1.
The Normal Heart
–
The Normal Heart is a largely autobiographical play by Larry Kramer. It focuses on the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984, as seen through the eyes of writer/activist Ned Weeks, the gay founder of a prominent HIV advocacy group. Ned prefers loud public confrontations to the calmer, more private strategies favored by his associates, friends and their differences of opinion lead to frequent arguments that threaten to undermine their mutual goal. After a successful 1985 Off-Broadway production at The Public Theater, the play was revived in Los Angeles and London, a Broadway debut opened in April 2011. For the first time in his life, meanwhile, Ned falls in love, the increasing death toll raises the unknown illness, now believed to be caused by a virus, to the status of an epidemic, though the press remains largely silent on the issue. A sense of urgency guides Ned who realizes that Ben is more interested in buying a house than in backing Neds activism. Ned explosively breaks off ties to his brother until Ben can fully accept Ned, Ned next looks to Mayor Ed Kochs administration for aid in financing research about the epidemic that is quickly killing off hundreds of gay men, including some of Neds personal friends. Tensions between the two are clear, though they must work together toward the promotion of their organization, Felix, meanwhile, reveals to Ned his belief that he is infected with the mysterious virus. Although he continues to try to strengthen interactions with the mayor, Ned ruins his chances when his relentless, Dr. Brookner gradually takes the role of activist herself, noting the epidemics appearance in other countries around the world and even among heterosexual couples. As Felixs condition worsens, he visits Ben Weeks in order to make his will, Felix soon dies and Ned blames himself for Felixs death, lamenting that he did not fight hard enough to have his voice heard. The mortality rate from HIV/AIDS is shown to continue increasing as the stage fades to black, after most performances of the 2011 revival of The Normal Heart, Kramer personally passed out a dramaturgical flyer detailing some of the real stories behind the plays characters. Linda Laubenstein, who treated some of the first New York cases of what was known as AIDS. It has been suggested that the model for Felix was John Duka, produced by Joseph Papp and directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the play opened Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on April 21,1985, and ran for 294 performances. The original cast included Brad Davis as Ned and D. W. Moffett as Felix, with David Allen Brooks as Bruce Niles, Joel Grey replaced Davis later in the run. The play received its European premiere in 1986 at Londons Royal Court Theatre where it was directed by David Hayman, in that production Ned Weeks was initially played by Martin Sheen who received an Olivier Award nomination as Best Actor. When it transferred to the Albery Theatre Ned Weeks was played by Tom Hulce, for that production Paul Jesson, who played Felix, won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role. In a student production of the play at Cambridge University in 1988, the play received its Australian premiere at the Sydney Theatre Company in 1989 directed by Wayne Harrison. In subsequent productions of the play, Ned Weeks was portrayed by Richard Dreyfuss in Los Angeles, on April 18,1993, Barbra Streisand organized and introduced a benefit reading for Broadway Cares at the Roundabout Theatre Company
2.
Larry Kramer
–
Larry Kramer is an American playwright, author, public health advocate, and LGBT rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures, there he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 film Women in Love and earned an Academy Award nomination for his work. Kramer witnessed the spread of the later known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome among his friends in 1980. He co-founded the Gay Mens Health Crisis, which has become the worlds largest private organization assisting people living with AIDS. Kramer grew frustrated with bureaucratic paralysis and the apathy of gay men to the AIDS crisis and he expressed his frustration by writing a play titled The Normal Heart, produced at The Public Theater in New York City in 1985. ACT UP has been credited with changing public health policy and the perception of people living with AIDS. Kramer has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for his play The Destiny of Me, the younger of two children, Kramer was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and considered an unwanted child by his Jewish parents, an attorney and a social worker. When the family moved to Maryland they found themselves in a lower socioeconomic bracket than that of Kramers high school peers. Kramer had become involved with a male friend in junior high school. His father wanted him to marry a woman with money and thus pressed him to become a member of Pi Tau Pi, Kramer enrolled at Yale University in 1953, where he had difficulty adjusting. He felt lonely, and earned lower grades than those to which he was accustomed and he attempted suicide by an overdose of aspirin because he felt like he was the only gay student on campus. The experience left him determined to explore his sexuality and set him on the path to fight for gay peoples worth, the next semester, he had an affair with his German professor – his first requited romantic relationship with a man. When the professor was scheduled to study in Europe, he invited Kramer to accompany him, Yale had been a family tradition, Kramers father, older brother Arthur, and two uncles were alumni. Kramer enjoyed the Varsity Glee Club during his time at Yale. According to Kramer, every drama he has written derives from a desire to understand loves nature, eventually, he won a position in the story department reworking scripts. His first writing credit was as a writer for Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush. He followed that with the 1969 Oscar-nominated screenplay Women in Love, Kramer has said that his well-negotiated fee for this work, skillfully invested by his brother, made him financially self-sufficient. Kramer then began to integrate homosexual themes into his work, and he wrote Sissies Scrapbook in 1973, a dramatic play about four friends, one of whom is gay, and their dysfunctional relationships
3.
Ryan Murphy (writer)
–
Ryan Patrick Murphy is an American screenwriter, director and producer. Murphy was born on November 9,1965, and raised in Indianapolis, Indiana and he attended Catholic school from first through eighth grade, and graduated from Warren Central High School in Indianapolis. He has described his mother J. Andy Murphy as a beauty queen who left it all to stay at home and she wrote five books and worked in communications for over 20 years before retiring. His father worked in the industry as a circulation director before he retired after 30 years. After coming out as gay, Murphy saw his first therapist, during a 2012 interview on Inside the Actors Studio, Murphy claimed that he secretly dated a lot of football players in high school. He performed with a choir as a child, which would inform his work on Glee. While at college, he was a member of the school newspaper, the Indiana Daily Student. Murphy started as a journalist working for The Miami Herald, Los Angeles Times, New York Daily News, Knoxville News Sentinel and he began scriptwriting in the late 1990s, when Steven Spielberg purchased his script Why Cant I Be Audrey Paudry. Murphy started his career in television with the teen comedy series Popular, the series premiered on The WB on September 29,1999 and ran for two seasons, ending in 2001. He then created the FX drama series Nip/Tuck, which premiered on July 18,2003, in 2004, Murphy earned his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. The series ended after six seasons in 2010, on May 19,2009, Murphys musical comedy-drama series, Glee, premiered on Fox. He co-created the series with Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, in its early seasons, the show was critically lauded. Murphy won his first Primetime Emmy Award for directing the pilot episode, the series concluded in 2015 following its sixth season. Murphy was one of four executive producers on the reality television series The Glee Project, the show featured a group of contestants vying for the prize of a seven-episode arc on Glee, with someone being eliminated each week, until the winner is chosen in the final episode. The show was renewed for a season, which ended up being its last. Murphy and Glee co-executive producer Ali Adler created the half-hour comedy The New Normal, the series was based on Murphys own experiences of having a child via surrogate, with the main characters, Bryan and David, named for Ryan and his husband. The series was cancelled after one season. Murphy and Falchuk created the anthology series American Horror Story, which premiered on FX on October 5,2011, some of the same cast has played different characters in a different setting each subsequent season
4.
