1.
Billy Wilder
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Billy Wilder was a Austrian-born Jewish American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist and journalist, whose career spanned more than fifty years and sixty films. He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of Hollywoods golden age, with The Apartment, Wilder became the first person to win Academy Awards as producer, director and screenwriter for the same film. Wilder became a screenwriter in the late 1920s while living in Berlin, after the rise of the Nazi Party, Wilder, who was Jewish, left for Paris, where he made his directorial debut. He moved to Hollywood in 1933, and in 1939 he had a hit when he co-wrote the screenplay for the romantic comedy Ninotchka, Wilder established his directorial reputation with an adaption of James M. Cains Double Indemnity, a film noir. Wilder co-wrote the screenplay with crime novelist Raymond Chandler, Wilder earned the Best Director and Best Screenplay Academy Awards for the adaptation of a Charles R. Jackson story The Lost Weekend, about alcoholism. In 1950, Wilder co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed Sunset Boulevard, from the mid-1950s on, Wilder made mostly comedies. Among the classics Wilder created in this period are the farces The Seven Year Itch and Some Like It Hot and he directed fourteen different actors in Oscar-nominated performances. Wilder was recognized with the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award in 1986, in 1988, Wilder was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts, born Samuel Wilder to a Polish-Jewish family in Sucha Beskidzka, Austria-Hungary, to Max and Eugenia Wilder, he was nicknamed Billie by his mother. He had a brother, William Lee Wilder, who also became a screenwriter, film producer. His parents had a successful and well-known cake shop in Sucha Beskidzkas train station, soon the family moved to Vienna, where Wilder attended school. Instead of attending the University of Vienna, Wilder became a journalist, to advance his career Wilder decided to move to Berlin, where, before achieving success as a writer, he allegedly worked as a taxi dancer. After writing crime and sports stories as a stringer for local newspapers, developing an interest in film, he began working as a screenwriter. He collaborated with several other tyros on the 1929 feature People on Sunday and he wrote the screenplay for the 1931 film adaptation of a novel by Erich Kästner, Emil and the Detectives. After the rise of Adolf Hitler, Wilder, Jewish, left for Paris and he relocated to Hollywood prior to its release. Wilders mother, grandmother and stepfather all perished in the Holocaust, after arriving in Hollywood in 1933, Wilder continued his career as a screenwriter. He became a citizen of the United States in 1934. Wilders first significant success was Ninotchka in 1939, a collaboration with fellow German immigrant Ernst Lubitsch and this romantic comedy starred Greta Garbo, and was popularly and critically acclaimed
2.
The Lost Weekend (novel)
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The Lost Weekend is Charles R. Jacksons first novel, published by Farrar & Rinehart in 1944. The story of a talented but alcoholic writer was praised for its realism, closely reflecting the author’s own experience of alcoholism. It served as the basis for an adaptation by the same name in 1945. Set in a neighborhood of Manhattan in 1936, the novel explores a five-day alcoholic binge. Don Birnam, a binge drinker mostly of rye, fancies himself as a writer and he lapses into foreign phrases and quotes Shakespeare even while attempting to steal a womans purse, trying to pawn a typewriter for drinking money, and smashing his face on a banister. That accident gets him checked into an alcoholic ward, There, a counselor advises Birnam on the nature of alcoholism, There isnt any cure, besides just stopping. And how many of them can do that and they dont want to, you see. When they feel bad like this fellow here, they think they want to stop and they cant bring themselves to admit theyre alcoholics, or that liquors got them licked. They believe they can take it or leave it alone — so they take it, if they do stop, out of fear or whatever, they go at once into such a state of euphoria and well-being that they become over-confident. Theyre rid of drink, and feel sure enough of themselves to be able to again, promising theyll take one. Perhaps the only thing keeping Birnam from drinking himself to death is his girlfriend Helen, Helen does, however, upbraid him with the words, I havent got time to be neurotic. No sooner has he begun to recover from his Lost Weekend than he contemplates killing Helens maid to get the key to the liquor cabinet and he has a few drinks and crawls into bed wondering, Why did they make such a fuss. The book was a best-seller and received rave reviews, philip Wylie wrote in the New York Times Book Review that Charles Jackson has made the most compelling gift to the literature of addiction since De Quincey. His character is a masterpiece of psychological precision, sinclair Lewis called it the only unflinching story of an alcoholic that I have ever read. The book has also noted for having homosexual overtones with a strong implication that Don Birnam. The book was adapted into a 1945 film directed by Billy Wilder featuring Ray Milland as Don Birnam, although the movie adaptation hews closely to the novel, the novel differed in one respect, Birnam is described in the novel as being tormented by a homosexual incident in college. That is omitted from the film
3.
