1.
Statue
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A statue is a sculpture representing one or more people or animals, normally full-length, as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size, or larger. A small statue, usually enough to be picked up, is called a statuette or figurine. Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present, the worlds tallest statue, Spring Temple Buddha, is 128 metres, and is located in Lushan County, Henan, China. Many statues are built on commission to commemorate a historical event, many statues are intended as public art, exhibited outdoors or in public buildings. Some statues gain fame in their own right, separate from the person or concept they represent, Ancient statues often survive showing the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, most of the colour was weathered off over time, small remnants were removed during cleaning, in some cases small traces remained which could be identified. Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble, was painted, medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The colouring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, as excavated classical sculptures, the Löwenmensch figurine from the Swabian Alps in Germany is the oldest known statue in the world, and dates to 30, 000-40,000 years ago. The Venus of Hohle Fels, from the area, is somewhat later. Throughout history, statues have been associated with images in many religious traditions, from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece. Egyptian statues showing kings as sphinxes have existed since the Old Kingdom, the oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of Senwosret I and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt witnessed the growth of block statues which then became the most popular form until the Ptolemaic period, the oldest statue of a deity in Rome was the bronze statue of Ceres in 485 BC. The oldest statue in Rome is now the statue of Diana on the Aventine, the wonders of the world include several statues from antiquity, with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. While Byzantine art flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline, an example was the statue of Justinian which stood in the square across from the Hagia Sophia until the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century. While making statues was not subject to a ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period. Starting with the work of Maillol around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the schools of realism that had held them bound for thousands of years. The Futurist and Cubist schools took this even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were abstract in design
2.
Sutton, London
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Sutton is the principal town of the London Borough of Sutton in South London, England. It lies on the slopes of the North Downs, and has the administrative headquarters of the borough. It is located 10.4 miles south-south west of Charing Cross, an ancient parish, originally in the county of Surrey, Sutton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having two churches and two acres of meadow at that time. Suttons location on the London to Brighton turnpike from 1755 led to the establishment of coaching inns, when it was connected to central London by rail in 1847, the village began to grow into a town, and there was significant Victorian-era expansion. Suttons expansion and increase in population accelerated in the 20th century as part of the growth of London. It became a borough with neighbouring Cheam in 1934, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. Sutton has the largest library in the borough, several works of art, four conservation areas. It is home to a number of international companies and the sixth most important shopping area in London. Sutton mainline railway station is the largest in the borough, with frequent services to central London, along with Wimbledon Studios, Sutton is a hub for filming in south-west London. Sutton is home to the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, the town has among the lowest levels of crime in Greater London. Sutton is home to a significant number of the boroughs schools, in 2011 Sutton was the top performing borough for GCSE results in England. The placename Sutton is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudtone and it is formed from Old English sūth and tūn, meaning the south farm. It was probably in relation to Mitcham and Morden that it was considered southerly, the name was later applied to Sutton Common and the Sutton New Town development in the 19th century. Archaeological finds in the date back over ten thousand years. An implement from the age was discovered close to the junction of Sutton High Street. The Roman road of Stane Street forms part of the boundary of the parish of Sutton. The course of Stane Street through the area is now followed by the modern roads Stonecot Hill and London Road, some sources state the early name as Suthtone or Sudtana instead. Other place names appear in this charter are Bedintone, Cegeham
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
David Wynne (sculptor)
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David Wynne OBE was a British sculptor of figures, animals and portraits. He married Gillian Grant, daughter of the writer Joan Grant and he was awarded the OBE in 1994. Yehudi Menuhin The Sculpture of David Wynne, 1949–1967, the Sculpture of David Wynne, 1968–1974
5.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
6.
