1.
Richard Serra
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Richard Serra is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large-scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement and he lives and works in Tribeca, New York, and on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Serra was born on November 2,1938, in San Francisco as the second of three sons and his father, Tony, was a Spanish native of Mallorca who worked as candy factory foreman. His mother, Gladys Feinberg, was a Los Angeles-born Russian Jewish immigrant from Odessa. He went on to study English literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California, Santa Barbara, while at Santa Barbara, he studied art with Howard Warshaw and Rico Lebrun. On the West Coast, he helped himself by working in steel mills. Serra discussed his life and influences in an interview in 1993. ”Serra studied painting in the M. F. A. program at the Yale University School of Art. Fellow Yale Art and Architecture alumni of the 1960s include the painters, photographers and he claims to have taken most of his inspiration from the artists who taught there, most notably Philip Guston and the experimental composer Morton Feldman, as well as designer Josef Albers. With Albers, he worked on his book Interaction of Color and he continued his training abroad, spending a year each in Florence and Paris. In 1964, he was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship for Rome, since then, he has lived in New York, where he first used rubber in 1966 and began applying his characteristic work material lead in 1968. In New York, his circle of friends included Carl Andre, Walter De Maria, Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, and Robert Smithson. At one point, to fund his art, Serra started a business, Low-Rate Movers, and employed Chuck Close, Philip Glass, Spalding Gray. In 1966, Serra made his first sculptures out of materials such as fiberglass. Serras earliest work was abstract and process-based made from molten lead hurled in large splashes against the wall of a studio or exhibition space. He began in 1969 to be concerned with the cutting, propping or stacking of lead sheets, rough timber, etc. to create structures, some very large. His “Prop” pieces from the late 1960s are arranged so that weight and gravity balance lead rolls, cutting Device, Base Plate Measure consists of an assemblage of heterogeneous materials into which two parallel cuts have been made and the results strewn around in a chance configuration. In Malmo Role, a steel plate, one and a half inches thick. Still, he is known for his minimalist constructions from large rolls
2.
Weathering steel
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U. S. Steel holds the registered trademark on the name COR-TEN. Although USS sold its discrete plate business to International Steel Group in 2003, it still sells COR-TEN branded material in strip-mill plate, the original COR-TEN received the standard designation A242 from the ASTM International standards group. Newer ASTM grades are A588 and A606 for thin sheet, all alloys are in common production and use. Weathering refers to the composition of these steels, allowing them to exhibit increased resistance to atmospheric corrosion compared to other steels. This is because the forms a protective layer on its surface under the influence of the weather. The corrosion-retarding effect of the layer is produced by the particular distribution and concentration of alloying elements in it. The layer protecting the surface develops and regenerates continuously when subjected to the influence of the weather, in other words, the steel is allowed to rust in order to form the protective coating. The mechanical properties of weathering steels depend on which alloy and how thick the material is. The original A242 alloy has a strength of 50 kilopounds per square inch. It has yield strength of 46 ksi and ultimate strength of 67 ksi for medium weight rolled shapes and plates from 0. 75–1 inch thick. The thickest rolled sections and plates – from 1. 5–4 in thick have yield strength of 42 ksi, a 588 has a yield strength of at least 50 ksi, and ultimate tensile strength of 70 ksi for all rolled shapes and plate thicknesses up to 4 in thick. It is very used in marine transportation, in the construction of intermodal containers as well as visible sheet piling along recently widened sections of Londons M25 motorway. The first use of weathering steel for architectural applications was the John Deere World Headquarters in Moline, the building was designed by architect Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1964. The main buildings of Odense University, designed by Knud Holscher and Jørgen Vesterholt and built 1971–1976, are clad in weathering steel, earning them the nickname Rustenborg. In 1977, Robert Indiana created a Hebrew version of the Love sculpture made from weathering steel using the four-letter word ahava for the Israel Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem, in Denmark, all masts for supporting the catenary on electrified railways are made of weathering steel for aesthetic reasons. Weathering steel was used in 1971 for the Highliner electric cars built by the St. Louis Car Company for Illinois Central Railroad, the use of weathering steel was seen as a cost-cutting move in comparison with the contemporary railcar standard of stainless steel. A subsequent order in 1979 was built to similar specs, including weathering steel bodies, the cars were painted, a standard practice for weathering steel railcars. The durability of weathering steel did not live up to expectations and these cars have been retired by 2016
3.
Princeton University Art Museum
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The Princeton University Art Museum is the Princeton Universitys gallery of art, located in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1882, it now houses over 92,000 works of art that range from antiquity to the contemporary period and its collections concentrate on the Mediterranean region, Western Europe, China, the United States, and Latin America. The Museum has a collection of Greek and Roman antiquities, including ceramics, marbles, bronzes. Medieval Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and stained glass, the collection of Western European paintings includes examples from the early Renaissance through the nineteenth century, and there is a growing collection of twentieth-century and contemporary art. Photographic holdings are a strength, numbering over 27,000 works from the invention of daguerreotype in 1839 to the present. The Museum is also noted for its Asian art gallery, which includes a collection of Chinese calligraphy, painting, ancient bronze works, jade carvings. In addition to its collections, the Museum mounts regular temporary exhibitions featuring works from its own holdings as well as made from public. Admission is free and the Museum is open Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday,10,00 am to 5,00 pm, Thursday,10,00 am to 10,00 pm, and Sunday 1,00 to 5,00 pm. The portrait was a donation from Belcher himself, given shortly before the College moved in 1756 to the newly built Nassau Hall and it was joined by a portrait of King George II, who had issued the letters patent establishing the College. The two portraits hung in the prayer hall, and were displayed alongside various antiquities and objects of natural history. The creation of the Art Museum in a formal sense took place under the leadership of James McCosh. The Scottish McCosh brought with him from Europe new progressive academic disciplines, by 1882, McCosh charged William Cowper Prime, a Princeton alumnus and founding trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and George B. McClellan, the Civil War general and then Governor of New Jersey and they argued, The foundation of any system of education in Historic Art must obviously be in object study. A museum of art objects is so necessary to the system that without it we are of opinion it would be of utility to introduce the proposed department. ”The intention was to go beyond the fields of art and classics to include, “many other branches of the collegiate course. ”They anticipated, “large future growth, ” as the College could “look with confidence to her sons, in all parts of the world. The collections of the Museum were initially held in Nassau Hall, along with the natural history collection of professor Arnold Henry Guyot. A new purpose-built fireproof Romanesque Revival Museum was designed by A, page Brown and completed in 1890 on the site of the current museum. On completion of the building the Museum received the Trumball-Prime collection of pottery and porcelain from William Prime, early additions included the purchase of a large collection of Cypriot pottery from the Metropolitan Museum in 1890, and purchases of Etruscan, Roman, and South Italian pottery. Marquand established an endowment from his own resources to further purchases
4.
Princeton, New Jersey
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As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipalitys population was 28,572, reflecting the former townships population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough. Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and is best known as the location of Princeton University, Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to major highways that serve both cities, and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jerseys capital city, the governor of New Jerseys official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governors mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a mansion located in the former Township. Morven became a property of the New Jersey Historical Society. Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live, although residents of Princeton traditionally have a strong community-wide identity, the community had been composed of two separate municipalities, a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township, the Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the University campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The Borough and Township had roughly equal populations, the Lenni Lenape Native Americans were the earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Princeton area. Europeans founded their settlement in the part of the 17th century. The first European to find his home in the boundaries of the town was Henry Greenland. He built his house in 1683 along with a tavern, in this drinking hole representatives of West Jersey and East Jersey met to set boundaries for the location of the township. Originally, Princeton was known only as part of nearby Stony Brook, James Leonard first referred to the town as Princetown, when describing the location of his large estate in his diary. The town bore a variety of names subsequently, including, Princetown, Princes Town, although there is no official documentary backing, the town is considered to be named after King William III, Prince William of Orange of the House of Nassau. Another theory suggests that the name came from a large land-owner named Henry Prince, a royal prince seems a more likely eponym for the settlement, as three nearby towns had similar names, Kingston, Queenstown and Princessville. When Richard Stockton, one of the founders of the township, died in 1709 he left his estate to his sons, who helped to expand property, based on the 1880 United States Census, the population of the town comprised 3,209 persons. Local population has expanded from the nineteenth century, according to the 2010 Census, Princeton Borough had 12,307 inhabitants, while Princeton Township had 16,265. Aside from housing the university of the name, the settlement suffered the revolutionary Battle of Princeton on its soil
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Minimalism
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In visual arts, music, and other mediums, minimalism is a style that uses pared-down design elements. Minimalism began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s, prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella. It derives from the reductive aspects of modernism and is interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism. Minimalism in music often features repetition and iteration such as those of the compositions of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, the term minimalist often colloquially refers to anything that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1913 composition by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich of a square on a white ground. Guggenheim Museum curated by Lawrence Alloway also in 1966 that showcased Geometric abstraction in the American art world via Shaped canvas, Color Field, in the wake of those exhibitions and a few others the art movement called minimal art emerged. Minimal art is inspired in part by the paintings of Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Giorgio Morandi. Minimalism was also a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s. The philosopher or art historian who can envision me—or anyone at all—arriving at aesthetic judgments in this way reads shockingly more into himself or herself than into my article. They very explicitly stated that their art was not about self-expression, in general, minimalisms features included geometric, often cubic forms purged of much metaphor, equality of parts, repetition, neutral surfaces, and industrial materials. Robert Morris, a theorist and artist, wrote a three part essay, Notes on Sculpture 1-3, originally published across three issues of Artforum in 1966. In these essays, Morris attempted to define a conceptual framework and formal elements for himself and these essays paid great attention to the idea of the gestalt - parts. Bound together in such a way that create a maximum resistance to perceptual separation. Morris later described an art represented by a marked lateral spread, the general shift in theory of which this essay is an expression suggests the transition into what would later be referred to as postminimalism. Stellas decisions about structures on the front surface of the canvas were therefore not entirely subjective, in the show catalog, Carl Andre noted, Art excludes the unnecessary. Frank Stella has found it necessary to paint stripes, there is nothing else in his painting. Because of a tendency in art to exclude the pictorial, illusionistic and fictive in favor of the literal, there was a movement away from painterly
7.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
8.
