1.
Sageuk
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Sageuk in Korean denotes historical period dramas, including traditional drama plays, films or television series. In English language literature sageuk usually refers to films and television series. The first known film, The Story of Chun-hyang filmed in 1923, was directed by a Japanese filmmaker. The first Korean sound film was also sageuk, the heyday of Korean cinema began in the 1950s and lasted until the 1980s, with many sageuk films released, like Lee Gyu-hwans Chunhyang adaptation in 1955. In the 1960s, historical melodramas were significant, as well as martial arts films. In the 1970s, due to the popularity of television, cinema started to decline, and in the 1980s it encountered a crisis, from the 1990s, Im Gwon-taeks movies, as well as The Legend of Gingko and The Eternal Empire are significant works. From the 2000s, sageuk films started flourishing, between 2012 and 2015 Korean cinema produced five sageuk that broke the 10 million viewership record, as of 2016 June, the highest grossing South Korean film is also a historical drama, The Admiral, Roaring Currents. The first television series, a sageuk, of South Korea aired on state channel KBS in 1962, in the 1970s, in contrast to the previous decade, historical TV series portrayed national heroes like Yi Sun-shin or Sejong the Great. The characteristic series of the 1980s was Joseonwangjo 500 nyeon, the 1990s were dominated by contemporary dramas with regards to popularity and viewership ratings, despite having produced a number of quality sageuk. The 2000s saw the birth of the fusion genre, which changed the historical series genre in South Korea. Some of the significant works from this period are Hur Jun, Damo, popular themes of sageuk include elements from Korean folklore and mythology, famous or notorious princes, kings, national heroes and famous women. The first film which can be regarded a sageuk was The Story of Chun-hyang, the story of Chunhyang is a popular element of Korean folklore, recurring in Korean cinema, as well, having produced more than a dozen adaptations both in films and television series. Some cinematic milestones are related to it, for example Lee Myeong-woos Chunhyangcheon in 1935 was the first Korean sound film. From 1940, the number of Korean films declined, due to the Japanese colonialist policies forbidding films other than propaganda movies, many filmmakers fled the country, those remanining had to join the pro-Japanese camp. After the second world war ended, filmmakers rather celebrated independence, after the Korean war, romanticism was the ruling school of 1950s historical movies in South Korea, often focusing on female characters. The roots of this can be traced back to theatres, grand changgeuks, or folk operas, had been popular, so much so, since these stories focused on human nature, human fate and feelings, actual historical backgrounds were irrelevant. These stories usually preferred the period of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, factual details of which were scarce, in 1956, Wangja Hodonggwa Nangnang gongju adapted the story of Prince Hodong and the Princess of Nakrang, Koreas very own Romeo and Juliet tale. The period from the 1950s to the 1980s are considered the heyday of Chungmuro, or the Korean Hollywood, the need for historical films was boosted by the success of such works as Lee Gyu-hwans Chunhyang adaption, Kim Ki-youngs Yangsan Province or Jeon Chang-geuns Gojong hwangjewa uisa An Jung-geun
2.