Patina
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Patina is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of stone, on copper, bronze and similar metals, on wooden furniture, or any such acquired change of a surface through age and exposure. Patinas can provide a covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing, Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and colour that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time. Archaeologists also use the term patina to refer to a layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term cortification as a term to describe the process than patination. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a layer, called cortex by geologists. The word patina comes from the Latin for shallow dish, figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable. The chemical process by which a patina forms is called patination, in clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a basic copper carbonate. In industrial and urban air environments containing sulfurous acid rain from coal-fired power plants or industrial processes, a patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp coastal/marine environments will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry inland areas, facade cladding with alloys of copper, e. g. brass or bronze, will weather differently from pure copper cladding. Even a lasting gold colour is possible with copper-alloy cladding, for example Colston Hall in Bristol, or the Novotel at Paddington Central, often, antique and well-used firearms will develop a patina on the steel after the bluing, parkerizing, or other finish has worn. Firearms in this state are considered more valuable than ones that have been re-blued or parkerized. The patina protects the firearm from the more damaging rust that would occur were the patina to be polished off, the process is often called distressing. A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas and they are often used by artists as surface embellishments either for color, texture, or both. Patination composition varies with the elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, the basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like ammonium sulfide, liver of sulfur, cupric nitrate and ferric nitrate. For artworks, patination is often accelerated by applying chemicals with heat. Colors range from matte sandstone yellow to deep blues, greens, whites, reds, some patina colors are achieved by the mixing of colors from the reaction with the metal surface with pigments added to the chemicals
7.
Reed Business Information
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Reed Business Information is a provider of data services, business information and workflow solutions to businesses. The company is based in the United Kingdom, United States, China, Singapore, Continental Europe, Reed Business Information is a division of RELX Group and is often referred to as RBI. The company produces data, analytics and information for businesses and it provides services to specific sectors including chemicals, agriculture, HR, property, finance, science and aerospace. Products and services include, ICIS, Accuity, XpertHR, FlightGlobal, Estates Gazette, Proagrica, Reed Business Publishing was formed in 1971 when IPC merged with Reed Group. In 1993 Reed Business Publishing became part of Reed Elsevier, in September 1996 Reed Business Information was created, bringing together Reed Business Publishing, Reed Information Services, Mardev. and Bowker-Saur. Since 2009 Reed Business Information has focused on data, analytics, Reed Business Information Reed Business Information NL RELX group
8.
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
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The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is an ancient Roman statue in the Campidoglio, Rome, Italy. It is made of bronze and stands 4.24 m tall, although the emperor is mounted, it exhibits many similarities to standing statues of Augustus. The overall theme is one of power and divine grandeur — the emperor is over life-size and is holding out his hand in a gesture much like that in the Augustus portraits. In this case the gesture may also signify clemency as some historians assert that an enemy may have been sculpted begging for mercy under the horses raised hoof. Such an image was meant to portray the Emperor as victorious, however, shown without weapons or armour, Marcus Aurelius seems to be a bringer of peace rather than a military hero, for this is how he saw himself and his reign. He is riding without the use of stirrups, which had not yet introduced to the West. While the horse has been studied in order to be recreated for other artists works. The statue was erected ca.175 CE and its original location is debated, the Roman Forum and Piazza Colonna have been proposed. Statues were also destroyed because medieval Christians thought that they were pagan idols, the statue of Marcus Aurelius was not melted down because in the Middle Ages it was incorrectly thought to portray the first Christian Emperor, Constantine. Indeed, it is the only surviving bronze statue of a pre-Christian Roman emperor. In the medieval era it was one of the few Roman statues to remain on public view and it was moved to the Piazza del Campidoglio during Michelangelos redesign of the Hill. Though he disagreed with its positioning, he designed a special pedestal for it. The original is on display in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Musei Capitolini, on the night of November 29,1849, at the inception of the revolutionary Roman Republic, a mass procession set up the Red-White-Green tricolore in the hands of the mounted Marcus Aurelius. The statue is depicted on the reverse of the Italian €0.50 euro coin, a replica of the statue has been located on the campus of Brown University in the United States since 1908. The statue was formerly clad in gold, an old local myth says that the statue will turn gold again on the Judgement Day. The Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw, from 1829, was based on this statue
9.
