1.
Southampton
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Southampton, on the south coast of England, is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire. It is 75 miles south-west of London and 19 miles north-west of Portsmouth, Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the Rivers Test and Itchen, the city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The citys name is abbreviated in writing to Soton or Soton. Significant employers in the city include the University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park, Westquay. In 2014, the city approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark. This built-up area is part of the area known as South Hampshire. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the one of the United Kingdoms most populous metropolitan areas. Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age, following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410, the Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Marys area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun, archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name, viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. By the 13th century Southampton had become a port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth. The Franciscan friary in Southampton was founded circa 1233, the friars constructed a water supply system in 1290, which carried water from Conduit Head some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road, the friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310. The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships, on visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to close the town
2.
Winchester
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Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a government district. It is situated 61 miles south-west of London and 13.6 miles from Southampton, at the time of the 2011 Census, Winchester had a population of 45,184. The wider City of Winchester district which includes such as Alresford. Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum, which in turn developed from an Iron Age oppidum. Winchesters major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The city is home to the University of Winchester and Winchester College, the area around Winchester has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with three Iron Age hillforts, Orams Arbour, St. Catherines Hill, and Worthy Down all in the nearby vicinity. In the Late Iron Age, an urban settlement type developed, known as an oppidum. It was overrun by the confederation of Gaulish tribes known as the Belgae sometime during the first century BCE and it seems to have been known as Wentā or Venta, from the Brittonic for town or meeting place. After the Roman conquest of Britain, the settlement served as the capital of the Belgae and was distinguished as Venta Belgarum, Venta of the Belgae. Although in the years of the Roman province it was of subsidiary importance to Silchester and Chichester. At the beginning of the century, Winchester was given protective stone walls. At around this time the city covered an area of 144 acres, there was a limited suburban area outside the walls. Like many other Roman towns however, Winchester began to decline in the fourth century. Ford identifies the community as the Cair Guinntguic listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains, amid the Saxon invasions of Britain, cemeteries dating to the 6th and 7th centuries suggest a revival of settlement. The city became known as Wintan-ceastre in Old English, in 648, King Cenwalh of Wessex erected the Church of SS Peter and Paul, later known as the Old Minster. This became a cathedral in the 660s when the West Saxon bishopric was transferred from Dorchester-on-Thames, the citys first mint appears to date from this period. In the early tenth century there were two new establishments, the convent of Nunnaminster, founded by Alfreds widow Ealhswith
3.
Portsmouth
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Portsmouth is a port city in Hampshire, England, mainly on Portsea Island,70 miles south-west of London and 19 miles south-east of Southampton. It is the United Kingdoms only island city and has a population of 205,400, the city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Southampton and the towns of Havant, Waterlooville, Eastleigh, Fareham, and Gosport. The citys history can be traced to Roman times, a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth has the worlds oldest dry dock and was Englands first line of defence during the French invasion in 1545. Special Palmerston Forts were built in 1859 in anticipation of invasion from continental Europe. The worlds first mass production line was set up in the city, during the Second World War, the city was a pivotal embarkation point for the D-Day landings and was bombed extensively in the Portsmouth Blitz, which resulted in the deaths of 930 people. In 1982, the city housed the entirety of the forces in the Falklands War. Her Majestys Yacht Britannia left the city to oversee the transfer of Hong Kong in 1997, Portsmouth is one of the worlds best known ports. HMNB Portsmouth is the largest dockyard for the Royal Navy and is home to two-thirds of the UKs surface fleet, the city is home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Horatio Nelsons flagship, HMS Victory. The former HMS Vernon naval shore establishment has been redeveloped as a park known as Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth is among the few British cities with two cathedrals, the Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, the waterfront and Portsmouth Harbour are dominated by the Spinnaker Tower, one of the United Kingdoms tallest structures at 560 feet. Nearby Southsea is a resort with a pier amusement park. Portsmouth F. C. the citys football club, play their home games at Fratton Park. The city has several railway stations that connect to London Waterloo amongst other lines in southern England. Portsmouth International Port is a cruise ship and ferry port for international destinations. The port is the second busiest in the United Kingdom after Dover, the city formerly had its own airport, Portsmouth Airport, until its closure in 1973. The University of Portsmouth enrols 23,000 students and is ranked among the worlds best modern universities, Portsmouth is also the birthplace of author Charles Dickens and engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Romans built Portus Adurni, a fort, at nearby Portchester in the third century. The citys Old English name Portesmuða is derived from port, meaning a haven, and muða and it was mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for the year 501, Her cwom Port on Bretene 7 his. ii
4.
Four Marks
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Four Marks is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 4.4 miles southwest of Alton, on the A31 road and it is situated on the borders of the South Downs National Park on the Pilgrims Way that leads from Winchester to Canterbury. Just northeast of the village, on the edge of Chawton Park Wood, is one of Hampshires highest points, Four Marks was originally settled by veterans of the Crimean War, who were allocated plots for their smallholdings, and was the site of a telegraph. According to Bartholomew’s Gazetteer, the village of Four Marks is the only so named place in the United Kingdom, the first mention of it appears in a document c.1550, albeit spelt differently. The heading of the page can be translated as ‘Perambulation of the Manor of Alresford’, there were thus borders extending in four directions, called a quadripoint. The area was known as Four Marks and even had its own post office. The first mention of the post office is a record in the books of the General Post Office of the issue of a rubber datestamp on 25 March 1897. Four Marks did not become a parish until 1932 when seven parishes were annexed to create it and it included parts of the above-mentioned parishes i. e. Medstead, Ropley, Farringdon and Chawton, Kitwood note changed spellings, plus East Tisted and Newton Valence. The village has its own restored railway station on the Watercress Line, services from which connect with the nearest national rail station 4.4 miles to the northeast, at Alton. The village has a recreation ground including football, cricket, tennis courts, local bowls club. The village Centre has been refurbished, and includes a restful area surrounded by flowerbeds under the village clock. The local amenities include a bakers, a fish and chip shop, an off licence, a wine shop, a hairdressers, a bicycle shop. The Primary School, is a Church of England school bearing the highest possible rank of Outstanding by OFSTED, the village has a historic railway station forming part of the Watercress Line. Four Marks is situated in some of the finest unspoilt Hampshire countryside, steam Locomotives, restored and operated by The Watercress Line, run regular services between Alton and Alresford, stopping at Medstead and Four Marks railway station. Four Marks is host to a small brewery Triple fff Brewery whose beer can be found in pubs in the region. The local newspapers are the Alton Herald and the Hampshire Chronicle, the Alton Herald regularly features articles about Four Marks. The village also has a thriving volunteer-produced monthly magazine, the Four Marks News, the Breeze is the local Radio station on 101. 6FM with a transmitter based in Four Marks, the service is relayed from the Southampton area. BBC South is the local BBC service and ITV Meridian is the local ITV service, the BBC Local Radio service for the area is BBC Solent
5.