Leonard Riggio
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Leonard S. Riggio is an American businessman and entrepreneur. He serves as chairman of book store chain Barnes & Noble and has been its largest shareholder since purchasing the company in 1971. Under his leadership the company expanded significantly from a retail location on 105 Fifth Avenue. Born in New York City, Riggio attended Brooklyn Technical High School, graduating in 1958 and his father, Steve Riggio, was a professional boxer who once defeated Rocky Graziano. His brother, Steve Riggio, was CEO of the Barnes & Noble chain of bookstores, while at New York University, Riggio founded the Student Book Exchange in 1965 and turned this small book store into a leading retailer. He acquired the Barnes & Noble bookstore in New York City in 1971, through the years, he acquired hundreds of bookstores and launched the Barnes & Noble superstore concept with an in-store coffee shop and spacious reading alcoves. Riggio is recognized as being among the first entrepreneurs who turned the elitist world of bookstores into recreational stores, in 1997, Barnes & Noble had 483 superstores,528 mall-based B. Daltons, and sales went up to $2.8 billion. The company went public in 1993, Riggio launched barnesandnoble. com to compete with Amazon. com for on-line book sales and launched a successful video game retail operation which grew to become GameStop. By the end of the 20th century, Riggio had built Barnes & Noble into the largest book seller in the world, since 1985 Riggio has been Chairman of the Board and 49% owner of MBS Textbook Exchange, Inc. based in Columbia, Missouri. MBS is one of the nations largest wholesalers of college textbooks, Riggios awards include the Americanism Award from the Anti-Defamation League in November 2000. This award is the ADLs highest honor, Riggio is the benefactor of many community organizations and charities, including New York University and the Dia, Beacon art museum in Beacon, New York. He also established Project Home Again to assist residents of New Orleans, Louisiana, Project Home Again will spend $20 million from the Riggio Foundation to build new homes in the Gentilly neighborhood of New Orleans. The pilot phase involves building 20 new homes on St. Bernard Avenue, on November 10,2011, the program cut the ribbon on its 101st home. In addition to rebuilding the homes, the Riggios, through a partnership with Rooms to Go, on November 24,2012, New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu awarded the Riggios keys to the City of New Orleans at a City Council meeting. Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. Whats Barnes & Nobles Survival Plan, former CEO Cuts Holding to 20%, but Says, The Story Isnt Written Yet, The Wall Street Journal, April 18,2014
9.
Bridgehampton, New York
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Bridgehampton is a hamlet and census-designated place in the South Fork of Suffolk County, New York, USA. The population was 1,756 at the 2010 census, Bridgehampton is in the town of Southampton, on Long Island. Shortly after the founding of Southampton in 1640, settlers began to move east to the known by the Shinnecock Indians as Sagaponack. At the head of Sagg Pond the hardy settlers established a community called Bullhead, Sagg Bridge was built in 1686 by Ezekiel Sandford. The bridge was the link between Mecox and Sagaponack and gave this locality its name of Bridgehampton, Bridgehampton became the home of the horse show known as the Hampton Classic and a road racing course that figured prominently in American automobile racing. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,381 people,627 households, the population density was 147.8 per square mile. There were 1,494 housing units at a density of 159. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 78. 86% White,17. 38% African American,0. 51% Native American,0. 80% Asian,1. 45% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 26% of the population. 33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.82. In the CDP, the population was out with 17. 7% under the age of 18,4. 1% from 18 to 24,22. 2% from 25 to 44,33. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 49 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $54,896, and the median income for a family was $74,583. Males had an income of $50,865 versus $32,778 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,781, about 6. 8% of families and 8. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 2% of those under age 18 and 2. 7% of those age 65 or over. Bridgehampton is located at 40°55′59″N 72°18′29″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.6 square miles, of which 13.0 square miles is land and 0.62 square miles, or 4. 57%, is water. Bridgehampton Union Free School District Hayground school The Bridgehampton Race Circuit was a 2. 85-mile, the historic road racing track has been converted to a golf course and homes. Beyoncé and husband Jay Z rented a $43.5 million property in Bridgehampton
10.
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
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The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern and contemporary art, designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, and located in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. The museum was inaugurated on 18 October 1997 by former King Juan Carlos I of Spain and it is one of the largest museums in Spain. The museum was the building most frequently named as one of the most important works completed since 1980 in the 2010 World Architecture Survey among architecture experts. In 1991, the Basque government suggested to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation that it would fund a Guggenheim museum to be built in Bilbaos decrepit port area, once the citys main source of income. In exchange, the Foundation agreed to manage the institution, rotate parts of its permanent collection through the Bilbao museum, the museum was built by Ferrovial, at a cost of US$89 million. About 5,000 residents of Bilbao attended a preopening extravaganza outside the museum on the preceding the official opening, featuring an outdoor light show. On 18 October 1997 the museum was opened by Juan Carlos I of Spain, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation selected Frank Gehry as the architect, and its director, Thomas Krens, encouraged him to design something daring and innovative. The curves on the exterior of the building were intended to appear random, the interior is designed around a large, light-filled atrium with views of Bilbaos estuary and the surrounding hills of the Basque country. The atrium, which Gehry nicknamed The Flower because of its shape, herbert Muschamp praised its mercurial brilliance in The New York Times Magazine. The Independent calls the museum an astonishing architectural feat, the building inspired other structures of similar design across the globe. With a total 24,000 m2, of which 11,000 m2 are dedicated to exhibition space, it had more exhibition space than the three Guggenheim collections in New York and Venice combined at that time. The 11,000 m2 of exhibition space are distributed over nineteen galleries, the remaining nine galleries are irregularly shaped and can be identified from the outside by their swirling organic forms and titanium cladding. The largest gallery measures 30 meters wide and 130 meters long, in 2005, it housed Richard Serras monumental installation The Matter of Time, which Robert Hughes dubbed courageous and sublime. The building was constructed on time and budget, which is rare for architecture of this type, in an interview in Harvard Design Magazine, Gehry explained how he did it. First, he ensured that what he calls the organization of the artist prevailed during construction, to prevent political, second, he made sure he had a detailed and realistic cost estimate before proceeding. Third, he used computer visualizations produced by his own Digital Project software, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines donated $1,000,000 towards its construction. In 1997, the museum opened with The Guggenheim Museums and the Art of This Century, the exhibitions change often, the museum generally hosts thematic exhibitions, centered for example on Chinese or Russian art. Traditional paintings and sculptures are a minority compared to installations and electronic forms, the highlight of the collection, and its only permanent exhibit, is The Matter of Time, a series of weathering steel sculptures designed by Serra, which is housed in the 130-meter Arcelor Gallery
11.
