1.
Shire of Corangamite
–
The Shire of Corangamite is a local government area in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia, located in the south-western part of the state. It covers an area of 4,407 square kilometres and and it includes the towns of Camperdown, Terang, Cobden, Timboon, Port Campbell and Skipton. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Town of Camperdown, Shire of Hampden, Shire of Heytesbury, the Shire is governed and administered by the Corangamite Shire Council, its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Camperdown. The Shire is named after the geographical feature in the region, Lake Corangamite. The Council meets at the Killara Centre in Camperdown while its main Council offices are located at 181 Manifold Street
2.
Port Campbell
–
Port Campbell /pɔːt ˈkæmbəl/ is a coastal town in Victoria, Australia. The town is on the Great Ocean Road, west of the Twelve Apostles, at the 2006 census, Port Campbell had a population of 599. The town was settled in the 1870s, with the first wharf being built in 1880, Port Campbell Post Office opened on 19 March 1874. It was renamed Port Campbell West in 1881 when a new Port Campbell office opened near the wharf, at the 2001 census, Port Campbell had a population of 372. At the 2006 census, Port Campbell had a population of 599, at the 2011 census, Port Campbell had a population of 618. Media related to Port Campbell, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons Port Campbell - Official tourism website, Official Website for 12 Apostles Region of Victoria
3.
Victoria (Australia)
–
Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
4.
Local government in Victoria
–
Local government in the Australian state of Victoria describes the 79 municipal districts often referred to as local government areas. They are constituted as cities, shires, rural cities and, in one case, in addition to the LGAs, there are also 10 coastal islands and ski resorts which are unincorporated areas and administered either by the state or management boards. At present, the councils not controlled by administrators have a total of 611 councillors, after the elections in October 2016, this number will increase due to changes in electoral structure and administrators leaving some councils. Up till 1994 there had been 210 LGAs, when Jeff Kennett, the councils of Benalla and Mansfield split subsequent to this to arrive at the current number. Both bodies continued after the creation of Victoria as a separate colony, Road districts were established pursuant to legislation passed in 1853. From 1862 many road districts became shires pursuant to the District Councils Bill 1862, to become a shire, the road district had to be over 100 square miles in size and have annual rate revenue of over £1000. There were 96 road districts or shires created by 1865, promotion to town or city status was dependent on the gross revenue of the council. Such promotion was not automatic, but it was granted often, the clauses have been amended many times by parliament, but since 2006 the Constitution Act has required a referendum to further alter them. Five shires became rural cities but were dissolved with the 1994 restructure, in 1992 there were 65 cities in Victoria, more than there were in England at the time despite a significantly lower population. In 1994, the Jeff Kennett government restructured local government in Victoria and his reforms dissolved 210 councils and sacked 1600 elected councillors, and created 78 new councils through amalgamations. In suburban Melbourne 53 municipalities were reduced to 26, the new local government areas were headed by commissioners appointed by the State Government, democratically elected councils did not return until 1996. The current total of 79 LGAs arose when the Shire of Delatite was split in 2002 into the Rural City of Benalla and the Shire of Mansfield. A new City of Sunbury was proposed to be created from part of the City of Hume after the 2016 council elections, all local government areas are governed in a similar fashion, with an elected council, one of whom is the mayor. The City of Melbourne and the City of Greater Geelong have a elected mayor. The average area of a district within the Melbourne metropolitan area is 285 square kilometres. In practice, this is understood as referring to the distribution between urban centres and rural areas. The term borough, used of the Borough of Queenscliffe, is not defined by the act but has retained for the single borough which survived the reforms of the 1990s. Under the repealed Local Government Act 1958, boroughs, towns and cities were defined on the basis of area, population, in practice, boroughs were and are small towns
5.
Limestone
–
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate, about 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778, like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts and these organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or siliceous skeletal fragment, some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i. e. travertine. Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters and this produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone, which can be recognized by its granular appearance, the primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs, below about 3,000 meters, water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly, so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters. Limestones may also form in lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments, calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors, including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits a characteristic called retrograde solubility, in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Impurities will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces, Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock, when conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together, or it can fill fractures. Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly there are waterfalls. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls, coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells. During regional metamorphism that occurs during the building process, limestone recrystallizes into marble
6.
Stack (geology)
–
A stack or sea stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion. Stacks are formed over time by wind and water, processes of coastal geomorphology and they are formed when part of a headland is eroded by hydraulic action, which is the force of the sea or water crashing against the rock. The force of the water weakens cracks in the headland, causing them to collapse, forming free-standing stacks. Without the constant presence of water, stacks also form when a natural arch collapses under gravity, erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast—the stack. Eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse, leaving a stump, stacks can provide important nesting locations for seabirds, and many are popular for rock climbing. Isolated steep-sided, rocky islets, typically of volcanic origin, are also loosely called stacks or volcanic stacks. Stacks typically form in horizontally-bedded sedimentary or volcanic rocks, particularly on limestone cliffs and these rock types medium hardness means medium resistance to abrasive and attritive erosion. A more resistant layer may form a capstone, the formation process usually begins when the sea attacks small cracks in a headland and opens them. The cracks then gradually get larger and turn into a small cave, when the cave wears through the headland, an arch forms. Further erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast—the stack, eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse, leaving a stump. This stump usually forms a rock island, low enough for a high tide to submerge. Some stacks last for a very long time—possibly because they do not get submerged easily, balls Pyramid, the tallest sea stack in the world List of sea stacks
7.
Port Campbell National Park
–
The Port Campbell National Park is a national park in the south-western district of Victoria, Australia. The 1, 750-hectare national park is situated approximately 190 kilometres south-west of Melbourne, as part of the Shipwreck Coast, it hosts several tourist attractions, including The Twelve Apostles, the London Arch, Loch Ard Gorge, the Gibson Steps, and The Grotto. The park is subject to air, and the cliff-tops are particularly exposed to the harsh weather conditions from the Southern Ocean. However, fragile grasslands and heath-lands are still able to develop, supporting plant species such as sun orchid, in protected areas, plant life includes beard-heath, bower spinach, coast daisy bush, daisies and cushion bush. The wilder terrain hosts an assortment of she-oaks, dogwoods, correa, messmate, trailing guinea-flower, woolly tea-tree, penguins, terns and dotterels are located along the shoreline, with hooded plovers nesting in exposed locations. Australasian gannets, wandering albatrosses and short-tailed shearwaters live out at sea, land animals in the park include southern brown bandicoot, swamp antechinuse and echidna. The Port Campbell National Park was dedicated on 5 May 1964, initially with 700 hectares, in order to protect the limestone formations on and near the coastline adjacent to the Great Ocean Road. By 1981 the park had grown to 1,750 hectares, protected areas of Victoria Port Campbell National Park. Victorias Heritage, Port Campbell National Park, Port Campbell National Park & Bay of Islands Coastal Park, Visitor Guide
8.
