1.
Statue
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A statue is a sculpture representing one or more people or animals, normally full-length, as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size, or larger. A small statue, usually enough to be picked up, is called a statuette or figurine. Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present, the worlds tallest statue, Spring Temple Buddha, is 128 metres, and is located in Lushan County, Henan, China. Many statues are built on commission to commemorate a historical event, many statues are intended as public art, exhibited outdoors or in public buildings. Some statues gain fame in their own right, separate from the person or concept they represent, Ancient statues often survive showing the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, most of the colour was weathered off over time, small remnants were removed during cleaning, in some cases small traces remained which could be identified. Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble, was painted, medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The colouring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, as excavated classical sculptures, the Löwenmensch figurine from the Swabian Alps in Germany is the oldest known statue in the world, and dates to 30, 000-40,000 years ago. The Venus of Hohle Fels, from the area, is somewhat later. Throughout history, statues have been associated with images in many religious traditions, from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece. Egyptian statues showing kings as sphinxes have existed since the Old Kingdom, the oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of Senwosret I and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt witnessed the growth of block statues which then became the most popular form until the Ptolemaic period, the oldest statue of a deity in Rome was the bronze statue of Ceres in 485 BC. The oldest statue in Rome is now the statue of Diana on the Aventine, the wonders of the world include several statues from antiquity, with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. While Byzantine art flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline, an example was the statue of Justinian which stood in the square across from the Hagia Sophia until the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century. While making statues was not subject to a ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period. Starting with the work of Maillol around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the schools of realism that had held them bound for thousands of years. The Futurist and Cubist schools took this even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were abstract in design
2.
Sutton, London
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Sutton is the principal town of the London Borough of Sutton in South London, England. It lies on the slopes of the North Downs, and has the administrative headquarters of the borough. It is located 10.4 miles south-south west of Charing Cross, an ancient parish, originally in the county of Surrey, Sutton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having two churches and two acres of meadow at that time. Suttons location on the London to Brighton turnpike from 1755 led to the establishment of coaching inns, when it was connected to central London by rail in 1847, the village began to grow into a town, and there was significant Victorian-era expansion. Suttons expansion and increase in population accelerated in the 20th century as part of the growth of London. It became a borough with neighbouring Cheam in 1934, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. Sutton has the largest library in the borough, several works of art, four conservation areas. It is home to a number of international companies and the sixth most important shopping area in London. Sutton mainline railway station is the largest in the borough, with frequent services to central London, along with Wimbledon Studios, Sutton is a hub for filming in south-west London. Sutton is home to the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, the town has among the lowest levels of crime in Greater London. Sutton is home to a significant number of the boroughs schools, in 2011 Sutton was the top performing borough for GCSE results in England. The placename Sutton is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudtone and it is formed from Old English sūth and tūn, meaning the south farm. It was probably in relation to Mitcham and Morden that it was considered southerly, the name was later applied to Sutton Common and the Sutton New Town development in the 19th century. Archaeological finds in the date back over ten thousand years. An implement from the age was discovered close to the junction of Sutton High Street. The Roman road of Stane Street forms part of the boundary of the parish of Sutton. The course of Stane Street through the area is now followed by the modern roads Stonecot Hill and London Road, some sources state the early name as Suthtone or Sudtana instead. Other place names appear in this charter are Bedintone, Cegeham
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
David Wynne (sculptor)
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David Wynne OBE was a British sculptor of figures, animals and portraits. He married Gillian Grant, daughter of the writer Joan Grant and he was awarded the OBE in 1994. Yehudi Menuhin The Sculpture of David Wynne, 1949–1967, the Sculpture of David Wynne, 1968–1974
5.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
6.
Patina
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Patina is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of stone, on copper, bronze and similar metals, on wooden furniture, or any such acquired change of a surface through age and exposure. Patinas can provide a covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing, Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and colour that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time. Archaeologists also use the term patina to refer to a layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term cortification as a term to describe the process than patination. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a layer, called cortex by geologists. The word patina comes from the Latin for shallow dish, figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable. The chemical process by which a patina forms is called patination, in clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a basic copper carbonate. In industrial and urban air environments containing sulfurous acid rain from coal-fired power plants or industrial processes, a patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp coastal/marine environments will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry inland areas, facade cladding with alloys of copper, e. g. brass or bronze, will weather differently from pure copper cladding. Even a lasting gold colour is possible with copper-alloy cladding, for example Colston Hall in Bristol, or the Novotel at Paddington Central, often, antique and well-used firearms will develop a patina on the steel after the bluing, parkerizing, or other finish has worn. Firearms in this state are considered more valuable than ones that have been re-blued or parkerized. The patina protects the firearm from the more damaging rust that would occur were the patina to be polished off, the process is often called distressing. A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas and they are often used by artists as surface embellishments either for color, texture, or both. Patination composition varies with the elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, the basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like ammonium sulfide, liver of sulfur, cupric nitrate and ferric nitrate. For artworks, patination is often accelerated by applying chemicals with heat. Colors range from matte sandstone yellow to deep blues, greens, whites, reds, some patina colors are achieved by the mixing of colors from the reaction with the metal surface with pigments added to the chemicals
7.
