1.
Tom Wolfe
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His first novel, The Bonfire of the Vanities, published in 1987, was met with critical acclaim, became a commercial success, and was adapted as a major motion picture. Wolfe was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Louise, a landscape designer, Wolfe grew up on Gloucester Road in the historic Richmond North Side neighborhood of Sherwood Park. He recounts some of his memories of growing up there in a foreword to a book about the nearby historic Ginter Park neighborhood. Wolfe was student council president, editor of the newspaper and a star baseball player at St. Christophers School. Wolfe majored in English and practiced his writing outside the classroom as well and he was the sports editor of the college newspaper and helped found a literary magazine, Shenandoah. Of particular influence was his professor Marshall Fishwick, a teacher of American studies educated at Yale, more in the tradition of anthropology than literary scholarship, Fishwick taught his classes to look at the whole of a culture, including those elements considered profane. The very title of Wolfes undergraduate thesis, A Zoo Full of Zebras, Anti-Intellectualism in America, evinced his fondness for words, Wolfe graduated cum laude in 1951. Wolfe had continued playing baseball as a pitcher and had begun to play semi-professionally while still in college, in 1952 he earned a tryout with the New York Giants but was cut after three days, which Wolfe blamed on his inability to throw good fastballs. Wolfe abandoned baseball and instead followed his professor Fishwicks example, enrolling in Yale Universitys American studies doctoral program and his PhD thesis was titled The League of American Writers, Communist Organizational Activity Among American Writers, 1929–1942. In the course of his research, Wolfe interviewed many writers, including Malcolm Cowley, Archibald MacLeish, and James T. Farrell. A biographer remarked on the thesis, Reading it, one sees what has been the most baleful influence of education on many who have suffered through it, it deadens all sense of style. His thesis was rejected but it was finally accepted after he rewrote it in an objective rather than a subjective style. Upon leaving Yale he wrote a friend explaining through expletives his personal opinions about his thesis, though Wolfe was offered teaching jobs in academia, he opted to work as a reporter. In 1956, while preparing his thesis, Wolfe became a reporter for the Springfield Union in Springfield. Wolfe finished his thesis in 1957 and in 1959 was hired by The Washington Post, Wolfe has said that part of the reason he was hired by the Post was his lack of interest in politics. The Posts city editor was amazed that Wolfe preferred cityside to Capitol Hill and he won an award from The Newspaper Guild for foreign reporting in Cuba in 1961 and also won the Guilds award for humor. While there, he experimented with fiction-writing techniques in feature stories, in 1962, Wolfe left Washington for New York City, taking a position with the New York Herald Tribune as a general assignment reporter and feature writer. The editors of the Herald Tribune, including Clay Felker of the Sunday section supplement New York magazine, during the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, Wolfe approached Esquire magazine about an article on the hot rod and custom car culture of Southern California
2.
New Journalism
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New Journalism is a style of news writing and journalism, developed in the 1960s and 70s, which used literary techniques deemed unconventional at the time. This was in contrast to traditional journalism where the journalist was typically invisible, the phenomenon of New Journalism is generally considered to have ended by the early 1980s. Contemporary journalists and writers questioned the newness of New Journalism, as well as whether it qualified as a distinct genre, the subjective nature of the New Journalism received extensive exploration, one critic suggested the genres practitioners were functioning more as sociologists or psychoanalysts, than as journalists. Criticism has been leveled at numerous individual writers in the genre, various people and tendencies throughout the history of American journalism have been labeled new journalism. Robert E. Park, for instance, in his Natural History of the Newspaper, likewise, the appearance of the yellow press—papers such as Joseph Pulitzers New York World in the 1880s—led journalists and historians to proclaim that a New Journalism had been created. During the 1960s and 1970s, the term enjoyed widespread popularity, although James E. Murphy noted that. most uses of the term seem to refer to something more specific than vague new directions in journalism, Curtis D. Michael Johnsons The New Journalism addresses itself to three phenomena, the press, the artists of nonfiction, and changes in the established media. However, at the time, the target of Arnolds irritation was not Northcliffe and he strongly disapproved of the muck-raking Stead, and declared that, under Stead, the P. M. G. Whatever may be its merits, is fast ceasing to be literature, Stead called his brand of journalism Government by Journalism How and when the term New Journalism began to refer to a genre is not clear. Tom Wolfe, a practitioner and principal advocate of the form, trying to shed light on the matter, literary critic Seymour Krim offered his explanation in 1973. Im certain that Hamill first used the expression, in about April of 1965 he called me at Nugget Magazine, where I was editorial director, and told me he wanted to write an article about new New Journalism. It was to be about the things being done in the old reporting genre by Talese, Wolfe. He never wrote the piece, so far as I know and it was picked up and stuck. A report of John F. Kennedys nomination that year, the established a precedent which Mailer would later build on in his 1968 convention coverage. Wolfe wrote that his first acquaintance with a new style of reporting came in a 1962 Esquire article about Joe Louis by Gay Talese, Joe Louis at Fiftya wasnt like a magazine article at all. It was like a short story and it began with a scene, an intimate confrontation between Louis and his third wife. Wolfe said Talese was the first to apply techniques to reporting. Esquire claimed credit as the seedbed for these new techniques, soon others, notably New York, followed Esquires lead, and the style eventually infected other magazines and then books
3.
Farrar, Straus and Giroux
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Farrar, Straus and Giroux is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger W. Straus, Jr. and John C. FSG is known for publishing books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards. The publisher is currently a division of MacMillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Farrar, Straus and Giroux was founded in 1946 by Roger W. Straus, Jr. and John C. The first years of existence were rough until they published the book, Look Younger. The book went on to sell 500,000 copies and Straus said that the book carried them along for awhile, in the early years, Straus and his wife Dorthea, went prospecting for books in Italy. It was there that they found the memoir Christ Stopped at Eboli by Carlo Levi and other rising Italian authors Alberto Moravia, Giovanni Guareschi, Robert Giroux joined the company in 1955 and after he later became a partner, the name was changed to Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Giroux had been working for Harcourt and had been angered when Harcourt refused to him to publish Salingers Catcher in the Rye. Giroux brought many literary authors with him including Thomas Merton, John Berryman, Robert Lowell, Flannery OConnor, Jack Kerouac, Peter Taylor, Randall Jarrell, T. S. Eliot, and Bernard Malamud. In 1964, Straus named Giroux chairman of the board and officially added Girouxs name to the publishing company, Straus offered FSG to the Holtzbrinck family because of their reputation for publishing serious works of literature. Jonathan Galassi is president and publisher, andrew Mandel joined in 2004 as deputy publisher. In 2008, Mitzi Angel came from Fourth Estate in the UK to be publisher of the Faber and Faber Inc. imprint, other notable editors include Sean McDonald, Ileene Smith, Alex Star, Amanda Moon, and Sarah Crichton. In February 2015 FSG and Faber and Faber announced the end of their partnership, all books scheduled for release and previously released under the imprint will be moved to the FSG colophon by August 2016. S. Its authors include David Auburn, Margaret Edson, Doug Wright, Richard Greenberg, Tom Stoppard, David Hare, Neil LaBute, Peter Conrad, Martin Eisenstadt, hill and Wang publishes books of academic interest and specializes in history. Its authors include Roland Barthes, William Cronon, Langston Hughes, Sarah Crichton Books publishes books with a slightly commercial bent. The imprint launched with Cathleen Falsanis The God Factor in 2006, ishmael Beahs A Long Way Gone was a bestseller and a Starbucks featured book in 2007. North Point Press published literary nonfiction with an emphasis on history, travel, ecology, music, food. Its authors include Peter Matthiessen, Beryl Markham, Guy Davenport, A. J. Liebling, Margaret Visser, Wendell Berry, scientific American / FSG, led by Amanda Moon, publishes non-fiction popular science books for the general reader. Its authors include Jesse Bering, Daniel Chamovitz, Kevin Dutton, FSG Books for Young Readers publishes National Book Award winners Madeleine LEngle, William Steig, Louis Sachar, and Polly Horvath
4.
Hardcover
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A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
5.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
6.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
7.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
8.
Dewey Decimal Classification
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The Dewey Decimal Classification, or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011 and it is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center, a cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to a version for catalogers called WebDewey. The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic, the classifications notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover aspects of general subjects. A library assigns a number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its place on the library shelves. The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries, the major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U. S. Melvil Dewey was an American librarian and self-declared reformer and he was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and he used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, in March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title, Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that nearly 100 persons hav contributed criticisms, one of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics
9.
Library of Congress Classification
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The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U. S. the Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as Boarding schools and Boarding schools—Fiction that describe contents systematically. The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress, with advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson, by the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed. LCC has been criticized for lacking a theoretical basis, many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature and that is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one librarys collections, not a classification of the world. In 2007 the Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries, the National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCCs R for Medicine, others use LCCs QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R. Subclass AC – Collections. Collected works Subclass AE – Encyclopedias Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other reference works Subclass AI – Indexes Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN – Newspapers Subclass AP – Periodicals Subclass AS – Academies, directories Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities Subclass B – Philosophy Subclass BC – Logic Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy Subclass BF – Psychology Subclass BH – Aesthetics Subclass BJ – Ethics Subclass BL – Religions, rationalism Subclass BM – Judaism Subclass BP – Islam. Seals Subclass CE – Technical Chronology, calendar Subclass CJ – Numismatics Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Former Soviet Republics – Poland Subclass DL – Northern Europe, maps Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB – Physical geography Subclass GC – Oceanography Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences Subclass GF – Human ecology, anthropogeography Subclass GN – Anthropology Subclass GR – Folklore Subclass GT – Manners and customs Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure Subclass H – Social sciences Subclass HA – Statistics Subclass HB – Economic theory, demography Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions Subclass HD – Industries. Labor Subclass HE – Transportation and communications Subclass HF – Commerce Subclass HG – Finance Subclass HJ – Public finance Subclass HM – Sociology Subclass HN – Social history, Social reform Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality Subclass HS – Societies, secret, benevolent, races Subclass HV – Social pathology. Municipal government Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization, International migration Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ Subclass JZ – International relations Subclass K – Law in general
10.