Great Ocean Road
–
The Great Ocean Road is an Australian National Heritage listed 243 kilometres stretch of road along the south-eastern coast of Australia between the Victorian cities of Torquay and Allansford. Built by returned soldiers between 1919 and 1932 and dedicated to soldiers killed during World War I, the road is the worlds largest war memorial. The Great Ocean Road starts at Torquay and travels 244 kilometres westward to finish at Allansford near Warrnambool, the road is two lane, and is covered by a speed limit changing between 50 kilometres per hour and 100 kilometres per hour. The road traverses rainforests, as well as beaches and cliffs composed of limestone and sandstone, at the stretch of the Great Ocean Road nearer to Geelong, the road meanders along the coast, with tall, almost-vertical cliffs on the other side of it. Road signs put up along the road warn motorists of possible rockfalls, the city of Geelong, close to Torquay, experiences great benefit from Australian and international visitors to the road, with Geelong Otway Tourism affirming it as an invaluable asset. However, according to a survey performed by the Surf Coast Shire, a 45 kilometre section of the Great Ocean Road, between Lorne and Apollo Bay, is the location of the annual Great Ocean Road Marathon. First run in 2005, the current marathon record of two hours,27 minutes and 42 seconds was set in 2011 by James Kipkelwon of Kenya who also won the event in 2012. By the time of World War I, the rugged south-west coast of Victoria was accessible only by sea or rough bush track. Besides being dedicated as a memorial, it was envisaged that the road would connect isolated settlements on the coast. In 1918, the Great Ocean Road Trust was formed as a private company, the company managed to secure £81,000 in capital from private subscription and borrowing, with Hitchcock himself contributing £3000. Money would be repaid by charging drivers a toll until the debt was cleared, construction on the road began on 19 September 1919, built by approximately 3,000 returned servicemen as a war memorial for fellow servicemen who had been killed in World War I. An advance survey team progressed through dense wilderness at approximately 3 kilometres a month, anecdotal evidence from ABC archives in 1982 suggested workers would rest detonators on their knees during travel, as it was the softest ride for them. The soldiers were paid 10 shillings and sixpence for eight hours per day and they used tents for accommodation throughout, and made use of a communal dining marquee and kitchen, food costing up to 10 shillings a week. Despite the difficulty involved in constructing the road, the workers had access to a piano, gramophone, games, newspapers and magazines at the camps. Additionally, in 1924, the steamboat Casino became stranded near Cape Patton after hitting a reef, the workers obtained the cargo, resulting in an unscheduled two-week-long drinking break. On 18 March 1922 the section from Eastern View to Lorne was officially opened with celebrations, however it was then closed from 10 May 1922 for further work, opening again on 21 December along with tolls to recoup construction costs. The charge, payable at Eastern View, was two shillings for motor cars, and 10 shillings for wagons with more than two horses, in November 1932, the section from Lorne to Apollo Bay was finished, bringing the road to completion. At the time, newspaper The Age commented – In the face of almost insurmountable odds, a memorial was constructed in Hitchcocks name on the road at Mount Defiance, near Lorne, and he is still affectionately considered the Father of the Road
9.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
10.
Tourist attraction
–
Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are also landmarks, tourist attractions are also created to capitalise on legends such as a supposed UFO crash site near Roswell, New Mexico and the alleged Loch Ness monster sightings in Scotland. Ghost sightings also make tourist attractions, ethnic communities may become tourist attractions, such as Chinatowns in the United States and the black British neighbourhood of Brixton in London, England. In the US, owners and marketers of attractions advertise tourist attractions on billboards along the side of highways and roadways, tourist attractions often provide free promotional brochures and flyers in information centres, fast food restaurants, hotel and motel rooms or lobbies, and rest area. Such places are known as tourist traps. Within cities such transport tourist attractions as rides by boats and buses are very popular, novelty attractions are not limited to the American Midwest, but are part of Midwestern culture. It may contain one or more tourist attractions and possibly some tourist traps, siem Reap town for example is a popular tourist destination in Cambodia, mainly owed to its proximity to Angkor temples. A tropical island resort is an island or archipelago that also depends on tourism as its source of revenue, according to the World Tourism Organization, •698 million people travelled to a foreign country in 2000, spending more US$478 billion. Lists of tourist attractions Attractions at DMOZ
11.
Coastal erosion
–
Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the removal of beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage or high winds. The study of erosion and sediment redistribution is called coastal morphodynamics and it may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion. On non-rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in rock formations in areas where the coastline contains rock layers or fracture zones with varying resistance to erosion. Softer areas become eroded much faster than harder ones, which result in landforms such as tunnels, bridges, columns. Over time the coast generally evens out, the softer areas fill up with sediment eroded from hard areas, and rock formations are eroded away. Also abrasion commonly happens in areas where there are strong winds, loose sand, the blowing of millions of sharp sand grains creates a sandblasting effect. This effect helps to erode, smooth and polish rocks, the definition of abrasion is grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles. A place where erosion of a cliffed coast has occurred is at Wamberal in the Central Coast region of New South Wales where houses built on top of the cliffs began to collapse into the sea. This is due to waves causing erosion of the sedimentary material on which the buildings foundations sit. Dunwich, the capital of the English medieval wool trade, disappeared over the period of a few due to redistribution of sediment by waves. The California coast, which has soft cliffs of sedimentary rock and is heavily populated, devils Slide, Santa Barbara, the coast just north of Ensenada, and Malibu are regularly affected. The Holderness coastline on the east coast of England, just north of the Humber Estuary, is one of the fastest eroding coastline in Europe due to its soft clay cliffs and powerful waves. Groynes and other measures to keep it under control has only accelerated the process further down the coast, because longshore drift starves the beaches of sand. The White Cliffs of Dover have also been affected, fort Ricasoli, a historic 17th century fortress in Malta is being threatened by coastal erosion, as it was built on a fault in the headland which is prone to erosion. A small part of one of the walls has already collapsed since the land under it has eroded. Hydraulic action occurs when striking a cliff face compress air in cracks on the cliff face. This exerts pressure on the rock, and can progressively splinter. Over time, the cracks can grow, sometimes forming a cave, the splinters fall to the sea bed where they are subjected to further wave action
12.
Southern Ocean
–
As such, it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions, smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. This ocean zone is cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters. By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Oceans northern boundary or even existence, considering the part of the Pacific, Atlantic. Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary, Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau, the precusor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia. Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps, Southern Ocean is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific, coined by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to discover it, who approached it from the north. The South Seas is an archaic synonym. A1745 British Act of Parliament established a prize for discovering a Northwest Passage to the Western and Southern Ocean of America, authors using Southern Ocean to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits. James Cooks account of his second voyage implies New Caledonia borders it, peacocks 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay to the southward of America and Africa, John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit, the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees. The United Kingdoms South Australia Act 1834 described the waters forming the southern limit of the new colony of South Australia as the Southern Ocean. The Colony of Victorias Legislative Council Act of 1881 delimited part of the division of Bairnsdale as along the New South Wales boundary to the Southern ocean. The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southwards to the South East Cape and then went eastwards to Broughton Island, New Zealand, the northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHOs 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas. From this edition, much of the northern limit ceased to abut land masses. As is discussed in detail below, prior to the 2002 edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them. The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition, and it therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937. To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans it is necessary to consider, or at least be aware of, the limits of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent. The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000, of its 68 member nations,28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents
13.