Reed Business Information
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Reed Business Information is a provider of data services, business information and workflow solutions to businesses. The company is based in the United Kingdom, United States, China, Singapore, Continental Europe, Reed Business Information is a division of RELX Group and is often referred to as RBI. The company produces data, analytics and information for businesses and it provides services to specific sectors including chemicals, agriculture, HR, property, finance, science and aerospace. Products and services include, ICIS, Accuity, XpertHR, FlightGlobal, Estates Gazette, Proagrica, Reed Business Publishing was formed in 1971 when IPC merged with Reed Group. In 1993 Reed Business Publishing became part of Reed Elsevier, in September 1996 Reed Business Information was created, bringing together Reed Business Publishing, Reed Information Services, Mardev. and Bowker-Saur. Since 2009 Reed Business Information has focused on data, analytics, Reed Business Information Reed Business Information NL RELX group
8.
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
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The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is an ancient Roman statue in the Campidoglio, Rome, Italy. It is made of bronze and stands 4.24 m tall, although the emperor is mounted, it exhibits many similarities to standing statues of Augustus. The overall theme is one of power and divine grandeur — the emperor is over life-size and is holding out his hand in a gesture much like that in the Augustus portraits. In this case the gesture may also signify clemency as some historians assert that an enemy may have been sculpted begging for mercy under the horses raised hoof. Such an image was meant to portray the Emperor as victorious, however, shown without weapons or armour, Marcus Aurelius seems to be a bringer of peace rather than a military hero, for this is how he saw himself and his reign. He is riding without the use of stirrups, which had not yet introduced to the West. While the horse has been studied in order to be recreated for other artists works. The statue was erected ca.175 CE and its original location is debated, the Roman Forum and Piazza Colonna have been proposed. Statues were also destroyed because medieval Christians thought that they were pagan idols, the statue of Marcus Aurelius was not melted down because in the Middle Ages it was incorrectly thought to portray the first Christian Emperor, Constantine. Indeed, it is the only surviving bronze statue of a pre-Christian Roman emperor. In the medieval era it was one of the few Roman statues to remain on public view and it was moved to the Piazza del Campidoglio during Michelangelos redesign of the Hill. Though he disagreed with its positioning, he designed a special pedestal for it. The original is on display in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Musei Capitolini, on the night of November 29,1849, at the inception of the revolutionary Roman Republic, a mass procession set up the Red-White-Green tricolore in the hands of the mounted Marcus Aurelius. The statue is depicted on the reverse of the Italian €0.50 euro coin, a replica of the statue has been located on the campus of Brown University in the United States since 1908. The statue was formerly clad in gold, an old local myth says that the statue will turn gold again on the Judgement Day. The Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw, from 1829, was based on this statue
9.
Horses of Saint Mark
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The Horses of Saint Mark, also known as the Triumphal Quadriga, is a set of Roman bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga. The horses were placed on the facade, on the loggia above the porch, of St Marks Basilica in Venice and they remained there until looted by Napoleon in 1797 but were returned in 1815. The sculptures have been removed from the facade and placed in the interior of St Marks for conservation purposes, the sculptures date from classical antiquity and have been implausibly attributed to the 4th century BC Greek sculptor Lysippos. A date in the 2nd or 3rd century AD is considered far more likely and they were probably created to top a triumphal arch or some other grand building, perhaps commissioned by the Emperor Septimus Severus. They may originally have been made for the Eastern capital of Constantinople, although called bronze, analysis suggests that, as they are at least 96. 67% copper, they should be seen as an impure copper rather than bronze. The high tin content increased the temperature to 1200–1300 °C. The high purity copper was chosen to give a more satisfactory mercury gilding and they were still there in 1204, when they were looted by Venetian forces as part of the sack of the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade. The collars on the four horses were added in 1204 to obscure where the heads had been severed to allow them to be transported from Constantinople to Venice. Shortly after the Fourth Crusade, Doge Enrico Dandolo sent the horses to Venice, in 1797, Napoleon had the horses forcibly removed from the basilica and carried off to Paris, where they were used in the design of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel together with a quadriga. In 1815 the horses were returned to Venice by Captain Dumaresq, for the skillful manner in which he performed this work the Emperor gave him a gold snuff box with his initials in diamonds on the lid. The horses remained in place over St Marks until the early 1980s, since then, the originals have been on display just inside the basilica. Byzantium 1200 Hippodrome Boxes shows the location of the horses until 1204
10.
