1.
Theology
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Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine. It is taught as a discipline, typically in universities, seminaries. Augustine of Hippo defined the Latin equivalent, theologia, as reasoning or discussion concerning the Deity, the term can, however, be used for a variety of different disciplines or fields of study. Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument to help understand, explain, test, critique, the English equivalent theology had evolved by 1362. Greek theologia was used with the discourse on god in the fourth century BC by Plato in The Republic, Book ii. Drawing on Greek Stoic sources, the Latin writer Varro distinguished three forms of discourse, mythical, rational and civil. Theologos, closely related to theologia, appears once in some manuscripts, in the heading to the book of Revelation, apokalypsis ioannoy toy theologoy. The Latin author Boethius, writing in the early 6th century, used theologia to denote a subdivision of philosophy as a subject of study, dealing with the motionless. Boethius definition influenced medieval Latin usage, Theology can also now be used in a derived sense to mean a system of theoretical principles, an ideology. They suggest the term is appropriate in religious contexts that are organized differently. Kalam. does not hold the place in Muslim thought that theology does in Christianity. To find an equivalent for theology in the Christian sense it is necessary to have recourse to several disciplines, and to the usul al-fiqh as much as to kalam. Jose Ignacio Cabezon, who argues that the use of theology is appropriate, can only do so, he says, I take theology not to be restricted to its etymological meaning. In that latter sense, Buddhism is of course atheological, rejecting as it does the notion of God, within Hindu philosophy, there is a solid and ancient tradition of philosophical speculation on the nature of the universe, of God and of the Atman. The Sanskrit word for the schools of Hindu philosophy is Darshana. Nevertheless, Jewish theology historically has been active and highly significant for Christian. It is sometimes claimed, however, that the Jewish analogue of Christian theological discussion would more properly be Rabbinical discussion of Jewish law, the history of the study of theology in institutions of higher education is as old as the history of such institutions themselves. Modern Western universities evolved from the institutions and cathedral schools of Western Europe during the High Middle Ages
2.
Princeton Theological Seminary
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Princeton Theological Seminary is an independent school of theology in Princeton, New Jersey and the largest of ten seminaries associated with the Presbyterian Church. Princeton Seminary has long been influential in theological scholarship, with many leading scholars, theologians. It houses one of the largest theological seminaries in the world and hosts a number of special collections, Today, the seminary enrolls approximately 500 students. The institution also has a relationship with the Center of Theological Inquiry. The plan to establish a seminary in Princeton was in the interests of advancing and extending the theological curriculum. The educational intention was to go beyond the arts course by setting up a postgraduate. The Seminary remains an institution of the Presbyterian Church, being the largest of the ten theological seminaries affiliated with the 1. 6-million-member denomination, in 1812, the Seminary boasted three students and the Reverend Dr. Archibald Alexander as its first professor. By 1815 the number of students had increased and work began on a building, Alexander Hall was designed by John McComb, Jr. a New York architect. The original cupola was added in 1827, but it burned in 1913 and was replaced in 1926, the building was simply called Seminary until 1893, when it was officially named Alexander Hall. Some of the institutions active in this movement included Charles Hodge, B. B. Warfield, J. Gresham Machen. The college was later the center of the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy of the 1920s and 1930s, the library has over 1,252,503 bound volumes, pamphlets, and microfilms. It currently receives about 2,100 journals, annual reports of bodies and learned societies, bulletins, transactions, and periodically issued indices, abstracts. The Libraries are, Princeton Theological Seminary Library was opened in 2013, ashbel Green, Dr. William Buell Sprague, Prof. Joseph Addison Alexander, Dr. Alexander Balloch Grosart, Prof. William Henry Green, Prof. Samuel Miller, and Prof. B. B. Speer Library, opened in 1957 and named in honor of the missionary statesman Robert E. Speer. It was closed in late 2010 and was replaced by the new library, Henry Luce III Library, dedicated in 1994 and named in honor of a distinguished trustee, Henry Luce III,350,000 volumes and 250 readers. This library was closed for renovation in 2013, in 2015, the U. S. News & World Report placed Princeton Seminary among the top 50 graduate programs for the field of history in the United States. Built in 1834, Princetons chapel was named to honor Samuel Miller and it was designed in the Greek Revival style by Charles Steadman, who also designed the nearby Nassau Presbyterian Church. Originally located beside Alexander Hall, it was moved in 1933 toward the center of the campus, Miller Chapel underwent a complete renovation in 2000, with the addition of the Joe R. Engle Organ
3.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
4.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
5.
Academic journal
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An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny and they are usually peer-reviewed or refereed. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, the term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields, this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Upon receipt of an article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by scholars of the editors choosing who typically remain anonymous. Though these reports are confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, even accepted articles are often subjected to further editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called reviews of progress, are checks on the published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms, some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a subject, others are selective. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field, some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions and they are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the books published by scholars, unlike articles. Journals typically have a book review editor determining which new books to review. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editors request for a book review, publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook, an academic journals prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality
6.
