1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Blondie (band)
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Blondie is an American rock band founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. The band was a pioneer in the early American new wave, Blondie broke up after the release of its sixth studio album The Hunter in 1982. The band re-formed in 1997, achieving renewed success and a one single in the United Kingdom with Maria in 1999. The group toured and performed throughout the world during the following years, Blondie has sold 40 million records worldwide and is still active. The bands tenth studio album Ghosts of Download, was released in 2014, inspired by the burgeoning new music scene at the Mercer Arts Center, Chris Stein sought to join a similar band. He joined the Stillettoes in 1973 as their guitarist and formed a relationship with one of the bands vocalists, Debbie Harry. Harry had been a member of a band, the Wind in the Willows. In July 1974, Stein and Harry parted ways with the Stillettoes and Elda Gentile, originally billed as Angel and the Snake for two shows in August 1974, they renamed themselves Blondie by October 1974. The name derived from comments made by truck drivers who catcalled Hey, by the spring of 1975, after some personnel turnover, Stein and Harry were joined by drummer Clem Burke, and bass player Gary Valentine. Blondie became regular performers at Maxs Kansas City and CBGB, in June 1975, the bands first recording came in the way of a demo produced by Alan Betrock. To fill out their sound, they recruited keyboard player Jimmy Destri in November 1975, the band signed with Private Stock Records and their debut album, Blondie, was issued in December 1976 but was initially not a commercial success. In September 1977, the bought back its contract with Private Stock. The first album was re-released on the new label in October 1977 and it also noted that Harry was the possessor of a bombshell zombies voice that can sound dreamily seductive and woodenly Mansonite within the same song. Jimmy Destri later credited the shows Molly Meldrum for their initial success, Stein asserted that X-Offender was too crazy and aggressive, while In the Flesh was not representative of any punk sensibility. Over the years, Ive thought they played both things but liked one better. In retrospect, Burke described In the Flesh as a forerunner to the power ballad, the single reached number 2 in Australia, while the album reached the Australian top twenty in November 1977, and a subsequent double-A release of X-Offender and Rip Her to Shreds reached number 81. A successful Australian tour followed in December, though it was marred by an incident in Brisbane when disappointed fans almost rioted after Harry cancelled a performance due to illness, in February 1978, Blondie released their second album, Plastic Letters. The album was recorded as a four-piece as Gary Valentine had left the band in mid 1977, Plastic Letters was promoted extensively throughout Europe and Asia by Chrysalis Records
3.
The Hit Factory
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The Hit Factory was a recording studio in New York City famous for its clientele. It closed on April 1,2005, the building is now the headquarters of Music Theatre International. However, other Hit Factory studio locations remained open, such as in Miami, the New York facility was purchased from Jerry Ragovoy by Edward Germano on March 6,1975. From 1989 to 1993, the company also operated The Hit Factory London, after Germanos death in 2003, the business was taken over by his wife Janice Germano. Hit Factory was closed on April 1,2005, the last album to be recorded there was Octavarium by Dream Theater. The business base of operations moved to the remaining Hit Factory Criteria Miami in March 2005, in a statement, The Hit Factory acknowledged the industry is moving away from large-scale studios to destination locations like Miami that offer sunny weather and a hot nightlife. In December 2006 Stribling and Assocs, a New York real-estate broker, twenty-seven loft-style apartments went on sale, including six duplexes. Prices started at about $1 million, the developers have said that there will continue to be rehearsal space for musicians on the ground floor. In 2011, New York Knicks basketball player Carmelo Anthony and his wife, entertainer La La Vazquez, the studios occupied several spaces in and around