Sutton twin towns mural
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The Sutton Twin towns mural is a large mural in the form of seven individual paintings situated in Sutton High Street in the town of Sutton in Greater London, England. It is one of six works of art in Sutton town centre. The mural was created in 1993 by two Public artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner on the 25th anniversary of Suttons twinning in 1968 with Wilmersdorf in Berlin, seven individual paintings make up the mural. It is positioned along the flank of a Victorian commercial building at the southern end of the High Street near the train station at the junction with Sutton Court Road. The paintings are on plywood and inset within seven mock window frames, the twin towns mural was commended by the Sutton and Cheam Society in 1994. Drostle and Turner also produced the Sutton heritage mosaic, the five main paintings show a number of the main features of their respective areas, along with the heraldic shield of each above the other images. Each painting also features a plant as a representation of its subjects environmental awareness. In the case of Sutton this is in a smaller painting showing a beech tree, intended as a symbol of prosperity. The artists involved pupils from Sutton schools and community groups in the early designs, Suttons mural painting shows a range of its most well known landmarks, including Whitehall in Cheam, Carshalton Ponds, Honeywood House and the spire of Trinity Church in Sutton town centre. Gagnys shows the Hôtel De Ville, an ancient manor surrounded by a garden, the mural for Gladsaxe shows Bagsværd Lake, Bagsværd Church and Højgârd. Mindens mural features its cathedral, the Westerorbrücke bridge and the Mittelandkanal Aqueduct, the Sutton Council determined to erect a new information board. To tell people the story of the murals, in 2011 it was installed by the local council in the street facing the mural outside the Cock and Bull pub. Councillor Graham Tope, explained the purpose of the new sign, These murals are an important part of our boroughs history, the boroughs first European ties were established in 1968. Twinning continues to be a part of the boroughs identity. In November 2015 the Mayor of Sutton sent condolences to its twin town Gagny, in September 2016 French folk dance group L’Aubade de Quercy from Gagny joined their UK counterparts, Pennyroyal Clog Dancers and the East Surrey Morris Men, in Trinity Square, Sutton town centre. Sutton Heritage Mosaic Sutton armillary The Messenger Murals of twin towns, corner of Sutton High Street, Flickr
11.
Sutton armillary
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The Millennium Dial Armillary is one of six pieces of public art located in the town centre of Sutton in Greater London, England. The others include the Sutton heritage mosaic, the Sutton twin towns mural, the armillary was dedicated to the town in 2000 by the Rotary Club, and is in the form of an historical timepiece. The Rotary Club responded to this by conceiving, planning and jointly funding the armillary and it was designed to last for years to come, and was originally positioned as the central feature of a Millennium Garden. When deciding on the new position, the Rotary Club and the council had to take account of the need for an adequate supply of sunlight
12.
Sutton Heritage Mosaic
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The Sutton Heritage Mosaic is a large mural in the form of a mosaic situated in Sutton High Street in the town of Sutton in Greater London, England. One of the largest examples of art in Britain, it was commissioned by the London Borough of Sutton to celebrate the boroughs heritage. The mural is on the side of a building on the corner of High Street. Measuring 9 metres high by 5 metres wide, the mural depicts various aspects of Suttons heritage and local history in nineteen black, the centrepiece is Henry VIIIs Nonsuch Palace in Nonsuch Park. Surrounding this are shown the heraldic beasts of the coats of arms of the local families of Carew, Gaynesford. The mural also features local heritage buildings such as Honeywood House and All Saints Church in Carshalton Village, Old industries are also covered, represented by the inclusion of a River Wandle mill. The early railway line, which was routed alongside the river is illustrated, as is a Hannibal biplane, the mural was designed by public artist Rob Turner, and created by him with fellow artist Gary Drostle. The artists had presented the boroughs Public Arts Committee with six designs, appledown Properties Ltd provided the financing. The mosaic was created from vitreous ceramic tesserae and put in place in 1994 and it was initially created in a studio, using the reverse technique, whereby a full-size outline was drawn on paper in reverse. The tiles were then affixed to the paper with flour-and-water glue, at the end of the process, the paper and glue were washed off with water and the mosaic was grouted and polished. Consisting of well over 100,000 pieces, the took over 1,500 hours to design. I hope this plaque will encourage people to take a look, Sutton twin towns mural Sutton armillary The Messenger
13.
Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)
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Richard Coeur de Lion is a Grade II listed equestrian statue of the 12th-century English monarch Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart, who reigned from 1189–99. It stands on a pedestal in Old Palace Yard outside the Palace of Westminster. The statue was first produced in clay and displayed at The Great Exhibition in 1851, although the money was duly raised and the bronze cast of the statue was finally completed in 1856, a lengthy dispute delayed its installation for several years. The original idea had been to erect the statue as a memorial to the Great Exhibition and this prompted opposition, as did proposals to place it outside Charles Barrys newly completed Palace of Westminster. Various other locations to display the statue were initially considered before agreement was reached that it would be placed in Old Palace Yard, Marochettis preferred location. It was installed in October 1860, though it was not until March 1867 that it was completed with the addition of bronze bas-reliefs on either side of the pedestal. It narrowly escaped destruction during the Second World War when a German bomb dropped during the Blitz landed a few metres away, the pedestal and the horses tail were damaged and Richards sword was bent by the blast. In 2009, the Parliamentary authorities undertook a project to conserve, the statue was created by Baron Carlo Marochetti and is located in Old Palace Yard outside the Palace of Westminster, opposite Westminster Abbey in London. With its pedestal, it stands 9 metres high, showing King Richard I on horseback, the king is depicted wearing a crowned helmet and a chainmail shirt with a surcoat, and lifting a sword into the air. The horse paws the ground, as if preparing for a charge into battle, Marochetti described his work as being inspired by Richard I rather than accurately depicting a 12th-century knight. It stands on a granite pedestal designed by Marochetti and made by Freeman & Co. of Penryn. According to Marochetti, the two bas-reliefs were designed in the style of Lorenzo Ghibertis doors at the Florence Baptistry, bronze letters on the front of the pedestal bear the inscription RICHARD I CŒUR DE LION / 1189–1199. The great majority of the art in and around the Houses of Parliament is of British origin, Marochettis statue thus represents one of the few examples of a non-British artists work being selected for the Parliamentary estate. Marochetti was born in Italy and was ennobled by the Kingdom of Sardinia but lived and worked in France and he made his name by creating equestrian statues, one, of the Duke of Wellington, was erected in Glasgow in 1840. By the 1840s, however, his popularity in continental Europe was in decline, the French Revolution of 1848, which saw the final overthrow of the French monarchy, prompted him to resettle in London and seek new patrons among the British elite. It was certainly true that he benefited from the patronage of Queen Victoria and his courtly manners impressed Victoria on their first meeting in 1849, and soon afterwards he became involved with the Prince Consorts plans for what became The Great Exhibition of 1851. Several countries planned to display sculptures of historical figures in their contributions to the exhibition. The genre was common in mainland Europe but relatively rare in England at the time, the Italian sculptor was probably motivated by a sense of competition with the Belgian in designing his Richard I
14.