Ku Hye-sun
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Ku Hye-sun is a South Korean actress, singer-songwriter, director and artist. She gained mainstream recognition in the television dramas Pure in Heart, The King And I, Boys Over Flowers, Angel Eyes, Ku Hye-suns family consists of her mother, father, and one older sister. While growing up, Ku initially dreamed of becoming a singer and she eventually formed a vocal band with college friends, but due to her gaining popularity through the internet as a model she put those goals on hold. Ku Hye-sun entered the entertainment industry after gaining popularity on the Internet as an ulzzang and she used to be a trainee under SM Entertainment, before switching over to DSP Media and preparing to debut in a girl group called Ria. But after it didnt work out she then signed under YG Entertainment, originally set to debut as a singer, YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-suk advised Ku to pursue acting rather than music. She made her debut in a CF for Sambo computers and then made her debut in the KBS horror series Anagram. Her performance as Hye-jin in the 2004 MBC sitcom Nonstop 5 attracted the audiences attention, Ku soon rose to fame in the 2006 television drama Pure in Heart and surprised critics with her performance in the historical drama The King and I. She is most well known for portraying Geum Jan-di in the mega hit KBS2 drama Boys Over Flowers opposite Lee Min Ho, after a year in limbo with no broadcasting slot, her first pre-produced drama The Musical finally aired in September 2011. Ku next starred as a pilot in the SBS series Take Care of Us, Captain, followed by Absolute Darling. After two years break from acting career, Ku appears in MBC channel’s two-part documentary drama Heo Nanseolheon and she took part in the program’s narration and production as well. Ku then made a screen comeback acting in SBSs Angel Eyes in 2014. She portrayed the role of Yoon Soon-wan, a blind woman who gets her vision back in an operation. On September 2014, TVXQs Changmin and Ku appeared in BeatBurgers music video She So High, in February 2015, Ku starred in KBS drama Blood. She plays the character Yoo Ri-ta, an arrogant genius physician who entered school at a young age of 17. Ku and the actor of the drama, Ahn Jae-hyun shot footage in Romania for this drama. Although Blood suffered low ratings in Korea where Ku was criticized for her bad acting, on November 6,2015, Ku was confirmed to be starring in a Chinese drama, The Legendary Tycoon alongside Hans Zhang and Joe Chen. The Legendary Tycoon tells the story of Run Run Shaw. Ku was cast in the MBC weekend drama You’re Too Much alongside Uhm Jung-hwa, however, she left the show after two weeks due to health reasons
3.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
4.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
5.
Seoul Broadcasting System
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Seoul Broadcasting System KRX,034120 is a national South Korean television and radio network. In March 2000, the company became known as SBS. It has provided terrestrial digital TV service in the ATSC format since 2001 and its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 6 for Digital and Cable. SBS has been involved in reporting, such as utilizing unverified sources. SBS was launched and formed on the day MBC celebrated its 30th Anniversary on October 9,1991, SBS is the second commercial broadcaster in South Korea after MBC. The purpose was to become a channel to the audience that before 1990 was mastered by MBC. In the 1980s, MBC was a mouthpiece of KBS to broadcast sporting events like the 1986 FIFA World Cup. After the democratic reform in 1987, as well as the separation of MBC from KBS, SBS began trial transmissions on its television and radio channels on December 1,1990 in Seoul. On March 20,1991, the first regular SBS Radio broadcasts was launched on AM 792kHz, on December 9,1991, SBS TV started broadcasting at 10, 00am in Seoul, which was designated as the The Day of Birth of SBS. Initially, SBS only broadcast terrestrially in Seoul and its surrounding areas, on October 9,1992, the government began accepting applications for private broadcasting stations in other regions of the country. SBS had planned for a television and radio broadcast affiliate network that aims to air SBS programs in new regional channels before its 5th anniversary. In 1994, the private channels KNN in Busan, TJB in Daejeon, TBC in Daegu, on May 14,1995, SBS launched its national television network with its new local affiliates, KNN, TJB, TBC, and kbc. SBS had managed a network that airs SBS programs in other regional channels while local stations created local programming to suit the local residents needs, in 1996, plans for a FM radio station to complement the existing AM station became realized. On November 14,1996, SBS Power FM began broadcasting on 107.7 MHz as a music-centric station, on January 4,1999, the original SBS Radio on AM792 kHz began broadcasting on FM as well. The station rebranded as SBS Love FM on 103.5 MHz, high-definition digital television was introduced in 2001. Digital Multimedia Broadcasting was introduced in 2005, SBS introduced its current logo on November 14,2000 after its 10th anniversary celebrations to ensure the overall coherence of the current identity. SBS branding is used in all such as vehicle, microphone, envelopes, business cards, memorabilia, helicopter, signs, ganpanryu, seosikryu, uniforms, program title. SBS also had used the slogan Humanism thru Digital until January 2010 where a new slogan is currently used, gomi is the mascot of SBS-oriented as the new face of Humanism thru Digital through the harmony of nature and human life where green environment is important
6.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
7.