Professor
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Professor is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a person who professes being usually an expert in arts or sciences, in much of the world, the unqualified word professor is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank, informally known as full professor. Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate, graduate, or professional courses in their fields of expertise, in universities with graduate schools, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation. Professors typically hold a Ph. D. another doctorate or a different terminal degree, some professors hold a masters degree or a professional degree, such as an M. D. as their highest degree. The term professor was first used in the late 14th century to one who teaches a branch of knowledge. As a title that is prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706, the hort form prof is recorded from 1838. The term professor is used with a different meaning, ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period, a professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, in these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, the term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered professor-level positions in some European countries. In Australia, the associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer. However, such professors usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution, in general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place, a professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution earns additional income, some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, or giving speeches or coaching executives. Some fields give professors more opportunities for outside work, the anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a basis, but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority
7.
Charles Hodge
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Charles Hodge was a Presbyterian theologian and principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878. He was an exponent of the Princeton Theology, an orthodox Calvinist theological tradition in America during the 19th century. He argued strongly for the authority of the Bible as the Word of God, many of his ideas were adopted in the 20th century by Fundamentalists and Evangelicals. Charles Hodges father, Hugh, was the son of a Scotsman who emigrated from Northern Ireland early in the eighteenth century, Hugh graduated from Princeton College in 1773 and served as a military surgeon in the Revolutionary War, after which he practiced medicine in Philadelphia. He married well-born Bostonian orphan Mary Blanchard in 1790, the Hodges first three sons died in the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 and another yellow fever epidemic in 1795. Their first son to survive childhood, Hugh Lenox, was born in 1796, Hugh Lenox would become an authority in obstetrics, and he would remain especially close with Charles, often assisting him financially. Charles was born on December 27,1797 and his father died seven months later of complications from the yellow fever he had contracted in the epidemic of 1795. They were brought up by relatives, many of whom were wealthy, Mary Hodge made sacrifices and took in boarders in order to put the boys through school. She, with the help of the familys minister Ashbel Green, also in 1812, Ashbel Green, the Hodges old minister, became president of the college. At Princeton, the first president of the new seminary, Archibald Alexander, took a special interest in Hodge, assisting him in Greek, Hodge would name his first son after Alexander. Hodge became close friends with future Episcopalian bishops John Johns and Charles McIlvaine, in 1815, during a time of intense religious fervor among the students encouraged by Green and Alexander, Hodge joined the local Presbyterian church and decided to enter the ministry. Shortly after completing his studies he entered the seminary in 1816. Professors Alexander and Samuel Miller also inculcated an intense piety in their students, following graduation from Princeton Seminary in 1819, Hodge received additional instruction privately from Hebrew scholar Rev. Joseph Bates in Philadelphia. In 1820 he accepted an appointment as assistant professor at Princeton Seminary to teach biblical languages. In October of that year he traveled throughout New England to speak with professors and ministers including Moses Stuart at Andover Seminary, financially stable, Hodge married Sarah Bache, Benjamin Franklins great-granddaughter in the same year. In 1824, Hodge helped to found the Chi Phi Society along with Robert Baird and he founded the quarterly Biblical Repertory in 1825 to translate the current scholarly literature on the Bible from Europe. Hodges study of European scholarship lead him to question the adequacy of his training, the seminary agreed to continue to pay him for two years while he traveled in Europe to round out his education. He supplied a substitute, John Nevin on his own expense, there he also became personally acquainted with Friedrich Schleiermacher, the leading modern theologian
8.
Princeton University Press
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The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large, the press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial support of Charles Scribner, as a printing press to serve the Princeton community in 1905. Its distinctive building was constructed in 1911 on William Street in Princeton and its first book was a new 1912 edition of John Witherspoons Lectures on Moral Philosophy. Six books from the Princeton University Press have won Pulitzer Prizes, russia Leaves the War by George F. The Princeton University Press Bollingen Series had its beginnings in the Bollingen Foundation, from 1945, the foundation had independent status, publishing and providing fellowships and grants in several areas of study including archaeology, poetry, and psychology. The Bollingen Series was given to the university in 1969, first copyright 1950, 27th printing 1997. Bernstein Military Power, Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle by Stephen Biddle Banks, book of Lists, Princeton University Press at 100. A Century in Books, Princeton University Press 1905-2005
9.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
10.