Equestrian statue of Charles I, Charing Cross
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The equestrian statue of Charles I in Charing Cross, London, is a work by the French sculptor Hubert Le Sueur, probably cast in 1633. Its location at Charing Cross is on the site of the most elaborate of the Eleanor crosses erected by Edward I. Charing Cross is used to define the centre of London and a plaque by the statue indicates that road signage distances are measured from this point, the statue faces down Whitehall towards Charles Is place of execution at Banqueting House. The first Renaissance-style equestrian statue in England, it was commissioned by Charless Lord High Treasurer Richard Weston for the garden of his house in Roehampton. Following the English Civil War the statue was sold to a metalsmith to be broken down and it was installed in its current, far more prominent location in the centre of London in 1675, and the elaborately carved plinth dates from that time. The statue shows Charles I of England on horseback, with the wearing a demi-suit of armour. Across the chest is a scarf tied into a bow on the right shoulder, the king is holding a baton in his right hand, and the reins of the horse in his left. The statue was commissioned by Weston in January 1630, the contract, in French with an English translation, is thought to have been drafted by the architect Balthazar Gerbier, who was then building Putney Park, Westons country house in Roehampton. The statue was to be finished in 18 months but its execution was delayed, after the Parliamentary victory in the English Civil War the statue was sold to a metalsmith in the Holborn area by the name of John Rivet. Rivet received instructions from Parliament to break down the statue, but instead he hid it on his premises and it was purchased by the King and in 1675 was placed in its current location. The pedestal itself is made of Portland stone with a coat of arms, the work was completed by Joshua Marshall. On 28 October 1844, during the visit of Queen Victoria to open the Royal Exchange, the sword, during the Second World War the statue was removed by the Ministry of Works for protection, and was stored at Mentmore Park, Leighton Buzzard. Before being returned to its plinth in Whitehall, the Ministry carried out repairs on the statue, including adding a replacement sword. Additionally, a tablet was added to the base of the plinth. In 1977, the plinth was cleaned for the first time in three centuries, the work was conducted by the Department of the Environment and the department of conservation at the Victoria and Albert Museum. As I was going by Charing Cross Bibliography Ward-Jackson, Philip, public Sculpture of Historic Westminster, Volume 1. Media related to Equestrian statue of Charles I, Charing Cross at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Statue of Charles II, Soho Square
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The statue of Charles II is an outdoor sculpture of Charles II of England by the Danish sculptor Caius Gabriel Cibber, located near the centre of Soho Square in London. The statue was once the centrepiece of an erected in the middle of the square in 1681, each corner of which had statues of river gods representing the Thames, Severn, Humber. The water, which was pumped by a windmill in nearby Rathbone Place and it appears to have been one of a number of works by Cibber that stood in the square. By the early 19th century, the statue was described as being in a most wretched and mutilated state, in 1875–6 the square underwent substantial changes to its layout, during which the badly deteriorated statue was removed and the fountain demolished. The statue was rescued by Thomas Blackwell of the condiment firm Crosse & Blackwell and he gave it to his friend, the artist Frederick Goodall, with the intention that it might be restored. The present half-timbered gardeners shed took the place at the centre of the square. Goodall installed the statue on an island in a lake at Grims Dyke, his house near Harrow Weald, he wrote that in the twilight it looks very mysterious and weird with its reflection in the water. The statue portrays Charles in a pose, left hand on hip, with his head turned to the right. He is shown wearing some body and thigh armour and a long cloak at the back. The low pedestal once had an inscription on it, but this became illegible as long ago as 1815, as the square was once called Monmouth Square, some people erroneously supposed the statue to represent Charles favoured illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. By the 1920s it was described as black with age, the pedestals decorative carvings comprise a crown in relief surmounting scroll motifs on the front and rear, with each side depicting a crown surmounting crossed sceptres and a decorative riband. Both the statue and pedestal are in poor condition and are eroded, especially around the face. The baton once held in the hand has disappeared. The statue is used as a major plot device/character in Patrick Marbers 2017 production of Don Juan in Soho starring David Tennant
16.