Reflection seismology
–
Reflection seismology is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earths subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite/Tovex, Reflection seismology is similar to sonar and echolocation. This article is about surface seismic surveys, for vertical seismic profiles, Seismic waves are mechanical perturbations that travel in the Earth at a speed governed by the acoustic impedance of the medium in which they are travelling. The acoustic impedance, Z, is defined by the equation, Z = V ρ, in common with other geophysical methods, reflection seismology may be seen as a type of inverse problem. In the case of reflection seismology, the data are recorded seismograms. For these reasons, great care must be taken when interpreting the results of a seismic survey. These reflected energy waves are recorded over a time period by receivers that detect the motion of the ground in which they are placed. On land, the receiver used is a small, portable instrument known as a geophone. In water, hydrophones are used, which convert pressure changes into electrical signals, each receiver’s response to a single shot is known as a “trace” and is recorded onto a data storage device, then the shot location is moved along and the process is repeated. In general, the complex the geology of the area under study. Modern seismic reflection surveys contain large amount of data and so large amounts of computer processing. Similarly, the amplitude of the incident wave is multiplied by the coefficient to predict the amplitude of the wave transmitted through the boundary. The formula for the transmission coefficient is T =1 − R =2 Z1. By observing changes in the strength of reflectors, seismologists can infer changes in the seismic impedances, in turn, they use this information to infer changes in the properties of the rocks at the interface, such as density and elastic modulus. The situation becomes more complicated in the case of non-normal incidence. These equations have 4 unknowns and can be solved but they do not give an understanding for how the reflection amplitudes vary with the rock properties involved. The reflection and transmission coefficients, which govern the amplitude of each reflection, vary with angle of incidence, AVO studies attempt with some success to predict the fluid content of potential reservoirs, to lower the risk of drilling unproductive wells and to identify new petroleum reservoirs. The 3-term simplification of the Zoeppritz equations that is most commonly used was developed in 1985 and is known as the Shuey equation and this equation reduces to that of normal incidence at =0
14.
Wind wave
–
In fluid dynamics, wind waves, or wind-generated waves, are surface waves that occur on the free surface of bodies of water. They result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface, Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of miles before reaching land. Wind waves on Earth range in size from small ripples, to waves over 100 ft high, when directly generated and affected by local winds, a wind wave system is called a wind sea. After the wind ceases to blow, wind waves are called swells, more generally, a swell consists of wind-generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time. They have been generated elsewhere or some time ago, wind waves in the ocean are called ocean surface waves. Wind waves have an amount of randomness, subsequent waves differ in height, duration. The key statistics of wind waves in evolving sea states can be predicted with wind wave models, although waves are usually considered in the water seas of Earth, the hydrocarbon seas of Titan may also have wind-driven waves. The great majority of large breakers seen at a result from distant winds. Water depth All of these work together to determine the size of wind waves. Further exposure to that wind could only cause a dissipation of energy due to the breaking of wave tops. Waves in an area typically have a range of heights. For weather reporting and for analysis of wind wave statistics. This figure represents an average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a time period. The significant wave height is also the value a trained observer would estimate from visual observation of a sea state, given the variability of wave height, the largest individual waves are likely to be somewhat less than twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm. Wave formation on a flat water surface by wind is started by a random distribution of normal pressure of turbulent wind flow over the water. This pressure fluctuation produces normal and tangential stresses in the surface water and it is assumed that, The water is originally at rest. There is a distribution of normal pressure to the water surface from the turbulent wind. Correlations between air and water motions are neglected, the second mechanism involves wind shear forces on the water surface
15.
Twelve Apostles Marine National Park
–
The Twelve Apostles Marine National Park is a protected marine national park located on the south-west coast of Victoria, Australia. The marine park borders Port Campbell and Great Otway National Parks, protected areas of Victoria Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries Boundary Coordinates. Twelve Apostles Marine National Park, Marine Natural Values Study Summary
16.
London Arch
–
London Arch is an offshore natural arch formation in the Port Campbell National Park, Australia. The arch is a significant tourist attraction along the Great Ocean Road near Port Campbell in Victoria and this stack was formed by a gradual process of erosion, and until 1990 formed a complete double-span natural bridge. The span closer to the shoreline collapsed unexpectedly on 15 January 1990, no one was injured in the event. Prior to the collapse, the arch was known as London Bridge because of its similarity to its namesake, on the website of Geoscience Australia
17.
Loch Ard Gorge
–
The Loch Ard Gorge is part of Port Campbell National Park, Victoria, Australia, about three minutes drive west of The Twelve Apostles. The gorge is named after the clipper ship Loch Ard, which ran aground on nearby Muttonbird Island on 1 June 1878 approaching the end of a journey from England to Melbourne. Of the fifty-four passengers and crew, only two survived, Tom Pearce, at 15 years of age, an apprentice, and Eva Carmichael. According to memorials at the site, Pearce was washed ashore, Pearce then proceeded to climb out of the gorge to raise the alarm to local pastoralists who immediately set into plan a rescue attempt. After three months in Australia Carmichael returned to Europe, four of her family members drowned that night. Pearce was hailed as a hero, and continued his life living until age 49 and he is buried in Southampton, England. The arch of the nearby Island Archway collapsed in June 2009, the feature now appears as two unconnected rock pillars. They have since been officially named Tom and Eva after the two survivors of the Loch Ard shipwreck. The gorge is accessed via the Great Ocean Road,3.5 km northwest of The Twelve Apostles, stairs allow visitors access to the beach and a pathway allows access to the eastern side of the gorge. There are numerous plaques and a museum detailing the sites history, as well as a rest area. This was the location for a number of scenes of the 1982 film The Pirate Movie, the uncommon rufous bristlebird is often observed around the Gorge. It served as the line for the third series of the Amazing Race Australia
18.
CNN
–
The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
19.
The Age
–
The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication
20.
Bells Beach, Victoria
–
It is named after John Cavert Bell of the family that first took up a pastoral run there in the 1840s. The beach and coastal reserve are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, Bells Beach is the home of the worlds longest-running surfing competition – the Rip Curl Pro Surf & Music Festival. The event was known as the Bells Beach Surf Classic. He charged one pound per surfer to recover his expenses and this is now part of the Torquay to Anglesea walking track. Nearby surf breaks include Southside, Centreside, Rincon, Winki Pop, Boobs, although Bells is known internationally as one of the best breaks in Victoria, Winki Pop often works better under more diverse conditions than the other nearby breaks. Australian Surf riders Association - ASA - Now called Surfing Victoria hosted and staged Bells from its inception 1963 and they also ran the conservation contest which included tree planting every year since the mid-1970s. Since 1988 they have met monthly to revegetate the reserve in an effort to bring it back to its original state and they have planted over 100,000 plants there to date. Although the final scene of the film Point Break is set at Bells Beach, Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a cove with spruce trees atop a hill. The actual location of the film was a beach called Indian Beach, in Ecola State Park, located in Cannon Beach, Oregon, Bells Beach is visited in the 1966 documentary film The Endless Summer. In the 2007 animation film Surfs Up, the Australian surfer is shown to be from Bells Beach, Bells Beach - Tourism site Torquay, Jan Juc, Bells Beach Visitor Guide - JanJuc. com. au Bells Beach Facebook community - www. facebook. com/bellsbeachtorquay
21.