Archibald Alexander
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Archibald Alexander was an American Presbyterian theologian and professor at the Princeton Theological Seminary. He served for 9 years as the President of Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia and his grandfather, of Scottish descent, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1736, and after a residence of two years removed to Virginia. William, father of Archibald, was a farmer and trader, at the age of ten Archibald was sent to the academy of William Graham at Timber Ridge meetinghouse, at Lexington. At this time a movement, still spoken of as the great revival, influenced his mind. He was licensed to preach October 1,1791, ordained by the presbytery of Hanover 9 June 1794, by the time he was 21 Alexander was a preacher of the Presbyterian Church. He was appointed the president of Hampden–Sydney College, where he served from 1797 to 1806, the Princeton Theological Seminary was established at Princeton, New Jersey in 1812 and Alexander was appointed its first professor, inaugurated on August 12,1812. Samuel Miller became the professor at the seminary and for 37 years Alexander and Miller were considered together as pillars of the Presbyterian Church in maintaining its doctrines. Charles Hodge, a student and successor of Alexander, named his son Archibald Alexander Hodge after his mentor. On April 5,1802, Alexander married Janetta Waddel, the daughter of a Presbyterian preacher, James Waddel and his eldest son, James Waddel Alexander was a Princeton graduate and Presbyterian minister. He wrote the life of his father, and edited his posthumous works and his second son, William Cowper Alexander served as president of the New Jersey State Senate and as the first president of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. His third son was Joseph Addison Alexander, a biblical scholar, Alexander, was an executive with the Equitable Life Assurance Society, author, and founder of Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity. His great-grandson, James Waddell Alexander II, was a noted mathematician and his nephew, William Alexander Caruthers, was an American novelist. &c A discourse occasioned by the burning of the theatre in the city of Richmond, Virginia, by which lawful calamity a large number of lives were lost. Margaret Breckinridge Love to an unseen saviour Remarks on a paragraph in the Rev, the Nature and Means of Growth in Grace. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John
11.
Archibald Alexander Hodge
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Archibald Alexander Hodge, an American Presbyterian leader, was the principal of Princeton Seminary between 1878 and 1886. He was born on July 18,1823 to Sarah and Charles Hodge in Princeton and he was named after Charles mentor, the first principal of Princeton Seminary, Archibald Alexander. Hodge attended the College of New Jersey in 1841 and then Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847 and he served as a missionary in India for three years. He held pastorates at Lower West Nottingham, Maryland, Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1864 he accepted a call to the chair of systematic theology in Western Theological Seminary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he remained until in 1877 he was called to Princeton to be the associate of his father, Charles Hodge and he took on the full responsibilities of the chair of systematic theology in 1878. He died on November 12,1886 in Princeton, New Jersey from a severe cold, at the time of his death, he was a trustee of the College of New Jersey and a leader in the Presbyterian Church. He touched the world at many points. Among the most influential was an article titled Inspiration that began a series in the Presbyterian Review which established the discipline of theology as a historical science. This article was coauthored with B. B. Warfield in 1880, hodges distinguishing characteristic as a theologian was his power as a thinker. He had a mind of singular acuteness, and though never a student of metaphysics, he was essentially. His theology was that of the Reformed confessions, though he taught the same theology that his father had taught before him, he was independent as well as reverent. His first book and that by which he is best known was his Outlines of Theology, which was translated into Welsh, modern Greek, the Atonement is still one of the best treatises on the subject. This was followed by his commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith and he contributed some important articles to encyclopedias – Johnsons, McClintock and Strongs, and the Schaff-Herzog. He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Review, to the pages of which he was a frequent contributor, in the pulpit, Hodge was a man of marked power. As he was not under the necessity of making fresh preparation every week, he had but few sermons, with an introduction by Archibal Alexander Hodge https, //archive. org/details/theismandevolut00vanduoft https, //archive. org/details/theismevolutione00vand Hodge, Archibald Alexander
12.
B. B. Warfield
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Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield was professor of theology at Princeton Seminary from 1887 to 1921. He served as the last principal of the Princeton Theological Seminary from 1886 to 1921, after the death of Warfield in office, Francis Landey Patton took over the functions of the office as the first president of seminary. Warfield was born near Lexington, Kentucky on November 5,1851 and his parents were William Warfield and Mary Cabell Breckinridge, originally from Virginia and quite wealthy. His maternal grandfather was the Presbyterian preacher Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, the son of John Breckinridge, Breckinridge, the fourteenth Vice President of the United States, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. His brother, Ethelbert Dudley Warfield was a Presbyterian minister and college president, a fourth cousin twice removed of his was Wallis Warfield Simpson, for whom Great Britains King Edward VIII abdicated his throne in order to marry. Like many children born into a family, Warfields childhood education was private. Warfield entered Princeton University in 1868 and graduated in 1871 with high honors, although Warfield studied mathematics and science in college, while traveling in Europe he decided to study theology, surprising even many of his closest friends. He entered Princeton Seminary in 1873, in order to train for ministry as a Presbyterian minister. For a short time in 1876 he preached in Presbyterian churches in Concord, Kentucky and Dayton, in late 1876 Warfield and his new wife moved to Germany where he studied under Christoph Ernst Luthardt and Franz Delitzsch. Warfield was the assistant pastor of First Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, then he became an instructor at Western Theological Seminary, which is now called Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. He was ordained on April 26,1879, in 1881 Warfield wrote a joint article with A. A. Hodge on the inspiration of the Bible. It drew attention because of its scholarly and forceful defense of the inerrancy of the Bible, in many of his writings, Warfield attempted to demonstrate that the doctrine of Biblical inerrancy was simply orthodox Christian teaching, and not merely a concept invented in the nineteenth century. His passion was to refute the liberal element within Presbyterianism and within Christianity at large, throughout his life, he continued to write books and articles, which are still widely read today. In August 1876 Warfield married Annie Pierce Kinkead, soon afterward they visited Germany as Warfield was studying at Leipzig. During their time there, the two were overcome by a fierce thunderstorm, the experience of the storm was so shattering that Kinkead never fully recovered and remained a functional invalid for the rest of her life. Warfield continued to care for her until her death in 1915, in 1887 Warfield was appointed to the Charles Hodge Chair at Princeton Theological Seminary, where he succeeded Hodges son A. A. Hodge. Warfield remained there until his death, as the last conservative successor to Hodge to live prior to the re-organization of Princeton Seminary, Warfield is often regarded by Protestant scholarship as the last of the Princeton theologians. He died in Princeton, New Jersey on February 16,1921, during his tenure, his primary thrust was an authoritative view of the Bible
13.