Statue of James II, Trafalgar Square
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The statue of James II is an outdoor bronze sculpture located in the front garden of the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square in London, United Kingdom. Probably inspired by French statues of the period, it depicts James II of England as a Roman emperor, wearing Roman armour. It originally also depicted him holding a baton and it was produced by the workshop of Grinling Gibbons, though probably not by Gibbons himself. The statue has been relocated several times since it was first erected in the grounds of the old Palace of Whitehall in 1686, the statue is executed in bronze and depicts James II as a Roman emperor. He is shown standing in a pose and pointing downwards in great ease of attitude. It formerly held a baton in its hand, though this is now missing. The face is said to be an excellent depiction of the king, the statue was probably inspired by similar imperial portrayals of Louis XIV of France. The statue of James II was commissioned for the Palace of Whitehall, apparently at the time as the standing Charles II. It was produced in the workshop of Grinling Gibbons at a reported cost of £300, the James II was erected at the Palace of Whitehall on 24 March 1686, as recorded by a contemporary, Sir John Bramston the Younger. George Vertue, who found an agreement and a receipt of payment for the work, & Devoot who was imployed by. Gibbons, and that Thomas Benniere was involved in the casting, a series of five drawings in the British Museum, which might be for either the standing Charles II or the James II, is attributed variously to Gibbons or to Peter Van Dievoet. Its artistic qualities were praised by J. P. Malcolm in his 1803 history, London Redivivum, in which he wrote, There is but one fault in the figure, and that is the attitude. The King seems to point with a baton at the earth, to which his eyes are directed, surely this is an egregious error. James IIs statue has stood in several locations since it was first erected and it originally stood in the Palace of Whitehalls Pebble Court, where it was installed on New Years Day,1686. It was taken down after the Glorious Revolution but was replaced by order of William III, in 1898 it was moved to a location in the garden of Gwydyr House but was taken down four years later to make room for the stands for the coronation of Edward VII. During the Second World War it was put into storage at Aldwych tube station and it was relocated to its present site in 1947. The statue is listed by Historic England as a Grade I listed building,1686 in art Statue of James II – Trafalgar Square, London, UK at Waymarking. com
17.
Statue of Queen Anne, Queen Anne's Gate
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A Grade I-listed statue of Queen Anne stands on a pedestal alongside the north wall of No.15 Queen Annes Gate in Westminster, London. It portrays the queen wearing a skirt and bodice and an open cloak with the insignia of the Order of the Garter, on her head is a small crown and in her hands she holds an orb. The statue, carved from Portland stone, stands on a plinth of the material with the inscription ANNA REGINA. The pedestal consists of a fat engaged cylinder with a volute on either side, each with scrolls adorned with carved flowers. Neither the sculptors identity nor the date of the work are known. The statue is first mentioned in Edward Hattons A New View of London as being erected in full proportion on a pedestal at the E. End of Q. An engraved map of 1710 depicts the statue of Queen Anne in the middle of the wall, at some point in the early 19th century the statue was moved to a new position in the square. The Gentlemans Magazine reported in 1814 that the statue until of late occupied a conspicuous situation on the East end of the square, by 1862, the statue had lost its nose and right arm. The Earl of Caernarvon and other local residents pressed the Office of Works to repair it and his request received a favourable response from the First Commissioner of Works, William Cowper. The sculptor John Thomas was hired to repair it and he based the face on a squeeze of Francis Birds statue of Queen Anne outside St Pauls Cathedral. The right arm was replaced with a substitute and a replacement bronze sceptre was also installed. The statues poor condition was due in part to the local childrens mistaken belief that the statue represented the ill-reputed Queen Mary. They would ask Bloody Queen Mary to come down from her pedestal, Cowper recommended in 1862 that if the name of Queen Anne be written in legible characters on the pedestal, their puerile outrage will not be repeated. The inscription was added by John Thomas as part of his restoration work. Nonetheless the vandalism continued, and it was not until a generation later that the complaints ceased, another legend concerning the statue holds that on 1 August, the anniversary of Queen Annes death, the statue climbs down and walks three times up and down the street. The dividing wall between the two streets was demolished in 1873 to form the present Queen Annes Square, and at time the statue was removed to its present position. It became the subject of a dispute over ownership, as it was not brought into the care of the Office of Works when the Public Statues Act 1854 was enacted. The owner of 15 Queen Annes Gate permitted the Office of Works to carry out repairs in 1862 but objected to its removal, in 1938, the houses then owner, E. Thornton Smith, carried out repairs at his own expense
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Statue of George III, Somerset House
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The sculptor was John Bacon, and the statue was erected between 1778 and 1789. George III is dressed in Roman apparel, leaning on a rudder, flanked by the prow of a Roman boat, father Thames is reclining on a lower, semi-circular plinth, one hand on an urn with a cornucopia behind him. When Queen Charlotte first saw the statue of her husband she asked the sculptor Why did you make so frightful a figure, Bacon bowed and replied Art cannot always effect what is ever within the reach of Nature – the union of beauty and majesty. Media related to Statue of George III, Somerset House, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square