Ray Milland
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Ray Milland was a Welsh actor and director. Before becoming an actor, Milland served in the Household Cavalry of the British Army, becoming a proficient marksman, horse-rider and aeroplane pilot. He left the army to follow a career in acting and appeared as an extra in several British productions before getting his first major role in The Flying Scotsman. This led to a contract with MGM and he moved to the United States where he appeared as a stock actor. After being released by MGM, he was picked up by Paramount and he was loaned out to Universal for a film called Three Smart Girls, and its success saw Milland given a lead role in The Jungle Princess alongside new starlet Dorothy Lamour. The film was a big success and catapulted both to stardom, after leaving Paramount, he began directing and ended his career moving into television. Milland was born Alfred Reginald Jones on 3 January 1907 in Neath, Wales, the son of Elizabeth Annie and Alfred Jones, of his parents, Milland wrote in his autobiography Wide-Eyed in Babylon, My father was not a cruel or harsh man. I think he was a romantic and consequently a little afraid of his emotions. He had been a young hussar in the Boer War and had been present at the relief of Mafeking and he never held long conversations with anyone, except perhaps with me, possibly because I was the only other male in our family. The household consisted of my mother, a flighty and coquettish woman much concerned with propriety. He was educated independently before attending the private Kings College School in Cardiff and he worked at his uncles horse-breeding farm before leaving home at the age of 21. Before becoming an actor, Milland served in the Household Cavalry, an expert shot, he became a member of his companys rifle team, winning many prestigious competitions, including the Bisley Match in England. While stationed in London, Milland met dancer Margot St. Leger, Brody queried Millands commitment to an army career, which led to Milland buying himself out of the forces in 1928 in the hope of becoming an actor. His first appearance on film was as an extra on the E. A. After some unproductive extra work, which never reached the screen, while he was working on The Informer he was asked to test for a production being shot on a neighbouring stage. Milland made an impression on director Castleton Knight and was hired for his first acting role as Jim Edwards. Milland, in his autobiography, recalls that it was on film that it was suggested he adopt a stage name. His work on The Flying Scotsman had impressed enough for him to be given a six-month contract, believing that his acting was poor, and that he had won his film roles through his looks alone, Milland decided to gain some stage work to improve his art
4.
Jane Wyman
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Jane Wyman was an American actress, singer, dancer and philanthropist whose career spanned seven decades. She was also the first wife of 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan, they married in 1940, Wymans career began in 1932 when she signed with Warner Bros. at age 16. She was also featured opposite Rock Hudson in Magnificent Obsession and All That Heaven Allows and she received an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Johnny Belinda, and was a three-time winner of a Golden Globe. She achieved continuing success in the soap opera Falcon Crest, in which Wyman played the lead role of villainous matriarch. Jane Wyman was born Sarah Jane Mayfield on January 5,1917 in St Joseph, Missouri, to Gladys Hope and her father was a meal company laborer and her mother was a doctors stenographer and office assistant. Wyman was the child of this union and had no biological siblings. This may be in reference to her foster parents children, Wymans biological parents were married in March 1916 in Jackson County, Missouri, and Wyman was born in January 1917. The 1920 census shows her to still be the child from the marriage. The Mayfields divorced the following year, although her birthdate has been widely reported for many years as January 4,1914, research by biographers and genealogists indicates she actually was born 3 years later. The most likely reason for the 1914 year of birth is that she added to her age so as to be able to work and she may have moved her birthday back by one day to January 4 so as to share the same birthday as her daughter, Maureen. The 1920 census, though, has her at three and living in Philadelphia, after Wymans death, a release posted on her official website confirmed these details. In October 1921, her mother filed for divorce, and her father died unexpectedly the following year at age 27. After her fathers death, her moved to Cleveland, Ohio, leaving her to be reared by foster parents, Emma and Richard D. Fulks. She took their surname unofficially, including in her school records and her unsettled family life resulted in few pleasurable memories. Wyman later said, I was raised with such strict discipline that it was years before I could reason out of the bitterness I brought from my childhood. In 1928, aged 11, she moved to southern California with her foster mother, in 1930, the two moved back to Missouri, where Sarah Jane attended Lafayette High School in Saint Joseph. That same year, she began a singing career, calling herself Jane Durrell and adding years to her birthdate to work legally. She signed a contract with Warner Brothers in 1936, by the time she starred in Public Wedding in 1937, she had already changed her professional name to match the name she had acquired from her first marriage, Jane Wyman
5.
John F. Seitz
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John Francis Seitz, A. S. C. was an American cinematographer and inventor. He was nominated for seven Academy Awards and his Hollywood career began in 1909 as a lab assistant with the Essanay Film Manufacturing Company in Chicago. He went to work as a lab technician for the American Film Manufacturing Company, in 1916 during the silent era he established himself, achieving great successes with the Rudolph Valentino film, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Highly regarded by director Billy Wilder, Seitz worked with him on the film noirs Double Indemnity, The Lost Weekend, during his career he received seven nominations for Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In 1929 he served as president of the American Society of Cinematographers for a year, the A. S. C. named the 2002 Heritage Award after Seitz. Seitz retired in 1960 and devoted himself to photographic inventions for which he held 18 patents. An example of a Seitz invention is the shot, a large painting is photographed separately and later added to a scene to expand it, add effects. He was also noted for his innovations with low-key lighting, which enhanced the film noir style, a widower, he married screenwriter Marie Boyle in 1934 who raised his daughter Margaret Alice Marhoefer and later gave birth to a son, John Lawrence Seitz. Source, Look Magazine Award, Cinematography The Lost Weekend,1946 ASC Monthly Film Award, august 1950 George Eastman House Medal of Honor,1955 Nominations Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, The Divine Lady,1930. Note, No official nominees had been announced this year, Academy Awards, Oscar, Cinematography, Black-and-White, Five Graves to Cairo,1944. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Double Indemnity,1945, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, The Lost Weekend,1946. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Sunset Blvd, Golden Globes, Golden Globe Award, Best Cinematography, Black and White, Sunset Blvd. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color, When Worlds Collide, shared with, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Rogue Cop,1955
6.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
7.
Film noir
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Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
8.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
9.