Hindhead
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Hindhead is a village in Surrey, England. It is the highest village in Surrey, with buildings at between 185 and 246 metres above sea level, the A3 now passes under Hindhead in the Hindhead Tunnel and its route along the Punch Bowl has been removed and landscaped, but the crossroads still exists for local traffic. Hindhead is centred 10.5 miles south-west of Guildford, the county town of Surrey and it is a ward within the district of Waverley, and forms part of the civil parish of Haslemere. The ward, which includes Beacon Hill, had a population of 3,874 at the 2001 census, the place-name Hindhead is first attested in 1571, and means hill frequented by hinds, or female deer. Hindhead has the 2nd and 13th highest hills in Surrey, Gibbet Hill and Hatch Farm Hill, at 272m and these rise gradually from the rest of the village towards the north of the Greensand Ridge, upon which the village wholly lies. The soil is near its surface a sort of crumbly sandstone here known as greensand which breaks up forest into acidic heathland in many places and it supports endemic types of fungi, ferns, gorse and heather. The north of the forms the Devils Punch Bowl, a large wooded beauty spot. Much of the north and east of the village is rolling woodland which forms part of the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and this area was notorious for highwaymen. In 1736, Stephen Phillips, a robber tried and convicted at the Old Bailey, in 1786, three men were convicted of the murder of an unknown sailor on his way from London to rejoin his ship, a deed commemorated by several memorials in the area. The perpetrators were hung in chains to warn others on Gibbet Hill, with an increase in traffic and opening of the London to Portsmouth railway line removing much of the road transport of freight, such incidents reduced during the 19th century. Hindhead became a settlement in the late 19th century. In 1904 a temporary church was built to serve the new community. An architectural competition to design a permanent church, that of St Albans in Beacon Hill, was held in 1906, and John Duke Coleridge was chosen as the architect. The first phase, comprising the chancel, north chapel, transept and the stage of a projected bell tower, was completed by 1907. A series of windows by the Arts and Crafts designers Karl Parsons, the three eastern bays of the nave were consecrated in 1915, but the two western bays were not built until 1929-31, the bell-tower was never completed and became in effect a south transept. There followed two additional stained glass windows, by Christopher Webb in 1945 and by Francis Skeat in 1950, a large vestry extension was added in 1964. A fire in 1999 destroyed the high altar and reredos paintings. Grant Allen, the Canadian-born novelist, lived at Hilltop, Conan Doyle was one of Allens neighbours and became his friend, he completed Allens novel Hilda Wade after Allens death
6.
Haslemere
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Haslemere is a town in the borough of Waverley in Surrey, England. It is located at the tripoint with Hampshire and West Sussex, approximately 15 miles southwest of Guildford, and is the most southerly town in Surrey. Haslemere lies just east of the A3, the road between London and Portsmouth, while the south branch of the River Wey rises just to the south of the town. The towns railway station is served by South West Trains services between London Waterloo and Portsmouth, while the town itself has a commercial district with service. The earliest record of Haslemere was in 1221 as a Godalming tithing, the name describes hazel trees standing beside a mere. The lake does not exist today, but there is a spring in West Street which could have provided its source. High Street is a watershed with water from the west going to the North Sea via the Wey whilst water from the eastern side goes to the English Channel via the River Arun and this right was confirmed by a new charter issued by Elizabeth I in 1596. Today, this status is celebrated with the Charter fair. There is a bust of Elizabeth I in the newly developed Charter Walk, one of the rotten boroughs, returning two Members of Parliament until the reform Act of 1832, one being Carew Raleigh the son of Sir Walter Raleigh. In Victorian Britain Haslemere became a place to live and continues to be a commuter town for London. The only other murder of a Surrey Police officer was in Caterham some 120 years later, St Bartholomews Church was originally a chapel of ease for Chiddingfold, and probably dates from no earlier than the 16th century. The bell tower is the remaining part of the original building. Haslemere is a town in the borough of Waverley, Surrey, England, the major road between London and Portsmouth, the A3 lies to the west and a branch of the River Wey to the south. Haslemere is 11.9 miles southwest-by-south of Guildford, surrounded by hills, with Blackdown at 920 feet to the south and Gibbet Hill at 894 feet to the north. The latter was the site of state executions from at least medieval times until the late 18th century, many of those hanged were highwaymen, because the roads around Haslemere, particularly alongside the nearby Devils Punch Bowl, were notoriously dangerous. Today, much of the heathland and woodland is owned and protected by the National Trust and has become an attraction for walkers. This east stream is the longest headwater of the River Arun/ˈærʊn/ then passing the north of Chiddingfold, Grayswood is a small village to the northeast of Haslemere and 5 miles southwest of Witley. In 1894, Alfred Hugh Harman moved to Grayswood and in 1900 he offered to finance a church in Grayswood on land given by Lord Derby, the new ecclesiastical parish of Grayswood was formed from parts of the parishes of Witley, Chiddingfold, Haslemere and Thursley in 1901
7.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
8.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
9.
Adult contemporary music
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Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music. Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and it is usually melodic enough to get a listeners attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure, the format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched, however, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers. An AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it excludes hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as these are popular among adults. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s, a common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart, over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including hot AC, soft AC, urban AC, rhythmic AC, and Christian AC. Some stations play only hot AC, soft AC, or only one of the variety of subgenres, therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music, it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres. Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, a few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17,1961, with 20 songs, the chart described itself as not too far out in either direction. Initially, the vocalists consisted of such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s. After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced, better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the charts most popular performers and these middle of the road stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs. Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or beautiful music stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient, hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody
10.
Independent Local Radio
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Independent Local Radio is the collective name given to commercial radio stations in the United Kingdom. The same name is used for Independent Local Radio in Ireland, until the early 1970s, the BBC had a legal monopoly on radio broadcasting in the UK. Upon the election of Edward Heaths government in 1970, this policy changed and it is possible that Heaths victory was partly due to younger voters upset by the UK government closing down the popular pirate radio stations. The new Minister of Post and Telecommunications, Christopher Chataway, announced a Bill to allow for the introduction of radio in the United Kingdom. This service would be planned and regulated in a manner to the existing ITV service. The Sound Broadcasting Act received Royal Assent on 12 July 1972, the IBA immediately began to plan the new service, placing advertisements encouraging interested groups to apply for medium-term contracts to provide programmes in given areas. The first major areas to be advertised were London and Glasgow, the London news contract was awarded to London Broadcasting Company and they began broadcasting on 8 October 1973. The London general contract went to Capital Radio, who began broadcasting on 16 October 1973, in total,19 contracts were awarded between 1973 and 1976. Due to government limits on expenditure and turbulence in the broadcasting field, no further contracts were awarded until 1980. All stations were awarded an AM and an FM frequency, on which they broadcast the same service, in the late 1980s, the expansion of ILR continued at a similar rate. Under the Broadcasting Acts, the IBA had a duty to ensure that any area it licensed for radio could support a station with the advertising revenue. Therefore, many areas were not included in the IBAs ILR plans as it was felt that they were not viable. Nevertheless, the served by ILR continued to increase and 1986 the IBA sanctioned in principle the idea that different services could be broadcast on each stations FM. The first experimental part-time split service was provided by Radio Forth, by 1988, the government had decided that the practice of splitting was beneficial and a quick way to increase choice for listeners. The IBA then began a programme of encouraging ILR stations to split their services, the usual format was to have a gold service on AM and pop music on FM, although Radio City tried City Talk on AM before abandoning the format. The 1990 Broadcasting Act provided for the abolition of the IBA, the IBA continued to regulate radio under the new name of the Radio Authority, but with a different remit. As a light-touch regulator, the Radio Authority was to issue licences to the highest bidder and this led to the awarding of three national contracts to Classic FM, Virgin 1215 and Talk Radio. At this point in time the wave band had become unpopular with radio groups
11.