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The statue of George IV in Trafalgar Square, London, is a bronze equestrian statue by Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey. It depicts the King dressed in ancient Roman attire and riding bareback, the sculpture was originally designed to sit on top of the Marble Arch at the entrance to Buckingham Palace, but was placed in its current location following the Kings death. Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey originally designed the statue to stand on top of Marble Arch in its position as the entrance to Buckingham Palace. Edward Blore took over the work, and his redesign to reduce costs removed the Chantrey statue, chantreys work was funded by George IV himself, rather than by public subscription. The statue was cast in 1828, George IV died in 1830, and the statue was placed on an empty plinth in Trafalgar Square in December 1843, which was expected to be on a temporary basis, however it has remained there ever since. It was unveiled to little ceremony, with The Times describing it as somewhat suddenly erected and it was the first statue erected on one of the pedestals, which were installed three years earlier with architect Charles Barry expecting them to be filled by groups of statues. An inscription was added towards the end of the 19th century as the public were no longer aware of whom it was a statue, media related to Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of George V, Westminster
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The statue of George V in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, London, is a sculpture of George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India. The statue was sculpted prior to the Second World War and was hidden in a quarry during the war years, other locations were suggested for the statue, including Parliament Square, but it was unveiled opposite the House of Lords in 1947. The statue stands 10 feet high and is made of Portland stone and it is located south of The Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey and opposite the House of Lords. It is a Grade II listed building, having become so on 5 February 1970, a location in Abingdon Street opposite the House of Lords was announced in October 1937. The construction was organised by the King George V National Memorial Committee, the original design proved controversial and resulted in some criticism, it was to feature an ornate Gothic canopy which critics described as dwarfing the statue itself. Following a public consultation this feature was removed from later designs, a model of the statue was exhibited in the Members tea room of the House of Commons. The Royal Fine Art Commission suggested that the statue should be located in Parliament Square instead of opposite the House of Lords. The construction of the statue took place on Portland prior to the Second World War, following the war it was moved to the Tate Gallery while the statues site was prepared for it. The statue was placed in the original proposed spot opposite the House of Lords and it was unveiled by King George VI, on 22 October 1947 and was attended by Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mary, and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. In 1968, the symbol of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was drawn on the side of the plinth, British Pathe footage of the unveiling of the statue
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George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial
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The George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial, situated between The Mall and Carlton Gardens in central London, is a memorial to King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Completed in its present form in 2009, the memorial incorporates an earlier, Grade II-listed statue of George VI by William McMillan, the statue of George VI was sculpted in bronze by William McMillan, and depicts him in his naval uniform. The statue stands on a base of Portland stone, the statue was unveiled by Elizabeth II in the presence of her mother and other senior members of the royal family. The architect of the memorial was Louis de Soissons, the statue was designated a Grade II-listed building on 9 January 1970. The statue of Queen Elizabeth was sculpted in bronze by Philip Jackson, the memorial to Queen Elizabeth cost £2 million, and was funded by a special five pound coin produced to mark Queen Elizabeth IIs 80th birthday. A second casting of the statue was unveiled in Queen Mother Square, Poundbury, Dorset, media related to George VI and Queen Elizabeth Monument at Wikimedia Commons
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Robert Burns (Steell)
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Robert Burns is a bronze portrait statue of Robert Burns by John Steell. Four versions exist, in New York City, Dundee, London, the memorial sculpture in Manhattans Central Park was cast ca.1880 and dedicated on October 2,1880. It was the first statue of Burns to be erected outside Scotland and was a gift to the City of New York from Saint Andrews Society of the State of New York, for this sculpture Steell closely followed the portrait of Burns painted by Alexander Nasmyth in 1787. Seated on a stump with a quill pen in one hand. He is thinking of his true love Mary Campbell, who died at an early age and it was to her that he had written the poem To Mary in Heaven inscribed on the scroll at his feet. The Dundee statue was unveiled only two weeks after the one in New York in 1880 and the third cast was erected on the Thames Embankment in London in 1884, the Dunedin statue was the last of the set to be unveiled on 24 May 1887. A statue of Burns was deemed relevant to the city, both because of the citys Scottish roots, and also one of the citys founding fathers was Rev. Thomas Burns. In likeness, it is closest to the London statue, there had been discussion whether to place the statue in front of the railway station, but an elevated placement in The Octagon, the central plaza of Dunedin, was eventually chosen. The statue was unveiled by Miss Burns, a niece of Robert Burns. Speeches were given by former Governor and Premier of New Zealand Sir George Grey, and Richard Henry Leary, because of its placement on what is now known as the McMillan terrace, the statue is the backdrop to many public speeches. On 27 July 1988, the statue was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage structure with reference number 2208. The statue is located at 45°52′26. 5″S 170°30′11. 5″E List of Robert Burns memorials List of sculptures in Central Park Media related to Robert Burns by John Steell at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Charlie Chaplin, London