The Hedgehog and the Fox
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The Hedgehog and the Fox is an essay by philosopher Isaiah Berlin, one of his most popular essays with the general public. However, Berlin said, I never meant it very seriously, I meant it as a kind of enjoyable intellectual game, but it was taken seriously. Every classification throws light on something, the title is a reference to a fragment attributed to the Ancient Greek poet Archilochus, πόλλ οἶδ ἀλώπηξ, ἀλλ ἐχῖνος ἓν μέγα. In Erasmuss Adagia from 1500, the expression is recorded as Multa novit vulpes, the fable of The Fox and the Cat embodies the same idea. Turning to Tolstoy, Berlin contends that at first glance, Tolstoy escapes definition into one of the two groups. He postulates that while Tolstoys talents are those of a fox, his beliefs are that one ought to be a hedgehog and so Tolstoys own voluminous assessments of his own work are misleading. Berlin goes on to use this idea of Tolstoy as a basis for an analysis of the theory of history that Tolstoy presents in his novel War, the essay has been published separately and as part of the collection Russian Thinkers, edited by Henry Hardy and Aileen Kelly. The essay also appears in an anthology of Berlins essays. Some authors have used the pattern of description for Berlin himself, as a person who knows many things. Berlins former student, Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor, has dubbed a hedgehog by Berlin. The historian Joseph J. James C. Collins refers to the story in his book Good to Great where he shows his preference towards Hedgehog mentality. The artist Richard Serra referenced the name in the title of his sculpture installed at Princeton University campus in 2000, music historian Berthold Hoeckner applies and extends Berlins distinction in his 2007 essay Wagner and the Origin of Evil. In his book Wittgensteins Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy, Oxford philosopher P. M. S, in his 2012 New York Times bestselling book, The Signal and the Noise, forecaster Nate Silver urges readers to be more foxy after summarising Berlins distinction. Silvers news website, fivethirtyeight. com, when it was launched in March 2014, Berlin, Isaiah, Hardy, Henry, Kelly, Aileen, eds. Russian Thinkers, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-144220-4, Aileen Kelly, introduction by, Jason Ferrell, Hedgehogs in culture Homo unius libri, similar sentiment Lumpers and splitters Gould, Stephen Jay, The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magisters Pox. Kristof, Nicholas D, Learning How to Think, The NY Times, report on the book Expert Political Judgment by Philip Tetlock, who uses the fox and the hedgehog as a parable for political and economics experts. Tetlock, Philip, Why Foxes Are Better Forecasters Than Hedgehogs, Long Now Foundation
12.
Isaiah Berlin
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Sir Isaiah Berlin OM CBE FBA was a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas. He was an essayist, conversationalist, raconteur, and lecturer, born in Riga, Latvia in 1909, he moved to Petrograd, Russia at the age of six, where he witnessed the revolutions of 1917. In 1921 his family came to England, and he was educated at St Pauls School, London and Corpus Christi College, in 1932, at the age of 23, Berlin was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. He translated works by Ivan Turgenev from Russian into English and, during the war, from 1957 to 1967 he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964, in 1966, he played a crucial role in founding Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. Berlin was appointed a CBE in 1946, knighted in 1957 and he was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom, an annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture is held at the Hampstead Synagogue, at Wolfson College, Oxford, at the British Academy, and in Riga. Berlins work on theory and on value pluralism has had a lasting influence. Berlin was the surviving child of a prosperous Jewish family, the son of Mendel Berlin, a timber trader and direct descendant of Shneur Zalman. He spent his first six years in Riga, and later lived in Andreapol and Petrograd, in London, the family first stayed in Surbiton, then within the year they bought a house in Holland Park, and six years later in Hampstead. Berlins English was virtually nonexistent at first, but he became fluent within a year, Berlin was educated at St Pauls School, then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he studied Greats. In his final examinations, he took a First, winning The John Locke Prize for his performance in the philosophy papers and he subsequently took another degree at Oxford in PPE, winning another First after less than a year on the course. He was appointed a tutor in philosophy at New College, Oxford, and soon afterwards was elected to a fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. While still a student, he befriended Ayer, Stuart Hampshire, Richard Wollheim, Maurice Bowra, Stephen Spender, J. L. Austin, in 1940, he presented a philosophical paper on other minds to a meeting attended by Ludwig Wittgenstein at Cambridge University. Wittgenstein rejected the argument of his paper in discussion but praised Berlin for his honesty and integrity. Prior to this service, however, Berlin was barred from participation in the British war effort as a result of his being born in Latvia, for his services, he was appointed a CBE in the 1946 New Year Honours. Berlin was fluent in Russian and English, spoke French, German and Italian, meetings with Anna Akhmatova in Leningrad in November 1945 and January 1946 had a powerful effect on both of them, and serious repercussions for Akhmatova. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and he was instrumental in the founding, in 1966, of a new graduate college at Oxford University, Wolfson College
13.
Archilochus
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For the hummingbird genus, see Archilochus. Archilochus was a Greek lyric poet from the island of Paros in the Archaic period and he is celebrated for his versatile and innovative use of poetic meters, and is the earliest known Greek author to compose almost entirely on the theme of his own emotions and experiences. Modern critics often characterize him simply as a lyric poet, the vivid language and intimate details of the poems often look autobiographical yet it is known, on the authority of Aristotle, that Archilochus sometimes role-played. There is nothing in two fragments to suggest that Archilochus is speaking in those roles and possibly many of his other verses involved role-playing too. The two poems quoted by Aristotle help to date the poets life, gyges reigned 687–652 BC and the date of the eclipse must have been either 6 April 648 BC or 27 June 660 BC. The chronology for Archilochus is complex but modern scholars generally settle for c. 680–c.640 BC, whether or not their lives had been virtuous, authors of genius were revered by their fellow Greeks. Inscriptions found on orthostats from the sanctuary include quoted verses and historical records, according to the same inscription, the omen was later confirmed by the oracle at Delphi. Not all the inscriptions are as fanciful as that, some are records by a local historian of the time, set out in chronological order according to custom, under the names of archons. See and other poets below for the testimony of some famous poets, according to tradition, Archilochus was born to a notable family on Paros. His grandfather, Tellis, helped establish the cult of Demeter on Thasos near the end of the eighth century, the painting, later described by Pausanias, showed Tellis in Hades, sharing Charons boat with the priestess of Demeter. The poets father, Telesicles, also distinguished himself in the history of Thasos, the names Tellis and Telesicles can have religious connotations and some modern scholars infer that the poet was born into a priestly family devoted to Demeter. The life of Archilochus was marked by conflicts, the ancient tradition identified a Parian, Lycambes, and his daughters as the main target of his anger. The story later became a theme for Alexandrian versifiers, who played upon its poignancy at the expense of Archilochus. Some modern scholars believe that Lycambes and his daughters were not actually the poets contemporaries, the inscriptions in the Archilocheion imply that the poet had a controversial role in the introduction of the cult of Dionysus to Paros. It records that his songs were condemned by the Parians as too iambic but they were the ones who ended up being punished by the gods for impiety, possibly with impotence. The oracle of Apollo then instructed them to atone for their error and rid themselves of their suffering by honouring the poet and his hero cult lasted on Paros over 800 years. His combative spirit also expressed itself in warfare, later he returned to Paros and joined the fight against the neighbouring island of Naxos. A Naxian warrior named Calondas won notoriety as the man that killed him and this couplet testifies to a social revolution, Homers poetry was a powerful influence on later poets and yet in Homers day it had been unthinkable for a poet to be a warrior
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Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
15.
The Fox and the Cat (fable)
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The Fox and the Cat is an ancient fable, with both Eastern and Western analogues involving different animals, that addresses the difference between resourceful expediency and a master stratagem. Included in collections of Aesops fables since the start of printing in Europe, in the basic story a cat and a fox discuss how many tricks and dodges they have. The fox boasts that he has many, the cat confesses to having only one, when hunters arrive with their dogs, the cat quickly decides to climb a tree, but the fox thinks of many ways without acting and is caught by the hounds. Many morals have been drawn from the fables presentations through history and, as Isaiah Berlins use of it in his essay The Hedgehog and the Fox shows, it continues to be interpreted anew. The fable and its variants is a story of world-wide popularity which contrasts the fate of one animal proud of the tricks at its disposal with another with just one simple trick. In time of danger it is one trick that proves more effective than the many options. There is a proverb in a fragment attributed to the ancient Greek poet Archilochus, πόλλ οἶδ ἀλώπηξ, in Erasmus Adagia from 1500, the expression is recorded as Multa novit vulpes, verum echinus unum magnum. This proverb seems to imply the existence of an ancient fable involving a hedgehog instead of a cat, an analogous story in book 5 the Panchatantra illustrates the danger of being too clever. The tale concerns two fish, Satabuddhi and Sahasrabuddhi and a frog, Ekabuddhi, who inhabit the same pond, when they hear two fishermen talk about returning the next day to fish, frog is anxious. Oh, my friend, Sahasrabuddhi says, dont be afraid of words alone and they probably will not come back. But even if they do come back, I will be able to protect myself and you as well, through the power of my understanding, for I know many pathways through the water. Satabuddhi adds, Yes, what Sahasrabuddhi says is correct, for one rightly says, Where neither the nor the suns rays have found a way. The frogs single understanding, however, advises him to flee, but the fish are caught in a net, while the frog escapes. Book 1 of the Panchatantra has a story which this time points out the danger of not being wise, or at least clever. It is also preserved in the Persian Kalila and Dimna as a tale of three fish, one wise, one clever and one stupid, when the fish notice the fishermen passing, the wise fish simply makes a quick exit from the pool. Effective, but not particularly elegant, remarks clever fish, asks the stupid fish, Why all the fuss. Clever fish, after deliberation, also manages to avoid being eaten, by playing dead. Rumi, writing in the 13th century, knew Kalila and Dimna, for him the wise fish is he who possesses a torch of his own
16.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
17.