Francis Landey Patton
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Francis Landey Patton, American educator, academic administrator, and theologian, and the twelfth president of Princeton University. He was born in Warwick Parish, Bermuda, part of the British Overseas Territories, in 1871, Patton moved to Chicago to become minister of the Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church, Chicago. From 1872 to 1881, he was also a professor at McCormick Theological Seminary and he wrote The Inspiration of the Scriptures, and Summary of Christian Doctrine. Patton was opposed to the spread of liberal Christianity in his denomination, as editor of a Presbyterian weekly entitled Interior, he denounced the growth of liberalism in the Chicago Presbytery. He brought charges of heresy in 1874 against David Swing, and was prosecuting attorney at Swings trial and he accused Swing of subscribing to a modern version of the heresy of Sabellianism and of unduly countenancing Unitarianism. In 1881, he left Chicago and became Stuart professor of the relation of philosophy and he co-edited the Presbyterian Review with Dr Charles A Briggs 1880-1888. In 1888, he was elected president of the College of New Jersey and his appointment was criticized by some alumni, who noted that Patton was not an American citizen, while some feared he would harangue students with John Knox-style sermons. During Pattons time as university president, Princeton more than doubled in size, Patton appointed many prominent Princeton professors, including, Woodrow Wilson, Bliss Perry, John Grier Hibben, Henry van Dyke, Paul Van Dyke, and Howard C. Warren. Patton announced the change from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University in the midst of the ceremonies celebrating the Colleges Sesquicentennial in 1896. Although Princeton founded a school while Patton was president, Patton played little role in the foundation of the graduate school. In 1891, Dr Charles A Briggs, Pattons former co-editor at the Presbyterian Review was appointed the first-ever Professor of Biblical Theology by Union Theological Seminary, on Pattons urging, the General Assembly voted to remove Briggs from his position. The faculty of Union Theological Seminary voted to withdraw from the rather than remove Briggs from his chair in order to defend the institutions academic freedom. Although Patton was popular as an academic, a theologian, in the 1890s, clerical control over Princeton waned, and more and more businessmen and lawyers were elected as Trustees of Princeton University. Dissatisfied with Pattons management of the university, in 1902, the Trustees voted to replace Patton as president, Patton thus became president of Princeton Theological Seminary. In that capacity, he opposed Henry van Dykes proposal to revise the Westminster Confession of Faith, Patton retired in 1913 and returned to his native Bermuda. He continued to out on controversies within the Presbyterian church. He published a book entitled Fundamental Christianity, in which he wrote We cannot change Christianity and we may reject it if we please, but its meaning is plain. He died in Bermuda on November 25,1932 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Patton, Francis Landey
14.