Project Mercury
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Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit, taken over from the U. S. Air Force by the newly created civilian space agency NASA, it conducted twenty unmanned developmental flights, and six successful flights by astronauts. The program, which took its name from the god of travel in Roman mythology, cost $277 million in 1965 US dollars, the astronauts were collectively known as the Mercury Seven, and each spacecraft was given a name ending with a 7 by its pilot. The Space Race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 and this came as a shock to the American public, and led to the creation of NASA to expedite existing U. S. space exploration efforts, and place most of them under civilian control. After the successful launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958, the Soviet Union put the first human, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit aboard Vostok 1 on April 12,1961. Shortly after this, on May 5, the U. S. launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, Soviet Gherman Titov followed with a day-long orbital flight in August 1961. The U. S. reached its goal on February 20,1962. When Mercury ended in May 1963, both nations had sent six people into space, but the Soviets led the U. S. in total spent in space. The Mercury space capsule was produced by McDonnell Aircraft, and carried supplies of water, food, Mercury flights were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, on launch vehicles modified from the Redstone and Atlas D missiles. The capsule was fitted with an escape rocket to carry it safely away from the launch vehicle in case of a failure. The flight was designed to be controlled from the ground via the Manned Space Flight Network, small retrorockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit, after which an ablative heat shield protected it from the heat of atmospheric reentry. Finally, a parachute slowed the craft for a water landing, both astronaut and capsule were recovered by helicopters deployed from a U. S. Navy ship. After a slow start riddled with humiliating mistakes, the Mercury project gained popularity, its missions followed by millions on radio, Project Mercury was officially approved on October 7,1958 and publicly announced on December 17. Originally called Project Astronaut, President Dwight Eisenhower felt that too much attention to the pilot. Instead, the name Mercury was chosen from classical mythology, which had already lent names to rockets like the Greek Atlas and Roman Jupiter for the SM-65 and it absorbed military projects with the same aim, such as the Air Force Man In Space Soonest. Following the end of World War II, an arms race evolved between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. The rocket technology in turn enabled both sides to develop Earth-orbiting satellites for communications, and gathering data and intelligence. Americans were shocked when the Soviet Union placed the first satellite into orbit in October 1957, a month later, the Soviets launched Sputnik 2, carrying a dog into orbit
11.
Astronaut
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An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists. Starting in the 1950s up to 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, with the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created, the commercial astronaut. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles are awarded astronaut wings. As of 17 November 2016, a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km or more in altitude, of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these,24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon, the three astronauts who have not reached low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie. As of 17 November 2016, under the U. S. definition 558 people qualify as having reached space, of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days in space, as of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman,377 days, dryden preferred cosmonaut, on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos, while the astro prefix suggested flight to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred astronaut, which survived by common usage as the preferred American term, when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to cosmonaut. In English-speaking nations, a space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron, meaning star, the first known use of the term astronaut in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Deaths Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier, for example, in Percy Gregs 1880 book Across the Zodiac, astronaut referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de lInfini of J. -H, rosny aîné, the word astronautique was used. The word may have inspired by aeronaut, an older term for an air traveler first applied to balloonists. An early use in a publication is Eric Frank Russells poem The Astronaut in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society. NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond, NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps
12.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
13.
Mercury Seven
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The Mercury Seven were the group of seven Mercury astronauts announced by NASA on April 9,1959. They are also referred to as the Original Seven or Astronaut Group 1 and they piloted the manned spaceflights of the Mercury program from May 1961 to May 1963. These seven original American astronauts were Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton. Members of the group flew on all classes of NASA manned orbital spacecraft of the 20th century — Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Gus Grissom died in 1967, in the Apollo 1 fire. The others all survived past retirement from service, John Glenn went on to become a U. S. senator, and flew on the Shuttle 36 years later to become the oldest person to fly in space. He was the last living member of the class when he died in 2016, although NASA planned an open competition for its first astronauts, President Dwight D. Eisenhower insisted that all candidates be test pilots. Because of the space inside the Mercury spacecraft, candidates could be no taller than 5 feet 11 inches. Other requirements included an age under 40, a Bachelors degree or equivalent,1,500 hours of flying time, the tests included spending hours on treadmills and tilt tables, submerging their feet in ice water, three doses of castor oil, and five enemas. Six candidates were rejected as too tall for the planned spacecraft, another 33 failed or dropped out during the first phase of exams. Four more refused to part in the second round of tests. From the 18, the first seven NASA astronauts were chosen, each a superb physical specimen with an IQ above 130, and the ability to function well both as part of a team and solo. Grissom, Cooper, and Slayton were Air Force pilots, Shepard, Carpenter, and Schirra were Navy pilots, all seven attended college or military academies in the 1940s. Shepard exceeded the requirement by earning a Master of Arts degree in 1957 at the Naval War College. Glenn and Carpenter, however, did not technically meet all of their schools degree requirements, NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington on April 9,1959. Two hundred reporters overflowed the room used for the announcement and alarmed the astronauts, to the astronauts surprise, the reporters asked about their personal lives instead of war records or flight experience, or about the details of Mercury. After Glenn responded by speaking eloquently on God, country, and family the others followed his example, and the reporters lustily applauded them. Malcolm Scott Carpenter, U. S. Navy MA-7 – May 1962 – Second orbital Mercury mission Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr. U. S. U. S. S. While busy with duties and the intense training for their flights
14.
Chuck Yeager
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Charles Elwood Chuck Yeager is a former United States Air Force general officer and record-setting test pilot. In 1947, he became the first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight, Yeagers career began in World War II as a private in the United States Army Air Forces. After serving as a mechanic, in September 1942 he entered enlisted pilot training and upon graduation was promoted to the rank of flight officer. After the war, Yeager became a test pilot of many types of aircraft, as the first human to officially break the sound barrier, on October 14,1947, he flew the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of 45,000 ft. Although Scott Crossfield was the first to fly faster than Mach 2 in 1953, Yeagers flying career spans more than 60 years and has taken him to every corner of the globe, including the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Yeager was born February 13,1923, to farming parents Susie Mae and Albert Hal Yeager in Myra, West Virginia and he had two brothers, Roy and Hal, Jr. and two sisters, Doris Ann and Pansy Lee. His first experience with the military was as a teen at the Citizens Military Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Indiana, on February 26,1945, Yeager married Glennis Dickhouse, and the couple had four children. The name Yeager is an Anglicized form of the German name Jäger or Jaeger and he is the cousin of former baseball catcher Steve Yeager. Yeager enlisted as a private in the U. S. Army Air Forces on September 12,1941, having unusually sharp vision, which once enabled him to shoot a deer at 600 yards, Yeager displayed natural talent as a pilot and was accepted for flight training. He received his wings and a promotion to officer at Luke Field, Arizona. Assigned to the 357th Fighter Group at Tonopah, Nevada, he trained as a fighter pilot, flying Bell P-39 Airacobras. Stationed in the United Kingdom at RAF Leiston, Yeager flew P-51 Mustangs in combat with the 363d Fighter Squadron and he named his aircraft Glamorous Glen after his girlfriend, Glennis Faye Dickhouse, who became his wife in February 1945. Yeager had gained one victory before he was shot down over France in his 1st aircraft on March 5,1944 during his eighth mission and he escaped to Spain on March 30 with the help of the Maquis and returned to England on May 15,1944. He was awarded the Bronze Star for helping another airman, who had lost part of his leg during the escape attempt, to cross the Pyrenees. He had joined another evader, fellow P-51 pilot 1st Lt Fred Glover, in speaking directly to the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Eisenhower, after gaining permission from the War Department to decide the requests, concurred with Yeager and Glover. In part, because of his background, he also frequently served as a maintenance officer in his flying units. Yeager demonstrated outstanding flying skills and combat leadership, on October 12,1944, he became the first pilot in his group to make ace in a day, downing five enemy aircraft in a single mission. Yeager later reported both pilots bailed out and he finished the war with 11.5 official victories, including one of the first air-to-air victories over a jet fighter
15.
Single combat
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Single combat is a duel between two single warriors which takes place in the context of a battle between two armies. Often, it is champion warfare, with the two considered the champions of their respective sides, instances of single combat are known from Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The champions were often combatants who represented larger, spectator groups, such representative contests and stories thereof are known worldwide. Typically, it place in the no-mans-land between the opposing armies, with other warriors watching and themselves refraining from fighting until one of the two single combatants has won. But single combat could also take place within a larger battle, both ancient and medieval warfare did not always rely on the line or phalanx formation. Duels between individual warriors are depicted in the Iliad, including those between Menelaus and Paris and later between Achilles and Hector, the Hebrew Bible also includes a few accounts of single combat, the most famous being David versus Goliath. Depictions of single combat also appear in the Hindu epics of the Mahābhārata, Single combats are often preludes to battles in the Chinese epic Romance of the Three Kingdoms and are featured prominently throughout the epic. Many battles depicted in the medieval Chanson de Roland consist of a series of single combats, an important episode in Geoffrey of Monmouths legendary History of the Kings of Britain is the single combat between prince Nennius of Britain and Julius Caesar. Single combat was also a prelude to battles in pre-Islamic Arabia and this result of the three single combats was considered to have substantially contributed to the Muslim victory in the overall battle which followed. Duels were also part of battles at the time of Muhammad, such as the battle of Uhud, battle of the Trench. Single combats were characteristic of the Samurai fighting tradition and known as Ikki-uchi, as this is a high-risk-low-return strategy for the winning side, already defeated side, or ill-matched opponent it was acceptable to decline or elude the single combat. An example of single-combat with the result for the victor is told in Heike Monogatari as Kumagai Naozane defeated Taira no Atsumori at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani. In Russia, single combat is known as bash na bash, the outcome of the champions fight would then be taken as a sign of which side the higher powers favoured, and could have political consequences similar to the result of a full battle. The oldest written account of such a fight is found in Nestors Primary Chronicle, the most well-known fight, however, was that between Prince Mstislav the Brave of Tmutarakan and the Kasog Prince Rededia in 1022, in which Mstislav killed Rededia with his bare hands. Although Rededia had been killed, he was honoured by Mstislav, the semi-legendary Tale of the Destruction of Riazan includes an extensive account of the combat between the Russian hero Eupaty Kolovrat and the Tatar warrior Hostovrul. Kolovrat splits his opponent in half with his sword and wins the duel, however, Kolovrat is then attacked and killed from a distance by Tatar stone throwers. The Mongol ruler Batu Khan, impressed with his bravery, honours his body, sometimes however, such single combat would merely initiate a battle rather than prevent it. The most famous example of this was the duel between Russian monk Alexander Peresvet and the Golden Horde champion Chelubey or Temir-Murza at the beginning of the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380
16.