Mark Ruffalo
–
Mark Alan Ruffalo is an American actor, humanitarian, social activist and film producer. He made his debut in an episode of CBS Summer Playhouse. He was part of the original cast of This Is Our Youth, following were his roles in 13 Going on 30, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Zodiac, and What Doesnt Kill You. In 2010, he starred in the psychological thriller Shutter Island, for the latter, he received nominations for the SAG Award, BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also co-starred in the mystery films Now You See Me, Ruffalo gained international prominence by portraying the Marvel Comics character the Hulk in The Avengers and Avengers, Age of Ultron. The same year, he portrayed Dave Schultz in Foxcatcher, for which he was nominated for awards, including a Golden Globe, Ruffalo was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin. His mother, Marie Rose, is a hairdresser and stylist and he has two sisters, Tania and Nicole, and a brother, Scott. His father is of Italian descent, from Girifalco, and his mother is of half French Canadian, Ruffalo attended both Catholic school and progressive schools. Ruffalo has described himself as having been a kid, although he struggled from undiagnosed dyslexia and ADD as a child. Ruffalo spent his teen years in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where his father worked and he competed in wrestling in junior high and high school in Wisconsin and Virginia. With the Orpheus Theatre Company, he wrote, directed, and starred in a number of plays, Ruffalo had minor roles in films like The Dentist, the low-key crime comedy Safe Men and Ang Lees Civil War Western Ride with the Devil. He appeared opposite Tom Cruise as a detective in Michael Manns crime-thriller Collateral. In the mid 2000s, Ruffalo appeared as a lead in View From the Top,13 Going on 30, Just Like Heaven. In 2006, Ruffalo starred in Clifford Odets Awake and Sing. at the Belasco Theatre in New York, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. In March 2007, he appeared in Zodiac as SFPD homicide inspector Dave Toschi, in 2007, Ruffalo played divorced lawyer Dwight Arno, who accidentally kills a child and speeds away, in Terry Georges film Reservation Road, based on the novel by John Burnham Schwartz. In 2008, Ruffalo starred as a con man in The Brothers Bloom with Adrien Brody and Rachel Weisz,2008 also saw Ruffalo in Brian Goodmans What Doesnt Kill You with Ethan Hawke and Amanda Peet, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival. In 2009, he played a role in the film Where The Wild Things Are as Maxs mothers boyfriend. In 2010, he co-starred in the Martin Scorsese thriller Shutter Island as U. S, marshal Chuck Aule, the partner of Leonardo DiCaprios character Teddy Daniels
5.
Matt Bomer
–
Matthew Staton Matt Bomer is an American actor. He made his debut with Guiding Light in 2001. He played the role of con-artist and thief Neal Caffrey in the USA Network series White Collar from 2009 to 2014. Bomer won a Golden Globe Award and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his role as Felix Turner, opposite Mark Ruffalo. Bomer made a guest appearance on the season of FXs horror anthology series American Horror Story. He was later upgraded to main cast during the fifth season, on stage, Bomer has starred in the Dustin Lance Black play 8 on Broadway and at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre as Jeff Zarrillo, a plaintiff in the federal case that overturned Californias Proposition 8. Bomer is married to the publicist Simon Halls with whom he has three children, Bomer was born in Webster Groves, Greater St. Louis, Missouri, one of three children of Elizabeth Macy and John ONeill Bomer IV, a Dallas Cowboys draft pick. He grew up in Spring, Texas, a suburb of Houston, and attended its Klein High School, Pace and Bomer both acted at Houstons Alley Theatre, a non-profit theatre company. In 2001, he graduated from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, after graduating, Bomer moved to New York City, where he won the role of Ian Kipling on All My Children. From 2001 to 2003, he portrayed the role of Ben Reade on another daytime soap opera. He starred as Luc, Trus ill-fated love interest, in Tru Calling, Bomer appeared on North Shore, a primetime television soap opera, as well as in Flightplan, a thriller film with Jodie Foster. In the slasher film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, The Beginning, Bomer portrayed Eric, the brothers run afoul of Sheriff Hoyt and are taken captive by the Hewitt family. He co-starred in Traveler, a midseason replacement television series which premiered on ABC on May 30,2007. He had a role, as Bryce Larkin, on Chuck. On October 23,2009, Bomer began starring in White Collar, buddyTV ranked him first on its list of TVs Sexiest Men of 2011 and third in 2012. In September 2011, Bomer starred in the Broadway debut of Dustin Lance Blacks play,8, in March 2012, he was featured in the Wilshire Ebell Theatre production as well, portraying Jeff Zarrillo, one of the plaintiffs in the trial. In October 2011, Bomer appeared in the science fiction thriller film In Time, in which he played a 105-year-old man, in 2012, Bomer starred as Ken, a stripper, in the feature film Magic Mike. In 2014, he appeared in black comedy film Space Station 76
6.
Taylor Kitsch
–
Taylor Kitsch is a Canadian actor and model. He is best known for his work in such as X-Men Origins, Wolverine, Battleship, John Carter, Savages. Kitsch was born in Kelowna, British Columbia and his mother, Susan, worked for the BC Liquor Board, while his father, Drew Kitsch, worked in construction. His parents separated when he was one, and he and his two brothers, Brody and Daman, were raised by their mother in a mobile home park. He also has two younger maternal half-sisters, Kitsch lived in Port Moody and Anmore. He started playing ice hockey at age 3 and he attended Gleneagle Secondary School in Coquitlam. He played junior ice hockey for the Langley Hornets in the British Columbia Hockey League, following his injury, Kitsch took nutrition and economics courses at the University of Lethbridge for a year and lived with his brother. Kitsch moved to New York City in 2002, after receiving an opportunity to pursue modeling with IMG, he studied acting there as well, for a time in New York he was homeless and took to sleeping on subway trains in the middle of the night. In 2004, he relocated to Los Angeles, where he modeled for Diesel and he also appeared in the limited edition coffee table book About Face by celebrity photographer John Russo. For five seasons, Kitsch portrayed the role of Tim Riggins, the series premiered in October 2006 to universal critical acclaim from critics and over 7.7 million viewers. Kitsch has ruled out reprising his role in a film sequel to the television series. He played Pogue Parry in The Covenant, alongside Steven Strait, Sebastian Stan, Laura Ramsey, Toby Hemingway, Jessica Lucas, in February 2008, he signed on to play Gambit in the X-Men franchise spinoff X-Men Origins, Wolverine, released in May 2009. Of the fan-favorite character Gambit, Kitsch states, I knew of him, Im sure Im still going to be exposed to that. I love the character, I love the powers, and I love what they did with him, I didnt know that much, but in my experience, it was a blessing to go in and create my take on him. Im excited for it, to say the least, in 2010, Kitsch starred in Steven Silvers The Bang Bang Club, an historical drama set in South Africa which documents the final bloody days of the apartheid. He had to lose 35 pounds in two months to play the role of photojournalist Kevin Carter, alongside Ryan Phillippe and Malin Åkerman. In November 2010, The Hollywood Reporter named Kitsch as one of the male actors who are pushing – or being pushed into taking over Hollywood as the new A-List. In the Disney film John Carter, based on Edgar Rice Burroughss sword-and-sandal novel A Princess of Mars, he played the title character, a Confederate soldier who is transported to Mars
7.