Iain Torrance
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Iain Richard Torrance, TD is a Church of Scotland minister, theologian and academic. He is a former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and he is married to Morag Ann, whom he met while they were students at the University of St Andrews, and they have a son, Hew, and a daughter, Robyn. Torrance was born in Aberdeen, Scotland and he is the younger son of Thomas Forsyth Torrance, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1976. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at Monkton Combe School in Bath, England, then graduated MA, BD, DPhil. His doctoral thesis was entitled A translation of the letters between Severus of Antioch and Sergius the Grammarian, with an introduction, and was supervised by Sebastian Brock. Following Oxford, Torrance was ordained on 23 January 1982 by the Church of Scotlands Presbytery of Shetland as minister at Northmavine Parish Church in the Shetland Islands. Northmavine is the most northerly parish on the island of the Shetland archipelago. He was also commissioned as a Territorial Army chaplain serving with 2/51 Highland, after serving for four years in Northmavine, in 1985 Torrance moved to The Queens College, Birmingham, an ecumenical theological college with strong links to the University of Birmingham. There, he taught New Testament studies, in 1989 he moved to a lectureship in Patristics and New Testament at the University of Birmingham. He was invited to become a member of the International Dialogue between The World Alliance of Reformed Churches and the Orthodox Church in 1992, becoming co-chair in 1995. In 1993, he moved to the University of Aberdeen, subsequently being promoted to a chair and becoming Dean of the Faculty of Arts. In 2001 he was appointed a Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in Scotland and he served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 2003–2004. In 2005 he represented the Church of Scotland and the WARC at the installation of Pope Benedict XVI, in 2008, he represented the WARC at the Lambeth Conference. Torrance appears as himself in Alexander McCall Smith’s Edinburgh novels, The Comforts of a Muddy Saturday, in July 2013 The Queen appointed Torrance Dean of the Chapel Royal in Scotland, and in July 2014 she appointed him Dean of the Order of the Thistle. The context was the nomination of Canon Jeffrey John as Bishop of Reading, Torrance subsequently used a Christmas sermon as a platform to challenge homophobia within his own church. The Reverend David W. Lacy, one of Torrances successors as Moderator, publicly opposed this stance, there is room for both, and a lively Church needs both those who are zealous in upholding tradition and those who probe its boundaries. Furthermore, Nelson Mandela had also called for the support of the Western Christian Churches in what the South African lawyer considered a miscarriage of justice. Torrance made representation to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair on behalf of Megrahi pointing out the deep unease in Scotland, during his year in office, Torrance travelled widely on behalf of the Church, being the first Moderator to visit the churches in China
15.
Samuel Miller (theologian)
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Samuel Miller was a Presbyterian theologian who taught at Princeton Theological Seminary. Samuel Miller was born in Dover, Delaware on 31 October 1769 and his father was the Rev. John Miller. Miller attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 1789 and he earned his license to preach in 1791, and the University of Pennsylvania awarded him a Doctorate of Divinity degree in 1804. From 1813 to 1849, he served as Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Government at Princeton Theological Seminary and he was also considered an authority on many of the issues that faced Christians, especially Presbyterians, of his time. He was also responsible for the publication, in 1814, of the memoir and the writings of his brother, Edward Miller, a prominent physician and teacher in New York. Before his death he requested that none of his sermons should be published after his death. Miller died in Princeton, New Jersey, on January 7,1850, leaving behind his wife, Sarah Miller, one son, Samuel Miller, Jr. undertook to write the life of his father, and the two-volume work was published in 1869. Due to the number of letters addressed to, or dealing with, Samuel Miller, Jr. in the collection, Samuel Miller, sometimes addressed as Jr. was born in Princeton, New Jersey, on January 23,1816. He graduated from Princeton University in 1833 and went on to pass the bar in Philadelphia, however, he abandoned the law profession for the ministry and graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1844. Samuel Miller, Jr. then became pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Mt. Holly, New Jersey, in 1861, he was given his Doctorate of Divinity degree from Princeton. He died in Mt. Holly, New Jersey on October 12,1883, elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813. J. Letters concerning the constitution and order of the Christian ministry, addressed to the members of the Presbyterian churches in the city of New York. Baltimore, Oct.19,1820, at the ordination and installation of Rev. William Nevin A sermon delivered in the Middle Church, New Haven, Con. Sept.12,1822, at the ordination of the Rev. Messrs. D. Part first in two volumes, containing a sketch of the revolutions and improvements in science, arts, - A brief retrospect of the eighteenth century. Part first in two volumes, containing a sketch of the revolutions and improvements in science, arts, - A brief retrospect of the eighteenth century. Part first in two volumes, containing a sketch of the revolutions and improvements in science, arts, the Firestone Library at Princeton University has a collection in its holdings of correspondence and writings of and relating to Samuel Miller in its holdings. Biography of Samuel Miller at Dickinson College website Works by Samuel Miller at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Samuel Miller at Internet Archive
16.
Diogenes Allen
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Diogenes Allen was an American philosopher and theologian who served as the Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was a minister in the Presbyterian Church, which he served from 1958. He died on January 13,2013 in Newtown, Bucks County, Allen was born in Lexington, Kentucky, and graduated from the University of Kentucky in 1954. He then began study at Princeton University, but, after being awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, he matriculated to St Johns College. There he studied philosophy and met his wife Jane, a fellow student, after returning to America, Allen earned a Bachelor of Divinity at Yale Divinity School. He was called to a pastorate in Windham, New Hampshire, in 1958, shortly thereafter he enrolled at Yale University Graduate School to study for a PhD in philosophy, which was awarded in 1965. Allen began his career in 1964 at York University, Toronto. In 1967, Princeton Theological Seminary offered him the position of professor of philosophy. In 1974, he was appointed to a professorship there. ISBN 978-0-664-23180-4 Theology for a Troubled Believer, An Introduction to the Christian Faith ISBN 978-0-664-22322-9, American philosophy List of American philosophers
17.