Times Square and Midtown West after Germanos purchase. Locations included Hit Factory Times Square at 130 West 42nd Street, Hit Factory Broadway, at 237 West 54th Street, the Hit Factory Broadway, located between Broadway and Eighth Avenue, was a four-studio complex that housed a mix of Solid State Logic and Neve VR-series consoles. The Hit Factory Mastering facility at 421 West 54th street was opened in 1992 and all moved there. To avoid confusion, studio names at the new location were given instead of the more-traditional letters. The Hit Factory Broadway closed in early 2002, as new studios were planned in the main Hit Factory Mastering facility, the main studio facility at 421 West 54th Street occupied most of a 100, 000+ square foot building. Studio 1 occupied the top floor of the building and included four overdub booths. The control room was equipped with an 80-input Solid State Logic 9000J as the centerpiece, the lounge was also a flexible space, with room for a large orchestra or cast party, coat room, green room, office, production room, gym and several storage areas. On July 24,2002, it opened Studios 6 and 7, each studio contained a 48-channel Pro Tools MIXPlus system, a Sony 3348 HR, two Studer A827s, Lexicon 960L and 480L reverbs, and outboard racks tailored for surround mixing. Studio 7 was designed as a room, with a small booth adjacent to the control room. Custom Augspurger monitors featured dual 15-inch TAD drivers, horns and 18-inch hidden stereo subs, studio 6 had a silver color scheme, also with custom Augspurgers and silver credenza ends in the control room, and a circle Hit Factory Studios logo at the back of studio
4.
Chrysalis Records
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Chrysalis Records /ˈkrɪ. sə. lɪs/ is a British record label that was created in 1969. The name was both a reference to the stage of a butterfly and a combination of its founders names, Chris Wright. It started as the Ellis-Wright Agency and this was after the single Sunshine Day/Aeroplane was incorrectly credited to Jethro Toe. Jethro Tull signed with Reprise Records in the United States, which led Chrysalis to an American distribution deal with Reprises parent company and this lasted from 1972 until U. S. Chrysalis switched to independent distribution in 1976. PolyGram handled international distribution and Festival Records covered Australia and New Zealand, towards the end of the 1970s, the label began to extend its range of music, incorporating acts from the Punk Rock scene such as Generation X. The Chrysalis offshoot 2 Tone Records brought in such as The Specials. In 1979 Chrysalis bought and distributed U. S. folk label Takoma Records, naming manager/producer Denny Bruce as president, jon Monday who was Vice President of Takoma Records prior to the acquisition continued as General Manager, later becoming Director of Marketing of Chrysalis Records. Chrysalis made history in 1979 by creating the first music video album, in the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis, Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved to Chrysalis as Director of New Music Marketing, advancing later to Senior Vice President. The Chrysalis Records label was sold 50% in 1990, then the half in 1991 to EMI with catalogue. Chrysalis Records folded into EMI subsidiary and flagship label EMI Records in 2005, the British Chrysalis catalogue was put up for sale by Universal Music Group after its acquisition of EMI. In July 2013, Warner Music Group completed acquisition of Parlophone Label Group, when Universal Music Group purchased EMI in 2012 ownership of Chrysalis passed to UMG. In 2013 Warner Music Group acquired part of EMI from UMG, in May 2016, Blue Raincoat Music purchased Chrysalis Records Ltd and the artist catalogue from Warner Music Group. Blue Raincoat founders Jeremy Lascelles and Robin Millar brought in Robert Devereux and this reunited founder Wright with the company he set up 47 years previously. Chris Wright is now non-executive Chairman of Chrysalis Records Ltd, since the acquisition from Warner Music Group, Chrysalis has acquired the catalogues of Suzi Quatro, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, Athlete and Fun Lovin Criminals. Official site for Chrysalis Records UK at Blue Raincoat Music Ben Sisario, New York Times, Media Decoder blog,7 February 2013 Discogs page on Chrysalis Records
5.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
6.