Hanja
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
8.
Eunuch
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The term eunuch generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences. In some ancient texts, eunuch may also refer to a man who is not castrated but who is impotent, celibate, or otherwise not inclined to marry, in Latin, the words eunuchus, spado, and castratus were used to denote eunuchs. Castration was typically carried out on the soon-to-be eunuch without his consent in order that he perform a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC. Eunuchs would usually be servants or slaves who had been castrated in order to make them reliable servants of a court where physical access to the ruler could wield great influence. Similar instances are reflected in the origins and etymology of many high offices. Because their condition usually lowered their status, they could also be easily replaced or killed without repercussion. In cultures that had both harems and eunuchs, eunuchs were sometimes used as servants or seraglio guards. Eunuch comes from the Greek word eunoukhos, first attested in a fragment of Hipponax, the acerbic poet describes a certain lover of fine food having consumed his estate dining lavishly and at leisure every day on tuna and garlic-honey cheese paté like a Lampsacene eunoukhos. For instance, Lucian suggests two methods to determine whether someone is a eunuch, physical inspection of the body, or scrutiny of his ability to perform sexually with females, the earliest surviving etymology of the word is from late antiquity. The 12th century Etymologicum Magnum essentially repeats the entry from Orion, in the late 12th century, Eustathius of Thessalonica offered an original derivation of the word from eunis + okheuein, deprived of mating. The early 17th century scholar and theologian Gerardus Vossius therefore explains that the originally designated an office. He says the word came to be applied to castrated men in general because such men were the usual holders of that office. Still, Vossius notes the alternate etymologies offered by Eustathius and others, modern etymologists have followed Orions first option. As an alpha-declension noun, eunē features the stem-vowel -a-, all words that are formed by adding onto eunē have an a-sound or long e-sound in the combined syllable, as in eunater or eunēter, eunaios or eunēthen. By analogy, a compound between eunē and ekhein would be expected to come out as eunēkhos, or in English eunech, on the other hand, the etymology offered by Eustathius would work only if eunis contributes an e-sound or o-sound to the compound. Unfortunately, there are no known compounds of eunis to use for comparison, consequently, the rules of Greek vowel contraction at any rate favor the derivation from eunoos and ekhein. And in fact, other words that have the same ending -oukhos feature a stem-vowel o in the first word of the compound, be that as it may, virtually all modern reference works cite the derivation from eunē and ekhein
9.
Joseon
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The Kingdom of Joseon was a Korean kingdom founded by Yi Seonggye that lasted for approximately five centuries, from July 1392 to October 1897. It was officially renamed the Korean Empire in October 1897 and it was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul, the kingdoms northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers through the subjugation of the Jurchens. Joseon was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty, during its reign, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Chinese Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society. Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new state ideology. Buddhism was accordingly discouraged and occasionally faced persecutions by the dynasty, Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, science, literature, and technology. After the end of invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace, by the late 14th century, the nearly 500-year-old Goryeo established in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war and de facto occupation from the disintegrating Mongol Empire. Following the emergence of the Ming dynasty, the court in Goryeo split into two conflicting factions, the group led by General Yi and the camp led by General Choe. Goryeo claimed to be the successor of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo, as such, Yi was chosen to lead the attack, however, he revolted and swept back to Gaegyeong and initiated a coup détat, overthrowing King U in favor of his son, Chang of Goryeo. He later killed King U and his son after a failed restoration, in 1392, Yi eliminated Jeong Mong-ju, highly respected leader of a group loyal to Goryeo dynasty, and dethroned King Gongyang, exiling him to Wonju, and before he ascended the throne. The Goryeo Dynasty had come to an end after almost 500 years of rule. After much deliberation, the Taejo Emperor declared the name of the new dynasty to be Joseon, after the ancient Korean state of Gojoseon and he also moved the capital to Hanyang from Kaesong. When the new dynasty was promulgated and officially brought into existence, with Taejos support, Jeong Dojeon kept limiting the royal familys power by prohibiting political involvement of princes and attempting to abolish their private armies. Both sides were aware of each others great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. This incident became known as the First Strife of Princes, one of King Jeongjongs first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to Kaesong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable, away from the toxic power strife. Yet Yi Bangwon retained real power and was soon in conflict with his older brother. Yi Banggan, who yearned for power. In 1400, the tensions between Yi Bangwons faction and Yi Banggans camp escalated into a conflict that came to be known as the Second Strife of Princes
10.