Bendheim Center for Finance
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The Bendheim Center for Finance is an interdisciplinary research center established by Princeton University in 1997 at the initiative of Ben Bernanke. In 1997, Princeton University established the Bendheim Center for Finance to encourage research in finance from a quantitative or mathematical perspective. The Center celebrated its anniversary with a conference and lecture by Bernanke in September 2010. News of faculty research of the Bendheim Center regularly appear in international media, the Bendheim Center offers certificates to undergraduates. The first certificates in finance were offered in the fall of 1999, grade requirements were added in 2008 to reduce class sizes to more manageable numbers. Number of certificate students enrolled per year, The Bendheim Center for Finance offers a Masters in Finance degree that can be completed in one year or two years. Most students complete the degree in two years, and only students with substantial prior finance training or work experience are admitted to the one-year option. The New York Sun claims that it is an alternative to an MBA, particularly for people wishing to go into trading. The Bendheim Center for Finance began offering the Masters in Finance degree in 2001, admittance to the program is extremely competitive with fewer than five percent of applications being accepted in recent years. Three Ph. D students received degrees in 2014, alan Blinder — former Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Ben Bernanke — Federal Reserve Chairman, former Chairman of the U. S
18.
Princeton Neuroscience Institute
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The Princeton Neuroscience Institute is a center for neuroscience research at Princeton University. PNI was created in 2006 as a partnership of Princeton Universitys departments of Psychology and this partnership was led by psychology professor Jonathan Cohen and molecular biology professor David Tank, who continue to serve as Co-Directors of the Institute. In 2014, PNI moved into a research complex that houses both PNI and the Department of Psychology. The building is 248,00 square feet, and was designed by Rafael Moneo to meet LEED Silver certification, PNI runs a PhD program, and oversees an undergraduate major. Research at PNI spans the disciplines of molecular, cellular, systems, PNI is also especially dedicated to computational research. History of psychology Princeton Neuroscience Institute Princeton Psychology Department Website
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Office of Population Research
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The Office of Population Research at Princeton University is the oldest population research center in the United States. One of the faculty appointments was Irene Barnes Taeuber, whose scholarly work helped found the science of demography. The founding director of OPR, Frank W. Notestein, left in 1959 to lead the Population Council and he was succeeded as OPR director by Ansley J. Coale, who held the post from 1959 to 1975. Official website Intute entry OPR history
20.
Princeton University Department of Psychology
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The Princeton University Department of Psychology, located in Peretsman-Scully Hall, is an academic department of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. For over a century, the department has one of the most notable psychology departments in the country. It has been home to psychologists who have made well-known scientific discoveries in the fields of psychology, the departments undergraduate and graduate programs are highly ranked and the department has developed a well-respected neuroscience program. The department has over forty faculty members, over forty graduate students, the department is chaired by the neuroscientist Elizabeth Gould. In 1915, psychology received recognition in the title when the department was renamed Department of Philosophy and it was not until 1920, however, that the Department of Psychology was established with Howard Warren as its first chairman. In 1924, Eno Hall was constructed to house the department, the building was named in honor of Henry Eno, the principal donor and research associate in psychology. Warren was also a donor, but he chose to keep his donation anonymous at the time and he commented that it was the first laboratory in this country, if not in the world, dedicated solely to the teaching and investigation of scientific psychology. According to university president John Hibben, the laboratory was the realization of a dream that Warren had cherished for a long time, University president James McCosh was primary professor of psychology in the early days of the department. Baldwin, who studied under both McCosh and Wundt, continued this tradition, later, in 1940, Cantril secured a Rockefeller Foundation grant to set up the Office of Public Opinion Research at Princeton. The enormous possibilities of the technique used in market research have been avidly exploited by American business. Newspaper and magazine publishers were quick to sense the news value of reports on what the nation thinks, and now responsible public officials have learned to take opinion polls seriously for their contribution to modern statecraft. In 1963, the department relocated to Green Hall on the corner of Washington St. the building, which had been previously occupied by the School of Engineering, was redesigned by university alumnus Francis W. Roudebush for the use of the psychology and sociology departments. Kamin asserted that the climate in which decision was made raises serious questions about freedom of speech, most of the departments graduates from the classes of 2004 to 2007 had placements in the faculties of research universities and post-doctoral positions. In December,2013, the department relocated to the newly built Peretsman-Scully Hall, the quality of the departments teaching and research has been recognized by several sources. The departments graduate program has ranked fifth best in the United States by U. S. News and World Report. USNWR ranked the departments behavioral neuroscience program and its social psychology program sixth and seventh best in the United States, the graduate study is focused on systems neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, perception and cognition, personality and social psychology, and physiological psychology. It is a program for a Ph. D. which takes approximately five years to complete. Every year, six degrees and eight masters degrees are awarded on average
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Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
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Its primary mission is research into and development of fusion as an energy source. It grew out of the top secret Cold War project to control thermonuclear reactions, in 1961, after declassification, Project Matterhorn was renamed the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Lyman Spitzer, Jr. a professor of Astronomy at Princeton University, had for years been involved in the study of very hot rarefied gases in interstellar space. He was inspired by the fascinating, but erroneous claims of controlled nuclear fusion achieved in Argentina by Ronald Richter, Spitzer and he called this concept the stellarator, and took this design before the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington. As a result of meeting and a review of the invention by designated scientists throughout the nation. In 1958, this magnetic fusion research was declassified following the 1955 United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy and this generated an influx of graduate students eager to learn the new physics, which in turn influenced the lab to concentrate more on basic research. The early figure-8 stellarators included, Model-A, Model-B, Model-B2, model-B64 was a square with round corners, and Model-B65 was a racetrack configuration. The last and most powerful stellarator at this time was the racetrack Model C, the Model C was reconfigured as a tokamak in 1969, becoming the Symmetric Tokamak. In the 1970s research at the PPPL refocused on the Russian tokamak design when it became evident that it was a more satisfactory containment design than the stellarator, in May 1972 the Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor began operation. The Princeton Large Torus, a tokamak, operated from 1975, by 1982, the PPPL under the direction of Harold Furth had the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor online, which operated until 1997. Beginning in 1993, TFTR was the first in the world to use 50/50 mixtures of deuterium-tritium, in 1994 it yielded an unprecedented 10.7 megawatts of fusion power. In 1999, the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade, based on the tokamak concept. Laboratory scientists are collaborating with researchers on science and technology at other facilities. Staff are applying knowledge gained in fusion research to a number of theoretical and experimental areas including materials science, solar physics, chemistry, experiments will test the ability of the upgraded spherical facility to maintain a high-performance plasma under conditions of extreme heat and power. Results could strongly influence the design of future fusion reactors, in 1961 Dr. Gottlieb became the first director of the renamed Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. 1951-1961, Lyman Spitzer, director of Project Matterhorn 1961-1980, Melvin B, Gottlieb 1981-1990, Harold Furth 1991-1996, Ronald C. Davidson 1997, John A. Schmidt, interim director 1997-2008, Robert J. Goldston 2008–2016, Stewart C
22.