John Gresham Machen
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John Gresham Machen was an American Presbyterian theologian in the early 20th century. The trial, conviction and suspension from the ministry of Independent Board members, including Machen, although Machen can be compared to the great Princeton theologians, he was neither a lecturer in theology nor did he ever become the seminarys principal. In addition, his textbook on basic New Testament Greek is still used today in many seminaries, asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest, The first syllable is pronounced like May, the name of the month. In the second syllable the ch is as in chin, with e as in pen, maychen, in Gresham, the h is silent, gresam. Machen was born in Baltimore to Arthur Webster Machen and Mary Jones Gresham, Arthur, a Baltimore lawyer, was 45 and Mary was 24 when they married. While Arthur was an Episcopalian, Mary was a Presbyterian, the family attended Franklin Street Presbyterian Church. Machens upbringing was considered to be privileged and he attended a private college and received a classical education including Latin and Greek. He also learnt to play the piano, in 1898, the 17-year-old Machen began studying at Johns Hopkins University for his undergraduate degree, and performed sufficiently well to gain a scholarship. He majored in classics and was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, Machen was a brilliant scholar and in 1901 was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society after graduation. He also pursued studies in Germany for a year in 1905. In a letter to his father, he admitted being thrown into confusion about his faith because of the liberalism taught by Professor Wilhelm Herrmann. In 1906, Machen joined the Princeton Seminary as an instructor in the New Testament, among his Princeton influences were Francis Landey Patton, who had been the prosecutor in a nineteenth-century heresy trial, and B. B. Warfield, whom he described as the greatest man he had ever met, warfield maintained that correct doctrine was the primary means by which Christians influenced the surrounding culture. He emphasised a high view of scripture and the defence of supernaturalism and it appears that under their influence Machen resolved his crisis of faith. In 1914, he was ordained and the year he became an Assistant Professor of New Testament studies. Machen did not serve conventionally during World War I, but instead went to France with the YMCA to do volunteer work near, though not a combatant, he witnessed first-hand the devastations of modern warfare. Princeton 1918-1926 After returning from Europe, Machen continued his work as a New Testament scholar at Princeton, during this period he gained a reputation as one of the few true scholars who was able to debate the growing prevalence of Modernist theology whilst maintaining an evangelical stance. The Origin of Pauls Religion is perhaps Machens best known scholarly work and this book was a successful attempt at critiquing the Modernist belief that Pauls religion was based mainly upon Greek philosophy and was entirely different from the religion of Jesus
18.
Bruce M. Metzger
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He was a scholar of Greek, New Testament, and New Testament textual criticism, and wrote prolifically on these subjects. Metzger is widely considered one of the most influential New Testament scholars of the 20th century, Metzger was born in Middletown, Pennsylvania, and earned his BA at Lebanon Valley College. He received his ThB in 1938 at Princeton Theological Seminary, on April 11,1939, he was ordained in the United Presbyterian Church of North America, which has since merged and is now known as the Presbyterian Church. In 1940, he earned his MA from Princeton University and became an instructor in New Testament, two years later, he earned his PhD, also from Princeton University. In 1944, Metzger married Isobel Elizabeth Mackay, daughter of the president of the Seminary. That year, he was promoted to Assistant Professor, in 1948, he became Associate Professor, and full Professor in 1954. In 1964, Metzger was named the George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language, in 1971, he was elected president of both the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas and the Society of Biblical Literature. The following year, he became president of the North American Patristic Society, Metzger was visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1974 and Wolfson College, Oxford in 1979. In 1978 he was elected corresponding fellow of the British Academy, at the age of seventy, after teaching at Princeton Theological Seminary for a period of forty-six years, he retired as Professor Emeritus. In 1994, Bruce Metzger was honoured with the Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies by the British Academy and he was awarded honorary doctorates from Lebanon Valley College, the Findlay College, the University of St Andrews, the University of Münster and Potchefstroom University. Conservative evangelical scholar Daniel B. Wallace described Metzger as a fine, godly, conservative scholar, shortly after his 93rd birthday, Metzger died in Princeton, New Jersey. He was survived by his wife Isobel and their two sons, John Mackay Metzger and James Bruce Metzger, Metzger edited and provided commentary for many Bible translations and wrote dozens of books. He was an editor of the United Bible Societies standard Greek New Testament, in 1952, he became a contributor to the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, and was general editor of the Readers Digest Bible in 1982. From 1977 to 1990, he chaired the Committee on Translators for the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible and was responsible for. The first volume of a series that he founded and edited, New Testament Tools and Studies, metzgers commentaries often utilize historical criticism and higher criticism, which attempt to explain the literary and historical origins of the Bible and the biblical canon. For instance, Metzger argues that the church which assembled the New Testament did not consider divine inspiration to be a sufficient criterion for a book to be placed in the canon. ”Studies in a Greek Gospel Lectionary. Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek, list of Words Occuring Frequently in the Coptic New Testament. – note, occuring is misspelled in the published title ———, Metzger, the Oxford Concise Concordance to the Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible
19.