Castration
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Castration is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles. Surgical castration is bilateral orchiectomy, and chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs to inactivate the testes, castration causes sterilization, it also greatly reduces the production of certain hormones, such as testosterone. Surgical castration in animals is often called neutering, the term castration is sometimes also used to refer to the removal of the ovaries in the female, otherwise known as an oophorectomy or, in animals, spaying. Estrogen levels drop precipitously following oophorectomy, and long-term effects of the reduction of sex hormones are significant throughout the body, castration of non-human animals is intended to favour a desired development of the animal or of its habits or to prevent overpopulation. Castration was frequently used for religious or social reasons in certain cultures in Europe, South Asia, Africa, after battles in some cases, winners castrated their captives or the corpses of the defeated to symbolize their victory and seize their power. Castrated men — eunuchs – were often admitted to special classes and were used particularly to staff bureaucracies and palace households, in particular. Castration also figured in a number of religious castration cults, other religions, such as Judaism, were strongly opposed to the practice. The Leviticus Holiness code, for example, specifically excludes eunuchs or any males with defective genitals from the priesthood, Eunuchs in China had been known to usurp power in many eras of Chinese history, most notably in the Later Han, late Tang and late Ming dynasties. There are similar recorded Middle Eastern events, in ancient times, castration often involved the total removal of all the male genitalia. This involved great danger of death due to bleeding or infection and, in some states, removal of only the testicles had much less risk. Either surgical removal of both testicles or chemical castration may be carried out in the case of prostate cancer, castration in humans has been proposed, and sometimes used, as a method of birth control in certain poorer regions. Castration has also used in the United States for sex offenders to ensure they will not commit such crimes ever again. Trans women often undergo orchiectomy, as do some other transgender people, orchiectomy may be performed as part of a more general sex reassignment surgery, either before or during other procedures. It may also be performed on someone who does not desire, or cannot afford, involuntary castration appears in the history of warfare, sometimes used by one side to torture or demoralize their enemies. It was practiced to extinguish opposing male lineages and thus allow the victor to sexually possess the defeated groups women, edward Gibbons famous work Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire reports castration of defeated foes at the hands of the Normans during their invasions of Sicily and Italy. In the medieval kingdom of Georgia, the pretender Demna was castrated by his uncle George III of Georgia to ensure the supremacy of Georges branch of the family, another famous victim of castration was the medieval French philosopher, scholar, teacher, and monk Pierre Abélard. He was castrated by relatives of his lover, Héloïse, bishop Wimund, a 12th-century English adventurer and invader of the Scottish coast, was castrated. In medieval England those found guilty of treason were hanged, drawn and quartered
11.