Cape Bridgewater
–
The area was settled in the 1860s by the Henty family who had settled nearby Portland, and a post office opened in 1863 though known as Bridgewater Lower for some years. Both Cape Bridgewater and Bridgewater Bay were named by named after the Duke of Bridgewater, Cape Bridgewater includes the following protected areas within its boundaries - the Discovery Bay Coastal Park and the Mount Richmond National Park. Cape Bridgewater is home to a colony of up to 650 fur seals and has the highest coastal cliff in Victoria and these cliffs are suitable spot to observe southern right whales in winter and spring. Bridgewater Bay and the adjacent Cape form a partially submerged volcanic caldera, to the west is a large area with huge sand dunes. This is part of the Portland Wind Project Great South West Walk Media related to Cape Bridgewater at Wikimedia Commons Cape Bridgewater
22.
Great Otway National Park
–
The Great Otway National Park, located in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia. The 103, 185-hectare national park is situated approximately 162 kilometres southwest of Melbourne and it contains a diverse range of landscapes and vegetation types and is situated within the Otway Ranges. The parks were combined after a campaign by the local community, the park is a popular area for interstate and international tourists, with companies operating tours in the region. It contains three camping areas at Johanna, Aire River and Blanket Bay, the park is accessed from the east via Apollo Bay, from the north via Forrest or Beech Forest, or from the west via Princetown. The park covers both coastline and hinterland in the Otway Ranges and so includes both beaches and forest, accessible via walking trails, the park and the Aire River campground are home to a significant koala population. The Cape Otway Lighthouse is adjacent to the park and is open to tourists throughout the week, migrating whales and dolphins such as southern right and southern humpback, and bottlenose dolphins can be observed from the coasts. The Great Otway National Park is extremely rich in fungal diversity, although hundreds of species of flora and fauna are listed in the Great Otway National Park Management Plan, there is only a single reference to fungi. The reference is to the pathogen, Chalara australis that affects myrtle beech. However, the majority of fungi in the Park perform beneficial ecological roles. In fact, most fungi perform positive rather than negative roles, even parasitic fungi – often regarded only negatively – are a vital part of healthy ecosystems, regulating ecosystem functions. As primary recyclers of organic matter, saprobic fungi break down fallen branches and leaf litter, other fungi form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Although rarely acknowledged, the majority of plants in the Great Otway National Park form mutually beneficial mycorrhizal relationships with fungi. Given the great diversity of plants, specialist habitats and micro-climates in the park, two hundred and seventy-eight species of fungi are listed in the Atlas of Living Australia. This is likely to be only a fraction of the number of fungal species that grow in the Park. Despite their essential roles in underpinning terrestrial ecosystems, fungi are barely recognised as a part of Australias biodiversity. Although Australia has national and state level biodiversity conservation strategies and has ratified international conventions, there is currently no statewide biodiversity strategy for managing biodiversity in Victoria and the Colac Otway Shire Environment Strategy makes no reference to fungi. There is however, a deal of interest in fungi among the local community. The Australian citizen-science organisation, Fungimap is also documenting and mapping the distribution of fungi including those that occur in the Great Otway National Park, one of the tiniest yet conspicuous species found in the wetter parts of the park is the ruby bonnet
23.
Aireys Inlet
–
Aireys Inlet is a small coastal inlet and town located on the Great Ocean Road, southwest of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Aireys Inlet is located between Anglesea and Lorne, and joined with Fairhaven to the west, at the 2006 census, Aireys Inlet had a population of 1,148. Many surfers holiday in Aireys Inlet to take advantage of the popular Fairhaven beach, as the inclination of the beach can change dramatically between years, the surf is regarded as unpredictable. Swimmers should take note there is a rip current. Painkalac Creek, which separates Aireys Inlet from Fairhaven, forms a lake or inlet behind the sand dunes before it cuts through to the ocean. Due to low levels in the inlet it is not often that the inlet breaks through. There is also a reef at Step Beach which forms an excellent swimming hole at low tide. The towns main attraction, the Split Point Lighthouse overlooks the inlet, the lighthouse has made Aireys Inlet an icon along the Great Ocean Road. In the early 19th century, before European settlement, the escaped convict William Buckley lived here in a primitive hut eating fish, shellfish, wild raspberries, Aireys Inlet was known to the Aboriginals of the time as Managwhawz. The town takes its current name from John Moore Cole Airey, the Post Office opened on 1 April 1893. During the early 1950s the Australian crime author Arthur Upfield lived at Aireys Inlet and his novel The New Shoe is based on the township and the lighthouse. Some of the novels characters drew on local identities, many scenes from the childrens television series Round the Twist were filmed at or around the area of the Split Point Lighthouse. In 2005 the Bollywood movie Salaam Namaste was produced in Melbourne with many scenes being shot around Aireys Inlet, Fairhaven, each beach has its own character, a result of differing lengths, orientation and nearby rock formations. Beaches include Sandy Gully, Steppy Beach and Sunnymeade, Aireys Inlet was devastated by the infamous 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires in which a large number of houses were burnt down. However, after a lull, interest in the area resumed and has been steadily climbing since. Properties, especially those with a view, are becoming increasingly sought after. Aireys Inlet has a number of listed sites, including, Great Ocean Road Split Point Lightstation Complex Morgan. The Life and Adventures of William Buckley, Thirty-two Years a Wanderer amongst the Aborigines of the Unexplored Country round Port Phillip, media related to Aireys Inlet, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons Split Point Lighthouse History at WebCite Australian Places - Aireys Inlet
24.
Anglesea, Victoria
–
Anglesea is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is located on the Great Ocean Road in the Surf Coast Shire local government area, in the 2011 census, Anglesea had a population of 2,454 people. Originally known as Swampy Creek, the name was changed to Anglesea River in 1884 when the township was established. A Post Office under that name opened on 16 April 1886 and was renamed Anglesea in 1950, alcoa of Australia operated a power station and open-cut coalmine in the town until August 2015. The site is now the subject of restorative work, in February 1983, the Ash Wednesday fires swept through the area, destroying many houses. There is a surge in population during the months, reaching a peak around Christmas and New Years Eve. Although the towns main beach usually has reasonable surfing conditions, many opt for the beach known as Guvvos. Anglesea is also well-known locally for its regular riverbank markets, which are held by the river on Angleseas main street, the towns golf-course is renowned for its resident population of eastern grey kangaroos which graze on the fairways. In September the town hosts the Angair Wildflower Festival, the Surf Coast Walk passes through the town and can either be followed north-east along the coastline to Torquay or south-east towards Aireys Inlet and Moggs Creek. Anglesea has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Bellarine Football League, the town is also home of the Anglesea Cricket Club which competes in the Bellarine Peninsula Cricket Association. Golfers play at the Anglesea Golf Club on Noble Street, Anglesea has a recently re-built skateboard ramp which has led a controversial life, with the construction material having changed from wood to steel, and now concrete. The area has a variety of surfing locations that cater to beginners and experienced surfers. Both the patrolled main beach and the beach at Point Roadknight provide a perfect surfing environment for beginners. These bombies can produce challenging waves during large swells, geshe Sonam Thargye Australian Places - Anglesea Official Great Ocean Road Info Anglesea - Official government tourism site Anglesea Visitor Information - Anglesea. com. au
25.