Hampshire
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Hampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the capital city of England. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000, Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, the southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight. At its greatest size in 1890, Hampshire was the fifth largest county in England and it now has an overall area of 3,700 square kilometres, and measures about 86 kilometres east–west and 76 kilometres north–south. Hampshires tourist attractions include many seaside resorts and two parks, the New Forest and the South Downs. Hampshire has a maritime history and two of Europes largest ports, Portsmouth and Southampton, lie on its coast. The county is famed as home of writers Jane Austen and Charles Dickens, Hampshire takes its name from the settlement that is now the city of Southampton. Southampton was known in Old English as Hamtun, roughly meaning village-town, the old name was recorded in the Domesday book as Hantescire, and it is from this spelling that the modern abbreviation Hants derives. From 1889 until 1959, the county was named the County of Southampton and has also been known as Southamptonshire. The region is believed to have continuously occupied since the end of the last Ice Age about 12,000 BCE. At this time Britain was still attached to the European continent and was covered with deciduous woodland. The first inhabitants came overland from Europe, these were anatomically and behaviourally modern humans, notable sites from this period include Bouldnor Cliff. Agriculture had arrived in southern Britain by 4000 BCE, and with it a neolithic culture, some deforestation took place at that time, although it was during the Bronze Age, beginning in 2200 BCE, that this became more widespread and systematic. Hampshire has few monuments to show from early periods, although nearby Stonehenge was built in several phases at some time between 3100 BCE and 2200 BCE. It is maintained that by this period the people of Britain predominantly spoke a Celtic language, hillforts largely declined in importance in the second half of the second century BCE, with many being abandoned. Julius Caesar invaded southeastern England briefly in 55 and again in 54 BCE, notable sites from this period include Hengistbury Head, which was a major port. There is a Museum of the Iron Age in Andover, the Romans invaded Britain again in 43 CE, and Hampshire was incorporated into the Roman province of Britannia very quickly
12.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
13.
The Breeze (radio network)
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The stations, owned & operated by Celador Radio, broadcast a contemporary easy listening format, playing classic and recent melodic popular music aimed principally at listeners over the age of 40. The Breeze network operates on various FM frequencies and is online at thebreeze. com. The network launched when Play Radio was acquired by Celador along with a station in Portsmouth. In 2011, Celador acquired two Total Star stations in Bristol & Bridgwater, and successfully applied for an FM licence serving the Bath area, all local programming is now identical across all licence areas. The Breeze is currently based in Torbay, Southampton, Bristol, the Breeze originally launched as a number of stations in the South and the West of England.2 and Radio Victory. Following subsequent mergers and acquisitions the stations were acquired by Celador in 2010, kestrel FM Haslemere joined the south network on 16 December 2012. The Breeze was launched on 16 December 2012 by the merging of three stations in Andover, Newbury and Basingstoke, the Breeze launched in 1998 as Quaywest 102.4. It later acquired a station called BCRfm before being taken over by One Gold Radio, the Breeze started in October 2003 as Ivel FM and relaunched as Midwest Radio in August 2010. The Breeze started on 25 June 1995 as 97.4 Gold Radio before becoming Vale FM and it was rebranded as Midwest Radio in August 2010. The Breeze started on 26 May 2006 as Palm 105.5, who had previously held three Restricted Service Licences for the Torbay area
14.
Popular music
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Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
15.
Sam FM (South Coast)
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Sam FM South Coast is an adult hits format radio station broadcasting to a stretch of the English South Coast on 106 MHz &106.6 MHz FM and on DAB Digital. It broadcasts from its Roman Landing studios in Kingsway, Southampton alongside its sister station The Breeze which is housed in the same building. The station was launched in 2006 as Original 106, owned by Canwest. Celador then rebranded the station as Jack FM, to bring it in line with its station in Bristol. Following the stations launch, Coast 106 made use of a restricted service licence from Ofcom to re-broadcast the station to Guernsey. This was done to promote the station to Guernsey residents for when they travelled to England, the Breeze Hampshire The Breeze Sam FM Sam FM Celador Official website
16.
Southampton F.C.
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Their home ground since 2001 has been St Marys Stadium, before which they were based at The Dell. Southampton has a rivalry with Portsmouth due to its close proximity. Matches between the two sides are known as the South Coast derby, the club has won the FA Cup once, in 1976, and their highest-ever league finish was second in the First Division in 1983–84. Southampton were relegated from the Premier League on 15 May 2005 and they returned after a seven-year absence, and have played there ever since. Southampton were founded at St. Marys Church, on 21 November 1885 by members of the St. Marys Church of England Young Mens Association. More important matches, such as cup games, were played either at the County Cricket Ground in Northlands Road or the Antelope Cricket Ground in St Marys Road. During this time, they moved to a newly built £10,000 stadium called The Dell, the club reached the first of their four FA Cup Finals in 1900. On that day, they went down 4–0 to Bury and two later they would suffer a similar fate at the hands of Sheffield United as they were beaten 2–1 in a replay of the 1902 final. After World War I, Saints joined the newly formed Football League Third Division in 1920 which split into South and North sections a year later, the 1921–22 season ended in triumph with promotion and marked the beginning of a 31-year stay in the Second Division. The 1922–23 season was a unique Even Season –14 wins,14 draws and 14 defeats for a total of 42 points, goals for and against statistics were also equal and the team finished in mid-table. In 1925 and 1927, they reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup, losing 2–0 and 2–1 to Sheffield United, in the 1948–49 and 1949–50 seasons, Charlie Wayman rattled in a total of 56 goals. Then relegation in 1953 sent Saints sliding back into Division 3 and it took until 1960 for Saints to regain Second Division status with Derek Reeves plundering 39 of the champions’106 league goals. On 27 April 1963 a crowd of 68,000 at Villa Park saw them lose 1–0 to Manchester United in the FA Cup semi-final. In 1966, when Ted Bates’ team were promoted to the First Division as runners-up, for the following campaign Ron Davies arrived to score 43 goals in his first season. Saints stayed among the elite for eight years, with the highest finishing position being seventh place in 1968–69 and again in 1970–71. These finishes were high enough for them to qualify for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969–70 and its successor, the UEFA Cup in 1971–72, in December 1973, Bates stood down to be replaced by his assistant Lawrie McMenemy. The Saints were one of the first victims of the new three-down relegation system in 1974, the following season, they played in Europe again in the Cup Winners Cup, reaching Round 3 where they lost 2–3 on aggregate to Anderlecht. In 1977–78, captained by Alan Ball, Saints finished runners-up in the Second Division and they finished comfortably in 14th place in their first season back in the top flight
17.