Autoamerican
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Autoamerican is the fifth studio album by the American rock band Blondie. It was released in November 1980 and reached #3 in the UK charts, #7 in the US, the album was a radical departure for the band, with opening track Europa setting the pace. The track is an instrumental overture featuring orchestral arrangements and ending with vocalist Debbie Harry declaiming a passage about automobile culture over an electronic soundtrack. The closing track, Follow Me, was a cover of a song from Alan Jay Lerner. Producer Mike Chapman insisted the band record in Los Angeles, guitarist Chris Stein lamented, Every day we get up, stagger into the blinding sun, drive past a huge Moon-mobile from some ancient sci-fi movie. Drummer Clem Burke welcomed the change, Autoamerican was fun and we got to spend two months in California. Im always up for a free ride, however, the band insisted on the cover artwork shot being from their hometown, posing on a roof near New Yorks Broadway and Eighth. The image was taken from a painting by artist Martin Hoffman. The band released two singles from album, The Tide Is High and Rapture. The Tide Is High hit number 1 in several countries, including the US, Rapture became the first rap song ever to reach number 1 on the singles chart in the US. Originally released on Chrysalis Records on November 14,1980, kevin Flaherty –2001 reissue producer
7.
No Exit (Blondie album)
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No Exit is the seventh studio album by American rock band Blondie, released on February 15,1999, by Beyond Records. It was the bands first album in 17 years and features the UK number-one single Maria, as was customary for a Blondie album, No Exit dabbled in many genres, including pop, reggae, and hip hop. Mike Chapman, who had produced all but the first two of Blondies previous albums, produced some of the demos for the album, though final production of the album fell to Craig Leon. A cover of The Shangri-Las 1965 song Out in the Streets was also included on the album and it was originally recorded by the band in 1975 while they were trying to get a record deal. The demo version was first issued on EMIs 1994 anthology The Platinum Collection and was included on the 2001 remaster of the bands eponymous debut studio album. A huge comeback promotional tour was launched preceding the release of the album, No Exit reached number three on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies. A second single, Nothing Is Real but the Girl, peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart. The title track, No Exit, was released as a third single in Europe, and is a fusion of classical, hip hop and rock, and featured raps by Mobb Deep, Coolio, U-God. The album was released in editions in different countries with various bonus tracks. The album was reissued in 2001 along with all of Blondies other studio albums. Chris Stein commented on the title of the album in a 2004 interview, The title was taken from a Sartre play, I think thats probably what all these reality TV shows are about. Maybe we were a reality TV show before there was reality TV, notes On the 2001 reissue, tracks 15 to 17 are sequenced as one track with total duration 17,51. Credits adapted from the notes of No Exit
8.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
9.
Island of Lost Souls (song)
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Island of Lost Souls is a song recorded by Blondie and released as the lead single from their sixth studio album, The Hunter, in April 1982. The single peaked at No.37 in the Billboard Hot 100, No.13 in Australia, continuing the bands penchant for spanning different genres of music, including rock, disco, reggae and rap/hip-hop, Blondie delved into calypso music for Island of Lost Souls. The song was recorded in the autumn of 1981, and promotional copies of the single were sent to U. S. radio stations on 31 October 1981, the music video was filmed in the Isles of Scilly in the UK. US7 UK7 Island of Lost Souls –3,49 Listen Dragonfly –5,47 UK12 Island of Lost Souls –4,44 Dragonfly –5,47
10.
War Child (song)
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War Child is a 1982 song by the American rock band Blondie, featured on their sixth studio album The Hunter. The song was released as a single from the album in various countries. War Child was written by Debbie Harry and Nigel Harrison, who had written the hits One Way or Another. The lyrics make reference to war in Cambodia and Middle East, the single was the second and final release from the album, and would therefore be the last new Blondie single for seventeen years, when the band reformed and released Maria in 1999. The B-side to this single was Little Caesar, also from The Hunter album, the 12 single included an extended remix of War Child by producer Mike Chapman, which can be found as a bonus track on EMIs 1994 and 2001 CD re-issues of the album The Hunter. UK7 &7 Picture Disc War Child -3,49 Listen Little Caesar -3,00 UK12 War Child -8,04 Little Caesar -3,00 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
11.