Apollo Bay
–
Apollo Bay is a coastal town in southwestern Victoria, Australia. It is situated on the side of Cape Otway, along the edge of the Barham River and on the Great Ocean Road. The town had a population of 1,095 at the 2011 Australian census and it is now a tourist destination, though it is smaller and quieter than other nearby places such as Lorne. It is also host to the annual Apollo Bay Music Festival, in winter to spring, southern right whales come to the area mainly to breed, to give birth their calves, and to raise them in the warmer, calm waters of South Australia during their migration season. Less frequently, humpback whales can be seen off the coast, Apollo Bay was part of the traditional lands of the Gadubanud or King Parrot people of the Cape Otway coast. In the 1840s the Henty brothers established a station at Point Bunbury on the western end of the bay. The bay was named by a Captain Loutit in 1845 when he sheltered his vessel, the first European settlers were timber cutters in the 1850s who subsequently established sawmills. Farmers later moved into the area and a settlement on Apollo Bay named Middleton developed. A Post Office of that name opened on 1 May 1873, during this period almost all access to the area was by sea. The township of Krambruk was established in 1877, and a school was open by 1880, with the upgrade of the road to the town in 1927 and the completion of the Great Ocean Road in 1932, the town became a tourist destination and an important fishing port. In 1936 a submarine telegraph and telephone cable from Apollo Bay to Stanley provided the first connection to Tasmania from the mainland, the Apollo Bay Telegraph station closed in 1963 and is now a museum. On July 10,1932 the coastal steamer Casino sank while attempting to berth at the town jetty, earlier shipwrecks have occurred along the Cape Otway coastline. Events and festivals held in Apollo Bay include, Great Ocean Road Marathon Apollo Bay Seafood Festival Apollo Bay and Otway District Show The Apollo Bay Music Festival, a poster for the festival of 1999 by Jeff Ragus was featured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post in 2006. The Apollo Bay Surf Lifesaving Club was established in 1952 as a result of a meeting held on the foreshore by interested townspeople, the Apollo Bay SLSC became the ninth club to be affiliated with Surf Lifesaving Victoria. It is now affiliated with the new amalgamation between two Victorian lifesaving organisations, Life Saving Victoria, the Apollo Bay Sailing Club aims to provide a wide range of opportunities in sailing to a diverse range of abilities and age groups. Apollo Bay Golf Club is on Nelson Street- and Apollo Bay Pony Club -, the town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Colac & District Football League
26.
Barwon Heads, Victoria
–
Barwon Heads is a coastal township on the Bellarine Peninsula, near Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It is situated on the west bank of the mouth of the Barwon River below Lake Connewarre, while it is bounded to the west by farmland, golf courses, at the 2011 census, Barwon Heads had a population of 3,536. The township of Barwon Heads was surveyed in 1827 but remained sparsely populated for years, fishing was the mainstay of the town in its early years. In the 1920s and 1930s the town became a holiday resort. The summer period today still sees an influx of holidaymakers to the town. In 1959 the closing scenes of the film On the Beach based on a Nevil Shute novel about the end of the world was filmed in the town. The Barwon Heads Golf Club Clubhouse, located on Golf Links Road, the former Barwon Heads Bridge is also listed on the Register, however, it was demolished in 2009. The Barwon Heads Bridge was opened in 1912, crossing the Barwon River between Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove, prior to this there was a rowboat service across the river. The bridge was used in filming the ABC television series SeaChange, in July 2006, the Government of Victoria shelved plans to replace the heritage-listed bridge with a new one. A proposal was made to align a new bridge with Geelong Road, permitting traffic flows to bypass the main shopping precinct and primary school, an independent panel was appointed by the then Minister for Planning, Rob Hulls to decide on a location. Evidence was presented, for and against Geelong Road, and the existing site, on 16 March 2007 it was announced that the current bridge would be improved and there were no plans to build a second bridge upstream. The new road bridge and a pedestrian bridge were constructed in 2010. During the late 1990s, Barwon Heads was the location of filming for the popular Australian television series. In the past decade Barwon Heads has become subject to what is known in some parts of Australia as the seachange effect. Since the SeaChange television series first aired in 1998 there has been a significant increase in tourism and real estate sales and this has resulted in a very substantial increase in property and land values, making the town an ideal location for property developers. Since then, the area has experienced a boom in tourist numbers during the summer months, nearby Thirteenth Beach is a popular surfing location, the beach is named for its proximity to the 13th hole of the golf course. The town was subject to flooding, including a flood that lasted some weeks in 1952, the artist Jan Mitchell erected her first bollard sculptures in Barwon Heads. She then went on to more than 100 bollards at the Waterfront Geelong
27.
Camperdown, Victoria
–
Camperdown /ˈkæmpədaʊn/ is a historically significant rural town in southwestern Victoria, Australia,190 kilometres west of the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2011 census, Camperdown had a population of 3,463, the Djargurd Wurrung people were the traditional Aboriginal people of the Camperdown area, who had lived in the area for countless generations as a semi-nomadic hunter gatherer society. The first British settlers, the Manifold brothers, arrived in the area from Van Diemens Land after 1835 to establish sheep, notable on this account is the family of David Fenton, the Scottish Presbyterian shepherd and drover who built the first house in Camperdown in 1853. In 1883 Wombeetch Puuyuun died at the age of 43 and was buried in a bog outside the bounds of Camperdown Cemetery and his friend, James Dawson was shocked at this burial upon his return from a trip to Scotland, and personally reburied Wombeetch in Camperdown Cemetery. He appealed for money to raise a monument, but finding little public support, the 7 metre obelisk was erected as a memorial to Wombeetch Puuyuun and the Aborigines of the district, and has been described as being still inspiring today. The town was surveyed in 1851 and named Camperdown after the Scottish naval hero Lord Viscount Adam Duncan the Earl of Camperdown. The first dwelling was erected on the site of the present Commercial Hotel in 1853 and it became the service centre for the vast pastoral empires of the region. The Port Fairy railway line was opened in 1883, and later extended as part of the line to the southwest of the state. By the mid 20th century Camperdown had emerged as a more diverse centre for farming which drew on its rich volcanic soil, for woolgrowing. In more recent years, however, the drought in Australia in the 21st has affected Camperdowns dairy industry, to the immediate west are the deep volcanic crater lakes Bullen-Merri and Gnotuk while to the east is the crater lake Purrumbete popular for its Trout and Chinook Salmon fishing. It is the point of the Crater to Coast Rail Trail which. The town is renowned for its historical buildings. Tower, avenue, Boer War memorial, Soldiers memorial, memorial cross, among the many other classic buildings are the 1886-7 two storey Georgian style Court House, the 1863 two storey bluestone Post Office, Theatre Royal and Masonic Hall. Originally, Camperdown was part of the East Riding of the Shire of Hampden, on 9 September 1952, Camperdown severed and incorporated as a separate borough. It became a town on 21 January 1959, the Town of Camperdown was not subdivided into wards, and the nine councillors represented the entire area. Camperdown is situated on the Princes Highway, which is the main through road, a dual carriageway with a large central reservation and secondary service street runs through the centre of town. The highway runs west to Terang and beyond to Warrnambool and east to Colac, secondary roads include the Camperdown-Lismore Road which heads north to Lismore and the Camperdown-Cobden Road which heads south to Cobden. Just west at Gnotuk is the Darlington Road which leads north to Darlington, Road coaches provide links within Camperdown, to neighbouring towns and nearby cities and these services include Cobden, Timboon, Simpson and the city of Ballarat
28.