Honour
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Accordingly, individuals are assigned worth and stature based on the harmony of their actions with a specific code of honour, and the moral code of the society at large. Dr. Samuel Johnson, in his A Dictionary of the English Language, defined honour as having several senses, the first of which was nobility of soul, magnanimity, and a scorn of meanness. This sort of honour derives from the perceived virtuous conduct and personal integrity of the person endowed with it and this sort of honour is not so much a function of moral or ethical excellence, as it is a consequence of power. Finally, with respect to sexuality, honour has traditionally been associated with chastity or virginity, or in case of married men and women, some have argued that honour should be seen more as a rhetoric, or set of possible actions, than as a code. Honour as a code of behaviour defines the duties of an individual within a social group, margaret Visser observes that in an honour-based society a person is what he or she is in the eyes of other people. A code of honour differs from a code, also socially defined and concerned with justice, in that honour remains implicit rather than explicit. One can distinguish honour from dignity, which Wordsworth assessed as measured against an individuals conscience rather than against the judgement of a community, compare also the sociological concept of face. In the early period, a lords or ladys honour was the group of manors or lands he or she held. The word was first used indicating an estate which gave its holder dignity, the concept of honour appears to have declined in importance in the modern West, conscience has replaced it in the individual context, and the rule of law has taken over in a social context. Popular stereotypes would have it surviving more definitively in more tradition-bound cultures, feudal or other agrarian societies, which focus upon land use and land ownership, may tend to honour more than do contemporary industrial societies. Note that Saint Anselm of Canterbury in Cur Deus Homo extended the concept of honour from his own society to postulate Gods honour. An emphasis on the importance of honour exists in traditional institutions as the military and in organisations with a military ethos. Western observers generally see these honour killings as a way of men using the culture of honour to control female sexuality, various sociologists and anthropologists have contrasted cultures of honour with cultures of law. A culture of law has a body of laws which all members of society must obey and this requires a society with the structures required to enact and enforce laws. Historians have especially examined the American South, social scientists have looked at specialized subcultures such as South Asian Muslims in Britain. Others have compared multiple modern nations, due to the lack of strong institutions, cultivating a reputation for swift and disproportionate revenge increases the safety of ones person and property against aggressive actors. Thinkers ranging from Montesquieu to Steven Pinker have remarked upon the mindset needed for a culture of honour, however cultures of honour can also appear in places like modern inner-city slums. The three conditions exist here as well, lack of resources, crime and theft have a high rewards compared to the alternatives, and law enforcement is generally lax or corrupt
17.
The Right Stuff (film)
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The Right Stuff stars Ed Harris, Scott Glenn, Sam Shepard, Fred Ward, Dennis Quaid and Barbara Hershey. Levon Helm is the narrator in the introduction and elsewhere in the film, in 2013 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In 1947, the Muroc Army Air Field in California has test pilots fly high-speed aircraft such as the rocket-powered Bell X-1, but they die as a result. After another pilot, Slick Goodlin, demands $150,000 to attempt to break the sound barrier, war hero Captain Chuck Yeager receives the chance to fly the X-1. While on a ride with his wife Glennis, Yeager collides with a tree branch and breaks his ribs. Worried that he not fly the mission, Yeager confides in friend. Six years later, Muroc, now Edwards Air Force Base, Yeager and friendly rival Scott Crossfield repeatedly break the others speed records. They often visit the Happy Bottom Riding Club run by Pancho Barnes, gordon Gordo Cooper, Virgil Gus Grissom and Donald Deke Slayton, captains of the United States Air Force, are among the pudknockers who hope to also prove that they have the Right Stuff. The tests are no secret, as the military soon recognizes that it needs good publicity for funding. Coopers wife, Trudy, and other wives are afraid of becoming widows, in 1957, the launch of the Russian Sputnik satellite alarms the United States government. Politicians such as Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and military leaders demand that NASA help America defeat the Russians in the new Space Race, the search for the first Americans in space excludes Yeager because he lacks a college degree. Although many early NASA rockets explode during launch, the ambitious astronauts all hope to be the first in space as part of Project Mercury. Although engineers see the men as passengers, the pilots insist that the Mercury spacecraft have a window, a hatch with explosive bolts, however, Russia beats them on April 12,1961 with the launch of Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Gagarin into space. The seven astronauts immediately decide to start the Mercury program, Shepard is the first American to reach space on the 15-minute sub-orbital flight of Mercury-Redstone 3 on May 5. After Grissoms similar flight of Mercury-Redstone 4 on July 21, the capsules hatch blows open, Grissom escapes, but the spacecraft, overweight with seawater, sinks. Many criticize Grissom for possibly panicking and opening the hatch prematurely, Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth on Mercury-Atlas 6 on February 20,1962, surviving a possibly loose heat shield, and receives a ticker-tape parade. While testing the new Lockheed NF-104A, Yeager attempts to set a new record at the edge of space but is nearly killed in a high-speed ejection when his engine fails. Though seriously burned, after reaching the ground Yeager gathers up his parachute and walks to the ambulance, on May 15,1963, Cooper has a successful launch on Mercury-Atlas 9, ending the Mercury program
18.
Edition (book)
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The bibliographical definition of an edition includes all copies of a book printed “from substantially the same setting of type, ” including all minor typographical variants. The numbering of editions is a special case of the wider field of revision control. The old and new aspects of book edition numbering are discussed below, however, book collectors generally use the term first edition to mean specifically the first print run of the first edition. Since World War II, books often include a line that indicates the print run. A first edition per se is not a collectible book. A popular work may be published and reprinted over time by many publishers, there will be a first edition of each, which the publisher may cite on the copyright page, such as, First mass market paperback edition. The first edition of a facsimile reprint is the reprint publishers first edition, the classic explanation of edition was given by Fredson Bowers in Principles of Bibliographical Description. ”Publishers often use the same typesetting for the hardcover and trade paperback versions of a book. These books have different covers, the page and copyright page may differ, and the page margin sizes may differ. From time to time, readers may observe an error in the text, the publisher typically keeps these reprint corrections in a file pending demand for a new print run of the edition, and before the new run is printed, they will be entered. The method of entry, obviously, depends on the method of typesetting, for letterpress metal, it typically meant resetting a few characters or a line or two. For linotype, it meant casting a new line for any line with a change in it, with film, it involved cutting out a bit of the film and inserting a new bit. In an electronic file, it means entering the changes digitally, such minor changes do not constitute a new edition, but introduce typographical variations within an edition, which are of interest to collectors. A common complaint of book collectors is that the definition is used in a book-collecting context. For example, J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye as of 2016 remains in print in hardcover, the type is the same as the 1951 first printing, therefore all hardcover copies are, for the bibliographer, the first edition. Collectors would use the term for the first printing only, the term first trade edition, refers to the earliest edition of a book offered for sale to the general public in book stores. For example, Upton Sinclairs 1906 novel The Jungle was published in two variant forms, a Sustainers Edition, published by the Jungle Publishing Company, was sent to subscribers who had advanced funds to Sinclair. The first trade edition was published by Doubleday, Page to be sold in bookstores and it is true that these are rarer than the production copies, but given that these were not printed from a different setting of type, they are not different editions. Publishers use the term first edition for their own purposes, with little consistency, the first edition of a trade book may be the first edition by the current publisher, or the first edition with a particular set of illustrations or editorial commentary
19.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
20.
Apollo 17
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Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASAs Apollo program, the enterprise that landed the first humans on the Moon. Apollo 17 was the first night launch of a U. S. human spaceflight and it was a J-type mission which included three days on the lunar surface, extended scientific capability, and the third Lunar Roving Vehicle. Evans took scientific measurements and photographs from orbit using a Scientific Instruments Module mounted in the Service Module, Cernan, Evans and Schmitt returned to Earth on December 19 after a 12-day mission. Apollo 17 is the most recent manned Moon landing and was the last time humans travelled beyond low Earth orbit, the mission broke several records, the longest moon landing, longest total extravehicular activities, largest lunar sample, and longest time in lunar orbit. Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and former X-15 pilot Joe Engle were assigned to the crew of Apollo 14. Engle flew sixteen X-15 flights, three of which exceeded the 50 mi border of space, following the rotation pattern that a backup crew would fly as the prime crew three missions later, Cernan, Evans, and Engle would have flown Apollo 17. Harrison Schmitt served on the crew of Apollo 15 and. However, Apollo 18 was cancelled in September 1970, following this decision, the scientific community pressured NASA to assign a geologist to an Apollo landing, as opposed to a pilot trained in geology. In light of pressure, Harrison Schmitt, a professional geologist, was assigned the Lunar Module Pilot position on Apollo 17. Scientist-astronaut Curt Michel believed that it was his own decision to resign, after it became clear that he would not be given a flight assignment, that mobilized this action. Subsequent to the decision to assign Schmitt to Apollo 17, there remained the question of which crew would become prime crew of the mission. NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton ultimately assigned the crew of Apollo 14, along with Schmitt. The Apollo 15 prime crew received the backup assignment since this was to be the last lunar mission, however, when the Apollo 15 postage stamp incident became public in early 1972 the crew was reprimanded by NASA and the United States Air Force. Robert F. Overmyer Robert A. Parker C, three white stars above the red bars represent the three crewmen of the mission. The background includes the Moon, the planet Saturn and a galaxy or nebula, the wing of the eagle partially overlays the Moon, suggesting mans established presence there. The gaze of Apollo and the direction of the eagles motion embody mans intention to further destinations in space. The patch includes, along with the colors of the U. S. flag, the image of Apollo in the mission insignia is a rendering of the Apollo Belvedere sculpture. The insignia was designed by Robert McCall, with input from the crew, since Apollo 17 was to be the final lunar landing of the Apollo program, high-priority landing sites that had not been visited previously were given consideration for potential exploration
21.