Jim Parsons
–
James Joseph Jim Parsons is an American actor. He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, in 2011, Parsons made his Broadway debut portraying Tommy Boatwright in the play The Normal Heart, for which he received a Drama Desk Award nomination. He reprised the role in the adaptation of the play, and received his seventh Emmy nomination. Jim Parsons was born at St. Joseph Hospital in Houston, Texas and he is the son of Milton Joseph Mickey/Jack Parsons, Jr. and teacher Judy Ann. His sister Julie Ann Parsons is also a teacher and he attended Klein Oak High School in Spring. Parsons points to a role in Noises Off during his year as the first time I fully connected with the role I was playing. After playing the role of the Kola-Kola bird in a production of The Elephants Child at age six. The young Parsons was heavily influenced by sitcoms, particularly Threes Company, Family Ties, after graduating from high school, Parsons received an bachelors degree from the University of Houston. He was prolific during this time, appearing in 17 plays in 3 years and he was a founding member of Infernal Bridegroom Productions and regularly appeared at the Stages Repertory Theatre. Parsons enrolled in school at the University of San Diego in 1999. He was one of seven students accepted into a special course in classical theater. Program director Rick Seer recalled having reservations about admitting Parsons, saying, hes thoroughly original, which is one reason hes been so successful. But we worried, Does that adapt itself to classical theater, but we decided that he was so talented that we would give him a try and see how it worked out. Parsons graduated in 2001 and moved to New York, Parsons traced his familys history on TLCs Who Do You Think You Are. in September 2013 and discovered French heritage from his fathers side. One of his ancestors was the French architect Louis-François Trouard, in New York, Parsons worked in Off-Broadway productions and made several television appearances. In a much-discussed 2003 Quiznos commercial, Parsons played a man who had raised by wolves. He had a role on the television show Judging Amy and appeared on the television series Ed. Parsons also had minor roles in several movies, including Garden State. Parsons has estimated that he auditioned for between 15 and 30 television pilots, but on many of the occasions when he was cast, the exception came with The Big Bang Theory
8.
Julia Roberts
–
Julia Fiona Roberts is an American actress and producer. She became a Hollywood star after headlining the romantic comedy Pretty Woman and she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie nomination for her performance in the HBO television film The Normal Heart. Roberts was the actress in the world throughout most of the 1990s. Her fee for 1990s Pretty Woman was US$300,000, in 2003, as of 2007 Robertss net worth was estimated to be US$140 million. She has been named one of People magazines 50 Most Beautiful People in the World eleven times, Roberts was born on October 28,1967, in Smyrna, Georgia, to Betty Lou Bredemus and Walter Grady Roberts. She is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German and her father was a Baptist, her mother a Roman Catholic, and she was raised Catholic. Her older brother, Eric Roberts, from whom she was estranged until 2004, sister Lisa Roberts Gillan, Robertss parents, one-time actors and playwrights, met while performing theatrical productions for the armed forces. They later co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta and they ran a childrens acting school in Decatur, Georgia, while they were expecting Julia. The children of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King attended the school, as a thank-you for his service, Mrs. King paid Mrs. Robertss hospital bill when Julia was born. Robertss mother filed for divorce in 1971, the divorce was finalized in early 1972, from 1972, Roberts lived in Smyrna, Georgia, where she attended Fitzhugh Lee Elementary School, Griffin Middle School, and Campbell High School. In 1972, her mother married Michael Motes, who was abusive and often unemployed, the couple had a daughter, Nancy Motes, who died at 37 on February 9,2014, of an apparent drug overdose. The marriage ended in 1983, with Betty Lou divorcing Motes on cruelty grounds, Robertss own father died of cancer when she was ten. Roberts wanted to be a veterinarian as a child and she also played the clarinet in her school band. After graduating from Smyrnas Campbell High School, she attended Georgia State University and she later headed to New York City to pursue a career in acting. Once there, she signed with the Click Modeling Agency and enrolled in acting classes, Roberts made her first big screen appearance in the film Satisfaction, alongside Liam Neeson and Justine Bateman, as a band member looking for a summer gig. She had previously performed a role opposite her brother, Eric, in Blood Red, filmed in 1987. Her first television appearance was as a rape victim in the initial season of the series Crime Story with Dennis Farina, in the episode titled The Survivor. Her first critical success with moviegoers was her performance in the independent film Mystic Pizza in 1988, that same year, she had a role in the fourth-season finale of Miami Vice
9.
Blumhouse Productions
–
Blumhouse Productions is an American film and television production company, founded by Jason Blum. Blumhouse is mostly known for producing low-budget horror films, such as Paranormal Activity, Insidious, The Purge, Sinister, Split, in 2014, Blumhouse produced the Academy Award–nominated drama film Whiplash, for which Blum was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. The company currently has a 10-year first-look deal with the studio Universal Pictures, according to various stories, the companys model is to produce movies independently and release them wide through the studio system. Blumhouse has a deal with Universal Pictures. Blumhouses highly profitable credits began in 2009 with Paranormal Activity, which was made for $15,000, the film was released by Paramount Pictures and grossed over $193 million worldwide. Blumhouse produced Insidious, which grossed over $97 million worldwide on a budget of $1.5 million, and Sinister, Blumhouse has worked with directors such as James Wan, Mike Flanagan, James DeMonaco, M. Night Shyamalan and Scott Derrickson. Blumhouse also produced The Boy Next Door, which was released on January 23,2015, in 2016 Blumhouse produced Hush, The Purge, Election Year, In a Valley of Violence and Ouija, Origin of Evil. In 2017 Blumhouse released Split, Get Out and The Belko Experiment, on the television side, Blumhouse has a first look deal with Lionsgate, and the company produced the short-lived series Stranded for Syfy and executive produced The River for ABC. For Halloween 2012, Blumhouse opened the Blumhouse of Horrors, a haunted house experience in Downtown Los Angeles. On September 9,2014 Blumhouse established BH Tilt, dedicated to generating movies from Blumhouse, the releases from BH Tilt are The Green Inferno, The Darkness, Incarnate, The Resurrection of Gavin Stone, The Belko Experiment, Sleight, Lowriders and Birth of the Dragon. On November 11,2014 Blumhouse launches Blumhouse Books, dedicated to having filmmakers and authors create original horror, the first couple releases are The Blumhouse Book of Nightmares, The Haunted City, The Apartment and Feral. On May 23,2016 it was announced that Blumhouse, Miramax, john Carpenter is set to produce the project and act as creative consultant. John Carpenter stated, Thirty-eight years after the original Halloween, Im going to help to try to make the 10th sequel the scariest of them all, the film is said to be a direct sequel to Halloween and Halloween II. On January 19,2017 Blumhouse Television, AMPLE and A&E revived the television series Cold Case Files for a run and is scheduled to air on February 27,2017
10.