Colac, Victoria
–
Colac is the largest city in and administrative centre of the Colac Otway Shire. At June 2015, Colac had a population of 11,817, a commercial centre for a major agricultural district, it was named after nearby Lake Colac and was proclaimed a city in 1960. For thousands of clans of the Gulidjan people occupied the region of Colac. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1837 by Hugh Murray, the Post Office opened on 1 July 1848 as Lake Colac and was renamed Colac in 1854. Colac Botanic Gardens in Queen Street located on the shores of Lake Colac, were established in 1868, in 1854 town founder Hugh Murray employed a couple of shepherds named Thomas Brookhouse and Patrick Geary. Brookhouse who was looking for missing sheep disappeared without a trace, Patrick Geary and his wife soon left the district. Fifteen years later a boy out rabbiting found the remains of Thomas Brookhouse under a pile of rocks near Lake Corangamite. Brookhouse had his head smashed in and it took Police two years to track Patrick Geary and charge him with Brookhouses murder. A friend of Geary told the court that Geary had killed Brookhouse with an axe to stop him from informing Murray of Gearys sheep stealing activities, Geary was hanged in Melbourne in 1871. and Cooks famous reiteration that If the old country is at war, so are we. Fisher became Prime Minister for the time on 5 September. Australias largest permanent salt lake and Victorias largest natural lake, Lake Corangamite, is nearby, the main form of transport in Colac is the automobile. The Princes Highway runs through the city and forms its main street, the highway runs west toward Camperdown and east to Geelong and beyond to Melbourne. The Colac-Ballarat Road runs north connecting Colac to Ballarat via Cressy, the railway through the town was opened in 1877, and extended from 1883 as part of the line to the south west of the state. The Irrewarra-Cressy line towards Ballarat also ran from Colac between 1889 and 1953 and the Alvie line opened in 1923 and closed in 1954. A narrow gauge line also originated from the town, the branch line to Beech Forest opened in 1902 and was extended to Crowes in 1911. The route of the railway has been developed as the Old Beechy Rail Trail. The local railway station is served by V/Line passenger services on the Warrnambool line, the train stops at Camperdown and Terang. Colac was the home of the annual Cliff Young Australian 6-day race, the event occurred for over 20 years until 2006 and is a running/walking event
29.
Geelong
–
Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia,75 kilometres south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with an urban population of 191,440 as at June 2016. Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east. Geelong is the centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality. Geelong was named in 1827, with the derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, Jillong. The area was first surveyed in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne, the post office was open by June 1840. The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the industry of the Western District. During the gold rush, Geelong experienced a boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district. The city then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s, it one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average. It is known for being home to the Geelong Football Club, today, Geelong stands as an emerging health, education and advanced manufacturing hub. The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula was originally occupied by the Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe, the first nonindigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lt. John Murray, who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson. After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads, on 1 February 1802, led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to the Lady Nelson on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, the Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February, during this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King, Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802, in October of the same year, the HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony. Collins was dissatisfied with the chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J. H. Tuckey to investigate alternate sites. The party spent 22 October to 27 October on the shore of Corio Bay
30.
Jan Juc, Victoria
–
Jan Juc is a coastal town of Victoria, Australia, adjacent to Torquay, Victoria. At the 2011 census, Jan Juc had a population of 3,521, nearby Bellbrae was originally called Jan Juc but was renamed in 1923, so the Jan Juc Post Office, which opened on 25 January 1862, was in fact in Bellbrae. There has never been a post office in the current Jan Juc, as of 2009, housing estates almost link Jan Juc to adjacent Torquay, across the Spring Creek. Along with many parts of the Surf Coast, increasing popularity is placing pressure on the coastal environment. The Jan Juc beach lies between Rocky Point to the east and Bird Rock to the west, and is bounded by high cliffs, the beach is patrolled during summer months by the Jan Juc Surf Life Saving Club. In the late 1990s, a found the fossilised remains of an extinct genus of whale on a beach near Jan Juc. It was named Janjucetus hunderi, after the location, musician Xavier Rudd Jan Juc has a Surf Life Saving Club which includes a junior Nippers program. The Jan Juc Sharks cricket club has eight teams and four senior teams that compete in the Geelong Junior Cricket Association. Official Great Ocean Rd info Torquay, Jan Juc, Bells Beach Visitor Guide - JanJuc. com. au
31.
Lavers Hill
–
Lavers Hill is a town in Victoria, Australia, located 48 kilometres inland from Port Campbell and 48 kilometres from Apollo Bay. The township is located approximately 205 kilometres south-west of the state capital, at the 2006 census, Lavers Hill had a population of 208. Lavers Hill was named after two settlers from Gippsland called Stephen and Frank Laver, the first saw mill was opened in 1900 and so was the church next to the College. Old families from as far back as the 1880s still reside near Lavers Hill, e. g. Speight, Hampshire, development of Lavers Hill happened quickly. Lavers Hill depended on logging and agriculture for its income and it also is dependent on tourism. A bank was opened in 1906, the community hall was opened, a lot of these businesses have closed down. The Community hall was literally blown over in 1930 and rebuilt in 1933, the hotel was burnt down in 1919 and again in 1930. The cheese factory closed and so did the butcher, the Lavers Hill school was opened in 1910 as a rented room in the cheese factory. Another school was built near the church in 1911, in 1953, Johanna school and this were consolidated. At one point, Lavers Hill school had 500 kids, today it has around 100 students from Beech Forest, Ferguson, Gellibrand, Lower Gellibrand, Johanna and Hordernvale and was opened 1911. This school has celebrated its centenary on 2/3 April 2011. Tourist information is located at the newest establishment in Lavers Hill, built from recycled local materials The Shoppe showcases the produce and products of the local residents and has an onsite cafe serving homemade pastries and great coffee. Lavers Hill Post Office opened around 1902 and its name is Yatzies and is currently owned by the Yates family. This town used to have a bakery called McDuffs, however it has ceased to function and is up for sale, there is a town hall, opened in 1933. Locals use it for CERT meetings, badminton matches, progress meetings, on the way to Port Campbell, along the right of the road, there is a police station. Opposite to the Police Station there is the roadhouse and the tavern and it is the meeting point of the roads to Colac, Cobden, Apollo Bay and Port Campbell. Media related to Lavers Hill, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons Great Ocean Road info
32.