St Mary's Stadium
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St. Marys Stadium in Southampton, England, has been the home stadium of Premier League club, Southampton F. C. since 2001. The stadium has a capacity of 32,505 and is currently the largest football stadium in the south of England, outside of London. Construction started in December 1999 and was completed at the end of July 2001, with work on the stadium itself, the first match was played on 1 August 2001 against RCD Espanyol, with the Spanish side winning 4–3. The first competitive hat trick at the stadium was scored by Stafford Browne for Aldershot Town in a 3–1 victory over Havant & Waterlooville in the Hampshire Senior Cup final on 1 May 2002, the stadium is a complete bowl, with all stands of equal height. There are two screens at either end that can be seen from any seat. The stadium has four stands, which are named after the areas of Southampton they face, the main stand is the Itchen Stand, and faces the River Itchen. The opposite stand is called the Kingsland Stand, behind the south goal is the Chapel Stand, and to the north is the Northam Stand. At the rear of the Chapel, Kingsland and Northam Stands, there is a continuous, a large section of the roof at the Chapel Stand, at the southern end of the stadium is also translucent, for the same reason. At the rear of the Itchen Stand, there are 42 executive boxes, the stand also houses the clubs offices, changing rooms, press facilities and corporate hospitality suites. Visitors can be given up to 4,250 seats for cup games, the official ground name at opening was The Friends Provident St Marys Stadium. Initially the club wanted the ground to be named purely after the sponsors, in 2006 the new sponsor Flybe. com did not choose to purchase the naming rights to the stadium, meaning it reverted to the name St Marys Stadium. The ground has a capacity of 32,505, including the press. Because of the segregation between home and away fans in the Northam Stand, it is unlikely the full capacity will ever be reached for a competitive match. The current record attendance was for the Football League Championship match between Southampton and Coventry City on 28 April 2012, when 32,363 spectators attended, the lowest league record was Southampton versus Sheffield United, when just 13,257 attended. When the club had lower league position this had a impact on attendances, although the visit of Exeter City on Boxing Day,2009 in a League One fixture. The overall average attendance for the season was 20,982. During the 2010–11 League One campaign the lowest attendance was 18,623 against Yeovil, all stands, apart from the Itchen stand, can be built upon and expanded. Overall this would give a capacity of around 50,000, and would cost a similar amount to how much it cost to build the stadium in the first place
18.
South Wales
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South Wales is the region of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south, and Mid Wales and West Wales to the north and west. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. Areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered part of Mid Wales, the expression south Wales is not officially defined, and its meaning has changed over time. Between the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284 and the Laws in Wales Act 1535 and this was divided into a Principality of South Wales and a Principality of North Wales. The southern principality was made up of the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, the legal responsibility for this area lay in the hands of the Justiciar of South Wales based at Carmarthen. Other parts of southern Wales were in the hands of various Marcher Lords, the Laws in Wales Acts 1542 created the Court of Great Sessions in Wales based on four legal circuits. The Brecon circuit served the counties of Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Glamorgan while the Carmarthen circuit served Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, Monmouthshire was attached to the Oxford circuit for judicial purposes. These seven southern counties were thus differentiated from the six counties of north Wales, the Court of the Great Sessions came to an end in 1830, but the counties survived until the Local Government Act 1972 which came into operation in 1974. The creation of the county of Powys merged one northern county with two southern ones, there are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales, but the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and west Wales, areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered to be in Mid Wales. A further point of uncertainty is whether the first element of the name should be capitalized, as the name is a geographical expression rather than a specific area with well-defined borders, style guides such as those of the BBC and The Guardian use the form south Wales. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. This natural beauty changed to an extent during the early Industrial Revolution when the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valley areas were exploited for coal. By the 1830s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in Cardiff, lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. Whilst some of the left, many settled and established in the South Wales Valleys between Swansea and Abergavenny as English-speaking communities with a unique identity. Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of Cholera, and on the social and cultural side and this number is now very low, following the UK miners strike, and the last traditional deep-shaft mine, Tower Colliery, closed in January 2008
19.
Nation Radio
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Nation Radio is a regional radio station, broadcasting to South Wales on FM and in West and North East Wales on DAB. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts from studios near the St Hilary transmitter on the outskirts of Cowbridge, in August, the station launched in Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire via the Muxco Mid and West Wales multiplex. The stations presenters include Carl Hughes and Rachel Chew, Mark Powell, Neil Greenslade, Sean Gerrard, specialist programming includes the weekly rugby magazine Rugby Nation on Wednesday evenings and an unsigned music show, Airplay, on Sunday evenings. Local news bulletins air hourly from 6am-6pm on weekdays and from 8am to midday at weekends, as of June 2016, the stations news bulletins are provided by independent company Radio NewsHub in Leeds
20.
102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire
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Radio Pembrokeshire is an Independent Local Radio station serving Pembrokeshire. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 102.5 and 107.5 FM, the station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day, alongside local news, travel and community information. Two further RSL broadcasts took place in 2000 - by the end of the year, two further groups, More FM and Real Radio, also applied for the licence. In November 2001, Haven FM was awarded an eight-year licence, the station was renamed Radio Pembrokeshire following a pre-launch competition to find a new station name. Nearly two years after the launch of Radio Pembrokeshire, the stations Narberth studios became home to a local station, Radio Carmarthenshire. In August 2006, the station was sold to Town and Country Broadcasting, the station switched broadcasting to the St Hilary studios at 10am on Tuesday 22 November 2016, although the Narberth site is retained as a studio for specialist programming and a sales office. The majority of Radio Pembrokeshires output is produced and broadcast from Nation Broadcastings St Hilary studios, most programming and presenters is shared with sister stations Radio Carmarthenshire, Radio Ceredigion, Bridge FM and Swansea Bay Radio. The weekday evening show is also simulcast with Nation Radio, presenter-led shows air from 6am - 10pm on Monday - Thursdays, 6am - 7pm on Fridays, 6am - 6pm on Saturdays and 6am - 7pm on Sundays. The stations weekday presenters are Mark Powell and Ruth Wignall, Chris Blumer, Sean Gerrard, the station retains its own specialist opt-out programming, including a Friday night sports preview, weekly religious and farming affairs programmes on Sunday mornings and an unsigned music show. The station also airs a rugby magazine show, Rugby Nation on Wednesday evenings, the Vodafone Big Top 40 is produced by Global Radio at its Capital studios in London for broadcast on 145 commercial radio stations in the UK every Sunday afternoon. Local news bulletins air hourly from 6. 02am -6. 02pm on weekdays and 8. 02am -12. 02pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime. As of June 2016, the news bulletins are provided by independent company Radio NewsHub in Leeds. Radio Pembrokeshire also airs national Sky News Radio bulletins 24 hours a day and detailed local weather forecasts on the half-hour
21.