Norman Mailer
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Norman Kingsley Mailer was an American novelist, journalist, essayist, playwright, film-maker, actor, and political activist. His novel The Naked and the Dead was published in 1948 and his best-known work was widely considered to be The Executioners Song, which was published in 1979, and for which he won one of his two Pulitzer Prizes. In addition to the Pulitzer Prize, his book Armies of the Night was awarded the National Book Award, along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Hunter S. Mailer was also known for his essays, the most renowned of which was The White Negro. He was a commentator and critic, expressing his views through his novels, journalism, essays. In 1955, Mailer and three others founded The Village Voice, an arts- and politics-oriented weekly newspaper distributed in Greenwich Village, Mailer was born to a Jewish family in Long Branch, New Jersey. His father, Isaac Barnett Mailer, was an accountant born in South Africa, Mailers sister, Barbara, was born in 1927. Raised in Brooklyn, New York, Mailer graduated from Boys High School and entered Harvard University in 1939, as an undergraduate, he was a member of the Signet Society. At Harvard, he studied engineering, and became interested in writing. He published his first story at the age of 18, winning Story magazines college contest in 1941, after graduating in 1943, he was drafted into the U. S. Army. Hoping to gain a deferment from service, Mailer argued that he was writing an important literary work which pertained to the war and this deferral was denied, and Mailer was forced to enter the Army. After training at Fort Bragg, Mailer was stationed in the Philippines with the 112th Cavalry, during his time in the Philippines, Mailer worked as a cook and saw little combat. He participated in a patrol on the island of Leyte and this lesson inspired Mailer to write his first novel, The Naked and the Dead. Mailer wrote 12 novels over a 59-year span, in 1948, while continuing his studies at the University of Paris, Mailer published his first, The Naked and the Dead, based on his military service in World War II. A New York Times best seller for 62 weeks, it was hailed by many as one of the best American wartime novels and this book that made his reputation is rarely read today. The same newspaper described the book as, a hard read today, barbary Shore was mauled by the critics. It was a parable of Cold War leftist politics set in a Brooklyn rooming-house. His 1955 novel The Deer Park drew on his experiences working as a screenwriter in Hollywood in 1949–50 and it was initially rejected by seven publishers due to its purportedly sexual content before being published by Putnams. It was not a success, at one point Mailer took out an advertisement that defiantly quoted his many bad reviews
22.
Of a Fire on the Moon
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Of a Fire on the Moon is a work of non-fiction by Norman Mailer which was serialised in Life magazine in 1969 and 1970, and published in 1970 as a book. It is a documentary and reflection on the Apollo 11 moon landing from Mailers point of view, in a foreword to Mailers first installment, Life Managing Editor Ralph Graves introduced some 26,000 words—the longest non-fiction piece Life has ever published in one issue. His account was published as a book called Of a Fire on the Moon in 1970, in the UK, it was published with its original article title, A Fire on the Moon. Through this third-person view, Mailer describes the space launches from his point of view as seasoned reporter who has seen America ‘come of age’ since the end of the Second World War. Additionally, Mailer strings in short time machines which provide insight from fictional American families as they view the news coverage, by providing the reader with multiple illustrations of the moon launch, the reader is able to see what the monumental moment means to different Americans. For some of the characters, it is as simple as the epitome of American ingenuity and superiority in the context of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Mailer’s third-person depiction illustrates an amalgamation of emotions that combines the awe of the feat with the fear of the ever-increasing power of the human race. To Mailer, the launch is much more than an accomplishment of the United States. He sees it as a triumph for all humankind, a statement in the face of the creator. By landing men on an object such as the moon, humans are seen as rejecting the omniscient power of a higher entity, almost saying. The 40th anniversary of the first moon landing was marked in 2009 by the release of an abridged, limited edition of the text, re-packaged with images from NASA, thus, the coffee table book came inside its own lunar-themed coffee table, with an uneven surface. The package included a print of the famous portrait of Buzz Aldrin standing on the moon, framed in plexiglass. Only 12 were created and the price was $112,500, Norman Mailer died two years before the package was launched. The painting on the cover of the first edition is Le Monde Invisible, Mailer describes seeing this painting in Chapter 5 of the first part. In the foyer was a painting by Magritte, an image of a room with an immense rock situated in the center of the floor. The 1970 dust jacket cites that the painting is part of a private collection, Life serializations, Part I, A Fire on the Moon — Life magazine,29 August 1969. Part II, The Psychology of Astronauts — Life magazine,14 November 1969, Part III, A Dream of the Futures Face — Life magazine,9 January 1970. Of a Fire on the Moon — Little, Brown & Co, Boston,1970, a Fire on the Moon — Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London,1970, ISBN 0-297-17952-7
23.
The Painted Word
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The Painted Word is a 1975 book of art criticism by Tom Wolfe. By the 1970s Wolfe was, according to Douglas Davis of Newsweek magazine more of a celebrity than the celebrities he describes, Wolfe summarized the review saying that it meant without a theory to go with it, I cant see a painting. Prior to publication in book form, The Painted Word was excerpted in Harpers Magazine, Wolfes longtime publisher Farrar, Straus & Giroux released the book in 1975. Wolfes thesis in The Painted Word was that by the 1970s, modern art had moved away from being a visual experience, Wolfe criticized avant-garde art, Andy Warhol, Willem de Kooning and Jackson Pollock. The main target of Wolfes book, however, was not so much the artists, in particular, Wolfe criticized three prominent art critics whom he dubbed the kings of Cultureburg, Clement Greenberg, Harold Rosenberg and Leo Steinberg. Wolfe provides his own history of what he sees as the devolution of modern art and he summarized that history, In the beginning we got rid of nineteenth-century storybook realism. Then we got rid of representational objects, then we got rid of the third dimension altogether and got really flat. Then we got rid of airiness, brushstrokes, most of the paint, after providing examples of other techniques and the schools that abandoned them, Wolfe concluded with Conceptual Art, …there, at last, it was. No more realism, no more representation objects, no lines, colors, forms. …Art made its flight, climbed higher and higher in an ever-decreasing tighter-turning spiral until… it disappeared up its own fundamental aperture…. The Painted Word hit the art world like a bad, MSG-headache-producing, Chinese lunch. By ridiculing the most respected members of the art world establishment, many reviewers dismissed Wolfe as someone simply too ignorant of art to write about it. Other critics responded with such similar vitriol and hostility that Wolfe said their response demonstrated that the art community only talked to each other, a review in The New Republic called Wolfe a fascist and compared him to the brainwashed assassin in the film The Manchurian Candidate. Wolfe was particularly amused, however, by a series of criticisms that resorted to X-rated insults, an artist compared him to A six-year-old at a pornographic movie, he can follow the action of the bodies but he cant comprehend the nuances. A critic in Time Magazine used the image, but with an 11-year-old boy. A review in The New York Times Book Review used the image again, the opening of Krausss review in Partisan Review compared Wolfe to the star of the pornographic film Deep Throat. The reviewer viewed Wolfes lack of a suggestion for what should replace modern art as similar in its obtuseness to statements Linda Lovelace made about Deep Throat being a kind of goof. In defense of critics Rosenberg, Greenberg, and Steinberg, Rosalind Krauss noted that each man wrote about art in ways that are entirely diverse, writing in Newsweek, Douglas Davis wrote that The Painted Word fails because of how it departed from Wolfes previous works
24.
Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine
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Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine is a 1976 book by Tom Wolfe, consisting of eleven essays and one short story that Wolfe wrote between 1967 and 1976. It includes the essay in which he coined the term the Me Decade to refer to the 1970s, in addition to the stories, Wolfe also illustrated the book. Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine was Wolfes third collection of essays and short stories, following The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby in 1965, Wolfes 1970 book Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers contained two lengthy essays and is not generally considered a collection. Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine was published in 1976 by Wolfes regular publisher Farrar, the subjects of Wolfes essays were considered less original than his previous efforts. When Wolfe wrote about the culture of surf gangs in The Pump House Gang or about stock car racing in The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby it was untrod ground, the primary theme of Wolfes essays is the struggle for social status. Wolfe is particularly critical of the intelligentsia and the liberal elite and his contempt of distinguished writers was evident in an essay about an established West Side author discussing his cash flow at length. Wolfe continued to denounce what he saw as faux-sympathy for poor people coming from a liberal elite. Wolfe terms the status-driven era he chronicled the Me Decade, the longest essay, however, is The Truest Sport, Jousting with Sam and Charlie, about life aboard an aircraft carrier in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1967. Wolfe writes about the personnel of the aircraft in heroic terms, according to The New York Review of Books, another common theme throughout all the books is the effect the Vietnam War had on American society. The lone short story in the book, The Commercial is an essay of a baseball player who is given an advertising deal. Often referred to as New Journalism, Wolfes characteristic writing style, characterized by florid prose, Wolfe compared himself to British author Evelyn Waugh, who was known for his dark comedy
25.