Lorne, Victoria
–
Lorne is a seaside town on Louttit Bay in Victoria, Australia. It is situated about the Erskine River and is a destination on the Great Ocean Road tourist route. Lorne is in the Surf Coast Shire and at the 2011 census had a population of 1,046, Lorne is situated on a bay named after Captain Louttit, who sought shelter there in 1841 while supervising the retrieval of cargo from a nearby shipwreck. The coast was surveyed five years later in 1846, the first European settler was William Lindsay, a timber-cutter who began felling the area in 1849. The first telegraph arrived in 1859, subdivision began in 1869 and in 1871 the town was named after the Marquess of Lorne from Argyleshire in Scotland on the occasion of his marriage to Princess Louise, one of Queen Victorias daughters. The Post Office opened on 29 April 1874, the first passenger road service to Geelong was established in 1924 and guesthouses began to appear after 1930. The local fishing industry expanded significantly in the 1930s and 1940s, the Ash Wednesday bushfires swept through the area in 1983, destroying 76 houses. Popular local activities include traditional beach pursuits such as bathing and surfing, as well as pier fishing for barracuda, whiting. Teddys Lookout lies at the end of George Street on the southern outskirts and offers fine views over the town, coastline. The Great Otway National Park is nearby, the Erskine River, the towns population swells to around 13,000 each New Years Eve when the Falls Festival takes place. During the first weekend of January over 20,000 spectators visit Lorne when the hosts the 1.2 km Pier to Pub swim, the 8 km Mountain to Surf run. Terminating in Lorne on the Queens Birthday was the Great Otway Classic Foot Race, fair on the Foreshore occurs on the first weekend in November. The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Colac & District Football League, golfers play at the course of the Lorne Golf Club on Holiday Road. The town has two pubs and a number of cafes, restaurants and bakeries, mostly located along Mountjoy Parade, the town is serviced by one supermarket with a reasonable range of products, given the wide range of needs from locals to camping families to passing motorists. They stock local products such as breads and preserves, other stores sell more local fruits, vegetables, cheese, and there are bakeries. At the pier is the fish co-op, selling fresh fish, as usual in a tourist town, there are a large number of boutiques and clothing stores, as well as a good book store, a second hand book store, and a some art galleries/craft shops. There are also more regular shops such as a pharmacy, newsagent, telstra, Optus and Vodafone all have mobile towers in Lorne, providing decent 3G and 4G signal to all. Residents and tourists with a device can call, message, stream, browse, tweet, post, connect
33.
Moggs Creek, Victoria
–
Moggs Creek is an Australian coastal hamlet. It lies on the Great Ocean Road between Aireys Inlet and Lorne, in the 2011 census, Moggs Creek and surrounding areas had a population of 354 people. AFL footballer Patrick Dangerfield was born in Moggs Creek, victoria, a Lonely Planet Australia guide. Lonely Planet Publications,1996 Everist, Richard, the Complete Guide to the Great Ocean Road. BestShot,2009 Moggs Creek Tide Times and Heights Moggs Creek Postcode
34.
Peterborough, Victoria
–
Peterborough /ˈpiːtəbrə/ is a town on the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia, approximately three hours drive from Melbourne. It has since become a village, and at the 2006 census. The town has two tennis courts and beaches, and a nine-hole golf course at the Peterborough Golf Club on Schomberg Road. The town is situated near The Twelve Apostles, and London Arch land formations, and is part of the Shipwreck Coast. One of the most famous wrecks was the Falls of Halladale which was wrecked in 1908 in thick fog, media related to Peterborough, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons
35.
Port Fairy
–
Port Fairy /pɔːt ˈfɛəri/ is a coastal town in south-western Victoria, Australia. It lies on the Princes Highway in the Shire of Moyne,28 kilometres west of Warrnambool and 290 kilometres west of Melbourne, in the early 19th century whalers and seal hunters used the coast in this region. The bay was named by the crew of the whaler The Fairy in 1828, john Griffiths established a whaling station in 1835 and a store was opened in 1839. In 1843, James Atkinson, a Sydney solicitor, purchased land in the town by special survey and he drained the swamps, subdivided and leased the land, and built a harbour on the Moyne River. He named the town Belfast after his hometown in Ireland, the post office opened on 1 July 1843 Agriculture developed in the region, and Belfast became an important transport hub. By 1857 the town had a population of 2,190, in the mid-to-late 19th century, Belfast was one of Australias largest ports, catering to the whaling industry. In 1887 the town was renamed Port Fairy as a result of an Act of Parliament, a railway was extended to the town in 1890, but closed in 1977. It has been converted into the Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail, at the 2011 census, Port Fairy had a population of 2,835. Its main industries are tourism and fishing, and it is the port for one of Victorias largest fishing fleets. A pharmaceutical factory owned by GlaxoSmithKline is located on the outskirts of the town, Port Fairy is home to two Primary school education facilities, The Port Fairy Consolidated School and St. Patricks Parish Primary School. Port Fairy was voted as one of the worlds most livable cities with a population under 20,000 after winning the 2012 International LivCom award, Port Fairy has a rich history and 50 buildings are protected by the National Trust of Australia. Griffiths Island nearby holds a breeding colony of the short-tailed shearwater or Australian muttonbird, the Port Fairy Folk Festival is held during the Labour Day long weekend in March each year. The festival has run continuously since 1977, in 2016, Port Fairy will celebrate the 40th edition of the Folk Festival from 11 to 14 March. Over the 40 festivals there have been around 3,500 acts including over 500 international acts, some of the most popular acts, include that of Rick E Vengeance. Rick E Vengeance first appeared as a performer in 1977, every year, thousands flock to the Sheebeen bar to see Rick perform a range of classic sing-a-long tunes on the Sunday night of the Folk Festival. Also accompanying his act, a small entertaining karaoke section takes place, the other major celebration in the town is the Moyneyana festival, held over summer from Christmas Eve to 26 January. Port Fairy also has a highly rated 18-hole links golf course, the town has an Australian rules football team, the Port Fairy Seagulls, which plays in the Hampden Football League. Denis Napthine, Premier of Victoria 2013–2014 T
36.