James K. Moorhead
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James Kennedy Moorhead was a Republican member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. James K. Moorhead was born in Halifax, Pennsylvania and he served an apprenticeship at the tanner’s trade, after which he became a canal contractor. He was superintendent and supervisor on the Juniata Canal in 1828, in 1838 he was appointed adjutant general of Pennsylvania. He constructed the Monongahela Navigation Canal and was president of the company for twenty-one years and he was president of the Atlantic & Ohio Telegraph Co. which later became the Western Union Telegraph Company. In his early career he was a Democrat, but defected to the Know Nothings shortly after the fall elections of 1854. He was elected as a Republican to the 36th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses, in Congress he served as chairman to Committee on Manufactures during the 38th and 39th Congresses. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1868 and he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1868, and an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1880. James K. Moorhead was the father of Pittsburgh financier Maxwell K. Moorhead and he was president of the chamber of commerce of Pittsburgh from 1877 until his death in 1884, aged 77
20.
Geerhardus Vos
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Geerhardus Johannes Vos was an American Calvinist theologian and one of the most distinguished representatives of the Princeton Theology. He is sometimes called the father of Reformed Biblical Theology, Vos was born to a Dutch Reformed pastor in Heerenveen in Friesland in the Netherlands. In 1881, when Geerhardus was 19 years old, his father accepted a call to be the pastor of the Christian Reformed Church congregation in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Geerhardus Vos began his education at the Christian Reformed Churchs Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids and he completed his studies in Germany, receiving his doctorate in Arabic Studies from the Philosophy Faculty of Strassburg University in 1888. Herman Bavinck and Abraham Kuyper tried to convince Vos to become professor of Old Testament Theology at the Free University in Amsterdam, thus, in the Fall of 1888, Vos took up a position on the Calvin Theological Seminary faculty. In 1892, Vos moved and joined the faculty of the Princeton Theological Seminary, at Princeton, he taught alongside J. Gresham Machen and B. B. Warfield and authored his most famous works, including Pauline Eschatology and Biblical Theology, Old and New Testaments. Vos did indeed retire to California in 1932, three years after the formation of Westminster, in 1894, Vos married Catherine Smith. Known for being the author of The Childrens Story Bible, she died in 1937 and they had three sons and one daughter. Voss Reformed Dogmatics were translated out of Dutch by Richard B, gaffin Jr. and published in the spring of 2015. The Mosaic Origin of the Pentateuchal Codes The Idea of Biblical Theology as a Science and as a Theological Discipline, The Inauguration Of Rev. Geerhardus Vos, Geerhardus Vos, Education in America and Europe, 1881–1888
21.
Robert Dick Wilson
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Robert Dick Wilson was an American linguist and Presbyterian scholar who devoted his life to prove the reliability of the Hebrew Bible. Wilson was born in Indiana, Pennsylvania and he proved himself an outstanding language student even as an undergraduate. While at Princeton University, he was able to read the New Testament in nine languages and he graduated from Princeton at the age of 20, later receiving a masters degree and doctorate before doing post-graduate work in Germany at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1883, Wilson became Professor of the Old Testament at Western Theological Seminary, in 1900, he returned to Princeton as the William Henry Green Professor of Semitic Languages and Old Testament Criticism at Princeton Theological Seminary. Throughout his career, he opposed the criticism, which held that the Bible was inaccurate on many points. Professor Wilson wrote, I have come to the conviction that no man knows enough to attack the veracity of the Old Testament. Every time when anyone has been able to get together enough documentary proofs to undertake an investigation, in the late 1920s, he left Princeton to teach at the new, conservative Westminster Theological Seminary. Among his other works, Wilson contributed articles to the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, elements of Syriac Grammar by an inductive method. The Lower Criticism of the Old Testament as a preparation for the higher criticism, studies in the Book of Daniel. The Present State of the Daniel Controversy, New York, Bible Teachers Training School. A Scientific Investigation of the Old Testament, the Radical Criticism of the Psalter. Studies in the Book of Daniel, studies in the Book of Daniel. OCLC4618224. - in one volume ———, the Names for God in the Old Testament. The Names for God in the New Testament, the Robert Dick Wilson Manuscript Collection. Special Collections, Princeton Theological Seminary Library, life and Work of Robert Dick Wilson. Allis, Oswald T. Robert Dick Wilson--Defender of Gods Word Christianity Today, Presbyterian Church in America Historical Center. Calhoun, Princeton Seminary, Vol.2, The Majestic Testimony 1869-1929, kaiser, Robert Dick Wilson, in Bible Interpreters of the Twentieth Century, A Selection of Evangelical Voices, Walter A. Elwell and J. D. Weaver, eds. pp. 73–81. ISBN 0-8010-2073-5 Is the higher criticism Scholarly, Robert Dick Wilson, from inSpire, the magazine of Princeton Theological Seminary
22.