Academy Award for Best Director
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
10.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
11.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
12.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
13.
Howard Da Silva
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Howard Da Silva was an American actor, director and musical performer on stage, film, television and radio. He was cast in dozens of productions on the New York stage, adept at both drama and musicals on the stage, he originated the role of Jud Fry in the original 1943 run of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma. And also portrayed the prosecuting attorney in the 1957 stage production of Compulsion, Da Silva was nominated for a 1960 Tony Award as Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his work in Fiorello. A musical about New York City mayor LaGuardia, in 1961, Da Silva directed Purlie Victorious, by Ossie Davis. Roosevelt in The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover, Da Silvas American television character work included the defense attorney representing the robot in The Outer Limits episode I, Robot, and district attorney Anthony Cleese in For the People. In the 1970s, Da Silva recorded 26 episodes for CBS Radio Mystery Theater and he was born Howard Silverblatt in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bertha and Benjamin Silverblatt, a dress cutter. His parents were both Yiddish-speaking Jews born in Russia, before beginning his acting career on the stage, he was employed as a steelworker. Da Silva was a graduate of the Carnegie Institute of Technology and he changed his surname to the Portuguese Da Silva, although Silverblatt had no family connection with Portugal or Brazil. Da Silva appeared in a number of Broadway musicals, including the role of Larry Foreman in the legendary first production of Marc Blitzsteins musical, later, he costarred in the original 1943 stage production of Rodgers and Hammersteins Oklahoma. Playing the role of the psychopathic Jud Fry and he was the easygoing Ben Marino who opposed Tammany Hall in the Pulitzer winning musical Fiorello. In 1969, Da Silva originated the role of Benjamin Franklin in the musical 1776, four days before the show opened on Broadway, he suffered a minor heart attack but refused to seek medical assistance because he wanted to make sure critics saw his performance. After the four official critic performances were over, the cast left to go to the cast party and Da Silva went to the hospital, while Da Silva recuperated, his understudy, Rex Everhart, took over the role and performed on the cast recording. Da Silva was able to reprise his role in the 1972 film version, Da Silva appeared in over 60 motion pictures. Some of his roles include a leading mutineer in The Sea Wolf, playing Ray Millands bartender in The Lost Weekend. He also released an album on Monitor Records of political songs and ballads entitled Politics, Da Silva returned to the stage. He was nominated for the 1960 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his role as Ben Marino in Fiorello, after being blacklisted, Da Silva and Nelson left Los Angeles for New York to perform in The World of Sholom Aleichem. Da Silva was nominated for the British BAFTA Film Award for Best Foreign Actor for his performance as Dr. Swinford in David, Da Silva portrayed Soviet Premier Khrushchev in the television docudrama The Missiles of October. He won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special for his role as Eddie in Verna, U. S. O
14.
Yom Kippur
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Yom Kippur, also known as the Day of Atonement, is the holiest day of the year in Judaism. Its central themes are atonement and repentance, Jewish people traditionally observe this holy day with an approximate 25-hour period of fasting and intensive prayer, often spending most of the day in synagogue services. Yom means day in Hebrew and Kippur comes from a root that means to atone, Yom Kippur is usually expressed in English as Day of Atonement. Yom Kippur is the day of seventh month and is regarded as the Sabbath of Sabbaths. Rosh Hashanah is the first day of that month according to the Hebrew calendar, on this day forgiveness of sins is also asked of God. Yom Kippur completes the period known in Judaism as the High Holy Days or Yamim Noraim that commences with Rosh Hashanah. According to Jewish tradition, God inscribes each persons fate for the year into a book, the Book of Life, on Rosh Hashanah. During the Days of Awe, a Jew tries to amend his or her behavior and seek forgiveness for wrongs done against God, the evening and day of Yom Kippur are set aside for public and private petitions and confessions of guilt. At the end of Yom Kippur, one hopes that they have been forgiven by God, the Yom Kippur prayer service includes several unique aspects. One is the number of prayer services. Unlike a regular day, which has three services, or a Shabbat or Yom Tov, which have four prayer services. The prayer services also include private and public confessions of sins, as one of the most culturally significant Jewish holidays, Yom Kippur is observed by many secular Jews who may not observe other holidays. Many secular Jews attend synagogue on Yom Kippur—for many secular Jews the High Holy Days are the times of the year during which they attend synagogue—causing synagogue attendance to soar. Erev Yom Kippur is the day preceding Yom Kippur, corresponding to the day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei. This day is commemorated with additional morning prayers, asking others for forgiveness, giving charity, performing the ritual, an extended afternoon prayer service. Leviticus 16,29 mandates establishment of this day on the 10th day of the 7th month as the day of atonement for sins. It calls it the Sabbath of Sabbaths and a day upon which one must afflict ones soul, Leviticus 23,27 decrees that Yom Kippur is a strict day of rest. Five additional prohibitions are traditionally observed, as detailed in the Jewish oral tradition, the number five is a set number, relating to, In the Yom Kippur section of the Torah, the word soul appears five times
15.