97.1 Radio Carmarthenshire
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Radio Carmarthenshire is a Independent Local Radio station serving Carmarthenshire. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 97.1 and 97.5 FM from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan. The station plays music from the 1980s to the present day, alongside local news, travel, Welsh language programming. Following the successful launch of Radio Pembrokeshire in 2002, the owners, led by Keri Jones, another applicant, Carmarthenshire Sound withdrew from the bidding process, leaving Radio Carmarthenshire unopposed. The station began broadcasting on Sunday 13 June 2004 from Radio Pembrokeshires Narberth studios, four months after launch, the station was given a yellow card warning by the broadcasting regulator OFCOM, following complaints about the levels of Welsh language programming. As of March 2016, Radio Carmarthenshire airs a two-hour Welsh language music show on Monday - Thursday evenings, in August 2006, the station was sold to Town & Country Broadcasting. The station switched broadcasting to the St Hilary studios at 10am on Tuesday 22 November 2016, although the Narberth site is retained as a studio for specialist programming, the majority of Radio Carmarthenshires output is produced and broadcast from Nation Broadcastings St Hilary studios. Most programming and presenters is shared with sister stations Radio Ceredigion, Radio Pembrokeshire, Bridge FM, the weekday evening show is also simulcast with Nation Radio. Presenter-led shows air from 6am - 10pm on Monday - Thursdays, 6am - 7pm on Fridays, 6am - 6pm on Saturdays, the stations weekday presenters are Mark Powell and Ruth Wignall, Chris Blumer, Sean Gerrard and Lee Jukes. The Vodafone Big Top 40 is produced by Global Radio at its Capital studios in London for broadcast on 145 commercial radio stations in the UK every Sunday afternoon. Local news bulletins air hourly from 6. 02am -6. 02pm on weekdays and 8. 02am -12. 02pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime. As of June 2016, the news bulletins are provided by independent company Radio NewsHub in Leeds. Radio Carmarthenshire also airs national Sky News Radio bulletins 24 hours a day and detailed local weather forecasts on the half-hour
22.
Bridge FM (Wales)
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Bridge FM is a Independent Local Radio station serving Bridgend County Borough and surrounding areas. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 106.3 FM from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the neighbouring Vale of Glamorgan, the station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day, alongside local news, travel and community information. Bridge FM was formerly owned by Tindle Radio Group but sold to Town and Country Broadcasting in 2006, the majority of Bridge FMs output is produced and broadcast from Nation Broadcastings St Hilary studios. Most programming and presenters is shared with sister stations Radio Carmarthenshire, Radio Ceredigion, the weekday evening show is also simulcast with Nation Radio. The Vodafone Big Top 40 is produced by Global Radio at its Capital studios in London for broadcast on 145 commercial radio stations in the UK every Sunday afternoon. Local news bulletins air hourly from 6. 02am -6. 02pm on weekdays and 8. 02am -12. 02pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime. As of June 2016, the news bulletins are provided by independent company Radio NewsHub in Leeds. Bridge FM also airs national Sky News Radio bulletins 24 hours a day and detailed local weather forecasts on the half-hour
23.
Dream 107.2
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Dream 107.2 was a local adult contemporary radio station, primarily serving Winchester, Eastleigh and their conurbations, owned by the Tindle Radio Group. Win 107.2 launched in 1999 financed by Radio Investments Ltd, from studios in The Brooks Shopping Centre in Winchester town centre, in November 2008 Dream 107.2 became a relay for Radio Hampshire, simulcasting all output except for a Winchester-targeted breakfast show broadcast from Southampton. Faced with competition from regional rivals, Dream struggled to deliver large numbers of listeners. In its final survey, Dream had 9,000 weekly listeners, with a market share of 1. 4%
24.
Eastleigh
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Eastleigh is in Hampshire, England, and the main town in the Borough of Eastleigh. The town lies between Southampton and Winchester, and is part of the South Hampshire conurbation, the first substantial growth was as a railway town. Now it is home to businesses, including a manufacturing plant owned by Prysmian Cables & Systems. The town lies on the River Itchen, one of Englands premier chalk streams for fly fishing, the modern town of Eastleigh lies on the old Roman road, built in A. D.79 between Winchester and Bitterne. Roman remains discovered in the Eastleigh area, including a Roman lead coffin excavated in 1908, a Saxon village called East Leah has been recorded to have existed since 932 AD. There is additional evidence of settlement in a survey from the time which details land in North Stoneham being granted by King Æthelstan to his military aid. The prefix Est or East is thought to refer to its location relative to the settlement of Baddesley. The Domesday Book of 1086 gives a detailed account of the settlement. In 1838 the London and South Western Railway Company built a railway from Southampton to Winchester and it was decided to build a station near the little village of Barton. This railway station was originally named Bishopstoke Junction, in 1868 the villages of Barton and Eastley were combined into one parish. A parish church, the Church of the Resurrection, was built in the same year, a local noted author of many novels, Charlotte Yonge, donated £500 towards the building of the church. She was rewarded by being given the privilege to choose a name for the new parish and she chose Eastly, but with a new modern spelling, Eastleigh. In 1891 the L&SWR Carriage and Wagon Works from Nine Elms in London were transferred to Eastleigh and this was followed by the Nine Elms Locomotive Works which were moved there in 1909. These railway works were closed in 2006 but have since reopened, Eastleigh has seen a rapid and controlled expansion in residential, industrial and commercial development over recent years. The borough of Eastleigh was ranked the 9th best place to live in the UK2006 by a Channel 4 programme. The United States Navy established an air station on 23 July 1918 to assemble and repair Caproni Ca.5 and Airco DH.4. The base closed shortly after the First Armistice at Compiègne, perhaps Eastleighs best-known resident is the Spitfire aeroplane which was built in Southampton and first flown from Eastleigh Aerodrome. A replica has recently placed on the roundabout at the entrance to the airport
25.
The Local Radio Company
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The Local Radio Company is a British media company, based in Redruth, Cornwall, that owns ten independent local radio stations in the UK. After takeover talks with UTV Media, UKRD Group and Hallwood Financial, TLRC was formed in 1996 as a joint venture between its majority shareholder Radio Investments Limited and GWR Group plc, with founding Chief Executive Chris Carnegy also holding a small stake. The group expanded rapidly by acquisitions and new licence wins, changes in structure saw a merger between TLRC, RIL and RIL subsidiary Radio Services. At its peak the merged private company owned or invested in 28 stations, from 2000 Guardian Media Group held a management contract, with its radio chief John Myers taking charge. The group was sold in 2004 and began a new life as an AIM-quoted public company under the leadership of former Jazz FM CEO Richard Wheatly. For a while, all owned by the quoted group, except Fire Radio, broadcast under a contemporary music format known as Music, fun. However this was not deemed a success so, after the departure of Group Programme Director Gordon Davidson in June 2006 to Emap. The playlist offers a mix of new and classic pop music, for 6 months in 2008 there were 2 new networked shows on the group including the Saturday Afternoon show with Tim West and the Network Weekend Breakfast Show with Danny Mathews. Until recently, Sunday afternoons across the network have been dedicated to a premium rate phone-in show hosted by Andy Muir, titled Money on your Mobile. Network shows were mostly broadcast from Mix 107 in High Wycombe, in 2005, TLRC made a large number of acquisitions including full control of east Lancashire station 2BR and Bath FM. New licences, Durham FM and Brunel FM, went on air in 2005 and 2006 respectively, in June 2007, TLRC launched Minster Northallerton which was moved into Alpha 103. 2s studio outside of the stations border in Darlington. Before selling them, the company had already moved Bath studios to neighbouring Brunel FM in Swindon, in 2007, TLRC station Isle of Wight Radio won the Sony Radio Academy Award for Radio Station of the Year. In 2008, Silk FM won the award, having been shortlisted the previous year. On 30 June 2008 TLRC announced plans to six of its stations, 3TR, Bath, Brunel, Ivel, Pennine and Vale. This was followed by Central FM in September 2008, the station has been live since 6 October 2008, sharing studios with Mix 107 in High Wycombe. On 7 January 2009, TLRC placed Jazz FM up for sale following a review of the company. The station was sold to chairman of TLRC, Richard Wheatly. Star Radio North East 2BR Minster FM Mix 96 Spire FM Spirit FM97.2 Stray FM Sun FM Wessex FM Yorkshire Coast Radio 107.3 Abbey FM - ceased broadcasting, Central 103.1 FM - sold to John Quinn
26.