National Book Critics Circle Award
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The National Book Critics Circle Awards are a set of annual American literary awards by the National Book Critics Circle to promote the finest books and reviews published in English. The first NBCC awards were announced and presented January 16,1976, There are six awards to books published in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year, in six categories, Fiction, Nonfiction, Poetry, Memoir/Autobiography, Biography, and Criticism. Books previously published in English are not eligible, such as re-issues, nor does the NBC Circle consider cookbooks, self help books, reference books, picture books or childrens books. They do consider translations, short story and essay collections, self published books, winners of the awards are announced each year at the NBCC awards ceremony in conjunction with the yearly membership meeting, which takes place in March. Award for a best first book in any genre, Ivan Sandrof was one founder of the National Book Critics Circle and its first President. The Sandrof Award has also presented as the Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing. It honors Nona Balakian, who was one of three NBCC founders, for 43 years, Balakian was an editor on the staff of the New York Times Book Review. Five finalists are announced each year, one of whom is selected as the winner of the citation, the award has been called the most prestigious award for book criticism in the country. Award year is for the publication year, currently January 1 to December 31. The finalists were announced on January 17,2017, the winners were announced March 17,2016 at the New School in New York. J. The winners were announced March 12,2015, lacy M. Johnson, The Other Side Gary Shteyngart, Little Failure Meline Toumani, There Was and There Was Not Biography Ezra Greenspan, William Wells Brown, An African American Life S. C. The winners were announced on March 13,2014, powers Ruth Franklin James Marcus Roxana Robinson Alexandra Schwartz The finalists were announced January 14,2012. The winners were announced on Feb.28,2012, Fiction Laurent Binet, HHhH tr. A. Powell, Useless Landscape, or A Guide for Boys A. E. Stallings, Olives Autobiography Reyna Grande, The Distance Between Us Maureen N. Pugliese, Bitter Spring, A Life of Ignazio Silone Martha A. A, herring, From Colony to Superpower, US Foreign Relations Since 1776. Allan Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, Jane Mayer, The Dark Side, Autobiography Rick Bass, Why I Came West, Helene Cooper, The House on Sugar Beach, Honor Moore, The Bishop’s Daughter, Andrew X. S. Naipaul, Paul J. Giddings, Ida, A Sword Among Lions, complete list of NBCC winners and finalists
26.
Alan Shepard
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Rear Admiral Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was an American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and businessman. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Shepard saw action with the navy during World War II. He became an aviator in 1946, and a test pilot in 1950. He was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts in 1959 and his craft entered space, but did not achieve orbit. He became the person, and the first American, to travel into space. In the final stages of Project Mercury, Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 and he named Mercury Spacecraft 15B Freedom 7 II in honor of his first spacecraft, but the mission was cancelled. This was surgically corrected in 1969, and in 1971, Shepard commanded the Apollo 14 mission, at age 47, he became the fifth and oldest person to walk on the Moon, and the only one of the Mercury Seven astronauts to do so. During the mission, he hit two balls on the lunar surface. He was Chief of the Astronaut Office from November 1963 to July 1969 and he was promoted to rear admiral on August 25,1971, the first astronaut to reach that rank. Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was born on November 18,1923, in Derry, New Hampshire, to Alan B. Shepard Sr. and he had a younger sister, Pauline, who was known as Polly. He was one of famous descendants of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren. His father, Alan B. Shepard Sr. known as Bart, worked in the Derry National Bank and he joined the National Guard in 1915 and served in France with the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. He remained in the National Guard between the wars, and was recalled to duty during World War II, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1936, he went to the Pinkerton Academy, a school in Derry that his father had attended. He completed years 9 to 12 there, fascinated by flight, he created a model airplane club at the Academy, and his Christmas present in 1938 was a flight in a Douglas DC-3. The following year he began cycling to Manchester Airfield, where he would do odd jobs in exchange for the ride in an airplane or informal flying lesson. Shepard graduated from the Pinkerton Academy in 1940, because World War II was already raging in Europe, his father wanted him to join the Army. He easily passed the exam to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1940
27.
Gus Grissom
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Virgil Ivan Gus Grissom, was one of the original NASA Project Mercury astronauts, a United States Air Force test pilot and a mechanical engineer. He was the second American to fly in space, and the first member of the NASA Astronaut Corps to fly in space twice. Grissom was killed along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a pre-launch test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and he was the first of the Mercury Seven to die. He was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and, posthumously, Grissom was born in Mitchell, Indiana, on April 3,1926, the second child of Dennis David Grissom and Cecile King Grissom. His father was a signalman for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and his older sister died shortly before his birth, and he was followed by three younger siblings, Wilma, Norman and Lowell. As a child he attended the local Church of Christ, where he remained a lifelong member, Grissom attended public elementary schools, and went on to Mitchell High School. He met and befriended Betty Lavonne Moore at school through their extracurricular activities and his boy scout troop carried the American flag at school basketball games, while she played the drum in the high school band. His first jobs were delivering newspapers for the Indianapolis Star in the morning, and he also worked at a local meat market, a service station, and a clothing store. He occasionally spent time at a airport in Bedford, Indiana. A local attorney who owned a plane would take him on flights for a $1 fee. World War II broke out while Grissom was still in high school and he enlisted as an aviation cadet in the United States Army Air Forces, and completed an entrance exam in November 1943. Grissom graduated from school in 1944, and was inducted into the United States Army at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. As the war neared its end, Grissom sought to be discharged and he married Betty Moore on July 6,1945, at the First Baptist Church in Mitchell while on leave. His brother Norman served as his best man and he was discharged from the Army in November 1945. Grissom took a job at Carpenter Body Works, a bus manufacturing business. However, he had trouble earning a sufficient income and was determined to attend college, bill for partial payment of his school tuition, Grissom enrolled at Purdue University in September 1946. During his time in college, Betty returned to live with her parents, Grissom took summer classes to finish early and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering in February 1950. Grissom re-enlisted in the military after his graduation from Purdue, this time in the newly-formed United States Air Force and he was accepted into the air cadet basic training program at Randolph Air Force Base in Universal City, Texas
28.
L. Gordon Cooper
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Leroy Gordon Gordo Cooper Jr. Cooper piloted the longest and final Mercury spaceflight in 1963. He was the first American to sleep in space during that 34-hour mission and was the last American to be launched alone to conduct an entirely solo orbital mission, in 1965, Cooper flew as Command Pilot of Gemini 5. Cooper was born on March 6,1927, in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to parents Leroy Gordon Cooper Sr. and he was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. Cooper attended Jefferson Elementary School and Shawnee High School in Shawnee, Oklahoma and he moved to Murray, Kentucky, about two months before graduating with his class in 1945 when his father, Leroy Cooper Sr. a World War I veteran, was called back into service. He graduated from Murray High School in 1945, after he learned that the Army and Navy flying schools were not taking any candidates the year he graduated from high school, he decided to enlist in the United States Marine Corps. Cooper left for MCRD Parris Island as soon as he graduated, however, World War II had ended before he could get into combat. He was assigned then to the Naval Academy Preparatory School and was an alternate for an appointment to Annapolis, the man who was the primary appointee made the grade so Cooper was reassigned in the Marines on guard duty in Washington, D. C. He was serving with the Presidential Honor Guard in Washington when he was released from duty along with other Marine reservists, following his discharge from the Marine Corps, he went to Hawaii to live with his parents. His father was assigned to Hickam Field at the time and he started attending the University of Hawaii, and there he met his first wife, the former Trudy B. Olson of Seattle, Washington. She was quite active in flying, the only Mercury wife to have a pilots license and they were married on August 29,1947 in Honolulu when Gordon was 20. They continued to live there for two years while he continued his university studies. Cooper transferred his commission to the United States Air Force in 1949, was placed on duty and received flight training at Perrin Air Force Base, Texas and Williams AFB. Coopers first flight assignment came in 1950 at Landstuhl Air Base, West Germany and he later became flight commander of the 525th Fighter Bomber Squadron. While in Germany, he attended the European Extension of the University of Maryland. Returning to the United States in 1954, he studied for two years at the U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology in Ohio, and he corrected several deficiencies in the F-106, saving the U. S. Air Force a great deal of money. Cooper logged more than 7,000 hours of flight time and he flew all types of commercial and general aviation airplanes and helicopters. While at Edwards, Cooper was intrigued to read an announcement saying that a contract had been awarded to McDonnell Aircraft in St. Louis, Missouri, to build a space capsule. Shortly after this he was called to Washington, D. C. for a NASA briefing on Project Mercury, Cooper went through the selection process with the other 109 pilots and was not surprised when he was accepted as the youngest of the first seven American astronauts
29.
Wally Schirra
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He flew the six-orbit, nine-hour Mercury-Atlas 8 mission on October 3,1962, becoming the fifth American, and the ninth human, to ride a rocket into space. In the two-man Gemini program, he achieved the first space rendezvous, in October 1968, he commanded Apollo 7, an 11-day low Earth orbit shakedown test of the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module. He was the first person to go into three times, and the only person to have flown in Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. He retired from the U. S. Navy at the rank of Captain and from NASA after his Apollo flight and he joined Walter Cronkite as co-anchor for the seven Moon landing missions. Schirra died at the age of 84 on May 3,2007 of an attack while undergoing treatment for abdominal cancer. Schirra was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, on March 12,1923, Schirras father, Walter M. Schirra Sr. who was born in Philadelphia, joined the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War I, and flew bombing and reconnaissance missions over Germany. After the war he barnstormed at county fairs around New Jersey, Schirras mother, Florence Shillito Schirra, went along on her husbands barnstorming tours and performed wing walking stunts. By the time he was 15, Wally was flying his fathers airplane and his hobbies were skiing, hunting, sailing, and fishing. Schirra was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of First Class in Troop 36 in Oradell, Schirra attended elementary school in Oradell, graduating in 1936, and graduated from Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood, New Jersey in 1940. He attended the Newark College of Engineering, where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity and he was later appointed to the United States Naval Academy, and graduated with the accelerated Class of 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1945. He married the former Josephine Cook Jo Fraser of Seattle, Washington on February 23,1946 and they had two children, Walter M. Schirra, III, born June 23,1950 and Suzanne, born September 29,1957. Jo Schirra died April 27,2015 and he attended the United States Naval Academy from 1942 until graduation in 1945 when he was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy on June 6,1945. Schirra served during the months of World War II aboard the large battlecruiser USS Alaska. After the war ended, he trained as a Naval Aviator at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, received his wings in 1948 and he was the second Navy pilot to log 1,000 hours in jet aircraft. Upon the outbreak of the Korean War, Schirra was dispatched to South Korea as a pilot on loan to the U. S. Air Force. He served as a leader with the 136th Fighter Bomber Wing. He flew 90 combat missions between 1951 and 1952, mostly in F-84 Thunderjet, Schirra was credited with downing one MiG-15 and damaging two others. Schirra received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with an oak leaf cluster for his service in Korea, after his tour in Korea, Schirra served as a test pilot
30.