Frank Faylen
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Frank Faylen was an American film and television actor. Born Frank Ruf in St. Louis, Missouri, he began his career as an infant appearing with his vaudeville-performing parents on stage. The family lived on a showboat, after traveling with his showbisiness parents through his childhood, Faylen became a stage actor at 18, and eventually began working in films in the 1930s. He began playing a number of bit parts for Warner Bros. then freelanced for other studios in gradually larger character roles. He appeared as Walt Disneys musical conductor in The Reluctant Dragon, Faylen and Laurel and Hardy supporting player Charlie Hall were teamed briefly by Monogram Pictures. Faylens breakthrough came in 1945, where he was cast as Bim, in the following year, he played Ernie Bishop, the friendly taxi driver in Frank Capras 1946 film Its a Wonderful Life. Faylens career also stretched to television, playing long-suffering grocer Herbert T. Gillis on the 1950s-60s television sitcom The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, in 1968, he had a small part in the Barbra Streisand film Funny Girl. Faylen appeared in almost 200 films and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Faylen was married to Carol Hughes, an actress and he died from pneumonia in 1985. He was interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles and his two daughters, Catherine and Carol, are retired actresses. Catherine Kay Faylen was Regis Philbins first wife, Frank Faylen at the Internet Movie Database Frank Faylen at Find a Grave
16.
Mary Young (actress)
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Mary Young was an American stage and film actress whose career spanned the first sixty years of the 20th century. A gorgeous well-rounded beauty in her youth, she started in the theatre and ended playing elderly ladies in film. Her spouse was handsome debonair Broadway actor John Craig, on stage she scored a memorable hit in 1913 playing opposite John Barrymore in the stage version of Believe Me Xantippe. Her first Broadway credit was in 1899 and she was approaching sixty in 1937 when she made her first Hollywood movie. She made many appearances in the 1950s and 1960s. Her last television appearance was in a 1968 episode of Gomer Pyle
17.
Lewis Russell
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His father was an Illinois coal miner. After running away from home as a teenager, he began his life in the restaurant business, becoming an avid cook and he also designed rugs and tapestries and worked as a tailor in New York, creating elaborate costumes for the stage. He also toured with actress Glenda Farrell for several years in the New Rochelle Circuit, according to legend, he declined the starring role in The Man who Came to Dinner with Bette Davis, and created the role of the janitor in My Sister Eileen. He played Pancho Villa and had starring roles in silent pictures. He also played Jane Wyman’s concerned father, Charles St. James, in The Lost Weekend, RUSSELL is both an Englishman and an actor by birth. He was born in Leeds, England, shortly after his mother, with as dramatic a beginning as that he could hardly help getting back on the stage and there has been for some fifty years. A few scattered plays among the innumerable he has appeared in are The Rosary, Lombardy, the Bad Man, Within the Law, Madame X, Accent on Youth, and Yes My Darling Daughter. He designed his own home in Pasadena, California, where he kept house, Ernest Hemingway-style and he died in Reseda, California at the age of 72. T. Milford The Trouble with Women as Dr. Wilmer Dawson Jewels of Brandenburg as Roger Hamilton Ladies Man as David Harmon Cross My Heart as Judge Monsieur Beaucaire as Chief Justice If Im Lucky as P. H
18.
Raymond Chandler
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Raymond Thornton Chandler was a British-American novelist and screenwriter. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a fiction writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the Great Depression. His first short story, Blackmailers Dont Shoot, was published in 1933 in Black Mask and his first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939. In addition to his stories, Chandler published seven novels during his lifetime. All but Playback have been made into motion pictures, some more than once, in the year before his death, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America. He died on March 26,1959, in La Jolla, Chandler had an immense stylistic influence on American popular literature. He is considered to be a founder of the school of detective fiction, along with Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain. The protagonist of his novels, Philip Marlowe, like Hammetts Sam Spade, is considered by some to be synonymous with private detective, both were played in films by Humphrey Bogart, whom many consider to be the quintessential Marlowe. Some of Chandlers novels are considered important literary works, and three have been considered masterpieces, Farewell, My Lovely, The Little Sister, and The Long Goodbye, Chandler was born in 1888 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Florence Dart and Maurice Benjamin Chandler. He spent his years in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, living with his mother and father near his cousins and his aunt. Chandlers father, a civil engineer who worked for the railway. To obtain the best possible education for Ray, his mother, originally from Ireland, moved them to the area of Upper Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon, another uncle, a successful lawyer in Waterford, Ireland, supported them while they lived with Chandlers maternal grandmother. Raymond was a first cousin to the actor Max Adrian, a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Chandler was classically educated at Dulwich College, London and he spent some of his childhood summers in Waterford with his mothers family. He did not go to university, instead spending time in Paris, in 1907, he was naturalized as a British subject in order to take the civil service examination, which he passed. He then took an Admiralty job, lasting just over a year and his first poem was published during that time. Chandler disliked the servility of the service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, and became a reporter for the Daily Express. He was unsuccessful as a journalist, but he published reviews, an encounter with the slightly older Richard Barham Middleton is said to have influenced him into postponing his career as writer
19.