Butler College
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Butler College is one of the six residential colleges of Princeton University, founded in 1983. Butler is a college, paired with the two-year Wilson College. This means juniors and seniors are permitted to live in Butler, as of the fall of 2009, Butlers main quad consists of newly constructed dormitories. These new constructed dormitories were designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners Architects LLP and these dorms replaced a set of older dormitories, formerly known collectively as the New Quad, built in the 1960s and demolished in 2007. The dormitories now comprising Butler are 1915 Hall,1967 Hall,1976 Hall, Bloomberg Hall, Bogle Hall, Wilf Hall,1915 Hall is an older building, while Bloomberg Hall opened in 2004 and the other dormitories opened in 2009. The dining hall of the college is Gordon Wu Hall, which was renovated during the summer of 2009 along with the adjacent Wilson College dining hall, as a result of this renovation, Wu and Wilcox now share a servery and kitchen, but have separate dining areas. This arrangement is the same as used by the Rockefeller College and Mathey College dining halls
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Forbes College
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The Malcolm S. Forbes Jr.70 College is one of the six residential colleges that house all freshmen and sophomores at Princeton University. The College was a gift to the school by Malcolm S. Forbes Sr.41 in 1984 in honor of his son, steves daughter, Catherine Forbes 99, was a member of Forbes College while attending Princeton. The college consists of two parts, each with a subsection, The Main Inn and its subsidiary New Wing. In addition, a house adjacent to Forbes,99 Alexander Street. The Main Inn and its New Wing were originally part of The Princeton Inn, the hotel was built by the architect Andrew Jackson Thomas in 1923-1924. It was a popular among parents visiting their sons, the New Wing was added in 1946, built of red brick. To the south of the building, is the Annex with additional housing. The hotel was acquired by the university in 1970, and the Addition was built connecting the Annex, Forbes is also said to foster a more close-knit community and social life, because of its unique set up. The Forbes College Addition includes a single-sex floor, one of two in the Princeton University residential colleges. These include private bathrooms for many of the suites, and a hall, library, theater. The dining hall was noted for outstanding Sunday brunch, Forbes is also close to the late-night snack mecca, Wawa. Forbes is a college, paired with nearby Whitman College. Only first- and second-year students live in Forbes, forbesians who wish to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may move into one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, and Butler. Since Forbes is paired with Whitman College, priority for housing in Whitman is given to students who spent their first two years living in Forbes or Whitman. Therefore, although it is possible for a Forbesian to move any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for him or her to move into Whitman. Forbes College hosts a range of intellectual, social. Friday afternoons at 4,00 p. m. the College Office staff invite students to them for tea and pastries. The Music Society encourages performances by student artists and brings a number of related events to Forbes each year
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Mathey College
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Mathey College is one of six residential colleges at Princeton University. Located in the Northwest corner of the Princeton Campus, its dormitories, since the fall of 2007, Mathey has been a four-year residential college, paired with the two-year Rockefeller College. This means that Princeton undergraduates who wish to remain in a residential college past their sophomore year may live in Mathey during their junior and/or senior years. Because Mathey is paired with Rockefeller, upperclassmen who spent their first two years in Mathey or Rockefeller are given priority for housing in Mathey, most of Mathey College is centered on a large central courtyard featuring a sand volleyball court. Campbell Hall, Joline Hall, Blair Hall, Hamilton Hall, Edwards Hall, Hamilton Hall, Little Hall, and Edwards Hall are not on the main courtyard, though they are near to it. Mathey College is famous for Blair Arch, featured prominently in the movie A Beautiful Mind, as the largest arch at Princeton, Blair Arch hosts many arch sings, a capella concerts held in the arch. Mathey College is named after Dean Mathey of the Class of 1912, the current dean is Dr. Steven Lestition, and the current Head of the College, as of the fall of 2010, is Professor Harriet Flower of the Classics Department
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Rockefeller College
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John D. Rockefeller 3rd College, or Rocky, is one of six residential colleges at Princeton University, United States. It was founded in 1982, making it the third college to be established at Princeton. It is named for John D. Rockefeller 3rd, Princeton Class of 1929, the college is located in the northwestern corner of the Princeton campus and is largely composed of Collegiate Gothic style structures. Madison Hall, home of the dining hall, office, and common spaces, and the dorms Holder Hall, Buyers Hall. Witherspoon Hall, built in 1877, is the oldest building in the college, and is characteristically Richardsonian Romanesque, the college is home to roughly 500 freshmen and sophomores and a small number of upperclassmen. The college staff is led by the master, and also includes a dean, a director of studies, an administrator, a college secretary. The current master of Rockefeller College is Jeff Nunokawa, Professor of English, a council of current students also contributes to college life, organizing trips, study breaks, and other opportunities. Beginning with the 2007–2008 school year, Rockefeller College has, along with Princetons other residential colleges, catered to upperclassmen as well as underclassmen, with new programs, however, the college houses no upperclassmen, with the exception of Residential College Advisors. Rocky is a college, paired with the four-year Mathey College. Rockyites who wish to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may move one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, and Butler. Since Rocky is paired with Mathey College, priority for housing in Mathey is given to students who spent their first two years living in Rocky or Mathey. Therefore, although it is possible for a Rockyite to move any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for him or her to move into Mathey. Rockefeller Colleges common room, Holder Hall, and Blair Arch were all featured in the film A Beautiful Mind. Each of the six residential college have a Master, a Dean of the College, a Director of Studies, a Director of Student Life, a College Administrator and a College Secretary
26.
Whitman College, Princeton University
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Whitman College is one of the six residential colleges at Princeton University, New Jersey, United States. The college is named after Meg Whitman, former CEO of eBay, the structure was designed by architect Demetri Porphyrios. Construction of Whitman College was completed in Fall of 2007, 2007–08 marked the inaugural year for the college. Whitman is a residential college, open to students of all four academic classes. Its sister two-year college is Forbes College, although it is possible for any upperclassman to live in Whitman, priority for housing room draw is given to those upperclassmen who lived in either Whitman or Forbes as underclassmen. The current master of Whitman is Sandra Bermann, she is the Cotsen Professor of the Humanities, the master of Whitman was Harvey S. Rosen, the John L. Weinberg Professor of Economics and Business Policy. The Dean is Dr. Rebecca Graves-Bayazitoglu, the former Director of Studies for Rockefeller College, the Director of Studies is Dr. Justin Lorts and the Director of Student Life is Momo Wolapaye. The residential college comprises seven dormitories, South Baker Hall, Hargadon Hall, Fisher Hall, Lauritzen Hall, Class of 1981 Hall, Murley-Pivirotto Family Tower, the colleges dining hall is called Community Hall, so named not for the University community but rather for the eBay community. One of the unusual aspects of the Whitman College system is its tradition of weekly College Night dinners, sponsored by the Whitman College Council. College Nights involve a number of different themes including Carnival, Halloween, College Night dinners are popular among Whitman students but have sparked some controversy among the rest of the Princeton community. Whitman College participates in intramural athletics, including soccer, volleyball. Whitman also organizes a variety of recreational activities, including a craft circle. In 2007, the college was criticized in a Bloomberg Businessweek article for its over-the-top comforts and its only fitting that Whitman College, Princetons new student residence, is named for eBay CEO Meg Whitman, because its a billionaires mansion in the form of a dorm. Each student room has triple-glazed mahogany casement windows made of leaded glass, the dining hall boasts a 35-foot ceiling gabled in oak and a state of the art servery. By the time the 10-building complex in the Collegiate Gothic style opened in August, gold-plating new dorms raises issues of taste and donor ego. More than before, impressionable students and ambitious parents have come to college as a form of conspicuous consumption
27.
Wilson College, Princeton University
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The Woodrow Wilson Lodge members originally met and dined in Madison Hall, which is now part of John D. Rockefeller III College. Following the ideals of Woodrow Wilson, president of Princeton from 1902-1910, in current times the college is known more simply as Wilson College. Wilcox Hall provided a permanent facility for the Woodrow Wilson Society with a room, library, billiards area, lounges for reading and recreation. The completed dormitory quadrangle consisted of Dodge-Osborn Hall,1937 Hall,1938 Hall,1939 Hall and Christian Gauss Hall, today, the College also includes Feinberg Hall, which was completed in 1988, Walker Hall, and 1927-Clapp Hall. In 1966, the Woodrow Wilson Society was formally reorganized as Woodrow Wilson College with Professor Julian Jaynes of the Psychology Department as its first Master, the college is home to roughly 500 freshmen and sophomores and a small number of upperclass Residential College Advisors. The college staff is led by the master, and also includes a dean, a director of studies, a director of student life, an administrator, a college assistant. A council of current students also contributes to college life, organizing trips, study breaks, beginning with the 2007-2008 school year, Wilson College has, along with Princetons other residential colleges, catered to upperclassmen as well as underclassmen, with new programs and advising. However, the no longer houses upperclassmen, with the exception of RCAs. Wilson is a college, paired with nearby Butler College. Wilsonians who wish to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may move one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, and Butler. Since Wilson is paired with Butler College, priority for housing in Butler is given to students who spent their first two years living in Wilson or Butler. Therefore, although it is possible for a Wilsonian to move any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for him or her to move into Butler
28.
Princeton University Graduate College
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The group of Collegiate Gothic buildings was designed by Ralph Adams Cram and located on a hill, one-half mile west of the main campus. Its most prominent architectural landmark is the 173-ft-high Cleveland Tower, which one of the largest carillons in the United States. Cleveland Tower adjoins the Old Graduate College, which also includes Procter Hall, the Van Dyke Library, Pyne Tower, in 1962, the New Graduate College was built to expand the Old Graduate College to the south-west, although it features a more modern architectural style. The Graduate College currently houses approximately 430 graduate students, mostly in their first-year of graduate study and it was recently featured in the movie Admission and will feature in Runner, Runner, with Ben Affleck. Princeton University Graduate College, History and Photos Princeton University, The Graduate College
29.