Concept album
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A concept album is an album unified by a larger purpose or meaning to the album collectively than to its tracks individually. This may be achieved through a central narrative or theme. The exact criteria of a concept album varies, with no discernible consensus, in the 1960s, several well-regarded concept albums were released by various rock bands, which eventually led to the invention of progressive rock and the rock opera. Since then, many albums have been released across many different musical genres. Concepts are general ideas, thoughts, or abstract notions, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a concept album. Fiona Sturges of The Independent stated that the album was originally defined as a long-player where the songs were based on one dramatic idea –. A precursor to this type of album can be found in the 19th century song cycle which ran some of the same difficulties in classification. The extremely broad definitions of an album could potentially encompass all soundtracks, compilations, cast recordings, greatest hits albums, tribute albums, Christmas albums. The most common definitions refer to an approach to the rock album format. AllMusic writes, A concept album could be a collection of songs by a songwriter or a particular theme -- these are the concept LPs that reigned in the 50s. The phrase concept album is tied to the late 1960s. Author Jim Cullen describes it, a collection of discrete but thematically unified songs whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts, sometimes assumed to be a product of the rock era. Author Roy Shuker defines concept albums and rock operas as albums that are unified by a theme, in this form, the album changed from a collection of heterogeneous songs into a narrative work with a single theme, in which individual songs segue into one another. Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman considers the first concept album to be Woody Guthries 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads, the Independent regards it as perhaps one of the first concept albums, consisting exclusively of semi-autobiographical songs about the hardships of American migrant labourers during the 1930s. Singer Frank Sinatra recorded several albums prior to the 1960s rock era, including In the Wee Small Hours. Sinatra is sometimes credited as the inventor of the album, beginning with The Voice of Frank Sinatra. According to biographer Will Friedwald, Sinatra sequenced the songs so that the created a flow from track to track, affording an impression of a narrative. First pop singer to bring a consciously artistic attitude to recording, the author Carys Wyn Jones writes that the Beach Boys Pet Sounds, the Beatles Revolver and Sgt
12.
Chris Stein
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Christopher Chris Stein is the co-founder and guitarist of the new wave band Blondie. He is also a producer and performer for the soundtrack of the hip hop film, Wild Style. Steins photography was published most recently in September 2014 by Rizzoli International in his book, Chris Stein / Negative, Me, Blondie, Stein also ran the Animal Records label between 1982 and 1984. In 1983, Stein was diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris, an autoimmune disease of the skin. Stein had developed a form of the disease, and was able to control it with a program of steroids. As of 2016, he was touring and recording with Blondie. Stein is Jewish and was born to Jewish parents in Brooklyn, while in Blondie, Stein and Harry maintained a romantic relationship but never married. In 1989, the couple went their ways but have continued to work together on a professional basis. Stein was co-host of TV Party, a television cable TV show in New York City. In 1999, Stein married the actress Barbara Sicuranza, and they have two daughters, Akira and Valentina, list of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Chris Stein official website Blondie official website International Pemphigus Foundation Rednight. net
13.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
14.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
15.