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The statue of Charlie Chaplin in Leicester Square, London, is a work of 1979 by the sculptor John Doubleday. It portrays the actor, comedian and filmmaker in his best-known role, a memorial to Chaplin in the city of his birth was proposed on 25 December 1977, soon after Chaplins death, by Illtyd Harrington, the leader of the opposition in the Greater London Council. The bronze statue was first unveiled on 16 April 1981 at its site, on the south-western corner of the square. An inscription on the plinth read THE COMIC GENIUS/ WHO GAVE PLEASURE/ TO SO MANY, the following year a slightly modified version was erected in the Swiss town of Vevey, which had been Chaplins home from 1952 until his death. Following a refurbishment of Leicester Square in 1989–92, the statue was moved to a north of the statue of William Shakespeare. In a later refurbishment of 2010–12 Chaplins statue was removed altogether, together with busts of William Hogarth, John Hunter, Sir Isaac Newton, the statue was installed in a nearby street, Leicester Place, in 2013. This was in order to prevent damage to the sculpture during improvement works, in 2016 it returned to Leicester Square and was re-unveiled on Chaplins birthday. Media related to Statue of Charlie Chaplin, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square
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The statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square, London, is a bronze sculpture of the former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, created by Ivor Roberts-Jones. It is located on a spot referred to in the 1950s by Churchill as where my statue will go. Unveiled by his widow Lady Clementine Spencer-Churchill in 1973, the unveiling was attended by the serving Prime Minister and four former Prime Ministers, the statue is one of eight on the central green of Parliament Square, all of well-known statesmen. The statue is 12 feet high and is made of bronze and it was sculpted by Ivor Roberts-Jones and is located on the main green of Parliament Square, opposite the Palace of Westminster. It shows Winston Churchill standing with his hand resting on his walking stick, the plinth is 8 feet high with Churchill inscribed on it in large capital letters. A proposal to insert pins standing out of the head was turned down in the 1970s – the pins were intended to stop wild birds from sitting on its head. The Churchill Statue Committee had concerns during the development process that it looked a little too much like the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Whilst the head was only cast in plaster, a report on it stated that, At the moment the head is undoubtedly like Churchill. The cheeks, the eyes, the forehead and the top of the head require improvement, I told Mr. Roberts-Jones that above the eyes I thought I was looking at Mussolini. Roberts-Jones agreed to modify the sculpture to reduce the dome of the head in order to lower the forehead, in the 1950s, David Eccles, then Minister of Works, showed Churchill plans for the redevelopment of Parliament Square. Churchill drew a circle in the north-east corner and declared, That is where my statue will go, the statue that was eventually installed was first suggested by John Tilney, Member of Parliament for Liverpool Wavertree, in a parliamentary question in 1968. Initial estimates by the sponsors of the Winston Churchill Statue Appeal put the cost of the statue at £30,000, the sponsors of the appeal included Edward Heath, Lord Mountbatten, Lord Portal, and Baroness Elliot. The sum of £32,000 was raised by 4,500 individuals who are listed in a book which was deposited in the library at Chartwell on Churchills birthday,30 November 1973. The statue was unveiled on 1 November 1973 by Clementine, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, union Flags covered the statue, which were removed as a cord was pulled. Others present at the unveiling included The Queen Mother, members of the Churchill family across four generations, Edward Heath, the Band of the Royal Marines played several of Churchills favourite pieces of music. The statue has been defaced on a number of occasions during protests held in Parliament Square, during the 2010 student protests the statue was defaced with graffiti and urinated on. An electric current is passed through the statue to deter pigeons, in 2008, the statue was grade II listed. A replica of the Parliament Square Statue was unveiled in 1999 in Winston Churchill Square in Prague, Czech Republic and it was moulded from the original on site, then cast in bronze
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Statue of Robert Clive, London
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A Grade II-listed bronze statue of Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, by John Tweed, is located in King Charles Street, Whitehall, London. The statue was unveiled in 1912 outside Gwydyr House, also in Whitehall, on the west face of the plinth are Clives surname and the year of his birth and death. The remaining three sides have bronze reliefs depicting events in his life, the Siege of Arcot in 1751, the eve of the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the fund raised between £5,000 and £6,000 to erect memorials to Clive in London and India. John Tweed was commissioned to work on the London statue. A smaller version of the statue, also cast in bronze, is now part of the collection of the Tate in London. Bali Bombings Memorial, London, located nearby Media related to Statue of Clive of India, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Westminster
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A statue of Oliver Cromwell stands outside the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in Westminster, London. It is a sculpture of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, the statue was designed by Hamo Thornycroft and erected in 1899. It has divided opinion, both before its erection and since, due to Cromwells opposition to the British monarchy and his role in the conquest of Ireland, Cromwell stands accused by some of war crimes, religious persecution and ethnic cleansing on a dramatic scale against Catholics in Ireland. The statue is one of four statues of Cromwell in the United Kingdom and is Grade II listed for its architectural merit. The statue was sculpted by Hamo Thornycroft, and features Cromwell standing holding a sword, the bible is marked Holy Bible 1641, and while the main statue of Cromwell is marked Hamo Thornycroft 1897, the lion on the base is marked 1899. It was raised several times over the following years by supporters of a statue. The decision was condemned by newspapers in Ireland, following further opposition from the Irish National Party, the proposal was withdrawn on 17 July 1895. Herbert Gladstone, First Commissioner of Works, approved the statue with the coming from an anonymous private donor. In 1899 his successor Aretas Akers-Douglas confirmed the proposed location as the sunken garden