Eating clubs at Princeton University
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The eating clubs at Princeton University are private institutions resembling both dining halls and social houses, where the majority of Princeton upperclassmen eat their meals. This area is known to students colloquially as The Street, princetons eating clubs are the primary setting in F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1920 debut novel, This Side of Paradise, and the clubs appeared prominently in the 2004 novel The Rule of Four. Princeton undergraduates have their choice of eleven eating clubs, Four clubs—Cloister Inn, Colonial Club, Quadrangle Club, and Terrace Club—are non-selective sign-in clubs, with members chosen through a lottery process. Charter Club used to be sign-in, but changed to a system where new members are chosen through a system of points accumulated through participating in club activities. While many upperclassmen at Princeton take their meals at the eating clubs, the primary function of the eating clubs is to serve as dining halls for the majority of third- and fourth-year students. Unlike fraternities and sororities, to which the clubs are sometimes compared, the eating clubs also provide many services for their members. Each club, in general, has a room, library, computer cluster, billiard room. Members frequently use club facilities for studying and socializing, on most Thursday and Saturday nights, the Street is the primary social venue for Princeton students, and each club will have music and parties. Some parties are open to all university students, these are colloquially called PUID, other parties are only open to members or students with special passes, which must be obtained from members. Friday nights are much more low-key at Princeton, and clubs that are open are usually only to members. The notable exception is Charter Club, which is open to all university students, each club also has semiformal events and formal dinners and dances. Special events are held annually or biannually at every club, other events are common to all clubs. Eating clubs arose from dining societies, in which Princeton students gathered to take meals at a common table and these groups, often whimsically named, rarely lasted longer than a few years, disappearing when their founders graduated. Towards the end of the 19th century the eating clubs began to recruit new members as old ones left, Ivy Club was the first of the permanent eating clubs. It was followed shortly after by University Cottage Club and this process was greatly aided by Moses Taylor Pyne. He provided financial assistance to most of the eating clubs, an early member of Ivy Club, Pyne was heavily involved in the early development of Cap and Gown Club, Campus Club, Elm Club, Cloister Inn, and many others. The new clubs gradually eroded the central role that debate societies Whig, the decline in popularity and energy of the societies led to their merger into the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, which still exists today. Twenty eating clubs have existed since Ivy Club opened in 1879, at various points, many of the eating clubs fell on hard times and closed their doors or merged with others
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Cannon Club
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Cannon Club, also known as Cannon Dial Elm Club, is one of the historic Eating Clubs at Princeton University. Founded in 1895, it completed its current clubhouse in 1910, the club closed in the early 1970s and later merged with Dial Lodge and Elm Club to form Dial, Elm, Cannon, which closed its doors in 1998. In 2011 DEC reopened, now bearing the name Cannon Dial Elm Club, using its historic clubhouse, the Eating Clubs play a central role in the history and life of Princeton University, serving as the primary place of dining and social life for more than 70% of upperclassmen. Cannon Club was founded in 1895 and housed in a house on William Street that had been home to Tiger Inn for the previous two years. In 1899, Cannon Club purchased the Osborn House that stood on the side of Prospect Avenue. That home fell into disrepair by 1908 and Edgar Viguers Seeler and that Collegiate Gothic clubhouse, completed in 1910, was the first of the clubs to make use of local stone. The eponymous cannon sits in front of the clubhouse, pointed at Prospect Avenue, president-elect Woodrow Wilson, on a last stroll before departing for Washington, commented to reporters, Hardly a chummy entrance that. The club was famous for its debauchery, gaining a reputation as the Animal House of the university, one story from 1966 relates a nighttime coed nude volleyball game during Houseparties, the annual Princeton formal dance, though the clubs own history disputes that it was coed. The club also known for racial prejudice. The same year, a pregnant wife was accosted and held off the ground while three club members gunned beers at her. The notoriety led to a fall in membership, ultimately precipitating the closure of the club in the early 1970s, despite the closure of the club, Cannon Club continued as a graduate board determined to continue the clubs traditions and see it one day reopened. In 1989, Cannon merged with the financially imperiled Dial Lodge, the stated goal of the new Dial Elm Cannon Club was to exchange the Dial and Elm clubhouses for the old Cannon Club. In 1997, an agreement was reached to exchange Dial and Elm for the Cannon clubhouse, the club was unable to reopen Cannon at that time but retained the option to purchase the building. This led to the demise of the club with periodic claims that Cannon would reopen
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Cap and Gown Club
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Cap and Gown Club, founded in 1890, is an eating club at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Colloquially known as Cap, the club is one of the Big Four eating clubs at Princeton, members are selected through a selective process called bicker. Sometimes known as the Illustrious Cap and Gown Club, it was the first of the currently selective eating clubs to accept women, Cap was the most bickered eating club in 2011,2013,2014, and 2015. It has been the most selective club on the street since 2013, with 227 students bickering in Spring 2015, Cap is located at 61 Prospect Avenue between Cloister Inn and the University Cottage Club. It is the only Princeton eating club to stay in the geographic location for its entire existence. Three Cap clubhouses have occupied this location, the first was completed in 1892. In 1895 when the club outgrew this clubhouse, the structure was moved across the street, ten years later, Cap was ready to expand again. The Emerson building was moved away, and Raleigh Gildersleeve designed the clubhouse that Cap still occupies today, a major renovation and expansion of the clubhouse to increase the size of the clubhouse in step with its growing membership was completed in February 2011. Notable Cap and Gown alumni include Dean Cain 88, Brooke Shields 87, neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield, who pioneered the concept of the brain homunculus, was also a member of Cap and Gown
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Princeton Charter Club
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The Princeton Charter Club is one of Princeton Universitys eleven active undergraduate eating clubs located on or near Prospect Avenue in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The Princeton Charter Club was organized in the fall of 1901 as Princetons ninth eating club, with a Senior Section from the Class of 1902, the name Cloister was at first selected until it was discovered that Yale already had an institution of similar name. About that time the document known as the Charter for the College of New Jersey was found, Charters current neighbor to the west, Cloister Inn, later took the discarded name. In the spring of 1903 the Club purchased three lots and a house on Prospect Avenue which constitutes three-quarters of the present property. The house was redesigned and enlarged under the supervision of an undergraduate member David Adler of the 1904 Section, the funds for the purchase of this property and the alterations to this second clubhouse were raised by the sale of nineteen $1,000 mortgage bonds. The Adler Clubhouse would house Charter Club for a decade, until the present Third Clubhouse, additionally, Charters real estate assets had grown. In early 1905, at least one adjacent lot was purchased, in the summer of 1905, a squash court was built behind the clubhouse. Today, Charter is widely regarded as having one of the finest clubhouses on The Street, after the United States entered World War I, Charter was temporarily closed due to reduced membership caused by widespread member enlistment in the armed forces. For a period of less than two years, between 1917 and 1919, the Charter clubhouse closed its doors, and Charter members left on campus received full membership privileges at Cottage Club. Charter lost seven members in the war, and their sacrifice is commemorated by a plaque located in the Great Room. Reopening in 1919, Charter quickly gained a reputation as a club personifying the era of the Roaring 20s, World War II saw Charter closing along with all of its peer institutions, as members almost universally went off to fight abroad. Charter greatly expanded its membership after the war, but disaster struck closer to home in 1949 when a fire spread rapidly through much of the first, Charters membership has since often referred to it as The Indestructible Charter Club, or simply The Indestructible. Charter was known throughout the 50s and 60s for its hard partying ways—Charter parties were only rivaled at the time by those at perennial animal house Cannon Club, in 1977, Charter made the switch from bicker selectivity to sign-in openness in order to draw more members. The club remained financially stable throughout the 70s, 80s, and 90s, throughout this tumultuous period, Charter never quite lost its carefree atmosphere and wild touch—best exemplified perhaps by the infamous Initiation Night of 1988. In 1988, Charter counted as members most of the Varsity Football Team, the sentences were later overturned by a Mercer County Court judge, and the two undergraduate officers received probation and were ordered to perform community service. Initiation Night 88 is generally considered to be, along with the Section Party of 1930, in February 2011, operating under this new system, Charter was again the only sign in club to fill its sophomore section in the first round of sign-ins
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Cloister Inn
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Cloister Inn is one of the undergraduate eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1912, Cloister occupies a building on Prospect Avenue. Cloister closed temporarily in 1972, becoming open to all Princeton alumni, the club is sign-in, meaning that it selects its members from a lottery process rather than the bicker process used by several of the eating clubs. Cloister typically attracts a crowd and its members often include a number of Olympians. The official motto of the club is “Where everybody knows your name”, Cloister Inn was founded in 1912. The present building was constructed in 1924, Cloister received mention in Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomasons 2004 bestselling novel The Rule of Four. Caldwell, a 1998 graduate of Princeton, was a member of Cloister. S. State Department Eliot Spitzer 81, former New York governor Elena Kagan 81, United States Supreme Court justice Nan Hayworth 81, former U. S. Yost 28, U. S. Ambassador to Laos, Syria, Morocco, and U. S
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Colonial Club