HBO Films
–
HBO Films is a division of the cable television network HBO that produces feature films and miniseries. Theatrical releases of HBO Films output were usually handled by Picturehouse, HBO began producing films in 1983 with their HBO Premiere Films banner. Their first film, The Terry Fox Story, was also the first feature film produced expressly for pay television, in 1985, HBO Pictures was started, folding the Premiere Films brand into it. Another film production company, HBO Showcase was folded into HBO Pictures to create the current company HBO Films, HBO Films productions are generally regarded to be high-quality and groundbreaking. The films produced by the company have garnered hundreds of Primetime Emmy Awards, HBO Films productions have won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie every year from 1993 to 2015, except 2000,2003 and 2016. Elephant is the first film produced by HBO Films to win the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, New Line Cinema List of HBO Films films Official website HBO Films at the Internet Movie Database HBO Movies Channel
11.
Plan B Entertainment
–
Plan B Entertainment Inc. more commonly known as Plan B, is an American film production company founded in November 2001 by Brad Pitt, Brad Grey, and Jennifer Aniston. In 2005, after Pitt and Aniston divorced, and Grey became the CEO of Paramount Pictures and it currently holds a release deal with Paramount Pictures, along with Warner Bros. 20th Century Fox, and Walt Disney Pictures. The president of the company was for years Dede Gardner, but she, three of the production companys movies, The Departed,12 Years a Slave, and Moonlight have won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Golden Boy Shines Behind the Scenes, Plan B Entertainment at the Internet Movie Database
12.
20th Century Fox Television
–
Twentieth Century Fox Television is the television production subsidiary of 20th Century Fox, and a production arm of the Fox Television Group. 20th Television is the arm of 20th Century Fox Television. 20th Century Fox Television was formed in 1949 as other studios were branching out into production as well. At that time, the company was known as TCF Television Productions, since 1986, 20th Century Fox Television has served as the Fox television networks official production arm, producing the bulk of television series airing on the television network. TCFTV produced the first two series aired on Foxs sister network, MyNetworkTV, the telenovelas Desire and Fashion House. In 1989, 20th Century Fox Televisions functions were taken over by Twentieth Television Corporation, both companies were subsidiaries of News Corporation unit Fox Inc. the move was made to separate the television productions from the movie studio in order to increase the latters output. In 1998, MTM folded into 20th Century Fox Television, notable shows produced by 20th Century Fox Television include, M*A*S*H, Glee, How I Met Your Mother, Bones, Empire, Family Guy,24, Modern Family, This Is Us, American Dad. Sundance Fred Astaire Salutes the Fox Musicals If I Love You, Am I Trapped Forever. S. A
13.
HBO
–
Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
14.
Alfred Molina
–
He starred as DDA / Detective Ricardo Morales on the NBC police/courtroom drama Law & Order, LA and as Roger opposite Dawn French in the BBC television sitcom Roger & Val Have Just Got In. Molina was born in Paddington, London and his father, Esteban Molina, was a Spaniard immigrant from Madrid who worked as a waiter and chauffeur. His mother, Giovanna, was an Italian house-keeper who cleaned rooms in a hotel, Molina grew up in a working class district in Notting Hill that was inhabited by many other immigrant families. Molina decided to become an actor after seeing Spartacus at the age of nine and he also auditioned and was accepted as a member of National Youth Theatre. Molina appeared with Leonard Rossiter in the sitcom The Losers, Molina made his film debut with a minor role in Raiders of the Lost Ark as Indiana Jones ill-fated guide, Satipo, during its iconic opening sequence. However, his big break came with Letter to Brezhnev, which he followed with a role in Prick Up Your Ears. He was originally cast as Arnold Rimmer in the TV sitcom Red Dwarf, in the early 1990s, Molina was a ubiquitous presence on British television, with his highest profile role being the lead in the first two series of El C. I. D. Subsequent film roles included Species, Dudley Do-Right, Chocolat, Not Without My Daughter, with a mid-western American accent, Molina starred alongside Betty White in the US television series Ladies Man, which ran from 1999–2001. He has worked twice with Paul Thomas Anderson, first in Boogie Nights, Molina gained wide recognition for his portrayal of Diego Rivera alongside Salma Hayek in the biopic Frida, a role for which he gained BAFTA and SAG award nominations. For the latter, Molina was nominated for a Satellite award as Best Supporting Actor and he reprised his role in the video game adaption. In 2006, Molina portrayed Touchstone in Kenneth Branaghs film version of Shakespeares As You Like It, Molina provided the voice of the villain Ares in the 2009 animated film Wonder Woman. Molinas stage work has included two major Royal National Theatre productions, Tennessee Williams The Night of the Iguana and David Mamets Speed-the-Plow, in his Broadway debut, Molina performed in Yasmina Rezas Tony Award-winning play Art, for which he received a Tony nomination in 1998. In 2004, Molina returned to the stage, starring as Tevye in the Broadway production of Fiddler on the Roof, for his performance he once again received a Tony Award nomination, this time for Best Actor in a Musical. Molina received his third Tony Award nomination for Red in 2010, in 2007, Molina narrated a 17-part original audiobook for Audible. com called The Chopin Manuscript. This serialized novel was written by a team of 15 best-selling thriller writers, including Jeffery Deaver, Lee Child, Joseph Finder, the novel won the 2008 Audiobook Of The Year Award form Audio Publishers Association. On 1 April 2010, he opened at Broadways John Golden Theatre in the role of artist Mark Rothko in John Logans drama Red opposite Eddie Redmayne for a limited engagement through 27 June. He had played the role to critical success at the Donmar Warehouse in London in December 2009. In 2010 he starred opposite Dawn French in the six-part BBC sitcom Roger & Val Have Just Got In, in July 2010, it was announced that Molina had joined the cast of Law & Order, LA as Deputy District Attorney Morales
15.