James H. Charlesworth
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James Hamilton Charlesworth is the George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language and Literature and Director of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project at Princeton Theological Seminary. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem, Distinguished Visiting Professor, Naples University and he has been honored by over 30 countries. Besides two honorary doctorates he was selected as an Outstanding Educator of American, the top outstanding professors at Duke and he also received the first Frank Moore Cross Award from the American Schools of Oriental Research. He has excavated on Mount Gerizim, Jerusalem, Ein Gedi, Nazareth, Bethsaida, Khirbet Beza and he has been interviewed on many international news channels and featured in numerous documentaries. Charlesworth, James H. ed. John and Qumran, old Testament Pseudepigrapha Vol.1 - Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, New York, Double Day & Company ———, ed. The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research, with a supplement, chico, CA, Scholars Press for the Society of Biblical Literature. OCLC7550634. ———, Johns, Loren L. eds, hillel and Jesus, comparative studies of two major religious leaders. The Tomb of Jesus and His Family, exploring Ancient Jewish Tombs Near Jerusalems Walls. Walking Through the Land of the Bible, Historical 3-D Adventure, Jesus and Temple, Textual and Archaeological Explorations. ———, McDonald, Lee Martin, Jurgens, Blake A. eds, sacra Scriptura, How “Non-Canonical” Texts Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity. T & T Clark Jewish and Christian Texts Series,4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, Archaeology and Elusive Answers to our Perennial Questions. In Boccaccini, G. Zurawski, J. M. Interpreting 4 Ezra and 2 Baurch, who Claimed Herod was the Christ. Eretz-Israel, Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Jerusalem, The Israel Exploration Society and the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. הַבְּרָכָה עַל־הַר גְּרִזִים –– An Unknown Dead Sea Scroll and Speculations Focused on the Vorlage of Deuteronomy 27,4, in Frey, J. Popkes, E. E. Jesus, Paulus und die Texte von Qumran. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/390, Charlesworth has appeared on numerous talk shows and documentaries including, Fox News and the Naked Archaeologist Series. To engage with the public, he hosts conferences and tours of Israel, Jordan, Greece and Turkey
23.
Presbyterian Church (USA)
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The Presbyterian Church, or PC, is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. A part of the Reformed tradition, it is the largest Presbyterian denomination in the U. S. the denomination had 1,572,660 active members and 20,077 ordained ministers in 9,642 congregations at the end of 2015. This number does not include the members also affiliated. Its membership has been declining over the past several decades, the PC remains the largest Presbyterian denomination in the United States. In 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1% of the U. S population self-identify as PC, in 2012–14, when all members were included, it was reported to have 2.8 million total. The PC is a member of the National Council of Churches, the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the World Council of Churches, denominational offices are located in Louisville, Kentucky. The WCC reports that the PC has a possible number of 1.9 million members. Presbyterians trace their history to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, from Calvins headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the Reformed movement spread to other parts of Europe. John Knox, a former Roman Catholic Priest from Scotland who studied with Calvin in Geneva, took Calvins teachings back to Scotland, because of this reform movement, the Church of Scotland embraced Reformed theology and presbyterian polity. The Ulster Scots brought their Presbyterian faith with them to Ireland, immigrants from Scotland and Ireland brought Presbyterianism to America as early as 1640, and immigration would remain a large source of growth throughout the colonial era. Another source of growth were a number of New England Puritans who left the Congregational churches because they preferred presbyterian polity. In 1706, seven ministers led by Francis Makemie established the first American presbytery at Philadelphia, the First Great Awakening and the revivalism it generated had a major impact on American Presbyterians. Ministers such as William and Gilbert Tennent, a friend of George Whitefield, emphasized the necessity of a conversion experience. Disagreements over revivalism, itinerant preaching, and educational requirements for clergy led to a known as the Old Side–New Side Controversy that lasted from 1741 to 1758. In the South, the Presbyterians were evangelical dissenters, mostly Scotch-Irish, spangler argues they were more energetic and held frequent services better atuned to the frontier conditions of the colony. Presbyterianism grew in areas where the Anglicans had made little impression. Uneducated whites and blacks were attracted to the worship of the denomination, its emphasis on biblical simplicity. Some local Presbyterian churches, such as Briery in Prince Edward County, the Briery church purchased five slaves in 1766 and raised money for church expenses by hiring them out to local planters
24.
Westminster Theological Seminary
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Westminster Theological Seminary is a Presbyterian and Reformed Christian graduate educational institution located in Glenside, Pennsylvania, with a satellite location in London, England. According to Roger E. Olson, it has had an influence on evangelicalism far beyond its size, Westminster Theological Seminary was formed in 1929, largely under the leadership and funding of J. Gresham Machen. Though independent, it has long had a relationship with the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. The first president of the Seminary was Edmund Clowney, who served from 1966 until 1984 and he was followed by George C. Fuller and Samuel T. Logan. The current president is Peter Lillback, who serves as a professor of Historical Theology. The Seminary currently offers the degrees, Master of Divinity, Master of Arts in Religion, Master of Theology, Doctor of Philosophy. Westminster publishes the semi-annual Westminster Theological Journal
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