Concubinage
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The woman in such a relationship is referred to as a concubine. The prevalence of concubinage and the status of rights and expectations of a concubine have varied between cultures as well as the rights of children of a concubine. Whatever the status and rights of the concubine, they were inferior to those of the wife. Historically, concubinage was frequently entered into voluntarily as it provided a measure of security for the woman involved. Involuntary or servile concubinage sometimes involved sexual slavery of one member of the relationship, nevertheless, sexual relations outside marriage were not uncommon, especially among royalty and nobility, and the woman in such relationships was commonly described as a mistress. However, the children of such relationships were counted as illegitimate and were barred from inheriting the title or estates. While various forms of sexual relationships and co-habitation short of marriage have become increasingly common in the Western world. The terms concubinage and concubine are used primarily when referring to non-marital partnerships of earlier eras. In modern usage, a domestic relationship is commonly referred to as co-habitation. Concubinage was highly popular before early 20th century all over Asia, the main function of concubinage was producing additional heirs, as well as bring males pleasure. Children of concubines had lower rights in account to inheritance, which was regulated by Dishu system, after that, even concubinage has been legally banned, the relationship between mistresses and their men are highly affected by it. In China, successful men often had concubines until the practice was outlawed after the Communist Party of China came to power in 1949, the standard Chinese term translated as concubine was qiè 妾, a term used since ancient times, which means female slave. Concubines resembled wives in that they were recognized sexual partners of a family member and were expected to bear children from him. Unofficial concubines, are of lower status, and children of her are considered illegitimate, in English the term concubine is also used for what the Chinese refer to as pínfēi consorts of emperors, some of very high rank. In premodern China, it was illegal and socially disreputable for a man to have more than one wife at a time, but he could have concubines. At first a man could have as many concubines as he could afford, however, from the Eastern Han onward, the higher ranking and the more noble an identity a man possessed, the more concubines he was permitted to have. A concubines treatment and situation were highly variable and were influenced by the status of the male to whom she was engaged. In the Book of Rites chapter on “The Pattern of the Family” it says, “If there were betrothal rites, she became a wife, and if she went without these, Concubines could be taken without any of the ceremonies used in marriages
12.
Park Bo-young
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Park Bo-young is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her roles in the hit films Scandal Makers and A Werewolf Boy, Park was born in Jeungpyeong, North Chungcheong Province. She is the second of three daughters and her father served for 34 years as a soldier in the Special Forces. She is known for her beauty after her childhood photos surfaced on an online community. Before her official acting debut in 2006, Park appeared in a film titled Equal in 2005 when she was in middle school. The short film won Challenging Reality Award at the 7th Seoul International Youth Film Festival, Park made her official acting debut in the 2006 high school television series Secret Campus alongside fellow newcomer Lee Min-ho. Park rose to fame after starring opposite Cha Tae-hyun in comedy Speedy Scandal, described by Variety as excellent in her role as a spunky teenage mom, Parks much-praised performance swept Best New Actress awards in 2009. She has been dubbed as Nations Little Sister because of the success of the movie and she then starred in a short film directed by Lee Hyun-seung, human rights-themed omnibus If You Were Me 4 in 2009. Later that year, she starred alongside Song Joong-kis in fantasy romance film A Werewolf Boy, the song her character sings in the film, My Prince, was released as a digital single and included in the movie soundtrack. In 2013, Park joined the cast of Law of the Jungle, in a departure from her previous sweet, innocent characters, Park played the tough, potty-mouthed leader of her high school gang in Hot Young Bloods, a teen romantic comedy set in the 1980s. Park, who was born in North Chungcheong Province, said she had fun swearing in southern dialect, though she found it difficult to master, being a mixture of Jeolla and Chungcheong dialects. In 2015, she headlined the mystery thriller The Silenced, set in a boarding school during the Japanese occupation. This was followed by roles in romantic comedy Oh My Ghostess. Her ₩30 million salary made her the highest paid actress to appear on cable channel tvN, the series was a commercial and critical hit, and garnered the Best Actress award for Park at the 4th APAN Star Awards and 4th Annual DramaFever Awards. She was also dubbed as the romantic comedy queen by the Korean press, Park next played the selfish love interest of a mutant in the black comedy Collective Invention, and an entertainment news cub reporter in the workplace comedy You Call It Passion. In June 2016, Park was cast as the role in JTBCs series Strong Woman Do Bong-soon. Park Bo-young Fan Cafe at Daum Park Bo-young at HanCinema Park Bo-young at the Korean Movie Database Park Bo-young at the Internet Movie Database
13.