Cambodia
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Cambodia, officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia has a population of over 15 million. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, practiced by approximately 95 percent of the population, the countrys minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams, and 30 hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh, the political, economic, the kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years. In 802 AD, Jayavarman II declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of Chenla under the name Kambuja. The Indianized kingdom built monumental temples including Angkor Wat, now a World Heritage Site, after the fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya in the 15th century, a reduced and weakened Cambodia was then ruled as a vassal state by its neighbours. In 1863 Cambodia became a protectorate of France which doubled the size of the country by reclaiming the north, the Vietnam War extended into the country with the US bombing of Cambodia from 1969 until 1973. Following the Cambodian coup of 1970, the king gave his support to his former enemies. Following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, Cambodia was governed briefly by a United Nations mission, the UN withdrew after holding elections in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The 1997 coup placed power solely in the hands of Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian Peoples Party, important sociopolitical issues includes widespread poverty, pervasive corruption, lack of political freedoms, low human development, and a high rate of hunger. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighbouring countries, agriculture remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and tourism leading to increased foreign investment and international trade. Cambodia scored dismally in an annual index ranking the rule of law in 102 countries, placing 99th overall, Cambodia also faces environmental destruction as an imminent problem. The most severe activity in this regard is considered to be the countrywide deforestation, the Kingdom of Cambodia is the official English name of the country. The English Cambodia is an anglicisation of the French Cambodge, which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer Kampuchea, Kampuchea is the shortened alternative to the countrys official name in Khmer, Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea. The Khmer endonym Kampuchea derives from the Sanskrit name Kambujadeśa, composed of देश, desa and कम्बोज, Kambujas, colloquially, Cambodians refer to their country as either Srok Khmer, meaning Khmers Land, or the slightly more formal Prateh Kampuchea, literally Country of Kampuchea. The name Cambodia is used most often in the Western world while Kampuchea is more used in the East. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of dates as of 6000 BC
16.
Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
17.
Smokey Robinson
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William Smokey Robinson, Jr. is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and former record executive. Robinson was the founder and front man of the Motown vocal group the Miracles, Robinson led the group from its 1955 origins as the Five Chimes until 1972 when he announced a retirement from the group to focus on his role as Motowns vice president. However, Robinson returned to the industry as a solo artist the following year. Following the sale of Motown Records in 1988, Robinson left the company in 1990 and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. Robinson was awarded the 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music. Smokey Robinson was born to an African-American father and a mother of African-American and his uncle Claude gave him the nickname Smokey Joe when he was a child. He attended Northern High School, where he was above average academically, at one point, he and Diana Ross lived several houses from each other on Belmont, he once said he has known Ross since she was about eight. Robinson said his interest in music started after hearing the groups Nolan Strong & the Diablos and Billy Ward, Robinson later listed Barrett Strong, a Detroit native, as a strong vocal influence. In 1955, he formed the first lineup of the Five Chimes with childhood friend Ronald White and classmate Pete Moore, two years later, in 1957, they were renamed the Matadors and included Bobby Rogers. Another member, Emerson Rogers, was replaced by Bobbys cousin Claudette Rogers, the groups guitarist, Marv Tarplin, joined them sometime in 1958. The Matadors began touring Detroit venues around this time and they later changed their name to the Miracles. In August 1957, Robinson and the Miracles met songwriter Berry Gordy after an audition for Brunswick Records. At that time during the audition, Robinson had brought along with him a Big 10 notebook with 100 songs he wrote while in high school, Gordy was impressed with Robinsons vocals and even more impressed with Robinsons ambitious songwriting. With his help, the Miracles released their first single, Got a Job and it was the beginning of a long and successful collaboration. During this time, Robinson attended college and started classes in January 1959, Robinson dropped out after only two months following the Miracles release of their first record. Gordy formed Tamla Records which was reincorporated as Motown. The Miracles became one of the first acts signed to the label, in point of fact, they had actually been with Gordy since before the formation of Motown Records. In late 1960, the recorded their first hit single, Shop Around
18.
The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game
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The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game is a 1966 song written by Smokey Robinson. It was a hit single in 1967 for the American girl group The Marvelettes for the Motown label, in 1980, Jamaican singer Grace Jones remade the song and had minor success with her version in the US. The song has had several versions over the years. The Marvelettes single peaked in the United States in spring 1967 at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart, the groups version of the song was produced by Smokey Robinson. The song is written in the first person, from the point of view of someone who has such a tender trap to catch a lover. Lead singer Wanda Young-Rogers talks about how she had been stalking her lover, having to learn his ways, but certain things rearrange and she finds herself caught, presumably, in love with her game. There seems to be 3 variations issued, the original mono single ended cold, yet some of the stereo remixes fade at the end. There is also a different last verse on some of the reissues and it was also released as the lead single in the USA and the fourth in the UK. The B-side on the European single is a different recording compared to the album version. The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game –3,49 B, sinning –5,06 EU7 single A. The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game –3,50 B, the Hunter Gets Captured by the Game –3,20 UK12 single A. The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game –6,43 B
19.