Princetown, Victoria
–
Princetown is a coastal village in Victoria, Australia, located on the Great Ocean Road, east of the Twelve Apostles, in the Corangamite Shire. Princetown is a coastal village 14 kilometres east of Port Campbell in Victoria, Australia - located on the Great Ocean Road. It hosts a pub which doubles as a store, a post office. The hamlet provides access to beaches and the mouth of the Gellibrand River, at the 2006 census, Princetown district had a population of 459. A river estuary and wetlands is adjacent to the township, with reed beds on the branch of the estuary containing significant bird. Princetown is bounded on two sides by national parks, with the Port Campbell National Park extending north-westerly and the Great Otway National Park to the south-east, the Twelve Apostles rock formations are six kilometres to the west of Princetown, with the Gibson Steps also nearby. The Loch Ard Gorge is just past the Twelve Apostles, towards Port Campbell, in the other direction is Maits Rest Rainforest Walk. Media related to Princetown, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons Official Website for 12 Apostles Region of Victoria
37.
Torquay, Victoria
–
Torquay is a seaside resort in Victoria, Australia, which faces Bass Strait,21 km south of Geelong and is the gateway to the Great Ocean Road. It is bordered on the west by Spring Creek and its features include Point Danger. At the 2011 Census, Torquay had a population of 10,142, wathaurong Aborigines lived in the area before white settlement. James Follett, who settled there in 1871, came from Torquay, the town in Devon, England. The Post Office opened on 20 August 1894, on 3 April 1908 the Spring Creek bridge was built, connecting the town to Anglesea. In 1891 the Joseph H. Scammell sailing ship struck the reef near Point Danger in Torquay and subsequently became wedged on the reef and as a result the ship broke up in the heavy seas. The cargo of the Scammell was washed onto the beach of Torquay and was looted, the anchors of the Scammell are still on display at the Torquay front beach and the Torquay boat ramp. In 1900 a primary school was opened in the newly built Presbyterian church, moving to the hall in 1901. A bowling green, tennis courts and a course were opened by the 1920s. The town once had 145 bathing boxes on the main beach, in 1946 the Torquay Surf Life Saving Club was formed, opening their current clubrooms in 1971 after the previous one burnt down. Today it is the oldest and largest club in Victoria, recent years have seen increased development of the area. In 2001, The Sands golf club and residential development commenced construction to the north west of the town on the site of the former Torquay Tip, which closed in the early 1990s. The Torquay area is famous for its beaches, with Jan Juc. Other popular beaches are Point Impossible Beach and Southside Beach and it was home to the popular Offshore Festival in the late 1990s. Torquays local schools are Torquay Primary School, St. Therese Catholic Primary, Torquay Primary School was once located in the old town, being moved to beside St. Therese in October 2001. The secondary years split from Torquay College in 2012 to form Surf Coast Secondary College which moved to a campus in Torquay North at the start of 2014. In October 2007, The new Torquay Police Station opened at the corner of the Surfcoast highway, the new Police station was built at a cost of $7.8 million and is considered to be a state-of-the-art facility. Frog Hollow is in the north west of Torquay, the estate has been developed on the site of a water catchment which has been drained
38.
Warrnambool
–
Warrnambool is a regional centre and former port city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. At June 2015, Warrnambool had an urban population of 33,979. Situated on the Princes Highway, Warrnambool marks the end of the Great Ocean Road. It has been referred to as the Albany of the East, the word Warrnambool originates from the local Indigenous Australian name for a nearby volcanic cone. It is interpreted to mean many things including land between two rivers, two swamps or ample water, the ships provenance has been variously attributed to France, China, Spain and Portugal. There is no evidence to suggest that it ever existed. This exploration was followed by that of the English navigator Matthew Flinders in the Investigator, and the French explorer Nicholas Baudin, the area was frequented by whalers early in the 19th century. The first settlers arrived in the 1840s in the Lady Bay area, the town was surveyed in 1846 and established soon after, the Post Office opening on 1 January 1849. During the Victorian Gold Rush, Warrnambool became an important port and grew quickly in the 1850s and it was gazetted as a municipality in 1855, and became a borough in 1863. Warrnambool was declared a town in 1883, and a city in 1918, Post Offices opened at Warrnambool South in 1937, Warrnambool East in 1946, and Warrnambool North in 1947. Climate Warrnambool has a temperate climate. Summers are slightly cooler than in Melbourne, while winters are slightly warmer, on average, rainfall is greater than in most of Victoria. The original City of Warrnambool was a 4x8 grid, with boundaries of Lava Street, Japan Street, Merri Street, in the nineteenth century, it was intended that Fairy Street – with its proximity to the Warrnambool Railway Station – would be the main street of Warrnambool. However, Liebig Street has since become the street of the central business district. The Warrnambool CBD is particularly notable for its number of roundabouts, during the end of June and the start of July every year, Warrnambool is the home to the childrens festival Fun4Kids. It is held next to the Lighthouse Theatre in the CBD, wunta Fiesta, a festival held in Warrnambool over the first weekend of February annually, is one of south-west Victorias major community festivals. It incorporates a range of entertainment for all ages. The Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum is in Warrnambool built on Flagstaff Hill that also holds the original lighthouses and its most prized item in its collection is the Minton peacock salvaged from the Loch Ard
39.
Wye River, Victoria
–
Wye River is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is also the given to the waterway which flows through the town. It became a place for Melburnians to holiday after the Great Ocean Road was officially opened in 1932. The postcode of Wye River is 3234, at the 2006 census, Wye River had a permanent population of 144 although its holiday population is ten times that number. The site was occupied by settlers in 1882. Brothers Alex and Donald MacRea and their cousin Alex MacLennan were looking for an area suited to farming and fishing, the MacRaes settled near Separation Creek, establishing a farm which they named The Wye after a river in Wales and Herefordshire. Alex MacLennan settled a further west at a site he named The Kennet after another UK river. Wye River Post Office opened on 19 January 1914 though before 1945 it was reduced to just a Telegraph office for considerable periods of time, mail being delivered from Lorne. A school was established in the hall in 1920. It was re-established in a residence in 1931, operated part-time with the Aireys Inlet school from 1935. On Christmas Day 2015 on the towns darkest day in history a bushfire destroyed at least 98 homes in Wye River, at nearby Separation Creek another 18 homes were destroyed. No lives were lost at either town, the area is known for scenic coastal views, beautiful beaches, Otway Forest walks, wildlife including koalas and birds as well as the Great Otway National Park. Active tourism opportunities include fishing and excellent surfing, the official tourism organisation representing Wye River is Otway Coast Tourism. There are many self-contained holiday rental houses available, Wye River is an all season tourist destination where visitors enjoy beaches in summer and drives, food trails and water falls in winter. Tourists travelling with dogs are encouraged in many places, there are two caravan parks, the Seasonal Foreshore, located close to the main beach, and the BIG4 Wye River Holiday Parkin the valley, which is privately owned and operates all year round. There is one pub, the Wye Beach Hotel and a general store Wye General which also contains the post office and a cafe. In recent years, the numbers of Southern Right Whales and Humpback Whales seen around the shores are increasing as the populations recover as well as other species such as Bottlenose Dolphins. Wye River has a Country Fire Brigade and a Surf Life Saving Club, a cycling group called the Wye Riders ride bikes in the morning on the Great Ocean Road