next to Westminster Hall. The statue was unveiled on 31 October 1899, followed by a speech on Cromwell by former Prime Minister Lord Rosebery, in 2004, a group of Members of Parliament including Tony Banks proposed a motion that the statue should be removed and melted down. The move was not supported, and other MPs suggested that the statue should be moved somewhere else, restoration work took place in August 2008, removing dirt and a coat of black wax which had been previously applied to the bronzework. This changed the colour of the statue from black to a natural brown. It was coated in a clear wax in order to ensure that the natural finish remained, the conservation work was completed in time for the 350th anniversary of Cromwells death on 3 September 2008. Statue of Oliver Cromwell, St Ives Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Warrington Media related to Statue of Oliver Cromwell, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputation in Brussels, he was approached by Freuds assistant Paul Federn in 1931 to sculpt Freud for his 75th birthday, Nemon finished busts of Freud in wood, bronze and plaster, and Freud chose to keep the wooden portrait for himself. The wooden bust is on display at the Freud Museum in Hampstead, Nemon visited Freud for a final time in London in 1938. His last sittings with Freud would create a. harsher more abstracted portrait which would become the head for the bronze in Hampstead. On seeing the head of Freud, his housekeeper Paula Fichtl said that Nemon had made Freud look too angry, the bronze, slightly larger than life size, was commissioned in the 1960s, with funds raised by a committee chaired by Donald Winnicott. The sculpture depicts Freud with his turn to one side as if in thought. Freuds daughter, Anna Freud, attended the unveiling of the statue in October 1970, the statue was originally located in an alcove behind Swiss Cottage Library, where it was virtually hidden away from the public. The Freud Museum arranged for the statue to be moved to its present location in 1998 and it became a Grade II listed building in January 2016. Media related to Statue of Sigmund Freud, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Yuri Gagarin, Greenwich
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The Statue of Yuri Gagarin in Greenwich, London, is a zinc statue depicting the cosmonaut wearing a spacesuit and standing on top of a globe. The figure was unveiled on 14 July 2011 at a temporary location in the Mall, close to Admiralty Arch. It was later moved to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, at a site overlooking the Prime Meridian line, there had been an unsuccessful proposal to move it to Manchester. The 3. 5-metre high statue is a replica of an original by Anatoly Novikov in Lyubertsy, the statue was a gift to the British Council from the Russian space agency Roscosmos as a part of several cultural events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the first manned spaceflight. The original location of the statue was chosen to be where Gagarin first met the then Prime Minister Harold MacMillan, media related to Statue of Yuri Gagarin, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square
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The statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Parliament Square, Westminster, London, is a work by the sculptor Philip Jackson. In July 2014, Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, George Osborne, announced while on a visit to India that a statue of Mahatma Gandhi would be placed in Parliament Square, Westminster. He said that I hope this new memorial will be a lasting and fitting tribute to his memory in Britain, and it was announced at the same time that sculptor Philip Jackson had been asked to create the statue. He had previously created the statue of the Queen Mother, the RAF Bomber Command Memorial, planning permission was granted by Westminster City Council later that year in November. Financing for the statue was by public donations and through sponsorships and this was supported by the work of the Gandhi Statue Memorial Trust, which was set up by Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai, as well as a special advisory panel created by the Government. This was chaired by Sajid Javid MP, the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, the statue was unveiled by the Indian Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 14 March 2015. It was dedicated as a commemoration of the centenary of Gandhis return to India from South Africa, speakers at the unveiling of the statue included Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron, the Indian film actor Amitabh Bachchan and Gandhis grandson Gopalkrishna Gandhi. The statue is 9 feet tall, and made from bronze and it is based on a photograph of Gandhi standing outside the offices of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1931. The plinth that the statue is mounted on is lower than those on the statues in Parliament Square. It was planned to be the statue to be placed in Parliament Square. On its unveiling, commentators noted the irony of the statues placement near the statue of Sir Winston Churchill that also stands in Parliament Square
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Earl Haig Memorial
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The Earl Haig Memorial is a bronze equestrian statue of the British Western Front commander Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig on Whitehall in Westminster. It was created by the sculptor Alfred Frank Hardiman and commissioned by Parliament in 1928, eight years in the making, it aroused considerable controversy, the Field Marshals riding position, his uniform, the anatomy and stance of the horse all drawing harsh criticism. The inscription on the base reads Field Marshal Earl Haig Commander-in-Chief of the British Armies in France 1915–1918. Hardiman had won the commission in competition with his fellow sculptors Gilbert Ledward and his winning model showed Haig riding a classical charger befitting a hero, derived from Hardimans studies of renaissance equestrian sculpture. The Press and Lady Haig weighed in, asking why Earl Haig could not be portrayed with realism riding his own horse, eventually Hardiman was asked to produce a second model, but in trying to accommodate his critics the sculptor produced a compromise that pleased no-one. The memorial was unveiled by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester on 10 November 1937, media related to Earl Haig Memorial, Whitehall, London at Wikimedia Commons
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Media related to The Messenger by David Wynne at Wikimedia Commons