Deke Slayton
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After joining NASA, Slayton was selected to pilot the second U. S. manned orbital spaceflight, but was grounded in 1962 by atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart rhythm. He then served as NASAs Director of Flight Crew Operations, making him responsible for crew assignments at NASA from November 1963 until March 1972. This record was surpassed in 1983 by 53-year-old John Young and in 1998 by Slaytons fellow Project Mercury astronaut John Glenn, Slayton died at the age of 69 on June 13,1993, from a malignant brain tumor. Slayton was born on March 1,1924, on a farm near Sparta, Wisconsin, to parents Charles Sherman Slayton and he was of English and Norwegian descent. In 1929, a farm equipment accident left him with a severed left ring finger. He attended elementary school in Leon, Wisconsin, and graduated from Sparta High School in 1942. He entered the United States Army Air Forces as a cadet in 1942, training as a B-25 bomber pilot and received his wings in April 1943 after completing training at Vernon and Waco. Slayton served again as a B-25 instructor for one following the end of the war. After the war, Slayton graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Minnesota and he graduated from the Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in 1952, at that time an arm of Air Command and Staff College. Returning to the United States in June 1955, Slayton attended and graduated from U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School to become a test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base in California. In his Air Force career, he logged 7,164 hours flying time including more than 5,100 hours in jet aircraft. S, following a gruelling series of physical and psychological tests, NASA selected Slayton to be one of the original group of seven Mercury astronauts. During the summer of 1961, Slayton was diagnosed with a heart rate. Despite his best efforts to overcome this condition, including exercise and lifestyle changes and he ended up as the only of the Mercury Seven to not fly a Mercury mission. When NASA grounded Slayton, the Air Force followed suit and he had the decisive role in choosing the crews for the Gemini and Apollo programs, including the decision of who would be the first person on the Moon. In 1972, Slayton was awarded the Society of Experimental Test Pilots James H. Doolittle Award and he also took massive doses of vitamins, and for a time took daily doses of quinidine, a crystalline alkaloid. Slayton celebrated with an hour of aerobatic maneuvers in a NASA T-38 jet trainer, Slayton resigned as Director of Flight Crew Operations in February 1974. On July 17,1975, the two joined up in orbit, and astronauts Slayton, Thomas P. Stafford and Vance D. Brand conducted crew transfers with cosmonauts Alexey Leonov and Valeri Kubasov, during hospitalization, a lesion was discovered on Slaytons lung and removed
31.
John Glenn
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John Herschel Glenn, Jr. was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, and United States Senator from Ohio. In 1962 he was the first American to orbit the Earth, before joining NASA, Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II and Korea with six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen clusters on his Air Medal. He was one of the Mercury Seven, military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the United States first astronauts, on February 20,1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission, the first American to orbit the Earth, he was the fifth person in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, was inducted into the U. S, astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and was the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven. After Glenn resigned from NASA in 1964 and retired from the Marine Corps the following year, an injury in early 1964 forced his withdrawal, and he lost a close primary election in 1970. A member of the Democratic Party, Glenn first won election to the Senate in 1974 and he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012. John Herschel Glenn, Jr. was born on July 18,1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, the son of John Herschel Glenn, Sr. and teacher Clara Teresa and he attended New Concord Elementary School. After graduating from New Concord High School in 1939, Glenn studied engineering at Muskingum College and he earned a private pilot license for credit in a physics course in 1941. Glenn did not complete his year in residence or take a proficiency exam. Muskingum awarded his degree in 1962, after Glenns Mercury space flight, when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, Glenn quit college to enlist in the U. S. Army Air Corps. Never called to duty, he enlisted as a U. S. Navy aviation cadet in March 1942, during advanced training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, he accepted an offer to transfer to the U. S. Marine Corps. Having completed his training in March 1943, Glenn was commissioned as a second lieutenant, after advanced training at Camp Kearny, California, he was assigned to Marine Squadron VMJ-353 and flew R4D transport planes. Glenn was posted to the Marine Corps Air Station El Centro in California in July 1943 and joined VMO-155, VMO-155 re-equipped with the F4U Corsair in September 1943. He was promoted to first lieutenant in October 1943, and shipped out to Hawaii in January 1944 and it was intended that VMO-155 would move to the Marshall Islands but this was delayed, and on February 21 it moved to Midway Atoll and became part of the garrison. Beginning in June 1944, stationed in the Marshall Islands, Glenn flew 57–59 combat missions in the area and he received two Distinguished Flying Crosses and ten Air Medals. Although he was promoted to captain in July 1945, shortly before the Pacific Wars end, Glenn was ordered back to Cherry Point, joined VMF-913, and learned that he had qualified for a regular commission. In March 1946, he was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in southern California, Glenn volunteered for service with the occupation in North China, believing that it would be a short tour. He joined VMF-218, yet another Corsair squadron, in December 1946, Glenn flew patrol missions until VMF-218 was transferred to Guam in March 1947, and he returned home in December 1948
32.
Scott Carpenter
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Malcolm Scott Carpenter, was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, astronaut, and aquanaut. He was one of the seven astronauts selected for NASAs Project Mercury in April 1959. Carpenter was the second American to orbit the Earth and the fourth American in space, following Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, and John Glenn. Born May 1,1925, in Boulder, Colorado, Carpenter moved to New York City with his parents Marion Scott Carpenter and his father had been awarded a postdoctoral research post at Columbia University. In the summer of 1927, Scott returned to Boulder with his mother and he was raised by his maternal grandparents in the family home at the corner of Aurora Avenue and Seventh Street, until his graduation from Boulder High School in 1943. It was claimed that Carpenter named his spacecraft Aurora 7 after Aurora Avenue and he was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of Second Class Scout. Upon graduation, he was accepted into the V-12 Navy College Training Program as a cadet at Colorado College in Colorado Springs. After a year there, he spent six months in training at St. Marys Preflight School, Moraga, California, world War II ended before he was able to finish training and receive an overseas assignment, so the Navy released him from active duty. He returned to Boulder in November 1945 to study Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, while at Colorado he joined Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. At the end of his year, he missed the final examination in heat transfer. On the eve of the Korean War, Carpenter was recruited by the United States Navys Direct Procurement Program and he reported to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida in the fall of 1949 for pre-flight and primary flight training. He earned his wings on April 19,1951, in Corpus Christi. He spent three months in the Fleet Airborne Electronics Training School, San Diego, California, and was in a Lockheed P2V transitional training unit at Whidbey Island, Washington, in November 1951, he was assigned to Patrol Squadron 6 based at Barbers Point, Hawaii. During his first tour of duty, on his first deployment, Carpenter flew Lockheed P2V Neptunes for Patrol Squadron Six on reconnaissance, Carpenter was then appointed to the U. S. Naval Test Pilot School, class 13, at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland in 1954. In his next tour of duty was spent in Monterey, California, after attending the Naval Air Intelligence School, Washington D. C. for an additional eight months in 1957 and 1958, Carpenter was named Air Intelligence Officer for USS Hornet. After being chosen for Project Mercury in 1959, Carpenter, along with the six astronauts. He served as pilot for John Glenn, who flew the first U. S. orbital mission aboard Friendship 7 in February 1962. Carpenter, serving as capsule communicator on this flight, can be heard saying Godspeed, when Deke Slayton was withdrawn on medical grounds from Project Mercurys second manned orbital flight, Carpenter was assigned to replace him
33.
Space Race
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The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union and the United States, for supremacy in spaceflight capability. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, the Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4,1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, the race peaked with the July 20,1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them, the Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites, and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station. It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, the origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932, von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. They led the team built the Aggregate-4 rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 and its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945, after the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. The United States also acquired a number of complete V2 rockets. The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the part of Germany. On Stalins orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems, the Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s. After the war, he became the USSRs chief rocket and spacecraft engineer and his identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as the Chief Designer. In the West, his name was officially revealed when he died in 1966. They were not allowed to participate in final Soviet missile design, with their help, particularly Helmut Gröttrups group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Gröttrup Groups G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53 and he also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921, yet he had not been taken seriously by the public
34.
Space exploration
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Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology. While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of exploration was driven by a Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States. With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, constellation, a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009. In the 2000s, the Peoples Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program, while the European Union, Japan, from the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism and then public space exploration of the Moon. After the war, the U. S. used German scientists, the first scientific exploration from space was the cosmic radiation experiment launched by the U. S. on a V-2 rocket on 10 May 1946. The first images of Earth taken from space followed the year while the first animal experiment saw fruit flies lifted into space in 1947. Starting in 1947, the Soviets, also with the help of German teams, launched sub-orbital V-2 rockets and their own variant and these suborbital experiments only allowed a very short time in space which limited their usefulness. The first successful launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik 1 mission on 4 October 1957. The satellite weighed about 83 kg, and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km and it had two radio transmitters, which emitted beeps that could be heard by radios around the globe. Analysis of the signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid, Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958, the second one was Sputnik 2. Launched by the USSR on November 3,1957, it carried the dog Laika and this success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later. On 31 January 1958, the U. S. successfully orbited Explorer 1 on a Juno rocket, the first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1, carrying 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes, gagarins flight resonated around the world, it was a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration, human spaceflight. The U. S. first launched a person into space within a month of Vostok 1 with Alan Shepards suborbital flight in Mercury-Redstone 3, orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenns Mercury-Atlas 6 orbited Earth on 20 February 1962. Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, orbited Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963
35.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
36.