Double Indemnity (film)
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Double Indemnity is a 1944 film noir directed by Billy Wilder, co-written by Wilder and Raymond Chandler, and produced by Buddy DeSylva and Joseph Sistrom. The screenplay was based on James M. Cains 1943 novella of the same name, the term double indemnity refers to a clause in certain life insurance policies that doubles the payout in rare cases when death is caused accidentally, such as while riding a railway. Praised by many critics when first released, Double Indemnity was nominated for seven Academy Awards, widely regarded as a classic, it is often cited as a paradigmatic film noir and as having set the standard for the films that followed in that genre. Deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the U. S, library of Congress in 1992, Double Indemnity was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1998, it was ranked #38 on the American Film Institutes list of the 100 best American films of all time, Walter Neff, a successful insurance salesman, returns to his office building in downtown Los Angeles late one night. Visibly in pain and sporting a gunshot wound on his shoulder, he begins dictating a confession into a Dictaphone for his friend and colleague, Barton Keyes, the story, told primarily in flashback, ensues. Neff first meets the alluring Phyllis Dietrichson during a house call to remind her husband that his automobile insurance policy is up for renewal. They flirt, until Phyllis asks how she could take out an accident policy on her husbands life without his knowledge, Neff deduces she is contemplating murder, and makes it clear he wants no part of it. However, he cannot get her out of his mind, after Dietrichson breaks his leg, Phyllis drives him to the train station for his trip to Palo Alto for a college reunion. Neff is hiding in the backseat and kills Dietrichson when Phyllis turns onto a side street. Then, Neff boards the train posing as Dietrichson and using his crutches and he makes his way to the last car, the observation car, and steps outside to the open platform to supposedly smoke a cigarette. A complication ensues when he meets a passenger named Jackson there, Neff then throws the crutches on the railway tracks, jumps off at a prearranged meeting spot with Phyllis, and drags Dietrichsons body onto the tracks by his crutches. Mr. Keyes does not suspect foul play at first, but his instincts, to which he refers as the man, pointing to his stomach. He wonders why Dietrichson did not file a claim for his broken leg, Keyes tells Neff of his theory outside Neffs apartment, while Phyllis hides behind the door. Keyes soon concludes that Phyllis and some unknown accomplice murdered Dietrichson for the insurance money, Keyes, however, is not Neffs only worry. The victims daughter, Lola, comes to him, convinced that stepmother Phyllis is behind her fathers death, lolas mother also died under suspicious circumstances, when Phyllis was her nurse. Neff begins seeing Lola, at first to keep her going to the police with her suspicions and then because he is plagued by guilt. Keyes brings Jackson to Los Angeles, suspecting that the man aboard the train had not been Dietrichson, after examining photographs of Dietrichson, Jackson is sure the man he met was not that old, but at least 10 years younger
20.
Olivia de Havilland
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Olivia Mary de Havilland is a retired American actress whose career spanned from 1935 to 1990. She appeared in 49 feature films, and was one of the movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood. Born in Tokyo to British parents, de Havilland and her younger sister Joan moved to California in 1919 and they were brought up by their mother Lilian, a former stage actress who taught them dramatic art, music, and elocution. De Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in Alice in Wonderland. Olivia de Havilland made her debut in Reinhardts A Midsummer Nights Dream in 1935. She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite popular leading men, including Errol Flynn and they became one of Hollywoods most popular romantic on-screen pairings. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic films, such as The Great Garrick. Her natural beauty and refined acting style made her particularly effective in historical dramas, such as Anthony Adverse. In her later career, she was most successful in films, such as Light in the Piazza. In addition to her career, de Havilland continued her work in the theatre. For her contributions to the picture industry, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. After romantic relationships with Howard Hughes, James Stewart, and John Huston, de Havilland married author Marcus Goodrich, with whom she had a son, Benjamin. Following her divorce from Goodrich in 1953, she moved to Paris and married Pierre Galante, in 1962, she published Every Frenchman Has One, an account of her life in France. De Havilland and Joan Fontaine are the siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category. A lifelong rivalry between the two resulted in an estrangement that lasted over three decades. She has lived in Paris since 1956, and celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1,2016, De Havilland was born on July 1,1916, in Tokyo, Japan, to English parents. Her father, Walter de Havilland, served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney and her mother, Lilian Fontaine, was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a stage actress. Lilian also sang with the Master of the Kings Music, Sir Walter Parratt, Olivias paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, an aircraft designer and founder of the de Havilland aircraft company
21.
Katharine Hepburn
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Katharine Houghton Hepburn was an American actress. Known for her independence and spirited personality, Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from comedy to literary drama. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema, raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents, Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College. After four years in the theatre, favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood. Hepburn masterminded her own comeback, buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the rights to The Philadelphia Story. In the 1940s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy, the screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies. Hepburn challenged herself in the half of her life, as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions. She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters, such as in The African Queen, three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, The Lion in Winter, and On Golden Pond. In the 1970s, she began appearing in films, which became the focus of her career in later life. She remained active into old age, making her screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87. After a period of inactivity and ill health, Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96, Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to societys expectations of women. She was outspoken, assertive, athletic, and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so and she married once, as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public, Hepburn was born on May 12,1907 in Hartford, Connecticut, the second of six children. Her parents were Thomas Norval Hepburn, a urologist at Hartford Hospital, and Katharine Martha Houghton, as a child, Hepburn joined her mother on several Votes For Women demonstrations. The Hepburn children were raised to exercise freedom of speech and encouraged to think and her parents were criticized by the community for their progressive views, which stimulated Hepburn to fight against barriers she encountered. Hepburn said she realized from an age that she was the product of two very remarkable parents, and credited her enormously lucky upbringing with providing the foundation for her success. She remained close to her throughout her life
22.
