1.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
2.
Political positions of Barack Obama
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Barack Obama has declared his position on many political issues through his public comments and legislative records. President Obama was inaugurated in January 2009, in the depths of the Great Recession, by early 2011, the economy began creating jobs consistently each month, a trend which continued through the end of his tenure. President Obama followed with the legislation that bears his name, the 2010 Patient Protection, by 2016, the law covered approximately 23 million people with health insurance via a combination of state healthcare exchanges and an extension of Medicaid. It lowered the rate of those without insurance from approximately 16% in 2010 to 9% by 2015. Throughout his tenure, healthcare costs continued to moderate, for example, healthcare premiums for those covered by employers rose by 69% from 2000-2005, but only 27% from 2010 to 2015. By 2017, nearly 70% of those on the exchanges could purchase insurance for less than $75/month after subsidies, no Republicans in the House and only a few in the Senate voted for the law. To address the excesses in the sector that precipitated the crisis, Obama signed the 2010 Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform. It also created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, however, it did not breakup the largest banks or separate investment and depository banking, as the Glass-Steagal Act had done. Only a few Republicans voted for the law, next came the federal budget debates. The Great Recession had caused federal government revenues to fall to their lowest level relative to the size of the economy in 50 years, at the same time, safety net expenditures and stimulus measures caused expenditures to rise considerably. This drove the budget deficit up, creating significant debt concerns and this resulted in a series of bruising debates with the Republican Congress. Compared against a baseline where the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire on schedule in 2010 for all levels of income, compared against the prior years, it significantly reduced the deficit and limited future cost increases. This law and the recovering economy lowered the deficit back to the average relative to GDP by 2014. With the economy recovering and major budget legislation behind him, President Obama began to shift to another priority, income, from 1950-1979, the top 1% earned roughly a 10% share of the income. However, this had risen to 24% by 2007, due to a combination of globalization, automation and he referred to the widening income gap as the defining challenge of our time during 2013. His tax increases on higher-income taxpayers lowered the share of income received by the top 1% from 17% in 2007 to 12% by 2015. Wealth inequality had also risen similarly, with the share of wealth owned by the top 1% rising from 24% in 1979 to 36% by 2007. While U. S. household net worth rose nearly 30% from its pre-crisis peak in 2007 to 2016, much of this went to the wealthiest Americans
3.
Early life and career of Barack Obama
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Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born on August 4,1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann. Obama spent most of his years in Honolulu, where his mother completed college after his parents divorced. Obama started a relationship with his maternal grandparents. In 1965, his mother remarried to Lolo Soetoro from Indonesia, two years later, Dunham took Obama with her to Indonesia to reunite him with his stepfather. In 1971, Obama returned to Hawaii to attend Punahou School, as a young adult, Obama was educated at Occidental College, Columbia University, and Harvard Law School. Obamas parents met in 1960 while attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Obamas father, Barack Obama, Sr. the universitys first foreign student from an African nation, hailed from Kanyadhiang, Rachuonyo District, in the Nyanza Province of western Kenya. Obamas mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann, had born in Wichita. They married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2,1961, Barack Hussein Obama, born in Honolulu on August 4,1961 at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital at 1611 Bingham Street, was named for his father. The Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin announced the birth and she and her son lived in an apartment in the Capitol Hill neighborhood. Ann Dunham returned with her son to Honolulu and in January 1963 resumed her education at the University of Hawaii. In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce, which was not contested, Barack Obama, Sr. later graduated from Harvard University with an A. M. in economics and in 1965 returned to Kenya. During her first year back at the University of Hawaii, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, a surveyor from Indonesia, he had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East-West Center grant to study at the University of Hawaii. He earned a M. A. in geography in June 1964, Dunham and Soetoro married on March 15,1965, on Molokai. They returned to Honolulu to live with her son as a family, after two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Soetoro returned to Indonesia on June 20,1966. Dunham and her son moved in with her parents at their house and she continued with her studies, earning a B. A. in anthropology in August 1967, while her son attended kindergarten in 1966–1967 at Noelani Elementary School. In October 1967 Obama and his moved to Jakarta to rejoin his stepfather. Dunham was so impressed by Turdis beef steak and fried rice that she offered her a job in the family home and it didnt take long before Turdi was also caretaker for then eight-year-old Barry, as Obama was often referred to as then, and his baby sister Maya. As caretaker, she spent time playing with Obama and bringing him to and from school
4.