Wave 105
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Wave 105 is a British regional commercial radio station broadcasting across East Dorset, South Hampshire, Isle of Wight and parts of West Sussex and Wiltshire. Playing a mix of contemporary music, it combines presenter-led shows with local news and information, entertainment guides. The station forms part of the Bauer City network, almost its entire output is locally produced. Based in a complex at Segensworth East, on the outskirts of Fareham. Wave 105 began broadcasting on 14 June 1998, News is provided by Wave 105s local news team in conjunction with Sky News. Wave 105 revealed its highest listening figures ever in December 2013, owned by media company Bauer Radio, Wave 105 was initially created by a group of private investors under the name of The Radio Partnership. The station was sold to Kelvin MacKenzies Wireless Group. The Wireless Group eventually sold Wave 105 to Scottish Radio Holdings who were acquired by EMAP in 2005, in 2004, Wave 105 won the NTL Commercial Radio Station of the Year award in the category for stations with a potential audience of over one million listeners
27.
Radio Victory
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Radio Victory was the independent local radio station for Portsmouth in southern England. It was launched on 14 October 1975 and served south Hampshire, West Sussex and it took its name from the famous historic ship HMS Victory which is preserved at Portsmouth. Victory was one of the first 19 independent stations in the UK and its studios were based in Fratton, Portsmouth. Its FM transmitter, on 95.0 MHz, was at Fort Widley, despite a power of only 0.2 kW, the signal reached Southampton and across the Isle of Wight quite well. The station also broadcast on Medium Wave 257m from Farlington Marshes with a power of 0.2 kW, Victory had three managing directors throughout its life – Guy Paine, John Russell, and finally Bruce Jenkins. Housed in St Marys Institute in Portsmouths Fratton Road, its address was PO Box 257, for most of its life, Victory transmitted from 6 am to 1 am Mondays–Fridays,6 am to 2 am Saturdays and 7 am to midnight on Sundays. This increased to 24-hour broadcasting from the start of the Falklands Conflict, newsreader Penny Guy broadcast news of the first UK warship casualty—the sinking of HMS Sheffield. Listeners were unaware her fiancé Derek was aboard the vessel, Fratton Road in Portsmouth was jammed solid with traffic, drivers blaring their horns in tribute as the airwaves fell silent for the last time. Victory was the first ILR station to lose its franchise, the station was replaced by Ocean Sound which was given a licence for a larger coverage area including Southampton. The name Victory, as a station for the Portsmouth area, was re-invented in 1994 to mark the citys 800th birthday. Victory FM was set up by Mark Samways with the help of Kevin Huffer, alex Bentley, the citys Lord Mayor during the set-up period, was most encouraging and helped by arranging for the council to provide space for the studios in the civic offices for a peppercorn rent. This first outing for the new service acquired a 28-day broadcast licence, called Restricted Service Licence and it returned to the air twice more as Victory FM—over the Christmas period of 1994 and again in 1995 to mark VE Days 50th anniversary. The studios for this period were located in the Anchor House, North End and were loaned by the owners the Bradford, the building had been empty since the Hampshire Building Society closed for business. A total of six 28-day RSL FM broadcasts were made from 1994 to 1998, when Greater Portsmouth was re-issued with its own ILR franchise, Radio Victory won the bid. It returned to the airwaves on 19 September 1999 on 107.4 FM, the station was acquired by TLRC at the end of 1999, and 2000 saw a massive change of personnel. The station later relaunched as Victory 107.4 and 107.4 The Quay, during 2010 PFC sold the station to Celadors radio arm and the frequency became part of a regional station called The Breeze. The local studios in Twyford Avenue used since 1999 were closed, one of Victorys longest running shows was the Victory Roll, its own top-40 chart show aired on Saturday evenings until all ILR stations started simulcasting the Network Chart from Capital Radio. The Victory Roll was compiled from record sales at the Co-op record department in Fratton Road, the shows first catchphrase was everything that touches you
28.
The Breeze (East Hampshire & South West Surrey)
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The Breeze is an independent local radio station broadcasting to the Southampton, Portsmouth, Winchester and Four Marks areas of Hampshire, England. It is owned by Celador Radio and is part of The Breeze network of stations, the station has a contemporary easy listening format, playing classic and recent melodic popular music aimed principally at listeners over 40. The station is available online. All programming is now identical across the three licence areas, the Breeze is based at Roman Landing in the Kingsway area of Southampton, sharing facilities with another Celador-owned station in the region, Sam FM. The 107.8 FM service launched under the name SouthCity FM on 5 September 1999. In 2004, the licence was acquired by Southampton Football Club, the service was at this point based at studios within Southampton FCs ground, St Marys Stadium. On 26 July 2007, Southampton FC confirmed it had sold the station to South Wales-based radio group Town & Country Broadcasting - a firm headed by lifelong Southampton FC fan Jason Bryant. The sale led to a rebranding of the station as 107.8 Radio Hampshire from 6 August 2007. Radio Hampshire joined Nation Radio,102.1 Bay Radio,102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire,97.1 Radio Carmarthenshire,97.5 Scarlet FM and 106.3 Bridge FM in the T&CB portfolio. See also Dream 107.2 In 1999, Win 107.2 was launched as a new station serving the Winchester. Owned by Radio Investments Ltd, the station broadcast from a studio at the Brooks Shopping Centre in Winchester town centre, RIL was later bought by The Local Radio Company. TLRC sold Win FM to the Tindle Radio Group in September 2006, the Winchester studios were closed and the 107.2 FM Winchester frequency switched to sharing content with Southamptons service 20 hours a day. A separate local daily breakfast programme for the Winchester licence area was maintained, the Quay broadcast from studios on Twyford Avenue in Portsmouth. In the summer of 2010, Portsmouth F. C. went into administration, Quay Radio was shut down at noon on Friday 30 July 2010 as a result. The station was sold to Celador Radio Broadcasting, who announced that following their purchase of the frequency,107.4 FM would broadcast as part of The Breeze 107 from the end of July 2010. The broadcast rights to Portsmouth F. C. s matches remained with the club and it was agreed days before the start of the 2010–11 Championship season that Express FM, a community station for Portsmouth, would now broadcast the commentary for Portsmouth F. C. matches. See also Delta FM The original Delta Radio first broadcast in January 1990, the station was launched by County Sounds Terry Mann, formerly Programme Director of Radio 210, Reading. After County Sound merged with Radio Mercury to form Allied Radio, Delta Radio was closed down by its new owners in 1992, however, when Mike Powells UKRD Group won the Guildford licence, Delta Radio was relaunched in 1996
29.
Portsmouth F.C.