Jean Arthur
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Jean Arthur was an American actress and a major film star of the 1930s and 1940s. Arthur had feature roles in three Frank Capra films, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, You Cant Take It With You, Arthur was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1944 for her performance in The More the Merrier. James Harvey wrote in his recounting of the era, No one was more closely identified with the screwball comedy than Jean Arthur. So much was she part of it, so much was her star personality defined by it and she has been called the quintessential comedic leading lady. Her last film performance was the memorable, and distinctly non-comedic, to the public, Arthur was known as a reclusive woman. News magazine Life observed in a 1940 article, Next to Garbo, as well as recoiling from interviews, she avoided photographers and refused to become a part of any kind of publicity. Arthur was born Gladys Georgianna Greene in Plattsburgh, New York to Protestant parents, Johanna Augusta Nelson and her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Norway who settled in the American West, she also had distant ancestors from England. She had three brothers, Donald Hubert, Robert B. and Albert Sidney. She lived on and off in Westbrook, Maine, from 1908 to 1915 while her father worked at Lamson Studios in Portland, Maine, as a photographer. The familys relocation to New York City occurred in 1915, where Arthur dropped out of school in her junior year due to a change in family circumstances. Presaging many of her film roles, she worked as a stenographer on Bond Street in lower Manhattan during World War I. Both her father and siblings registered for the draft and her brother Albert died as a result of injuries sustained in battle during World War I. She reputedly took her name from two of her greatest heroes, Joan of Arc and King Arthur. The studio was at the looking for new American sweethearts with sufficient sex appeal to interest the Jazz Age audiences. Arthur was remodeled as such a personality, a flapper, following the small role in Cameo Kirby, she received her first female lead role in The Temple of Venus, a plotless tale about a group of dancing nymphs. Dissatisfied with her lack of acting talent, the films director Henry Otto replaced Arthur with actress Mary Philbin during the day of shooting. Arthur agreed with the director, There wasnt a spark from within, I was acting like a mechanical doll personality. I thought I was disgraced for life and she was planning on leaving the California film industry for good, but reluctantly stayed due to her contract, and appeared in comedy shorts instead
23.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
24.
Third Avenue
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Third Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its southern end is at Astor Place and St and it transitions into Cooper Square, and further south, the Bowery, Chatham Square, and Park Row. The Manhattan side ends at East 128th Street, Third Avenue is two-way from Cooper Square to 24th Street, but since July 17,1960 has carried only northbound traffic while in Manhattan, in the Bronx, it is again two-way. S. It is one of the four streets that form The Hub, like most urban streets, Third Avenue was unpaved until the late 19th century. The business-like air with which they marched rapidly through the mud of the Third-avenue was the more remarkable. Portions of Third Avenue are served by several routes in Manhattan, buses serving Third Avenue include the Third and Lexington Avenues Line. Note that southbound M98, M101, M102, and M103 service operates on Lexington Avenue north of East 24th Street, later it was served by the Third Avenue elevated line, which operated from 1878 until 1955 in Manhattan, and 1973 in the Bronx. The Bx55 replaced the Third Avenue Line in the Bronx in 1973, at the time the El was being torn down in Manhattan, there was a movement to rename the whole of Third Avenue in Manhattan the Bouwerie, although it had never been part of the Bowery. Today, the Third Avenue – 149th Street station, Third Avenue – 138th Street station, and the Third Avenue stations all are served by the New York City Subway
25.
Bellevue Hospital
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NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, formerly Bellevue Hospital Center, was founded on March 31,1736 and is the oldest public hospital in the United States. Located on First Avenue in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, Bellevue Hospital is also home to FDNY EMS Station 08, formerly NYC*EMS Station 13. It handles nearly 670,000 non-ER outpatient clinic visits, nearly 116,000 emergency visits, more than 80 percent of Bellevue’s patients come from the city’s medically underserved populations. The hospital currently occupies a 25-story patient care facility with an ICU, digital radiology communication, the hospital has an attending physician staff of 1,800 and an in-house staff of about 5,500. Bellevue was renamed in November 2015 as a reflection of its parent organizations rebranding, Bellevue traces its origins to the citys first permanent almshouse, a two-story brick building completed in 1736 on the city common, now New York City Hall. When the grid system of streets was established in 1811, the survey had to take the hospital account. The hospital was formally named Bellevue Hospital in 1824, by 1787 Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons had assigned faculty and medical students to Bellevue. Columbia faculty and students would remain at Bellevue for the next 181 years, New York University faculty began to conduct clinical instruction at the hospital in 1819. In 1849, an amphitheater for teaching and surgery opened. In 1861, the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, the first medical college in New York with connections to a hospital, was founded, for this reason the name Bellevue is sometimes used as a metonym for psychiatric hospitals. Bellevue initiated a training program in 1883, it is still the model for surgical training worldwide. The Carnegie Laboratory, the nations first pathology and bacteriology laboratory, was founded there a year later, by 1892, Bellevue established a dedicated unit for alcoholics. In 1902, the administrative Bellevue and Allied Hospitals organization were formed by the city, b&AH also included Gouverneur Hospital, Harlem Hospital, and Fordham Hospital. BA&H opened doors to female and black physicians, in the midst of a tuberculosis epidemic a year later, the Bellevue Chest Service was founded. Bellevue opened the nations first ambulatory cardiac clinic in 1911, followed by the Western Hemispheres first ward for metabolic disorders in 1917, New York Citys Office of the Chief Medical Examiner began on the second floor in 1918. German spy and saboteur Fritz Joubert Duquesne escaped the prison ward in 1919 after having feigned paralysis for nearly two years. PS106, the first public school for the emotionally disturbed children located in a public hospital, in 1939, David Margolis began work on nine Work Projects Administration murals in entrance rotunda titled Materials of Relaxation, which were completed in 1941. New York Citys Office of the chief Medical Examiner moved out of the floor and into its new building at 520 First Avenue
26.