Horses of Saint Mark
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The Horses of Saint Mark, also known as the Triumphal Quadriga, is a set of Roman bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga. The horses were placed on the facade, on the loggia above the porch, of St Marks Basilica in Venice and they remained there until looted by Napoleon in 1797 but were returned in 1815. The sculptures have been removed from the facade and placed in the interior of St Marks for conservation purposes, the sculptures date from classical antiquity and have been implausibly attributed to the 4th century BC Greek sculptor Lysippos. A date in the 2nd or 3rd century AD is considered far more likely and they were probably created to top a triumphal arch or some other grand building, perhaps commissioned by the Emperor Septimus Severus. They may originally have been made for the Eastern capital of Constantinople, although called bronze, analysis suggests that, as they are at least 96. 67% copper, they should be seen as an impure copper rather than bronze. The high tin content increased the temperature to 1200–1300 °C. The high purity copper was chosen to give a more satisfactory mercury gilding and they were still there in 1204, when they were looted by Venetian forces as part of the sack of the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade. The collars on the four horses were added in 1204 to obscure where the heads had been severed to allow them to be transported from Constantinople to Venice. Shortly after the Fourth Crusade, Doge Enrico Dandolo sent the horses to Venice, in 1797, Napoleon had the horses forcibly removed from the basilica and carried off to Paris, where they were used in the design of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel together with a quadriga. In 1815 the horses were returned to Venice by Captain Dumaresq, for the skillful manner in which he performed this work the Emperor gave him a gold snuff box with his initials in diamonds on the lid. The horses remained in place over St Marks until the early 1980s, since then, the originals have been on display just inside the basilica. Byzantium 1200 Hippodrome Boxes shows the location of the horses until 1204
10.
Sutton twin towns mural
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The Sutton Twin towns mural is a large mural in the form of seven individual paintings situated in Sutton High Street in the town of Sutton in Greater London, England. It is one of six works of art in Sutton town centre. The mural was created in 1993 by two Public artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner on the 25th anniversary of Suttons twinning in 1968 with Wilmersdorf in Berlin, seven individual paintings make up the mural. It is positioned along the flank of a Victorian commercial building at the southern end of the High Street near the train station at the junction with Sutton Court Road. The paintings are on plywood and inset within seven mock window frames, the twin towns mural was commended by the Sutton and Cheam Society in 1994. Drostle and Turner also produced the Sutton heritage mosaic, the five main paintings show a number of the main features of their respective areas, along with the heraldic shield of each above the other images. Each painting also features a plant as a representation of its subjects environmental awareness. In the case of Sutton this is in a smaller painting showing a beech tree, intended as a symbol of prosperity. The artists involved pupils from Sutton schools and community groups in the early designs, Suttons mural painting shows a range of its most well known landmarks, including Whitehall in Cheam, Carshalton Ponds, Honeywood House and the spire of Trinity Church in Sutton town centre. Gagnys shows the Hôtel De Ville, an ancient manor surrounded by a garden, the mural for Gladsaxe shows Bagsværd Lake, Bagsværd Church and Højgârd. Mindens mural features its cathedral, the Westerorbrücke bridge and the Mittelandkanal Aqueduct, the Sutton Council determined to erect a new information board. To tell people the story of the murals, in 2011 it was installed by the local council in the street facing the mural outside the Cock and Bull pub. Councillor Graham Tope, explained the purpose of the new sign, These murals are an important part of our boroughs history, the boroughs first European ties were established in 1968. Twinning continues to be a part of the boroughs identity. In November 2015 the Mayor of Sutton sent condolences to its twin town Gagny, in September 2016 French folk dance group L’Aubade de Quercy from Gagny joined their UK counterparts, Pennyroyal Clog Dancers and the East Surrey Morris Men, in Trinity Square, Sutton town centre. Sutton Heritage Mosaic Sutton armillary The Messenger Murals of twin towns, corner of Sutton High Street, Flickr
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Media related to The Messenger by David Wynne at Wikimedia Commons