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Portsmouth Football Club /ˈpɔərtsməθ/ is a professional football club in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, which plays in League Two, the fourth tier of English football. Home matches have been played at Fratton Park since the formation in 1898. Portsmouth have been champions of England twice, in 1949 and 1950, in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, Portsmouth played European heavyweights A. C. Milan. In this period, the club had international footballers including England players Glen Johnson, Jermain Defoe, Peter Crouch, David James, financial problems, however, soon set in and Portsmouth were relegated to the Football League Championship in 2010. In 2012, they were relegated, to League One. They began the 2013–14 season in the tier of the English football league system for the first time since the late 1970s. Portsmouth became the largest fan-owned football club in England, after the Pompey Supporters Trust successfully gained possession of Fratton Park in April 2013, Portsmouth Football Club are nicknamed Pompey, a name which it shares with the city of Portsmouth and its historic naval base. Pompey is thought most likely to originate from the abbreviation of Portsmouth Point to the shorter Pom. The club was founded in 1898 with John Brickwood — owner of the local Brickwoods Brewery — as chairman, a blue plaque on the wall of 12 High Street Portsmouth commemorates the founding on 5 April. That first season was successful, with the club winning 20 out of 28 league matches, 1910–11 saw Portsmouth relegated, but with the recruitment of Robert Brown as manager, the team was promoted the following season. League football was suspended during First World War, but following the resumption of matches Portsmouth won the Southern League for the second time, continuing success saw them in the Third Division for the 1920–21 season. They finished 12th that year, but won the division in the 1923–24 season, the club continued to perform well in the Second Division, winning promotion by finishing second in the 1926–27 season, gaining a record 9–1 win over Notts County along the way. Portsmouths debut season in the First Division was a struggle, the next season they continued to falter, losing 10–0 to Leicester City, still a club record defeat. Despite their failings in the league, however, that also saw Portsmouth reach the FA Cup final for the first time. Portsmouth managed to survive relegation, and their fortunes began to change, the 1933–34 season saw Portsmouth again reach the FA Cup final, beating Manchester United, Bolton, Leicester and Birmingham City on the way. The club was defeated in the final, this time to Manchester City. Having established themselves in the top flight, the 1938–39 season saw Portsmouth reach the FA Cup final and this time, Portsmouth managed to convincingly defeat favourites Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–1. Bert Barlow and Jock Anderson scored, whilst Cliff Parker scored twice to complete a famous victory, League football resumed for the 1946–47 campaign after five years and Portsmouth continued in the First Division
30.
Spirit FM (UK radio station)
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Spirit FM broadcasts to West Sussex from studios in Dukes Court, Chichester - the place it has been since its launch over 20 years ago. It was previously available in the south west of the county. Spirit FM began broadcasting in April 1996 as an independent radio station and its original chairman was David Palmer. The founding MD was Steve Oates, spirit FM was awarded the licence to broadcast to West Sussex by the former Radio Authority, now Ofcom, in 1995. The station is now the most listened to radio station across West Sussex with local news. The station doesnt use any network programming, apart from the national Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoon, spirit FM is wholly owned by UKRD Group
31.
Isle of Wight Radio
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Isle of Wight Radio is an independent local radio station in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The station began transmitting from Briddlesford Farm AM transmitter on 15 April 1990, Isle of Wight Radio switched to FM in March 1998, its main transmitter is at Chillerton Down on 107FM, with three low power relays on 102FM in Cowes, Ventnor and Ryde. Isle of Wight Radio was independently-owned for two years before being purchased by GWR and then by The Local Radio Company. In August 2009, the station was sold in a management buyout by programme controller Paul Topping, Claire Willis, Ian Walker and Hedley Finn, the merger involved the stations shareholders taking shares in Media Sound Holdings, with Willis and Finn joining the board. The station currently broadcasts a bespoke Isle of Wight mid-morning show presented by Anna Bingham from studios in Worthing, West Sussex. The station was the Radio Academys Station Of The Year in 1998,2003,2004,2005,2006,2010,2011 and 2013 in the category for stations with an audience under 1 million. In 2007, the won the prestigious Sony Award for Station Of The Year for stations with fewer than 300,000 listeners. It has also won the Arqiva Commercial Radio Station Of The Year award for 2012 and 2013, Isle of Wight Radio website Founder Jean-Paul Hansfords website
32.
EFL Championship
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The English Football League Championship is the highest division of the English Football League and second-highest overall in the English football league system, after the Premier League. Each year, the top finishing teams in the Championship are promoted to the Premier League, the Football League Championship, which was introduced for the 2004–05 season, was previously known as the Football League First Division, and before that was known as Division Two. The winners of the Championship receive the Football League Championship trophy, the Championship is the wealthiest non-top flight football division in the world and the seventh richest division in Europe. With an average attendance for the 2015-16 season of 17,578. Bundesliga as the secondary league in the world. In the 2015–16 season, Burnley were the champions, Middlesbrough were the runners up. At present, Ipswich Town hold the longest tenure in the Championship, the total figures were aided somewhat by the presence of 24 clubs, compared to 20 clubs in both Serie A and Ligue 1, and 18 in the Bundesliga. A major factor to the success comes from television revenue. On 30 September 2009, Coca-Cola announced they would end their deal with The Football League at the end of the 2009–10 season. On 18 July 2013, UK bookmaker Sky Bet announced that signed a 5-year agreement to sponsor the league. Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw, the teams are ranked in the league table by points gained, then goal difference, then goals scored and then their head-to-head record for that season. At the end of the season, the top two teams and the winner of the Championship play-offs are promoted to the Premier League and the three teams are relegated to Football League One. The Football League Championship play-offs is a competition for the teams finishing the season in third to sixth place with the winner being promoted to the Premier League. In the play-offs, the team plays against the sixth-placed team. The winners of each semi-final then compete in a match with the prize being promotion to the Premier League. From 2009 to 2012, Sky Sports had the rights to broadcast 65 live matches, the BBC had the rights to show 10 first choice live games for the regular season as well as the rights to show a highlight show. The deal is on a contract and is worth £264m that will mostly be paid by Sky. The deal included 75 live league games, all the matches,15 League Cup ties
33.
Ofcom
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Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition. Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition, the regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003. The creation of Ofcom was announced in the Queens Speech to the UK Parliament, the new body, which would replace several existing authorities, was conceived as a super-regulator to oversee media channels that were rapidly converging through digital transmission. It will no longer play a role in making policy, and the policy-making functions it has today will be transferred back fully to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. On 1 October 2011, Ofcom took over responsibility for regulating the postal services industry from the Postal Services Commission. In April 2015, Ofcom announced that as of 1 July, the streamlining of these charges must be printed in each customers contract and monthly bills. The change will affect over 175 million phone numbers making it the biggest overhaul of telephoning in over a decade, on 1 January 2016, the regulation of video on demand was transferred to Ofcom from ATVOD, the Authority for Television On Demand. On 13 July former Prime Minister Gordon Brown urged Ofcom to launch an investigation, on 22 July it was reported that Ofcom had begun an investigation into whether the phone-hacking scandal may have changed BSkyBs status as the fit and proper holder of a UK broadcasting licence. In the letter Richards confirmed that Ofcom considers that News Corporations current shareholding of 39, in April 2012, Ofcoms probe moved from a monitoring phase to a evidence gathering phase. Ofcom licenses all UK commercial television and radio services in the UK, broadcasters must comply by the terms of their licence, or risk having it revoked. Ofcom also publishes the Broadcasting Code, a series of rules which all broadcast content on television, the broadcasting of pornography with a BBFC R18 certificate is not permitted. In 2010 Ofcom revoked the licences of four television channels for promoting adult chat services during daytime hours. The companies involved were fined £157,250, Ofcoms jurisdiction does not cover television and radio channels which are broadcast in the UK but licensed abroad. In 2012 Ofcom lodged a complaint with the Dutch media regulator regarding the content of adult television channels which are broadcast in the UK. As the regulatory body for media broadcasts, part of Ofcoms duties are to examine specific complaints by viewers or listeners about programmes broadcast on channels that it has licensed and it does not oversee unlicensed channels broadcast to UK viewers. When Ofcom receives a complaint, it asks the broadcaster for a copy of the programme, Ofcom requests response from the broadcaster to the complaint. On the basis of response, Ofcom will mark the complaint as either upheld or not upheld
34.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
35.