P. J. Clarke's
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P. J. Clarkes is a saloon, established 1884. It occupies a building located at 915 Third Avenue on the northeast corner of East 55th Street in Manhattan and it has a second location at 44 West 63rd Street on the southeast corner of Columbus Avenue. The bar was owned by a Patrick J. Clarke. After about ten years working for him Clarke bought the bar, the building is a holdout and is surrounded by 919 Third Avenue, a 47-story skyscraper. Clarkes former owners, the Lavezzo brothers, signed a deal in which the housing the saloon was sold for $1.5 million. However, due to financial reverses the Lavezzos were forced to sell their interest to a consortium, which includes George Steinbrenner, Timothy Hutton, prior to his arrest in 2008, Ponzi schemer Bernard Madoff, whose offices were located near to the bar, was also an investor. The building was originally a four-story structure and it lost the top two floors when the skyscraper went up in the late 1960s. On the second there is now a separate upstairs bar/restaurant called Sidecar. The bar has catered to a number of notables over the years, buddy Holly proposed to his fiancee, Maria Elena Santiago, at P. J. Clarkes on June 20,1958. In honor of that, on April 29,2011, Maria Elena Holly unveiled the never before seen True Love Ways photo of their wedding kiss, in 2013, Zagats gave it a food rating of 18. Nats Bar was based on P. J. Clarkes in the Ray Milland movie The Lost Weekend, charles R. Jackson, author of the novel on which that movie was based, was a regular at P. J. Clarkes. Popeye Doyle, played by Gene Hackman in the movie French Connection II, asks the French police to get him a nice, in the AMC Television series Mad Men, the employees of the Sterling Cooper advertising agency frequent P. J. Clarkes. P. J. Clarkes on the Hudson opened in 2006 near Ground Zero and its a partnership with local entrepreneur Maria Rita Pikielny Marracini. There are currently two P. J. Clarkes in Brazil, list of hamburger restaurants P. J. Clarkes Web site P. J. Clarkes in Chicago
27.
Theremin
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The theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist. It is named after the Westernized name of its Russian inventor, Léon Theremin, the electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker. The theremin was used in soundtracks such as Miklós Rózsas Spellbound, The Lost Weekend. It has also used in theme songs for television shows such as the ITV drama Midsomer Murders. This has led to its association with eerie situations, Theremins are also used in concert music and in popular music genres such as rock. The theremin was originally the product of Soviet government-sponsored research into proximity sensors, the instrument was invented by a young Russian physicist named Lev Sergeyevich Termen in October 1920 after the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin moved to the United States, subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to RCA. Although the RCA Thereminvox, was not a success, it fascinated audiences in America. Clara Rockmore, a well-known thereminist, toured to wide acclaim, performing a repertoire in concert halls around the United States. In 1938, Theremin left the United States, though the circumstances related to his departure are in dispute. Many accounts claim he was taken from his New York City apartment by NKVD agents, taken back to the Soviet Union and made to work in a sharashka laboratory prison camp at Magadan, in any case, Theremin did not return to the United States until 1991. However, a niche interest in the theremin persisted, mostly among electronics enthusiasts, one of these electronics enthusiasts, Robert Moog, began building theremins in the 1950s, while he was a high-school student. Moog subsequently published a number of articles about building theremins, Moog credited what he learned from the experience as leading directly to his groundbreaking synthesizer, the Moog. Since the release of the film Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey in 1994, even though many theremin sounds can be approximated on many modern synthesizers, some musicians continue to appreciate the expressiveness, novelty, and uniqueness of using an actual theremin. The film itself has garnered excellent reviews, both theremin instruments and kits are available from manufacturers such as Moog Music Inc. Burns Theremins, Harrison Instruments, Inc. Theremaniacs LLC, PAiA Corporation USA, and Jaycar Electronics, the theremin is distinguished among musical instruments in that it is played without physical contact. The thereminist stands in front of the instrument and moves his or her hands in the proximity of two metal antennas, the distance from one antenna determines frequency, and the distance from the other controls amplitude. Higher notes are played by moving the hand closer to the pitch antenna, louder notes are played by moving the hand away from the volume antenna
28.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
29.
Gross rental
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Films generate income from several revenue streams, including theatrical exhibition, home video, television broadcast rights and merchandising. All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible, excluding income derived from video, broadcasting rights. Traditionally, war films, musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres, the only films in the top ten that are not adapted from a pre-existing property or a sequel are the top two, Avatar and Titanic, both directed by James Cameron. Animated family films have performed well, with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home-video era. Disney also enjoyed success with films such as Frozen, Zootopia and The Lion King, as well as with its Pixar brand, of which the Toy Story. Beyond Pixar animation, the Shrek, Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success, while inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s, there are franchises originating from that period that are still active. Besides the Superman franchise, James Bond, Planet of the Apes, Star Wars and Star Trek films are still being released periodically, all grosses on the list are expressed in U. S. dollars at their nominal value, except where stated otherwise. With a worldwide gross of over $2. Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful, Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals, in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters. After home video income is accounted for, both films have earned over $3 billion, when a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property, its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales. The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box-office and home video sales, Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3, which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office. On this chart, films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value, twenty-eight films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide, of which three have grossed over $2 billion, with Avatar ranked in the top position. Because of the effects of inflation, notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices. For example, in 1970, tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation-adjusted 2004 dollars, by 1980, prices had risen to about $2.69, a drop to $5.50 in inflation-adjusted 2004 dollars. Ticket prices have risen at different rates of inflation around the world. Another complication is release in multiple formats for different ticket prices are charged.50. Converting to a representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals. Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation, several attempts have been made, Gone with the Wind—first released in 1939—is generally considered to be the most successful film, with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion
30.