Joe Mantello
–
Mantello was born in Rockford, Illinois, the son of Judy and Richard Mantello, an accountant. His father is of Italian ancestry and his mother is of half Italian descent, Mantello studied at the North Carolina School of the Arts, he started the Edge Theater in New York City with actress Mary-Louise Parker and writer Peter Hedges. He is a member of the Naked Angels theater company and an associate artist at the Roundabout Theatre Company, I think it had to do with this growing sense I was gay, although I couldn’t have put a word to it back then. Where I grew up, boys played sports, when Mrs. Windsor wrote in my yearbook, Have you ever considered a career in the theater. It was literally like she wrote the word faggot, Mantello began his theatrical career as an actor in Keith Currans Walking the Dead and Paula Vogels The Baltimore Waltz. On the transition from acting to directing, Mantello said, I think Ive become an actor since I started directing. Since Ive been removed from the process I see things that fall into. Now theres a part of me thats removed from the process, the production was postponed indefinitely due to her departure. Mantello directed the Jon Robin Baitz play Other Desert Cities at the Booth Theater in 2011, Mantello had previously been nominated for the Tony Award for his role as Louis in Angels in America. He directed the Off-Broadway world premiere of the musical Dogfight in the summer of 2012 at the Second Stage Theater, in January 2013, he directed the Broadway premiere of Sharr Whites The Other Place at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre. In 2014 he directed Stings new musical The Last Ship and he directed the Harvey Fierstein play Casa Valentina, which premiered on Broadway in April 2014. He is acting in the revival of The Glass Menagerie which opened on Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in February 2017, directed by Sam Gold, the play stars Sally Field as Amanda Wingfield, with Mantello playing Tom. From 1990 to 2002, Mantello was the partner of Jon Robin Baitz. Awards 1993 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play – Angels in America, Millennium Approaches 1994-1995 Obie Award,1995 Tony Award Best Direction of a Play – Love. Cookie Law & Order Sisters Playbill writers, the Old Globe Presents Richard Greenbergs Take Me Out
16.
Jonathan Groff
–
Jonathan Drew Groff is an American actor and singer. He returned to Broadway in 2015 to play the role of King George III in Hamilton and he also appeared on the cast recording, which won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. Groff is also known for his television appearances, starring as Ian Todd in the Starz political drama Boss. He also received acclaim for his recurring role of Jesse St. James in the Fox musical-comedy series Glee. He also voiced the role of Kristoff in Walt Disney Animation Studios 2013 film Frozen, Groff was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the son of Julie, a physical education teacher, and Jim Groff, a harness horse trainer and driver. He has one brother, David, and is a first cousin of singer James Wolpert, Groff was raised in Ronks. His fathers family is Mennonite, of his upbringing, he has said, My mothers side of the family is Methodist, but at the same time, my parents always encouraged my brother and me to be happy with what we were doing. My parents were athletes in school, my mom and my dad were the stars of the basketball team. After the tour, Groff realized he would never be able to pay off college loans, while still living in Lancaster, Groff performed at the Fulton Opera House and the Ephrata Performing Arts Center. Groff earned his Actors Equity Association card in 2005, with the musical Fame at the North Shore Music Theatre and that same year, he made his Broadway debut as an understudy for the lead role and a swing for the musical In My Life by Joseph Brooks. Groff originated the role of Melchior Gabor in the Broadway production of the rock musical Spring Awakening and he played the role from its debut on December 10,2006, through May 18,2008, when he departed the production with Lea Michele. He had previously played the role in the original Off-Broadway production earlier in the summer of 2006, Groff was nominated for a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for his performance. He played the role of Henry Mackler on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. His storyline about a shooting was cut due to the Virginia Tech shooting in April 2007. From July 22 through August 31,2008, Groff played as Claude in the Shakespeare in the Park production of Hair and he also appeared as Michael Lang in Ang Lees comedy-drama film Taking Woodstock. Groff next appeared in the Off-Broadway production of the play Prayer for My Enemy by Craig Lucas, in August 2009, Groff performed in The Bacchae as Dionysus, as a part of the Public Theaters Shakespeare in the Park. In 2010, he guest-starred in eight episodes of the Fox musical comedy-drama Glee as Jesse St. James, Groff continued to guest star as the character in subsequent seasons, including the final episode of the series. In August 2010, he made his West End debut in Deathtrap, at the Noël Coward Theatre, from August to October 2012, Groff appeared as Ian Todd in the second and final season of the Starz series Boss
17.
DVD
–
DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
18.
Blu-ray Disc
–
Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
19.
HIV/AIDS in the United States
–
HIV-2 is common in West Africa, but is much rarer in the United States than HIV-1, which is more virulent and progresses more quickly to the full-blown AIDS disease. In Africa, where the vast majority of cases have always been, treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily a drug cocktail of protease inhibitors, and education programs help people avoid infection. For the first few decades, infected foreign nationals were turned back at the U. S. border to prevent additional infections. The number of U. S. deaths from AIDS have declined sharply since the years of the diseases presentation domestically. In the United States,1.2 million people live with an HIV infection, invariably, HIV is a silent disease when first acquired, though this latency varies in length. The progression from HIV infection to AIDS varies from 5–12 years, in the past, most individuals succumbed to the disease in 1–2 years after being diagnosed with AIDS. However, since the introduction of potent anti retroviral drug therapy and better prophylaxis against opportunistic infections, the overall death rate among persons diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in New York City decreased by 62% from 2001 to 2012. Great progress was made in the U. S. following the introduction of three-drug anti-HIV treatments that included protease inhibitors, david Ho, a pioneer of this approach, was honored as Time Magazine Man of the Year for 1996. Deaths were rapidly reduced by more than half, with a small, since this time, AIDS deaths have continued to decline, but much more slowly, and not as completely in black Americans as in other population segments. The second prong of the American approach to containment has been to maintain strict entry controls to the country for people with HIV or AIDS. Under legislation enacted by the United States Congress in 1993, patients found importing anti-HIV medication into the country were arrested and placed on flights back to their country of origin. Some HIV-positive travellers took to sending anti-HIV medication through the post to friends or contacts in groups in advance. This meant that the traveller would not be discovered with any medication, however, the security clampdown following the September 11 attacks in 2001 meant this was no longer an option. It was also felt that this rule was unfair because it applied even if the traveller was covered for HIV-related conditions under their own travel insurance. In early December 2006, President George W. Bush indicated that he would issue an order allowing HIV-positive people to enter the United States on standard visas. It is unclear whether applicants will still have to declare their HIV status, however, the ban remained in effect throughout Bushs Presidency. In August 2007, Congressperson Barbara Lee of California introduced H. R.3337 and this bill would allow travelers and immigrants entry to the United States without having to disclose their HIV status. The bill died at the end of the 110th Congress, in July 2008, then President George W. Bush signed H. R.5501 that lifted the ban in statutory law
20.