Petersfield
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Petersfield is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 17 miles north of Portsmouth, via the A3 road, the town has its own railway station on the Portsmouth Direct Line, the mainline rail link connecting Portsmouth and London. Situated on the slopes of the South Downs, Petersfield lies wholly within the South Downs National Park. The town is on the crossroads of well-used north–south and east–west routes, Petersfield is twinned with Barentin in France, and Warendorf in Germany. Petersfield Heaths burial mounds may be up to 4,000 years old, their distribution is mainly to the east and these are considered to be one of the more important lowland barrow groups in this country. The barrows indicate that the area of the Heath was occupied by people who may have come to regard this area as sacred to their religion. In 1415 King Henry V granted the burgesses of Petersfield freedom from toll, stallage, picage, pannage, murage, all charters are preserved in the archive files at Petersfield Town Council. The town grew in prosperity due to its position on frequently travelled routes, local sheep farming, there were weekly markets in the town square for sheep, horse and cattle trading, and two annual fairs, in June and November. An autumn fair which began in the early 19th century was held in October on The Heath, the towns market square has an 18th-century statue of King William III by Henry Cheere. The king is mounted and the statue is on an engraved plinth, Petersfield is situated in the valley of the Western Rother, on the Lower Greensand at the northern edge of the South Downs. The town lies at the end of the Greensand Ridge. The town is surrounded on all sides by farmed countryside, with the South Downs south of the town, the Hampshire Downs to the west, the town is a centre for exploring the South Downs National Park. Close to the town and situated on the South Downs is Queen Elizabeth Country Park, which incorporates Butser Hill, the Hangers Way footpath starts from the country park, goes to Buriton, through Petersfield and on to Alton. On the south east side of the town is Petersfield Heath,95 acres of heathland including woodland, grassland, a pond, Petersfield Heath is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest. It also contains 21 Bronze Age barrows which have resulted in the site being given Scheduled Ancient Monument status, heathland is very rare throughout Europe and Petersfield Heath is a typical heathland mosaic of micro habitats. Across the site are sandy heath and acid heath areas, grassland and scrub which gives the area diverse zones for insects, reptiles, birds and small mammals. Petersfield Heath is at one end of The Serpent Trail, a 65-mile walk though heath and downland of Hampshire, on the nearest week-end to 6 October every year the Taro Fair is held on Petersfield Heath, a reminder of cattle fairs that were held annually until the 1950s. Free festivals are held throughout the year, Petersfields market square holds markets, and there are also monthly Farmers markets
36.
Alton, Hampshire
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Alton is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is located across a valley on the source of the River Wey, according to the 2011 census, it has a population of 17,816. The town is famous for its connection with Sweet Fanny Adams, the town was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 under the name Aoltone and was notable for having the most valuable market recorded therein. The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War, the town contains three secondary schools and its own railway station. The Alton Hoard of Iron Age coins and jewellery was found in the vicinity of the town in 1996 and is now in the British Museum. A Roman road ran from Chichester to Silchester and there is evidence of a Roman posting station at Neatham near Alton, probably called Vindomis, centuries later, an Anglo-Saxon settlement was established in the area and a large 7th century cemetery has been discovered during building excavations. The buckle was found in the grave of a warrior, and has a body, set with garnets. The River Wey has a source in the town, and the name Alton comes from an Anglo-Saxon word aewielltun meaning farmstead at the source of the river, in 1001 Danish forces invaded England during the First Battle of Alton. When they reached Alton, the forces of Wessex came together, about 81 Englishman were killed, including Ethelwerd the Kings high-steward, Leofric of Whitchurch, Leofwin the Kings high-steward, Wulfhere a bishops thane, and Godwin of Worthy, Bishop Elfsys son. Danish casualties were higher, but the Danes won the battle, Alton is listed as having the most valuable recorded market in the Domesday Book under the name Aoltone in the Odingeton Hundred — Hantescire. The Treaty of Alton was an agreement signed in 1101 between William the Conquerors eldest son Robert, Duke of Normandy and his brother Henry I of England, Henry had seized the throne while his elder brother was away on the first crusade. Robert returned to claim the throne, landing in Portsmouth, the two brothers met in Alton and agreed terms which formed the Treaty of Alton. Part of the street through Alton is called Normandy Street. The first recorded market in Alton was in 1232, although the market at Neatham first recorded in the Domesday Book may also have been in the town. Blome wrote in 1673 of a market on Saturdays, which is great for provisions. The correct date for the grant seems to be 22 November 1320, the grant was for a 9-day fair - the vigil and feast of Whitsuntide and seven days after. The two main manors in Alton - Alton Eastbrook and Alton Westbrook - had a fair each and that of Alton Eastbrook has no extant charter, and may never have had one. It was originally held on St Lawrence’s Day and so its origin was, presumably, the religious aspect would have ceased when the country was no longer Roman Catholic
37.
Sam FM (Bristol)
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Sam FM Bristol is an English language adult hits format radio station that broadcasts on 106.5 MHz FM in Bristol, United Kingdom and is owned by Celador Radio. The station was awarded its original broadcast licence in September 2006 as Original 106.5 and it was owned by a group of investors under the name Tomahawk Radio. The station originally broadcast an Adult Oriented format, with 40% of its coming from past or present Top 20 charts. 106 Jack FM replaced Original, which had previously broadcast using the frequency, on 2 December 2009 following a staged on-air argument. The station was acquired by Celador Radio on 7 September 2010, from 1 April 2015, the Jack FM name was dropped in favour of Sam FM by the station owner Celador Radio, who decided on changing the name six months beforehand. The stations topical imaging are voiced by actor and comedian Gareth Hale, on 25 May 2016, OFCOM announced it had granted Celador permission to merge the station with its sister station in Swindon. The company said the Swindon station was not financially viable as a stand-alone service, the station will continue to broadcast its weekday breakfast show from Bristol = shared with the Swindon station - and will retain local news bulletins, traffic updates and whats on information. The Breeze 107.2 The Breeze 107 Sam FM Sam FM Official website
38.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
39.
Radio broadcasting
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Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a radio format. Audio broadcasting also can be done via radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio, the earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated, the thermionic valve was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming. He developed a device he called an oscillation valve, the heated filament, or cathode, was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the direction because the plate was not heated. Later known as the Fleming valve, it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current and this greatly improved the crystal set which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cats whisker. However, what was required was an amplifier. The triode was patented on March 4,1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben independent from that, on October 25,1906 and it wasnt put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable, however, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, although this is disputed. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year, in The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6,1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad, an engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2,1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license, the first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself, the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. A famous broadcast from Marconis New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on 15 June 1920 and she was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922, the BBC was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czech Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923