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work on one particular motion picture. In its first film season, 1927–28, this award was not tied to a specific film, the second year,1929, there were no nominations at all, although the Academy has a list of unofficial titles which were under consideration by the Board of Judges. In the third year,1930, films, not cinematographers, were nominated, finally, for the 1931 awards, the modern system in which individuals are nominated for a single film each was adopted in all profession-related categories. From 1939 to 1967, there were separate awards for color and for black-and-white cinematography. Since then, the only film to win is Schindlers List. Floyd Crosby won the award for Tabu in 1931, which was the last silent film to win in this category, hal Mohr won the only write-in Academy Award ever, in 1935 for A Midsummer Nights Dream. Mohr was also the first person to win for both black-and-white and color cinematography, no winners are lost, although some of the earliest nominees are lost, including The Devil Dancer, The Magic Flame, and Four Devils. The Right to Love is incomplete, and Sadie Thompson is incomplete, the first nominees shot primarily on digital video were The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Slumdog Millionaire in 2009, with Slumdog Millionaire the first winner. The following year Avatar was the first nominee and winner to be entirely on digital video. As of 2017 no woman has ever been nominated for Best Cinematography, winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees
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Harry Stradling
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Harry Stradling, Sr. A. S. C. was an American cinematographer with over 130 films to his credit. His uncle Walter Stradling and son Harry Stradling, Jr. were also cinematographers, Stradling was born Henry A. Stradling in Newark, New Jersey, the nephew of cameraman Walter Stradling who had worked with Mary Pickford. Confined to two-reelers in Hollywood, he left for France and Germany in the early 1930s and he made contributions to several Jacques Feyder films, Le Grand Jeu, La Kermesse héroïque, Die Klugen Frauen and Knight Without Armour, his first under producer Alexander Korda in England. Other English films include Action for Slander, The Divorce of Lady X, South Riding, The Citadel, Pygmalion, The Lion Has Wings, Jamaica Inn, Stradling moved to the United States at the beginning of World War II. Alfred Hitchcock engaged him for Mr. & Mrs. Smith, stradlings last four films starred Barbra Streisand, including her Oscar-winning debut Funny Girl. Stradling died halfway through production of The Owl and the Pussycat in Hollywood, Harry Stradling at the Internet Movie Database 1920 passport photo of Henry A. Stradling aged 19
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The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945 film)
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The Picture of Dorian Gray is a 1945 American horror-drama film based on Oscar Wildes 1890 novel of the same name. Released in March 1945 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the film is directed by Albert Lewin and stars George Sanders as Lord Henry Wotton, shot primarily in black-and-white, the film features four inserts in 3-strip Technicolor of Dorians portrait as a special effect. Dorian Gray is a handsome, wealthy man living in 19th century London. While generally intelligent, he is naive and easily manipulated and these faults lead to his spiral into sin and, ultimately, misery. While posing for a painting by his friend Basil Hallward, Dorian meets Basils friend Lord Henry Wotton, Wotton is cynical and witty, and tells Dorian that the only life worth living is one dedicated entirely to pleasure. After Wotton convinces Dorian that youth and beauty will bring him everything he desires and he makes this statement in the presence of a certain Egyptian statue, which supposedly has the power to grant wishes. Dorian visits a tavern, where he falls in love with a singer named Sibyl Vane. He eventually enters a romance with her, despite the disapproval of Sibyls brother James, though initially overjoyed, Dorian is again persuaded by Lord Henry to pursue a more hedonistic lifestyle. Dorian sends Sibyl a hurtful letter, breaking off their relationship, the next morning, Lord Henry informs Dorian that a heartbroken Sibyl Vane had killed herself the night before. Dorian is at first shocked and guilt-ridden but then adopts Lord Henrys indifferent manner and he surprises Basil by going to the opera immediately after hearing of Sibyls death. Returning home that night, Dorian notices a change in the portrait Basil had painted, the portrait looks harsher, and a shaken Dorian has it locked away in his old school room. He becomes even more dedicated to living a sinful and heartless life, years later, Dorian is nearing his fortieth birthday, but he looks the same as he did when he was twenty-two. The townspeople are awestruck at his unchanging appearance, over eighteen years of pointless debauchery, the portrait remained locked away, with Dorian holding the only key. Dorian had grown more and more paranoid about the pictures being seen by others, he fires servants who he thought might suspect, over the years, the painting of the young Dorian had warped into that of a hideous, demon-like creature that reflects Dorians sins. Basil eventually catches a glimpse of the portrait and attempts to talk Dorian into reforming his life, however, Dorian panics and murders his friend, leaving the body locked in the school room with the painting. Dorian blackmails an old friend, Allen Campbell, into disposing of Basils body secretly and he then enters into a romance with Basils niece, Gladys, who was a young child when the portrait was painted. Though Gladys had always loved Dorian, those who were close to him begin to find him suspicious. Dorian begins to realize the harm his life is doing to himself and he is assaulted by James Vane, Sibyls brother, who had sworn revenge for his sisters death