Fire Island Pines, New York
–
Fire Island Pines is a hamlet in the Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located on Fire Island, an island on the southern side of Long Island. Fire Island Pines along with the adjoining Cherry Grove, are the areas most strongly associated with the gay community on Fire Island. The Pines, which has the most expensive real estate on Fire Island, has approximately 600 houses and it has two-thirds of the swimming pools on Fire Island. Its summer seasonal population is between 2,500 and 3,000, in 2004,12 people listed it as their full-time residence. Transportation is via foot on the boardwalks, if a person wishes to carry groceries, the traditional way to do so is to pull toy wagons. The Pines was originally the site of a Coast Guard station built in 1876, the area was purchased by the Home Guardian Company in 1924. As no development occurred the area became a nude beach. The harbor is the area all the commercial buildings are located including docks for yachts. On November 14,2011 a large fire destroyed the Pavilion and that building had been built in 1980. Forty-three Long Island fire companies responded to the blaze, which began around 8 p. m. with 400 firefighters working in shifts through the night to contain, among the earliest property owners were Pola Negri, Xavier Cugat, Mary Martin and Joan McCracken. A 15-year-old Jane Fonda taught dance classes, the Botel and associated yacht club buildings burned on May 31,1959. Peggy Fears, a Broadway showgirl, had discovered Lone Hill on an outing to a neighboring Fire Island community, Fears built the original Yacht Club. Part of the construction was a hotel which still stands today. She invested $10,000 and bought an inlet on Great South Bay, in 1959, she paid off the last of her debt on her property. It was then valued at $350,000, while a resident of Fire Island, she had a stormy romantic relationship with Tedi Thurman, famed in the 1950s as the sexy voice of Miss Monitor on NBCs Monitor. Thurman was interviewed about her life with Fears for Crayton Robeys documentary film, When Ocean Meets Sky, in 1966 she sold out her interest to John B. The now more known landscape of the Fire Island Pines takes shape after a fire, Whyte encouraged its reputation as a gay destination after buying the rebuilt Botel Pines and Dunes Yacht Club in the 1960s
21.
Long Island
–
Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
22.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
23.
Finn Wittrock
–
Peter Finn Wittrock, Jr. is an American actor and screenwriter. He began his career in guest roles on television shows. He made his debut in 2004 in Halloweentown High before returning to films in the 2010 film Twelve. After studying theater at The Juilliard School, he was a regular in the soap opera All My Children from 2009 to 2011, while performing in several theatrical productions. In 2015, he portrayed model Tristan Duffy and actor Rudolph Valentino in American Horror Story, Hotel, in 2016, Wittrock guest starred as Jether Polk in American Horror Story, Roanoke, and played Greg in Damien Chazelles La La Land. Wittrock was born in Lenox, Massachusetts, the son of Kate Claire Crowley, a professor of therapy at the University of Southern California. He has a brother named Dylan. As a child, he grew up at the Shakespeare & Company theatre, where his father worked, as a teenager, he attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts where he would act, make films, and be a part of movement classes for actors. After graduating from school, he was accepted into The Juilliard School but turned them down. Wittrock acted in episodes for television but would often face rejection. He auditioned for Juilliard the next year and was accepted again and he attended the school, where he was a member of the Drama Divisions Group 37. He was a participant in the drama department and starred in several theatrical productions. He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 2008, at the end of high school, Wittrock appeared in guest stints on the police procedural series Cold Case and medical drama ER. He also made an appearance on CSI, Miami and in the Disney Channel Original Movie Halloweentown High during his time at drama school, after graduating from Juilliard, he portrayed Romeo in Washington, D. C. In 2011, Wittrock starred in the Off-Broadway play The Illusion by famous playwright Tony Kushner, director Mike Nichols came to see the play and later told Wittrock to audition for producer Scott Rudin for their upcoming revival of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. He got the part of Harold Happy Loman and made his Broadway debut in 2012 opposite Philip Seymour Hoffman, the Nichols-directed play won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play and Wittrock won a Theatre World Award and the Clarence Derwent Award for Most Promising Male Performer. Later that year, he starred in a production of The Deep Blue at the Williamstown Theatre Festival directed by Bob Balaban and he also guest-starred on Law & Order, Special Victims Unit and on several episodes of the series Masters of Sex. In 2014, Wittrock first collaborated with director Ryan Murphy in the HBO television film The Normal Heart and he also appeared in the films Winters Tale and director Darren Aronofskys Noah, playing a young Tubal-cain
24.
Will (law)
–
For the devolution of property not disposed of by will, see inheritance and intestacy. Thus, the word will validly applies to personal and real property. A will may also create a testamentary trust that is only after the death of the testator. Throughout most of the world, disposal of an estate has been a matter of social custom, according to Plutarch, the written will was invented by Solon. Originally it was a device intended solely for men who died without an heir, the English phrase will and testament is derived from a period in English law when Old English and Law French were used side by side for maximum clarity. Other such legal doublets include breaking and entering and peace and quiet, the conception of the freedom of disposition by will, familiar as it is in modern England and the United States, both generally considered common law systems, is by no means universal. In fact, complete freedom is the rather than the rule. Civil law systems often put some restrictions on the possibilities of disposal, advocates for gays and lesbians have pointed to the inheritance rights of spouses as desirable for same-sex couples as well, through same-sex marriage or civil unions. Opponents of such advocacy rebut this claim by pointing to the ability of same-sex couples to disperse their assets by will, types of wills generally include, nuncupative - oral or dictated, often limited to sailors or military personnel. Holographic will - written in the hand of the testator, in many jurisdictions, the signature, self-proved - in solemn form with affidavits of subscribing witnesses to avoid probate. Notarial - will in public form and prepared by a civil-law notary, servicemans will - will of person in active-duty military service and usually lacking certain formalities, particularly under English law. Reciprocal/mirror/mutual/husband and wife wills - wills made by two or more parties that make similar or identical provisions in favor of each other, unsolemn will - will in which the executor is unnamed. Will in solemn form - signed by testator and witnesses, some jurisdictions recognize a holographic will, made out entirely in the testators own hand, or in some modern formulations, with material provisions in the testators hand. The distinctive feature of a holographic will is less that it is handwritten by the testator, in Louisiana this type of testament is called an Olographic or Mystic will. It must be written, dated, and signed in the handwriting of the testator. Although the date may appear anywhere in the testament, the testator must sign the testament at the end of the testament, any additions or corrections must also be entirely hand written to have effect. In England, the formalities of wills are relaxed for soldiers who express their wishes on active service, a minority of jurisdictions even recognize the validity of nuncupative wills, particularly for military personnel or merchant sailors. However, there are constraints on the disposition of property if such an oral will is used
25.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
26.