The Marvelettes
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The Marvelettes was an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early- to mid-1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson, Georgeanna Tillman, Juanita Cowart, and Georgia Dobbins, who was replaced by Wanda Young prior to the group signing their first deal. Founded in 1960 while the founding members performed together at their glee club at Inkster High School in Inkster, Michigan. Despite their early successes, the group was eclipsed in popularity by groups like The Supremes, nevertheless, they managed a major comeback in 1966 with Dont Mess with Bill, along with several other smaller hits. The group has received honors including induction into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, as well as receiving the Pioneer Award from the Rhythm. In 2005, two of the groups most successful recordings, Please Mr. Postman and Dont Mess with Bill earned million-selling Gold singles from the RIAA. On August 17,2013, in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University, the Marvelettes were nominated for induction to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2013 and again in 2015. Horton enlisted older glee club members Katherine Anderson, Georgeanna Tillman, Juanita Cowart, the members struggled to come up with a name for their new act until one of the members jokingly took a stab at their own singing abilities, saying we cant sing yet. Horton altered the saying to The Casinyets, in 1961, the quintet, now called the Marvels, entered a talent show contest on the behest of their teacher and ended up finishing in fourth place. Though only the first three winners were offered a trip to audition for the fledgling Motown label, two of the girls schoolteachers advised that they be allowed to audition too. Despite having no previous songwriting experience, Dobbins took the song home, prior to returning to Motown, Dobbins left the group due to her growing family and her father, who advised her not to continue her career in show business. Dobbins departure left Horton in full charge of the group, to replace her, Horton asked another Inkster graduate, Wanda Young, to replace Dobbins. When the group returned and performed their composition, Gordy agreed to work with the group, Gordy renamed them The Marvelettes and signed the act to Motowns Tamla division in July 1961. Tamla issued Please Mr. Postman the following September, the song then climbed to the top of the singles chart, reaching #1 that December. Making them the first Motown act to have a #1 hit on the Hot 100, to follow up on this success, Motown had the group record Twistin Postman to take advantage of the twist dance craze and the re-release of Chubby Checkers The Twist. The song eventually peaked at #34 on the pop chart in early 1962, before the end of 1961, Tamla issued the first Marvelettes album, also named Please Mr. Postman, but it failed to chart. The groups next single, Playboy, marked the time one of their singles was written by a band member. Like Postman, the song was retooled by other writers and upon its release in early 1962, a fourth hit, Beechwood 4-5789, co-written by Marvin Gaye, reached #17
20.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
21.
