Danner, the report was marked confidential and was not previously made public before being made available to him. Danner provided excerpts of interviews with detainees, including Abu Zubaydah, Walid bin Attash, black sites are embroiled in controversy over the legal status of the detainees held there, the legal authority for the operation of the sites, and full disclosure by the governments involved. An important aspect of black site operation is that the status of black site detainees is not clearly defined. In practice, inmates in black sites have no other than those given by the captors. The revelation of such black sites adds to the controversy surrounding US government policy regarding those whom it describes as unlawful enemy combatants, approximately 30 detainees are considered the most dangerous or important terrorism suspects and are held by the CIA at black sites under the most secretive arrangements. A further 100 ghost detainees kidnapped in Europe and rendered to other countries must be counted and this process is called extraordinary rendition. Marty also underlined that European countries probably had knowledge of covert operations. Furthermore, the CIA apparently financially assists and directs the jails in these countries, while the US and host countries have signed the United Nations Convention Against Torture, CIA officers are allowed to use what the agency calls enhanced interrogation techniques. These have been alleged to constitute severe pain or suffering under the UN convention, there is little or no stated legal authority for the operation of black sites by the United States or the other countries believed to be involved. In fact, the specifics of the network of black sites remains controversial, the United Nations has begun to intervene in this aspect of black sites. Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as libel, while Romania similarly said there was no evidence, British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the report added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we have
28.
Offender profiling
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Offender profiling dates back to 1888 and the spree of Jack the Ripper, and the profiling theory describes how profiling will ideally work. Current applications include predictive profiling, sexual assault offender profiling, ainsworth identified four main approaches to offender profiling, geographical, investigative psychology, typological, and clinical profiling. Notable profilers in history include Walter C, langer, James Brussel, Howard Teten, Robert Keppel, Richard Walter, John Douglas, Robert Ressler, and David Canter. Unlike these and other media portrayals, offender profiling is just one of the tools, investigative methods. It is not a method for finding the person who committed the crime. Various aspects of the personality makeup are determined from his or her choices before, during. Psychological profiling may be described as a method of suspect identification which seeks to identify a persons mental, emotional, there are two major assumptions made when it comes to offender profiling, behavioral consistency and homology. Behavior consistency is the use of analysis in order to find similar cases that have little evidence. Homology is the idea that similar crimes are committed by similar offenders that possess similar characteristics, one type of criminal profiling is referred to as linkage analysis. Gerard N. Labuschagne defines linkage analysis as a form of analysis that is used to determine the possibility of a series of crimes as having been committed by one offender. An offender’s modus operandi is his or her habits or tendencies before, during, an offender’s signature is the unique similarities in each of his or her kills. Mainly, linkage analysis is used when physical evidence, such as DNA, there are three leading approaches in the area of offender profiling, the criminal investigative approach, the clinical practitioner approach, and the scientific statistical approach. The criminal investigative approach is what is used law enforcement and more specifically by the Behavioral Analysis Unit within the FBI, the clinical practitioner approach focuses on looking at each case as unique, making the approach very individualistic. One practitioner, Turco, believed that all violent crimes were a result of the struggle where female victims represent the offenders mother. This is also recognized as the psychodynamic approach, another practitioner, Copson, outlined some principles for profiling which include being custom made, interactive and reflexive. According to this approach, elements of the profile are developed by comparing the results of the analysis to those of previously caught offenders, offender profiling is also known as criminal profiling, criminal personality profiling, criminological profiling, behavioral profiling, or criminal investigative analysis. In modern criminology, offender profiling is generally considered the third wave of investigative science. The first wave was the study of clues, pioneered by Scotland Yard in the 19th century, the wave was the study of crime itself
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Informant
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An informant is a person who provides privileged information about a person or organization to an agency. However, the term is used in politics, industry and academia, informants are commonly found in the world of organized crime. By its very nature, organized crime involves people who are aware of each others guilt. Quite often, someone will become an informant following their arrest, informants are also extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who aids an investigation by offering information to the police is by definition an informant. Informants are often regarded as traitors by their criminal associates. Informers are therefore protected, either by being segregated while in prison or. Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons, many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants information. Generally, informants motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation, elimination of competitors engaged in criminal activities. Diversion of suspicion from their own criminal activities, revenge Self-Preservation, Fear of harm from others. Conscience, Desire to go straight Guilty conscience Genuine desire to assist law enforcement, corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired labor spies to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities. Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce and they may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers unionization efforts. Paid informants have often used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize. Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt, officials may be taking bribes, or participants in a money loop also called a kickback. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all recovered by their government. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, the Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed. The innocent were condemned to die, criminal informant schemes have often been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives
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FBI Counterterrorism Division
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The Counterterrorism Division is a division of the National Security Branch of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CTD investigates terrorist threats inside the United States, provides information on terrorists outside the country, in the wake of the September 11,2001 attacks, CTDs funding and manpower have significantly increased. The Division employs counterterrorism field operations organized into squads, the number of which according to the amount. The Counterterrorism Division is headed by Assistant Director, who reports to the Executive Assistant Director of the FBI National Security Branch, the current Assistant Director is Andrew McCabe, who was appointed by former FBI Director Robert Mueller on May 9,2012. The ITOS-I covers al Qaeda terrorist activity on a basis in the United States. ITOS-II focuses on four non-al Qaeda groups, Palestinian rejectionist groups, Iran and Hezbollah, Iraq/Syria/Libya, ITOS II has a Central Intelligence Agency officer serving as Deputy Section Chief, and an FBI agent is detailed to the CIAs Counterterrorism Center as that units Deputy Director. The WMD/DT Section, despite its presence within the domestically focused Operations Branch II, is international in scope, the TFOS is an operational and coordinating entity. It directs terrorism financing investigations and works jointly with partners to block, however, its primary role is to coordinate and support the financial components of terrorism investigations conducted by ITOS I and II. The TFOS mission is to identify, investigate, prosecute, disrupt, the Analytical Branch includes two sections, the Counterterrorism Analysis Section and the Terrorism Reports and Requirements Section. The Branch also includes a Strategic Assessment and Analysis Unit, Production, the Operational Support Branch manages the CTDs administrative and resource functions, FBI detailees to other agencies, and the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force. The various local Joint Terrorism Task Forces falls under the domain of this branch