Yale University
–
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
27.
B. D. Wong
–
Bradley Darryl B. D. Wong is an American actor. Wong has also done extensive work and stage acting. The most well known of his acting roles is that of Li Shang from the Disney animated film Mulan. He would later reprise this role twice, most notably for the video game Kingdom Hearts II, beginning in 2016, Wong appeared in the TV series Gotham as Hugo Strange. BD Wong was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Roberta Christine, a telephone company supervisor, and William D. Wong and he has one older brother and one younger brother. He is of Chinese descent, with family from Hong Kong, Wong attended Lincoln High School, where he discovered his love of acting and starred as the lead in numerous school plays, before attending San Francisco State University. Wong gained wide attention as a result of his Broadway debut in M. Butterfly opposite John Lithgow, the play won multiple awards, including several for Wong, who at that time ceased using his full name in favor of his initials. He has since ceased the use of punctuation in his initials and he is notable as the only actor to be honored with the Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, Outer Critics Circle Award, Clarence Derwent Award, and Theatre World Award for the same role. He also provided the voice of Captain Shang in Disneys Mulan, its sequel. He returned to Broadway as Linus in a revival of Youre a Good Man Charlie Brown, alongside Anthony Rapp, Roger Bart and Kristin Chenoweth, and the 2004 revival of Stephen Sondheims Pacific Overtures. In 2008, he starred in the one-man show Herringbone, in which he portrayed 12 roles and he brought the show to the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego the following year. In 2012, Wong starred in Herringbone to benefit Dixon Place in New York for two performances. The production, recorded live for a 2014 CD release, was his first appearance in New York of the material, in 2014, Wong starred in the U. S. The Orphan of Zhao is a story of self-sacrifice and revenge. In the aftermath of a coup, a country doctor is forced to sacrifice his own son in order to save the last heir of a noble. The Orphan of Zhao was a co-production with La Jolla Playhouse, Wong guest starred in a thirteenth season episode of Law & Order, SVU titled Father Dearest. In 2015, he was named Artist-in-Residence at La Jolla Playhouse, Wong guest starred on a NCIS, New Orleans Episode 1.13 titled The Walking Dead, where he portrayed Navy Lieutenant Commander Dr. Gabriel Lin. Wong also guest-starred as the enigmatic White Rose in episodes 8 and 10 of USA Networks Mr. Robot, Wong began a long-term relationship with talent agent Richie Jackson in 1988
28.
Denis O'Hare
–
He is also known for his supporting roles in such films as Charlie Wilsons War, Milk, Changeling and Dallas Buyers Club. For his performance in American Horror Story, Hotel as Liz Taylor, OHare was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Margaret Karene and John M. OHare. He has three sisters, Pam, Patricia and Kathleen, and one brother, Michael, OHare grew up in the suburbs of Detroit, living in Southfield until he was 15, when his family moved to Wing Lake in Bloomfield Hills. His mother was a musician and he grew up playing the church organ, OHare is of Irish descent and holds an Irish passport. As a teenager, OHare was in his schools choir and in 1974 he went to his first audition, in 1980, OHare left Detroit for Chicago to study theatre at Northwestern University. He won the 2005 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for his role as Oscar Lindquist in the Broadway revival of Sweet Charity, in 2003 OHare played a doctor in 21 Grams. In 2004, he played Charles J. Guiteau in the Broadway production of Stephen Sondheims Assassins and he lost to co-star Michael Cerveris who played John Wilkes Booth. Before appearing in shows, he appeared on Broadway in the 1998 revival of Cabaret, in which he played Ernst Ludwig onstage and the clarinet in the shows orchestra. OHare was featured in the Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of Saint Maybe and he has appeared as a guest star on several episodes of Law & Order and its spin-offs, Law & Order, Special Victims Unit and Law & Order, Criminal Intent. In 2008, he appeared as a guest star on several episodes of Brothers & Sisters. His feature film credits include The Anniversary Party,21 Grams, Garden State, Derailed, Michael Clayton, A Mighty Heart, Half Nelson, Milk, Edge of Darkness, Charlie Wilsons War and Changeling. In 2009, OHare portrayed Phillip Steele in a biopic on Crisp entitled An Englishman in New York. The same year he played therapist Dr. David Worth in the series Bored to Death, in 2010, OHare joined the cast of HBOs True Blood in its third season as Russell Edgington, the vampire king of Mississippi who is 2,800 years old. In 2011, he appeared in the film The Eagle as a Roman officer named Lutorius, recently he has appeared in a recurring role as Judge Charles Abernathy on the television drama series The Good Wife. OHare also co-starred as Larry Harvey in FXs first season of American Horror Story, in 2012, OHare starred alongside Amy Adams and Donna Murphy as the Baker in Stephen Sondheims Into the Woods at The Public Theater. The production played at the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park, NYC from July 23 to September 1,2012, in 2013, OHare returned to American Horror Story for its third season, American Horror Story, Coven, where he portrayed Spalding, the house butler. OHare portrayed con artist, Stanley on the season of the series, American Horror Story. OHare has been married to Hugo Redwood since July 28,2011, and the couple have an adopted son, Declan
29.
Corey Stoll
–
Corey Daniel Stoll is an American actor. He is known for his role as Dr and he was a regular cast member on the NBC drama series Law & Order, LA, and portrayed Darren Cross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man. Stoll was born on the Upper West Side of New York City and he is the son of Judith and Stephen Stoll, who is the co-founder of The Beacon School. He studied drama at Long Lake Camp for the Arts from 1988 through 1992 and he was a Drama Department graduate of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1998, and from New York Universitys Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts in 2003. In 2004, Stoll received a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for Intimate Apparel, opposite Tony winner and Oscar nominee Viola Davis. He went on to appear in films, including North Country, Lucky Number Slevin, the television film A Girl Like Me, The Gwen Araujo Story, Brief Interviews with Hideous Men. In 2010, he appeared in Helena from the Wedding and Salt, Stoll starred as LAPD Detective Tomas TJ Jaruszalski on the NBC police drama Law & Order, LA. He played Ernest Hemingway in Woody Allens 2011 film Midnight in Paris, Stoll, who is mostly bald, wore a custom wig for the role. In 2013, Stoll received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in the Netflix series House of Cards. After House of Cards, he joined the FX horror television series The Strain, in 2014, Stoll also played Austin Reilly, an NYPD police officer, in the action film Non-Stop, and Paul Altman in the comedy-drama This Is Where I Leave You. The following year, he reunited with Woody Allen, playing gangster Ben Dorfman in his 2016 film Café Society, also in the summer of 2016, he played the wily Greek warrior Ulysses in the Public Theater production of Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare, in Central Park. Stoll and his girlfriend, actress Nadia Bowers, became engaged in October 2014, the couple wed on June 21,2015. They welcomed their first child in October 2015, Nadia Bowers is a descendant of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg, of the Dukes of Leuchtenberg, and of Napoleons first wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais. Corey Stoll at the Internet Movie Database Corey Stoll at the Internet Broadway Database
30.