For Your Eyes Only (film)
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For Your Eyes Only is the twelfth spy film in the James Bond series, and the fifth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It marked the debut of John Glen, who had worked as editor. Some writing elements were inspired by the novels Live and Let Die, Goldfinger, after the science fiction-focused Moonraker, the producers wanted a conscious return to the style of the early Bond films and the works of 007 creator Fleming. For Your Eyes Only followed a grittier, more realistic approach, filming locations included Greece, Italy and England, while underwater footage was shot in The Bahamas. For Your Eyes Only was released on 24 June 1981 to a critical reception. This was the final Bond film to be distributed solely by United Artists, the head of the KGB, General Gogol, has also learned of the fate of the St Georges and already notified his contact in Greece. A marine archaeologist, Sir Timothy Havelock, who had been asked by the British to secretly locate the St Georges, is murdered with his wife by a Cuban hitman, Bond goes to Spain to find out who hired Gonzales. While spying on Gonzales villa, Bond is captured by his men, outside, he finds the assassin was Melina Havelock, the daughter of Sir Timothy, and the two escape. With the help of Q, Bond identifies the man he saw paying off Gonzales as Emile Leopold Locque, and then goes to Locques possible base in Cortina, Italy. After Bond goes with Kristatos protégée, figure skater Bibi Dahl, to a biathlon course, Bond escapes, and then goes with Ferrara to bid Bibi farewell in an ice rink, where he fends off another attempt on his life by men in ice hockey gear. Ferrara is killed in his car, with a pin in his hand. Bond then travels to Corfu in pursuit of Columbo, there, at the casino, Bond meets with Kristatos and asks how to meet Columbo, not knowing that Columbos men are secretly recording their conversation. After Columbo and his mistress, Countess Lisl von Schlaf, argue, Bond offers to escort her home with Kristatos car, the two then spend the night together. In the morning Lisl and Bond are ambushed by Locque and Lisl is killed, Bond is captured by Columbos men before Locque can kill him, Columbo then tells Bond that Locque was actually hired by Kristatos, who is working for the KGB to retrieve the ATAC. After the base is destroyed, Bond chases Locque and kills him, afterwards, Bond meets with Melina, and they recover the ATAC from the wreckage of the St Georges, but Kristatos is waiting for them when they surface and he takes the ATAC. After the two escape an attempt, they discover Kristatos rendezvous point when Melinas parrot repeats the phrase ATAC to St Cyrils. With the help of Columbo and his men, Bond and Melina break into St Cyrils, as Columbo confronts Kristatos, Bond kills the biathlete Kriegler. Bond retrieves the ATAC system and stops Melina from killing Kristatos after he surrenders, Kristatos tries to kill Bond with a hidden flick knife, but is killed by a knife thrown by Columbo, Gogol arrives by helicopter to collect the ATAC, but Bond destroys it first
22.
Bill Conti
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He also received nominations in the Best Original Song category for Gonna Fly Now from Rocky and for the title song of For Your Eyes Only. He has served as director at the Academy Awards a record nineteen times. Conti, an Italian American, was born in Providence, Rhode Island and he graduated from North Miami High School in 1959. He is a past winner of the Silver Knight Award presented by the Miami Herald and he is a graduate of Louisiana State University, and also studied at the Juilliard School of Music. His big break into celebrity came in 1976, when he was hired to compose the music for a small United Artists film called Rocky. Contis training montage tune, Gonna Fly Now, topped the Billboard singles chart in 1977, the film won three Oscars at the 49th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The same ceremony was also the first time Conti served as director for the Academy Awards. Conti also composed music for the sequels Rocky II, Rocky III, Rocky V, Conti also worked for some other films and, eventually, for television series. In 1983, he composed the score for HBOs first film, Conti composed music for the films Bad Boys and Mass Appeal. Then in 1984, he received an Academy Award for composing the score to 1983s The Right Stuff followed by composing music for the TV series North and South in 1985. He also composed the score for The Karate Kid as well as the Masters of the Universe live action movie, another Conti score was the 1987 film Happy New Year. In 1991, he composed the score for Necessary Roughness, a football movie starring Scott Bakula, Sinbad. In 1993, he composed and wrote the music for The Adventures of Huck Finn starring Elijah Wood and he also composed the classic themes to televisions Dynasty, The Colbys, Falcon Crest and its pilot score, and Cagney & Lacey. In addition he composed the score to the studio altered American version of Luc Bessons The Big Blue, two of Contis previously composed works were re-used for the show Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous. These were the love theme Come With Me Now from the soundtrack for Five Days From Home, Conti has been nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one in the Best Original Score category for The Right Stuff. He also received nominations in the Best Original Song category for Gonna Fly Now from Rocky and for the title song of For Your Eyes Only. He has received three Golden Globe nominations, two for Best Original Score for Rocky and An Unmarried Woman, and one for Best Original Song for the song of For Your Eyes Only. Conti has also received thirteen Emmy nominations, all but one of which are for his role as director at the Academy Awards