Yoo Seung-ho
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Yoo Seung-ho is a South Korean actor who rose to fame as a child actor in the film The Way Home. After his two-year mandatory military service, he headlined the legal drama Remember, War of the Son and historical films The Magician and Seondal, in 2017, he will star in the melodrama Ruler, Master of the Mask. Born and raised in Incheon, Yoo is the younger of two siblings, he said that his family had been poor. Yoo graduated from Baekshin High School in February 2012 and he decided not to pursue a college degree in order to concentrate on his acting career. Yoo made his entertainment debut in a commercial in 1999 after Yoos mother sent in a photo of her son to an ad agency. In 2000 Yoo began his career as a actor, first appearing in television dramas. He rose to stardom in his first film The Way Home, the low-budget film was a surprise box office hit in 2002, drawing more than 4 million admissions. He was then labeled as Nations Little Brother. He continued acting in television, appearing in Magic Warriors Mir & Gaon, in 2009, Yoo starred in the films City of Fathers and 4th Period Mystery. He also appeared as Kim Chunchu in the period epic Queen Seondeok, in his teens, Yoo was cast in one of the major roles in Master of Study, a Korean screen adaptation of Japanese manga Dragon Zakura. Later that year, Yoo sang a duet with singer/actress IU titled Believe in Love for the charity program Love Request, the songs lyrics was based on a diary that Yoo had written while seeing orphans of war in the slums of Sri Lanka. In 2011, Yoo trained in swordplay and martial arts in his role as an assassin in Warrior Baek Dong-soo and he was also one of the voice actors for Leafie, a Hen into the Wild, which was adapted from a bestselling childrens novel by Hwang Sun-mi. He then co-starred with Kim Ha-neul in the thriller Blind, in 2012, Yoo was cast in his first role as a leading man in Operation Proposal, a Korean remake of the Japanese drama Proposal Daisakusen. This was followed by a role as the Jade Emperor, ruler of the heavens, in the fantasy-period drama Arang. Afterwards, he starred in the melodrama Missing You, playing a man who hides a vengeance-filled heart behind his seemingly gentle smile. Known in the press as Little So Ji-sub for his resemblance to the said actor and this was his second time promoting Sos musical endeavors, after Lonely Life in 2008. Following that, Yoos first photo book titled Travel Letter, Spring Snow, And. was published, Yoo enlisted for his mandatory military service as a regular soldier, without media fanfare, on 5 March 2013 where he reportedly worked as a trainer of new recruits. He drew praise for doing so at age 19 unlike most male Korean celebrities who choose to delay their enlistment until they turn 29, Yoo was discharged on 4 December 2014
14.
Jeon Hye-bin
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Jeon Hye-bin, also known as BIN, is a South Korean actress, singer and model. In 2002, she began her career as singer of the short-lived three-member girl group LUV, following the disbandment of LUV, Jeon released her first solo album, Love Somebody on July 31. She ventured into acting and appeared in her first television drama, lets Go to School and cast in the 2004 horror film Dead Friend. On 23 September 2005, she found success with her second album In My Fantasy. 2AM, a song produced by Mr. Tyfoon, showcased her seductive side, however, it came under heavy criticism for being too suggestive during performances, and required the cuter, less suggestive song Bin-Go to be promoted instead. Jeon was later cast in the comedic film Wet Dreams 2, in 2008, she decided to focus on her acting career. Appearing in several TV shows, On Air, Yaksha, My Love By My Side, Queen Insoo and she was cast as Choi Hye-won in the 2014 drama series Gunman in Joseon. Jeon was born in Namyangju, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, on September 27,1983 and she attended Kyewon Arts High School. She debuted as one of the three members of the girl group LUV with Jo Eun-byul and Oh Yeon-seo, LUV appeared as singers in JTLs A Better Day music video in 2002. On May 15, the released their first album Story - Orange Girl. On August 12, they performed Tears for the Gangwon Province Armed Forces, the groups popularity grew enough that they were being compared with S. E. S. because many saw huge potential in them. However, the group did not last long as they disbanded a year due to each member expressing their own dreams. In 2003, Hye-bin appeared in the season of MBCs Nonstop. Lets Go to School as Yoon Hee-seo and her first solo album Love Somebody was released on July 31. In 2004, Hye-bin made movie debut in horror film Dead Friend as Eun-seo, January 14, she was cast in Wet Dreams 2 as Park Soo-yeon, one of the four high school girls competing for affection for their teacher. On May 22,2005, she appeared on the 41st episode of Banjun Drama, a series of SBS Good Sunday program. Her second album In My Fantasy released on 23 September became a hot-topic due to the song, 2AM, one of the two songs that she performed and produced by Mr. Tyfoon, was heavily criticized for its suggestive dance routine. On January 21,2006, Kim Jong-kook, Im Tae-kyung, an accident in early 2006 forced Jeon to have surgery done, and under the advice of others, she underwent nose and teeth reconstruction
15.