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Colonial Club is one of the eleven current eating clubs of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1891, it is the fifth oldest of the clubs and it is located on 40 Prospect Avenue. As the first eating club to abandon the selective bicker process and become coeducational in 1969, Colonial Club has been heralded for its progressive legacy. Colonial Club has been affiliated with over 7 Rhodes Scholars and several Valedictorians of Princeton University, among the Princetonians who were involved in the World War II code-breaking at Bletchley Park, some were allegedly from Colonial Club. And former CEO of Google, and Ted Cruz 92, U. S, Senator and candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election. The club occupies a large mansion on the side of Prospect Avenue in Princeton. The building is recognizable by its four large white columns fashioned in Colonial style. The current building has served as the clubhouse for Colonial since 1906, Colonials first clubhouse was located on 306 Nassau Street and served as the clubs residence for only one year. In 1892, the moved to a house on 186 Nassau Street fashioned in the periods cottage architecture. The club subsequently moved to Prospect Avenue in 1897, taking over the old Ivy Club house and changing the exterior by adding decorative columns and this third clubhouse lasted 9 years until the current clubhouse was built, funded by the issuance of bonds to graduate members and alumni. The clubs undergraduate officers reside in the third floor. Founded in 1891 under the presidency of H. P, bert Fisher 93, the club was formed by a group of 13 Princeton University juniors, who originally called themselves the Plug and Ulster Club. After agreeing to several provisions, Colonial Club was founded and situated itself in an old Virginian, the original section consisted of several notable students including Booth Tarkington, founder of the Princeton Triangle Club. The club later was incorporated in 1896 as The Colonial Club of Princeton University. After the sinking of the Lusitania, military training became the principal activity on campus, only a few of the eating clubs remained open during this time. Colonial Club temporarily considered combining with Tiger Inn until the full membership of the clubs returned to college after the war. Almost the entire 1917 section left college to enter various branches of service, and the entirety of the 1919 section was drafted, leading to the closing of the club. Several club members perished during World War I, including John G. Agar Jr.14, Joseph M. Duff Jr.12, Gordon C. Gregory 18, surprisingly, Colonial Club enjoyed its biggest years in the thirties
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University Cottage Club
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The University Cottage Club is one of eleven current eating clubs at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. It is also one of the six clubs, along with The Ivy Club, Tiger Inn, Cap and Gown Club, Cannon Club. In their sophomore year, the group moved up Nassau Street to a hotel on the corner of Railroad Avenue known as The University Hotel, a couple was hired to cook and serve their meals. Prior to their graduation in 1888, the group invited members from the class to join their new venue. In 1889, new members of this society adopted legal papers, in 1890, a lot on Prospect Avenue was purchased and a shingled Victorian clubhouse was built in 1892. The enrollment continued to grow and this structure was moved to Library Place when plans were made for a larger building. The current 2 1⁄2-story Georgian Revival clubhouse was designed by Charles Follen McKim of the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead and White in 1903, the library on the second floor is modeled on the fourteenth century library in Merton College, Oxford University. In the Dining Room, one such carving reads “Ubi Amici Ibidem Sunt Opes” which has become over the years a motto of the Club, in 1979, Cottage Club was one of three all-male eating clubs sued by 1980 Princeton graduate Sally Frank for sex discrimination. Following the suit, the Club voted to admit women in early 1986, Cottage has historically been numbered among the Big Four eating clubs of Princeton University. Recent renovations have kept the club in first-class condition while preserving its historic beauty, many young literary enthusiasts like to visit the library where F. Scott Fitzgerald began his novel This Side of Paradise. On September 14,1999, the Club was entered onto the New Jersey Register of Historic Places, national Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey Homepage Pictures of the Clubhouse Interior and Exterior
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Ivy Club
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The Ivy Club, often simply the Ivy, is the oldest eating club at Princeton University, and it is still considered the most prestigious. It was founded in 1879 with Arthur Hawley Scribner as its first head, as described by F. Scott Fitzgerald in This Side of Paradise, the club is detached and breathlessly aristocratic. The members of class are selected through the bicker process, a series of ten screening interviews. Current undergraduate members host regular Roundtable Dinners featuring talks by faculty, the first clubhouse was Ivy Hall, a brownstone building on Mercer Street in Princeton that still stands. It had been constructed by Richard Stockton Field in 1847 as the home for the Princeton Law School, from the time of its founding until its incorporation in 1883, the club was generally known as the Ivy Hall Eating Club. In 1883 the club purchased an empty lot on Prospect Avenue, Ivy erected a shingle-style clubhouse in 1884 on what is today the site of Colonial Club. The clubhouse was remodeled and extended in 1887-88, following Ivys move to new quarters across Prospect Avenue some ten years later, its second clubhouse was used by Colonial before being sold and moved to Plainsboro Township, New Jersey. Ivys third and current clubhouse was designed in 1897 by the Philadelphia firm of Cope & Stewardson, in 2009, the club completed its most significant renovation to date. The expansion added a wing to the facility, changing the clubs original L-shaped layout to a U. Designed by Demetri Porphyrios, the new wing includes a two-story Great Hall, the following is a list of some notable members of the Ivy Club, Hobey Baker – World War I fighter pilot, member of the Hockey Hall of Fame and U. S. Krongard – executive director of the CIA Jim Leach – U. S. S, the First Hundred Years of The Ivy Club. Official Ivy Club Website History and culture of the clubs, at Princetons official site, further information on the renovation from James Bradberry Architects website At Ivy Club, A Trip Back to Elitism from the New York Times
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Quadrangle Club
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The Princeton Quadrangle Club, often abbreviated to Quad, is one of the eleven eating clubs at Princeton University that remain open. Located at 33 Prospect Avenue, the club is currently sign-in, meaning it permits any second semester sophomore, the clubs tradition of openness is demonstrated as far back as 1970, when Quadrangle became one of the first coeducational eating clubs. The club was formed in 1896 in a built on the south side of Prospect Avenue. In its early years, it changed its location several times, in 1901, it moved to the north side of the Street, and in 1903 it moved back to the south side, where the Princeton Tower Club now stands. In 1910 it moved to a built in 1887 for James McCosh. In 1915, Quadrangle Club sold the McCosh house and built its own house, designed by Henry Milliken, the club has existed in this building since 1916. F. Scott Fitzgerald described Quadrangle Club in This Side of Paradise as Literary Quadrangle, Fitzgerald later commented that he might have felt more comfortable in Literary Quadrangle with contemporaries such as John Peale Bishop, an American poet. In 2016, Quad signed-in 115 new members, a 342% increase from the year before and more than any other sign-in eating club except for Terrace Club, the current Chairman of the Board is alumnus Dinesh Maneyapanda. These concerts have been documented as having more than half of the universitys entire undergraduate population. Below is a listing of the groups that have performed at the club in recent years at the semiannual University-wide festival called Lawnparties, george P. Schultz - Former United States Secretary of Labor, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, and president of Bechtel. Adlai Stevenson - governor of Illinois, U. S
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Terrace Club
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Princeton Terrace Club is one of eleven current eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Terrace Club was founded in 1904 and is located at 62 Washington Road, the club is the sole Princeton eating club located off Prospect Avenue. In 1967, Terrace became the first eating club to switch to a nonselective lottery sign-in system for membership, Terrace was soon followed by Campus, Colonial, and Cloister, and today 5 of the 11 remaining operating clubs do not use the bicker system. Terrace was one of the earliest clubs to accept Jewish, African-American, and female members, since 2000, Terrace has been a popular choice for sophomores, filling all of its membership slots either during first round sign-in or by the end of the second round. Terraces motto has been Food=Love since the mid-eighties, the food is served cafeteria-style and is famous for being more vegetarian friendly than other clubs. Members of Terrace often refer to the club as Terrace F, other nicknames include the mother, mother Terrace, or the womb, and members often refer to themselves as Terrans. Weekend events at Terrace often include concerts of bands from a variety of genres, including rock, hip-hop, salsa, jazz. Terrace also hosts the Queer Radicals annual Drag Ball in October or November, as was then common practice for newly founded eating clubs, when Terrace Club began in 1904, the members dined in a building on Olden Street known as The Incubator. This small structure had previously been the home of Cap & Gown. It served as a home for many eating clubs while their own buildings were under construction or being renovated. In 1906, the relocated to the current Washington Road location. This building was remodeled by architect Frederick Stone in the 1920s to the current configuration with its Tudor-style exterior, in 1967, Terrace became the first club to abandon the Bicker process. Terrace Club and Colonial Club were the first clubs to accept women following the Universitys decision to admit women in 1969, in 2011, Terrace became the first club to offer membership to graduate students. From 1977 until 1984, many of the sign-in clubs faltered amid low membership numbers, as an attempt to attract new members Chef Larry Frazer began cooking vegetarian meals, an entirely new concept on campus at that time. Frazer was married in Terrace Club in 1982 with the acting as attendants. Frazer later moved on to become chef at Campus Club at the short-lived DEC, continuing his long relationship with the eating clubs, he later remarried in 2005 at Cap and Gown. Much of the reputation Terrace enjoys today grew out the leadership and love of the late Barton R. Rouse, Frazer had hired Rouse originally to serve as sous chef in 1984 and he later succeeded him as head chef for the club. Barton was the originator of the clubs Food=Love motto and brought an imaginative flair to his job, including the creation of themed meals, Rouse served in this role until his death in 1994
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Tiger Inn