Gordon Cooper
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Leroy Gordon Gordo Cooper Jr. Cooper piloted the longest and final Mercury spaceflight in 1963. He was the first American to sleep in space during that 34-hour mission and was the last American to be launched alone to conduct an entirely solo orbital mission, in 1965, Cooper flew as Command Pilot of Gemini 5. Cooper was born on March 6,1927, in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to parents Leroy Gordon Cooper Sr. and he was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. Cooper attended Jefferson Elementary School and Shawnee High School in Shawnee, Oklahoma and he moved to Murray, Kentucky, about two months before graduating with his class in 1945 when his father, Leroy Cooper Sr. a World War I veteran, was called back into service. He graduated from Murray High School in 1945, after he learned that the Army and Navy flying schools were not taking any candidates the year he graduated from high school, he decided to enlist in the United States Marine Corps. Cooper left for MCRD Parris Island as soon as he graduated, however, World War II had ended before he could get into combat. He was assigned then to the Naval Academy Preparatory School and was an alternate for an appointment to Annapolis, the man who was the primary appointee made the grade so Cooper was reassigned in the Marines on guard duty in Washington, D. C. He was serving with the Presidential Honor Guard in Washington when he was released from duty along with other Marine reservists, following his discharge from the Marine Corps, he went to Hawaii to live with his parents. His father was assigned to Hickam Field at the time and he started attending the University of Hawaii, and there he met his first wife, the former Trudy B. Olson of Seattle, Washington. She was quite active in flying, the only Mercury wife to have a pilots license and they were married on August 29,1947 in Honolulu when Gordon was 20. They continued to live there for two years while he continued his university studies. Cooper transferred his commission to the United States Air Force in 1949, was placed on duty and received flight training at Perrin Air Force Base, Texas and Williams AFB. Coopers first flight assignment came in 1950 at Landstuhl Air Base, West Germany and he later became flight commander of the 525th Fighter Bomber Squadron. While in Germany, he attended the European Extension of the University of Maryland. Returning to the United States in 1954, he studied for two years at the U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology in Ohio, and he corrected several deficiencies in the F-106, saving the U. S. Air Force a great deal of money. Cooper logged more than 7,000 hours of flight time and he flew all types of commercial and general aviation airplanes and helicopters. While at Edwards, Cooper was intrigued to read an announcement saying that a contract had been awarded to McDonnell Aircraft in St. Louis, Missouri, to build a space capsule. Shortly after this he was called to Washington, D. C. for a NASA briefing on Project Mercury, Cooper went through the selection process with the other 109 pilots and was not surprised when he was accepted as the youngest of the first seven American astronauts
37.
Chimpanzee
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Chimpanzees are one of the two species of the genus Pan, the other being the bonobo. Together with gorillas, they are the only exclusively African species of ape that are currently extant. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, both chimpanzees and bonobos are found in the Congo jungle. In addition, P. troglodytes is divided into four subspecies, based on genome sequencing, the two extant Pan species diverged around one million years ago. The most obvious differences are that chimpanzees are somewhat larger, more aggressive and male-dominated, while the bonobos are more gracile, peaceful and their hair is typically black or brown. Males and females differ in size and appearance, both chimps and bonobos are some of the most social great apes, with social bonds occurring among individuals in large communities. Fruit is the most important component of a diet, however, they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity, Chimpanzees and bonobos are equally humanitys closest living relatives. As such, they are among the largest-brained, and most intelligent of primates, they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and they have both been extensively studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations, field studies of Pan troglodytes were pioneered by primatologist Jane Goodall. Both Pan species are considered to be endangered as human activities have caused declines in the populations. Threats to wild populations include poaching, habitat destruction. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of Pan species in the wild, the first use of the name chimpanze is recorded in The London Magazine in 1738, glossed as meaning mockman in a language of the Angolans. The spelling chimpanzee is found in a 1758 supplement to Chambers Cyclopædia, the colloquialism chimp was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s. The common chimpanzee was named Simia troglodytes by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1776, the species name troglodytes is a reference to the Troglodytae, an African people described by Greco-Roman geographers. Blumenbach first used it in his De generis humani varietate nativa liber in 1776, the genus name Pan was first introduced by Lorenz Oken in 1816. An alternative Theranthropus was suggested by Brookes 1828 and Chimpansee by Voigt 1831, troglodytes was not available, as it had been given as the name of a genus of wren in 1809. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature adopted Pan as the official name of the genus in 1895
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Trapeze
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A trapeze is a short horizontal bar hung by ropes or metal straps from a support. It is an aerial apparatus commonly found in circus performances, trapeze acts may be static, spinning, swinging or flying, and may be performed solo, double, triple or as a group act. It is officially the last performance of the circus, the art of trapeze performance was developed by Jules Léotard, a young French acrobat and aerialist, in Toulouse in the mid-1800s. He invented the flying trapeze, practising over his fathers swimming pool, the difficulty on a static trapeze is making every move look effortless. Swinging trapeze refers to an act performed on a trapeze swinging in a forward - backward motion, the performer builds up swing from a still position, and uses the momentum of the swing to execute the tricks. Usually tricks on a swinging trapeze are thrown on the peaks of the swing, most of the tricks begin with the performer sitting or standing on the bar and end with the performer catching the bar in his/her hands or in an ankle hang. This act requires a great deal of strength, grace, the trapeze bar is weighted and often has cable inside the supporting ropes for extra strength to withstand the dynamic forces of the swing. Flying trapeze refers to an act where a performer, or flyer, grabs the trapeze bar and jumps off a high platform, or pedestal board. People of any size are able to execute basic trapeze maneuvers, Flying trapeze is generally done over a net, or occasionally over water. The trapeze is supported by wire rather than ropes. Dance trapeze refers to a used by many modern dance companies in aerial dance. The ropes of the trapeze are often attached to a single swivel, allowing the trapeze to spin in either small or large circles. Double trapeze is a variation on the trapeze, and features two performers working together on the same trapeze to perform figures and bear each others weight. It can also be performed swinging, in case the act is called swinging double trapeze. Multiple trapeze refers to a number of different shapes and sizes of trapeze, including trapeze, triple trapeze. Shaped trapezes are apparatuses that can take any shape imaginable. Aerial Circus Training and Safety Manual, view at Google Books Elena Zanzu, M. A. Il Trapezio Oscillante, Storie di Circo nellAria. Aerial silk European Federation of Professional Circus Schools Desiree Belmarez, the physics of the flying trapeze Bloomington once capital of aerial kingdom - Pantagraph Fred and Harry Green- The Flying LaVans - McLean County Museum of History
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U.S. president
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
40.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
41.
Aviation Cadet Training Program (USAAF)
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The Flying / Aviation Cadet Pilot Training Program was originally created by the U. S. Army to train its pilots. Originally created in 1907 by the U. S. Army Signal Corps, candidates originally had to be between the ages of 19 and 25, athletic, and honest. Two years of college or three years of a scientific or technical education were required, Cadets were supposed to be unmarried and pledged not to marry during training. From 1907 to 1920, pilot officers were considered part of the Signal Corps or the Signal Officer Reserve Corps, after 1920, they were considered part of their own separate organization, the U. S. Army Air Service. The U. S. Army Air Corps Training Center was at Duncan Field, San Antonio, Texas from 1926 to 1931 and Randolph Field from 1931 to 1939. Two more centers were activated on 8 July 1940, the West Coast Army Air Corps Training Center in Sunnyvale, California, the SAACTC was later renamed the Gulf Coast Army Air Corps Center. In 1942, the Army moved the WCAACTC from Moffett Field to Santa Ana Army Air Base, located on West 8th Street in Santa Ana, California. On January 23,1942 the USAAF created the separate Air Corps Flying Training Command, originally formed in Washington, D. C. they moved to facilities at Fort Worth, Texas in July. They were renamed the Army Air Forces Flight Training Command and Army Air Forces Technical Training Command respectfully in March,1942 and they were later unified as the Army Air Forces Training Command. Gulf Coast Army Air Corps Center – Randolph Field, San Antonio, West Coast Army Air Corps Training Center – Moffett Field, Sunnyvale, California. Santa Ana Army Air Base, Santa Ana, California, Southeast Army Air Corps Training Center – Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Alabama. From 1942, classification and pre-flight took place at Nashville AAC, from 1947, the Aviation Cadet program was run by the now-independent U. S. Air Force from Lackland, Kelly, Randolph, or Brooks AFB, all located in San Antonio, Texas. The Air Force program stopped taking civilian and enlisted candidates in 1961. The first enlisted U. S. Army pilot was Corporal Vernon L. Burge, when Captain Frank P. Lahm, the schools commander, couldnt find enough commissioned officer applicants, he trained Burge, who received his FAI pilots license on 14 June 1912. Although the practice was condemned, the Army later relented. The second was Corporal William A. Lamkey, Lamkey entered the Army Signal Corps in 1913, but had already received his FAI license from the Moisant Aviation School in 1912. Lamkey later left the Army to work as a mercenary pilot, the third pilot was Sergeant William C. Ocker was denied pilot training because he was an enlisted man, in his off hours he exchanged work for flight lessons from the nearby Curtiss Flying School
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Albert Scott Crossfield
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Albert Scott Crossfield was an American naval officer and test pilot. In 1953, he became the first pilot to fly at twice the speed of sound, born October 2,1921, in Berkeley, California, Crossfield grew up in California and Washington. He served with the U. S. Navy as a flight instructor, in 1950, Crossfield joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an aeronautical research pilot. Crossfield demonstrated his flight test skills on his very first student solo, during the first spin, Crossfield experienced vibrations, banging, and noise in the aircraft that he had never encountered with his instructor. He recovered, climbed to an altitude, and repeated his spin entry and spin recovery, getting the same vibration, banging. On his third entry, at yet an even higher altitude, he looked over his shoulder as he was spinning and observed the instructors door disengaged. He reached back, pulled the door closed, and discovered all the vibrations, banging, satisfied, he recovered from the spin, landed, and fueled the airplane. He also realized his instructor had been holding the door during their practice spin entries and recoveries, and never mentioned this door quirk. In later years, Crossfield often cited his curiosity about this solo spin anomaly and his desire to analyze what was going on and why it happened, as the start of his test pilot career. Over the next five years, he flew all of the experimental aircraft under test at Edwards, including the X-1, XF-92, X-4, X-5, Douglas D-558-I Skystreak. During one of his X-1 flights, the cockpit windows completely frosted, ever resourceful, he removed a loafer, took off his sock, and created a peep hole to reference his chase plane wingman all the way to landing. On November 20,1953, he became the first person to fly at twice the speed of sound as he piloted the Skyrocket to a speed of 1,291 mph, the Skyrocket D-558-II surpassed its intended design speed by 25 percent on that day. Crossfield was uninjured, and the F-100 was later repaired and returned to service, Crossfield left NACA in 1955 As chief engineering test pilot for North American, Crossfield played a major role in the design and development of the North American X-15 and its systems. Once it was ready to fly, it was his job to demonstrate its airworthiness at speeds ranging up to Mach 3, because the X-15 and its systems were unproven, these tests were considered extremely hazardous. Crossfield flew 14 of the 199 total X-15 flight tests with most of these tests establishing and validating initial key parameters, Crossfield not only designed the X-15 from the beginning, but introduced many innovations, including putting engine controls of the rocket plane into the cockpit. Previously, all engine adjustments resulted from technicians making adjustments on the ground based upon results of flight profiles and it was during this time that Crossfield was part of the U. S. Air Forces Man In Space Soonest project. On June 8,1959, he completed the airplanes first flight, the flight was troubled as the flight controls had not been set up properly. As Crossfield attempted to land the unfueled X-15, it went into what Crossfield described as a classic PIO or pilot induced oscillation and he managed to set down the X-15 on the desert runway at the bottom of one of the severe oscillations saving himself and the airframe
43.