Deadline.com
–
Deadline. com, official name Deadline Hollywood, and previously known as news blog Deadline Hollywood Daily, is an online magazine founded by Nikki Finke in 2006. Owned by Jay Penske since 2009, it is a brand of the Penske Media Corporation, the site is updated several times a day, with the infotainment industry as its focus. Finke began writing her LA Weekly column Deadline Hollywood in June 2002, in 2009, she sold DHD to Mail. com Media for a reported seven-figure payday, under an agreement by which she would hire an additional writer but remain the sites editor. In September 2009, the URL was changed to deadline. com, in November 2013, Finke left Deadline after a year-long disagreement between herself and Penske, who had bought Variety, a competing trade magazine and website. In 2010, Nikki Finke hired Variety reporter Mike Fleming Jr. Finke remained the editor of Deadline Hollywood, official website About Deadline. com at PMC
31.
The Hollywood Reporter
–
Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
32.
Alec Baldwin
–
Alexander Rae Alec Baldwin III is an American actor, writer, producer, and comedian. A member of the Baldwin family, he is the oldest of the four Baldwin brothers, Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing, in the role of Joshua Rush. His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Baldwin co-starred in Mission, Impossible – Rogue Nation, the fifth installment of the Mission, Impossible series, released on July 31,2015. He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post, since 2016, he has been the host of Match Game. He has three brothers, Daniel, William, and Stephen, who also became actors. He also has two sisters, Beth and Jane, Alec and his siblings were raised as Roman Catholics. They are of English, Irish, Scottish, French-Canadian, Baldwin attended Alfred G. Berner High School in Massapequa and played football there under Coach Bob Reifsnyder. In New York City, Baldwin worked as a busboy at the disco Studio 54, from 1976 to 1979, he attended George Washington University, afterward transferring to New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts. There he studied with, among others, Geoffrey Horne and Mira Rostova at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, Later, Baldwin made his Broadway debut in 1986 in a revival of Joe Ortons Loot alongside Zoë Wanamaker, Željko Ivanek, Joseph Maher, and Charles Keating. This production closed after three months, Baldwin also received an Emmy nomination for the 1995 television version of the production, in which both he and Jessica Lange reprised their roles, alongside John Goodman and Diane Lane. In 1998, Baldwin played the role in Macbeth at The Public Theater alongside Angela Bassett. In 2004, Baldwin starred in a revival of Twentieth Century with Anne Heche, on June 9,2005, he appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall. He starred as Luther Billis, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie, the production was taped and telecast by PBS on April 26,2006. In 2006, Baldwin made theater news in Roundabout Theatre Companys Off-Broadway revival of Joe Ortons Entertaining Mr. Sloane. In 2010, Baldwin starred opposite Sam Underwood in an acclaimed revival of Peter Shaffers Equus, directed by Tony Walton at Guild Hall in East Hampton. Baldwin has returned to Broadway as Harold in Orphans, the show, which opened April 18,2013, was also to have starred Shia LaBeouf as Treat, but LaBoeuf left the production in rehearsals and was replaced by Ben Foster. Baldwins first acting role was as Billy Aldrich in the NBC daytime soap opera The Doctors from 1980 to 1982, in fall 1983, he starred in the short-lived television series Cutter to Houston. He went on to appear as the brother of Valene Ewing, in 1986, Baldwin starred in Dress Gray, a four-hour made-for-television miniseries, as an honest cadet sergeant who tries to solve the mystery of a murdered gay classmate
33.
Principal photography
–
Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons
34.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
35.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
36.
Little Italy, Manhattan
–
Little Italy is a neighborhood in lower Manhattan, New York City, once known for its large population of Italian Americans. Today the neighborhood consists of only a few Italian stores and restaurants and it is bounded on the west by Tribeca and Soho, on the south by Chinatown, on the east by the Bowery and Lower East Side, and on the north by Nolita. Little Italy on Mulberry Street used to extend as far south as Worth Street, as far north as Houston Street, as far west as Lafayette Street and it is now only three blocks on Mulberry Street. Little Italy originated as Mulberry Bend, jacob Riis described Mulberry Bend as the foul core of New York’s slums. During this time period Immigrants of the late 19th century usually settled in ethnic neighborhood, therefore, the “mass immigration from italy during the 1880’s” led to the large settlement of Italian immigrants in lower manhattan. The results of migration had created an influx of Italian immigrants which had led to the commercial gathering of their dwelling. Little Italy was not the largest Italian neighborhood in New York City, Tonelli said that Little Italy was perhaps the city’s poorest Italian neighborhood. In 1910 Little Italy had almost 10,000 Italians, that was the peak of the communitys Italian population, at the turn of the 20th century over 90% of the residents of the Fourteenth Ward were of Italian birth or origins. Tonnelli said that it meant that residents began moving out to more spacious digs almost as soon as they arrived, such a vastly gowing community impacted the U. S. labor movement in the 20th century” by making up much of the labor population in the garment industry. After World War II, many residents of the Lower East Side began moving to Brooklyn, Staten Island, eastern Long Island, and New Jersey. Chinese immigrants became a presence after the U. S. Immigration Act of 1965 removed immigration restrictions. In 2004, Tonelli said, You can go back 30 years and find newspaper clips chronicling the expansion of Chinatown, prior to 2004, several upscale businesses entered the northern portion of the area between Houston and Kenmare Street. Tonelli said Real-estate prices zoomed, making it tougher for the old-timers—residents. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, areas below Houston Street were cut off for the rest of the fall of 2001, the San Gennaro feast, scheduled for September 13, was postponed. Business from the Financial District dropped severely, due to the closure of Park Row, which connected Chinatown, Tonelli said the post-9/11 events strangely enough, ended up motivating all these newfangled efforts to save what’s left of the old neighborhood. This sentiment has also echoed by Italian culture and heritage website ItalianAware. The site has called the dominance of Italians in the area and it attributes this to the quick financial prosperity many Italians achieved, which afforded them the opportunity to leave the cramped neighborhood for areas in Brooklyn and Queens. The site also goes on to state that the area is referred to as Little Italy more out of nostalgia than as a reflection of a true ethnic population