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The Tiger Inn is one of the eleven active eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. Tiger Inn was founded in 1890 and is one of the Big Four eating clubs at Princeton, Tiger Inn is the third oldest Princeton Eating Club. Its historic clubhouse is located at 48 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, New Jersey, Members of T. I. also frequently refer to the club as The Glorious Tiger Inn. The clubs unofficial motto is, Always in the Right, the Tiger Inn clubhouse is the oldest of the Princeton Eating Club houses. It is both architecturally distinct, built in the Tudor style, and historically notable, the Clubhouse is designed in the timbered style of the 15th century and modeled especially after an old inn in Chelsea. The clubhouse was built in 1895 for a club membership of 30 undergraduates. The clubhouse has been in use since the facility first opened. The architect for the original plan was G Howard Chamberlain. According to The Tiger Inns official history, Princeton myth credits to Howard Crosby Butler, the clubhouses central hall was filled with massive antique furniture presented to the club by Mrs. T. Harrison Garrett, these furnishings remain in use to this day. Renovations to the clubhouse have continued since it was built in 1895, in the fall of 1926 the clubhouse was substantially improved, during the six weeks of these alterations club members were required to take their meals at the surrounding clubs. By 1928 the kitchen had been moved to the south of the building, the changes to the clubhouse from 1926 to 1928 were well timed as this coincided with an expansion of the membership. The financing of the renovations placed Tiger Inn on the financial footing it would need to survive the Great Depression. The project was completed with the dedication of the new club facilities on the weekend of 11-11-11. Funded entirely by the alumni, the expanded facilities include a new dining hall. The new facilities provide a suitable building to serve the clubs Active Membership, now up from 26 to over 150 in any given year. Fundraising for the project continues. Tiger Inn is a club, meaning membership is awarded after successful completion of a process called bicker. During bicker, prospective members interact with current members who then convene to vote on whether the members should receive a bid
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Tower Club
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Tower is located at 13 Prospect Avenue between the university-run Campus Club and the Cannon Club, it currently has a membership of approximately two hundred and fifteen. In the spring of 1902, based on the idea of four sophomores, John Lee 04, Henry Pogue 04, Otto Wolff 04, Conway Shearer 04, and Frank Pop Little 03 led the formation of a new upperclass eating club. In April, a stake of four hundred dollars was placed to ensure the secure formation of the club the following year. In September of the year, the Princeton Tower Club was formed in the old Monastery Club on University Place. It was composed of thirteen members of the class and thirteen juniors. During that year, the club hoped to move to a much coveted plot on Prospect Avenue, Gulick was also known as the Incubator because it had served as a first home for a number of the infant eating clubs. After one term in the Incubator, Tower purchased a plot of land from the Cottage Club and, in September 1904, seven years later, Tower moved to its current location at 13 Prospect Avenue. Under the leadership of Tower, an Inter-Club Council was formed to address issues involving all of the Princeton eating clubs, Tower also led the formation of the Princeton Prospect Foundation, which enables educational opportunities on The Street. In 1971, Tower became one of the first clubs to accept women, spring bicker is held during the first two to three days of the second semester. Student bickerees are informed of their status on the Friday of the first week of second semester classes. There is also a smaller bicker process held each October and open exclusively to students in their junior and senior years, the details of bicker, discussions and initiations are kept secret to preserve club tradition. Traditionally known to attract both artistic and politically engaged students on campus, Tower was the most bickered eating club between 2007 and 2010 with a rate of under 50%. ISBN 0-9634444-4-1 http, //etcweb. princeton. edu/Campus/text_Tower. html Princeton Tower Club Daily Princetonian Article
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Campus Club
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Campus Club was one of the undergraduate eating clubs at Princeton University. Located on the corner of Washington Road and Prospect Avenue, Campus was founded in 1900 and it was one of the eating clubs that abandoned the selective bicker process to choose members non-selectively, a status it held for over twenty years. In an attempt to restore the popularity of the club. However, due to the unpopularity of bicker among its members, facing another year of exceptionally low membership and resulting financial trouble, Campus Club closed later the same year. After undergoing renovations for over two years, Campus Club reopened on September 18,2009, as a open to all members of the Princeton community. During the 1900-1901 school year, a number of undergraduates from the now-defunct Yama, called The Incubator, the undergraduates used this house as a temporary location while they searched for a more permanent clubhouse. The club members financed the purchase of the West house through sale of approximately $45,000 of Princeton Campus Club Bonds, once the residence was acquired, the new members began using the West residence as their clubhouse. In 1909, the members of Campus Club elected to construct a new clubhouse, the new clubhouse, designed by Raleigh C. Gildersleeve, who had previously designed McCosh Hall and completed alterations to Cap, on November 24,1951, a fire broke out inside of Campus Club. The fire caused damage to the third floor, and a major renovation was required. Renovations were completed in 1953, and the club remained in state until it was acquired by the University in 2005. Clubs choice reflects our drive to exclude, remembering better days, The Campus Club of old. Campus Clubs demise reveals social problems, Campus Club asbestos deemed not dangerous. April opening set for Campus Club, official Campus Club opening delayed until next fall
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Alexander Hall (Princeton University)
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Alexander Hall is a 900-seat Richardsonian Romanesque assembly hall at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. It is home to both the Princeton University Orchestra and the Princeton Symphony Orchestra, the name honors three generations of members of the Alexander family who served as trustees to the University. Mrs. Harriet Crocker Alexander donated the money for such a building to be named in honor of her relatives, over time, the Hall became available to the public and now holds town meetings as well as visiting concert groups. Many vocal and performing groups seek this auditorium because the acoustics inside the rusticated brownstone and red granite walls, the architect, William Appleton Potter landed his first design commission on the Princeton campus when he was a teenager. Architects of the first half of the nineteenth century learned as apprentices on the construction site, westminster Choir at Alexander Hall Documentary produced by NJTV Princeton University Orchestra
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Princeton University Chapel
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The Princeton University Chapel is located on that universitys main campus in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. It replaces a chapel that burned down in 1920. Designed in 1921 by Ralph Adams Cram in his signature Collegiate Gothic style, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a sermon there in 1960. The chapel was rededicated in a ceremony in 2002 following a major two-year restoration. Its size and design evoke a cathedral of the English Middle Ages. The only university chapel of its size at the time it was built was Kings College Chapel at the University of Cambridge, the foundation is poured concrete, and the superstructure is sandstone and limestone. The main sanctuary consists of a narthex, a gallery, a nave, the chapels extensive iconography consists of stained glass, stonemasonry, and wood carvings. Among the stained glass are four windows, one facing each cardinal direction. The chapel seats almost 2,000 people, a nondenominational chapel, it hosts weekly ecumenical Christian services and daily Catholic Masses. It also hosts several special events, such as baccalaureate services. Princeton University built the chapel to replace the Marquand Chapel, which stood between where the present chapel and McCosh Hall stand until it burned to the ground in 1920, Ralph Adams Cram, the universitys supervising architect, designed and oversaw construction of the new chapel. Cram sought to build a crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed on the Princeton campus, the universitys president, John Grier Hibben, also had a stake in the project, student hostility toward Princetons brand of mainline Presbyterianism was on the rise. An ordained minister, Hibben hoped the new chapels majesty would inspire students to attend services of their own volition, Cram, a convert to High Church Episcopalianism from Unitarianism, also lent support to this aim. Cram designed the chapel with the assistance of Alexander Hoyle, a member of his firm, Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princetons Department of Art and Archaeology, played a central role in planning the iconography. It was built by Matthews Construction Company, which worked on projects on Princetons campus. Among those who contributed to the design of stained windows were Charles Connick, Henry Lee Willet. The plans for the new chapel were made public in 1921, Hibben called replacing the Marquand Chapel an immediate necessity, nonetheless, the project encountered financial problems early on. The insurance money from the Marquand Chapel was insufficient, and fundraising for the chapel competed with a general capital campaign for the university
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Cleveland Tower
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Cleveland Tower is a tower and carillon on the campus of Princeton University. Inspired by Boston Colleges Gasson Hall, the Ralph Adams Cram design is one of the architectural features of the Collegiate Gothic Graduate College. The tower was built in 1913 as a memorial to former university trustee, a bust of the former president is the centerpiece of the grand chamber at the towers ground level. The towers carillon is a gift of the class of 1892, the English foundry Gillett & Johnston cast the original 35 bells. The Class of 1892 Bells are now one of the largest carillons in the world with 67 bells, the Chapel Music Program maintains the carillon program with assistance from an endowment by the class of 1892. The bells play Sunday afternoons by university carillonneur Lisa Lonie, and weekday evenings by students, the summer programs include performances by international guests. A carillon practice room is housed in the Graduate College basement. Lisa J. Lonie, University Carillonneur, is the only fourth carillonneur in the instruments +80 year history, american Collegiate Gothic towers, Gasson Hall, Boston College. Trinity College Chapel, Trinity College, Hartford
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Frist Campus Center
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Frist Campus Center is a focal point of social life at Princeton University. The campus center is a combination of the former Palmer Physics Lab, and it was endowed with money from the fortune the Frist family has made in the private hospital business. The new building volume fills in the courtyard of the previous C-shaped structure and this building has also been used for external shots of the fictitious Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in the television series House. Daily Princetoniandead link] Frist Campus Center