Lee Jin
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Lee Jin is a South Korean actress. She made her entertainment debut as a member of the K-pop girl group Fin. K. L, along with Lee Hyori, Ock Joo-hyun, after Fin. K. L disbanded, Lee became an actress. Lee Jin joined Fin. K. L after her friend Ock Joo-hyun—the first member to be selected for the group—introduced her to the casting director selecting the groups members and she sang Ecos Heng Bok Han Na Reul and was immediately selected to be in the group. In 2002, the members from the group started solo activities. Lee had long expressed her interest in acting, before her debut she was in MBCs Police People, subsequently, she starred in the popular sitcom Nonstop. In 2005, Lee joined the variety program X-Man, on the show, Lee signalled that she had grown into a lady from her Fin. K. L teenage days via a change in her hairstyle and clothes. In X-Man, she became known for her dance steps. She was also known for being the shows ulzzang, having been chosen by many of the guests to be their partner in the couple game. In 2010, Lee also appeared in Heroes where 12 artists competed in games to garner the title or will fall into the unpopular group. In this program, she showed her nice and warm-hearted personality, today is Saturday - A Good Transportation Day Show. Power Video X-Man Millionaires Bag Heroes Daylight - Hair Cut Lee Jin got married in Hawaii on February 20,2016, Lee Jin at King Kong Entertainment Lee Jin Fansite Lee Jin at HanCinema Lee Jin at the Internet Movie Database
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Kim Sa-rang (actress)
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Kim Sa-rang is a South Korean actress. She is most known for her roles in the television series Secret Garden with Hyun Bin, A Love to Kill with Rain, and most recently, Beloved Eun-dong with Joo Jin-mo. She is also known for being crowned Miss Korea in 2000 and representing South Korea in Miss Universe 2001 and she won Best National Costume Hanbok. In 2015, she became an agent after leaving Brave Entertainment. Kim Sa-rang was born on January 12,1978, in South Korea and she graduated from Gwangyoung Girls High School. Kim earned both a bachelors and masters degree in traditional Korean music at Yong In University, Kim Sa-rang made her acting debut in 2000 in the television drama series Anger of Angel, which garnered positive reviews. In 2001 she was cast in the drama series How Should I Be. That same year, she got her first big role in a drama series entitled Mina which was again met with positive reviews. In 2003, she appeared in Thousand Years of Love and her other roles in television include appearances in A Love to Kill, The King and I, Tokyo Sun Shower and Secret Garden. She was last seen in the TV drama series Beloved Eun-dong, Kim made her first movie debut in 2002 with Man is Born. Following this, Kim also starred in Love, Impossible, Who Slept with Her. and she has also appeared in several K-pop music videos including Because You’re My Woman and Demon. Kim was crowned Miss Korea on May 28,2000 at the Sejong Cultural Center and she represented Korea in the Miss Universe Pageant 2001. During the pageant, she won the award for Best National Costume, Kim Sa-rangs Cyworld Kim Sa-rang on Instagram Kim Sa-rang at the Korean Movie Database Kim Sa-rang at the Internet Movie Database Kim Sa-rang at HanCinema
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