Sam Shepard
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Samuel Shepard Rogers III, known professionally as Sam Shepard, is an American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director, whose body of work spans over half a century. He is the author of plays as well as several books of short stories, essays. Shepard received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child and he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in The Right Stuff. Shepard received the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award as a master American dramatist in 2009, New York described him as the greatest American playwright of his generation. Shepards plays are known for their bleak, poetic, often surrealist elements, black humor. His style has evolved over the years, from the absurdism of his early Off-Off-Broadway work to the realism of Buried Child, Shepard was born November 5,1943, in Fort Sheridan, Illinois. He was named Samuel Shepard Rogers III after his father, Samuel Shepard Rogers, Jr. but his nickname was Steve Rogers. His father was a teacher and farmer who served in the United States Army Air Forces as a pilot during World War II, Shepard has characterized him as a drinking man. His mother, Jane Elaine, was a teacher and a native of Chicago, Shepard worked on a ranch as a teenager. Shepard soon dropped out to join a repertory group, the Bishops Company. At this time Samuel Steve Rogers adopted the professional name Sam Shepard, although his plays would go on to be staged at several Off-Off-Broadway venues, he was most closely connected with Cooks Theatre Genesis, housed at St. Marks Church in-the-Bowery in Manhattans East Village, several of Shepards early plays, including Red Cross and La Turista, were directed by Jacques Levy. A habitué of the Chelsea Hotel scene of the era, he contributed to Kenneth Tynans ribald Oh. Calcutta. and drummed sporadically from 1967 through 1971 with psychedelic folk band The Holy Modal Rounders, appearing on Indian War Whoop, Shepards early science fiction play The Unseen Hand would influence Richard OBriens stage musical The Rocky Horror Show. Shepards Cowboy Mouth – a collaboration with his then-lover Patti Smith – was staged at The American Place Theater in April 1971, providing early exposure for the future punk rock singer. The story and characters were inspired by their relationship, and after opening night, he abandoned the production. He wrote plays out of his house and served for a semester as Regents Professor of Drama at the University of California and his diary of the tour was published by Penguin Books in 1978. A decade later, Dylan and Shepard co-wrote the 11-minute Brownsville Girl, included on Dylans Knocked Out Loaded album, in 1975, he was named playwright-in-residence at the Magic Theatre, where he created many of his notable works, including his Family Trilogy
44.
Scott Glenn
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Theodore Scott Glenn, better known as Scott Glenn, is an American actor. Glenn was born Theodore Scott Glenn in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Elizabeth, a housewife, and Theodore Glenn and he has Irish and Native American ancestry. During his childhood he was ill, and for a year was bed-ridden. Through intense training programs he recovered from his illnesses, also overcoming a limp, after graduating from a Pittsburgh high school, Glenn entered The College of William and Mary where he majored in English. He joined the United States Marine Corps for three years, then worked roughly five months as a reporter for the Kenosha Evening News, located in Kenosha and he tried to become an author, but found he could not write dialogue that satisfied the readers. To learn the art of dialogue, he began taking acting classes, Glenn made his Broadway debut in The Impossible Years in 1965. He joined George Morrisons acting class, helping direct student plays to pay for his studies and he married Carol Schwartz in 1968 and converted to his wifes Judaism upon their marriage. That same year, he joined The Actors Studio and began working in professional theatre, an early television role was that of Calvin Brenner on the CBS daytime serial The Edge of Night. In 1970 director James Bridges offered him his first movie role, in The Baby Maker, Glenn spent eight years in Los Angeles, California, acting in small roles in films and doing TV stints, including a TV movie Gargoyles. He then appeared in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now and worked with directors like Jonathan Demme, in 1980 he appeared as ex-convict Wes Hightower in Bridges Urban Cowboy. He returned to Broadway in Burn This in 1987. S and he played a vicious mob hitman in a critically acclaimed performance in Night of the Running Man. Later he gravitated toward more challenging roles, such as in the Freudian farce Reckless, tragicomedy Edie. In the late 90s Glenn alternated between mainstream films (Courage Under Fire, Absolute Power, independent projects and TV (Naked City and he was also cast in a supporting role in Training Day. Glenn was cast in the FX drama Sons of Anarchy as Clay Morrow and he portrayed Eugene Van Wingerdt in a leading role, in the thriller film The Barber. Glenn appeared in the drama Freedom Writers, in which he played the father of Hilary Swanks character and he currently plays the character Stick in Netflixs Daredevil series, and will reprise the role in The Defenders
45.
Ed Harris
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Edward Allen Ed Harris is an American actor, producer, director, and screenwriter. Harris currently stars in the HBO sci-fi drama series Westworld, as well as Alejandro G. Iñárritus upcoming Starz drama series The One Percent. Harris is a nominee of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in Apollo 13, The Truman Show. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for playing artist Jackson Pollock in his directorial debut Pollock and he also won a Golden Globe Award for playing Senator John McCain in Game Change. In 2015, Harris received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and he has two brothers, Paul and Robert. Harris was raised in a middle class Presbyterian family and he graduated from Tenafly High School in 1969, where he played on the football team, serving as the teams captain in his senior year. A star athlete in school, Harris competed in athletics at Columbia University in 1969. When his family moved to New Mexico two years later, Harris followed, having discovered his interest in acting in theater plays. He enrolled at the University of Oklahoma to study drama, Harris began his career on the stage. Harris first film came in 1978 with a minor part in the suspense film Coma. His first major role in a film two years later with Borderline, in which he starred alongside Charles Bronson. In 1981, Harris played the lead, William Billy Davis, the following year, he co-starred as Hank Blaine in the black comedy horror anthology film Creepshow, directed by George A. Romero. In 1983, Harris became well-known after portraying astronaut John Glenn in The Right Stuff, in 1984, he co-starred in the Robert Benton-directed drama film Places in the Heart, during production of this film, Harris met and married his wife Amy Madigan. In 1986, he received a Tony Award nomination in the Best Actor in a Play category for his role in George Furths Precious Sons and he also won the Theatre World Award and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play for his performance. Harris then portrayed William Walker, a 19th-century American who appointed himself President of Nicaragua and that same year, he played the main role of Harry Nash in the HBO television thriller film The Last Innocent Man. In 1989, his role as David Dave Flannigan in Jacknife earned him his first Golden Globe Award nomination, also in 1989, he portrayed Virgil Bud Brigman in the sci-fi film The Abyss, directed by James Cameron. In 1992, Harris co-starred as Dave Moss in the drama film Glengarry Glen Ross and he won the Valladolid International Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. He next appeared in the films The Firm and Needful Things, the following year, Harris starred in and executive produced the television adaptation of Riders of the Purple Sage
46.
Dennis Quaid
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Dennis William Quaid is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles. First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s, his career rebounded in the 1990s after he overcame an addiction to drugs, for his role in Far from Heaven he won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor and several other accolades. Quaid was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Juanita B, nita Quaid, a real estate agent, and William Rudy Quaid, an electrician. Quaid has English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Cajun ancestry, Quaid dropped out of the University of Houston before graduating and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. He initially had trouble finding work but began to notice when he appeared in Breaking Away. Known for his grin, Quaid has appeared in comedic and dramatic roles. Quaid had starring roles in the films Enemy Mine, Innerspace and he also achieved acclaim for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis in Great Balls of Fire. In 1989, he appeared throughout the Bonnie Raitt music video for the song Thing Called Love. He continued to garner positive reviews in a variety of films, Quaid was also the guest star of a season 2 episode of Muppets Tonight. I. Joe, The Rise of Cobra, and Pandorum, in 2009, Quaid guest starred in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, playing Mr. Krabs grandfather, Captain Redbeard. He portrayed U. S. President Bill Clinton, alongside Michael Sheen as Tony Blair and Hope Davis as Hillary Clinton, in 2012 and 2013, Quaid played Sheriff Ralph Lamb in the CBS TV drama series Vegas. In 2017 he starred in A Dogs Purpose, billed as a celebration of the connection between humans and their dogs. He received nominations for Best Supporting Actor from the Golden Globe Awards, the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards, Quaid was also honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater, the University of Houston, in April 2012. Quaid has been married three times and has three children, Quaid and his first wife, actress P. J. Soles, were married on November 25,1978. On February 14,1991, Quaid married actress Meg Ryan, Quaid and Ryan fell in love during the shooting of their second film together, D. O. A. Quaid and Ryan have a son, Jack Henry and they announced their separation on June 28,2000, saying they had been separated six weeks by then. Their divorce was finalized July 16,2001, Meg Ryan later revealed to InStyle Quaid had been unfaithful to her for a long time while they were married. Quaid dated model Shanna Moakler in 2001 and they were together when she was approached by Playboy, and they discussed it before she posed nude in the magazine
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