Family of Barack Obama
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Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 2009 to 2017. The Obamas are the first First Family of African-American descent, Michelle Obama, née Robinson, the wife of Barack Obama, was born on January 17,1964, in Chicago, Illinois. She is a lawyer and was a University of Chicago Hospital vice-president and she was the First Lady of the United States. Barack and Michelle Obama have two daughters, Malia Ann, born July 4,1998, and Natasha, born on June 10,2001 and they were both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha is the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961, in 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014 by Time magazine. While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported, soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano, in July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series Access Hollywood. Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included, the Obama girls began classes there on January 5,2009, Malia graduated in 2016. Before the family moved to Washington in 2009, both attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory School. In his victory speech on the night of his election, President Obama repeated his promise to Sasha and Malia to get a puppy to take with them to the White House. On April 12,2009, it was reported that the Obamas had adopted a six-month-old Portuguese Water Dog given to them as a gift by Senator Ted Kennedy, Malia, the White House refers to Bo as the First Dog. In 2013, the adopted a second Portuguese Water Dog named Sunny. As a high student, Malia Obama spent a portion of the summer in 2014 and 2015 working in television studios in New York. In May 2016, the White House announced that following her graduation from Sidwell Friends, Malia will take a gap year and she spent the summer of 2016 working as an intern in the U. S. Embassy in Madrid, Spain. They met with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected head of state in Africa. They arrived in Spain where Michelle delivered a message about the initiative, in August 2016, Sasha started working at Nancys, a seafood restaurant in Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. In the fall of 2016, Malia went on an 83-day trip to Bolivia, Malia has secured an internship with Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein that started in February 2017. Marian Robinson, Michelle Obamas mother, resided in the White House, Barack Obama was raised by his mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, called Ann, and maternal grandparents Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He often referred to his family during his candidacy and term as President, Obamas maternal heritage consists mostly of English ancestry, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Swiss, and French ancestry
5.
Public image of Barack Obama
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Barack Obama, who was elected as the 44th President of the United States, has elicited a number of public perceptions regarding his personality and background. As the first African-American President of the United States, his race and culture have played a prominent role in this and his relative youth has alternately resulted in his being praised for his freshness and criticized for his inexperience. His temperament and demeanor have drawn praise for his perceived unflappability, Obama, who is of biracial background, is regarded and self-identifies as African-American. His father was a black Kenyan from the Luo ethnic group and his mother was white of European descent and he was brought up in Honolulu, Hawaii, lived in Jakarta, Indonesia as a young child, and received a private prep school and Ivy League education. Stanley Crouch wrote in the New York Daily News, Obamas mother is of white U. S. stock and his father is a black Kenyan, in a column entitled What Obama Isnt, Black Like Me. Obama said, were locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong. The Obama campaign initially denied that the comment was on race, in 2010, when filling out his form for the 2010 United States Census, Obama self-identified as African American. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he was not raised in a religious household and he describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents to be detached from religion, yet in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known. He describes his father as raised a Muslim, but a confirmed atheist by the time his parents met and his spiritual change of heart as an adult and his coming to believe in Christianity is a major part of his autobiography Dreams from My Father. Obama has stated that he felt a beckoning of the spirit at this time and he has also said that his political/ethical beliefs are guided by his Christian faith including belief in the power of prayer. Although Obama is a Christian, some July 2008 polls showed that some Americans incorrectly believed that he is Muslim or was raised Muslim. Citing the latter poll by CNNs Larry King, Obama responded. I wasnt raised in a Muslim home, much of the speculations and allegations began with chain e-mails of unknown origin during Obamas presidential campaign. The Obama Nation, a book by Jerome Corsi, openly speculated that Obama had concealed a religious affiliation with Islam, speculation about Obamas Muslim heritage has been widely denounced in the news media by both political supporters and political opponents of Obama. The poll indicated that 48% of those believed that he was Christian, down 3% from October 2008. This faulty belief still persists and has risen slightly as of August 2010. The newer survey from Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life cites that Nearly one in five Americans,18 percent, still incorrectly believe Obama is a Muslim, One interview in the opinion section of the LA Times was titled The Useless Obama Muslim poll. In response, the White House said, President Obama is Christian, by the eve of the July 2004 Democratic National Convention, Terence Samuels U. S. News & World Report article A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats reported that what was once a long-shot campaign by a state senator with a funny name
6.
Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
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The Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama began in with the 1997 swearing in of Obama to his first term in the Illinois Senate and ended with his 2004 election to the United States Senate. In 1994, Senator Alice Palmer announced her desire to run for the United States House of Representatives, when filing opened in 1995 for her seat, Obama entered the race. Eventually, his challengers were disqualified and he won the Democratic primary unopposed in 1996 and he won re-election in 1998 and 2002. During his Senate tenure, Obama was involved with a range of legislation. While serving, he ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in the 2000 elections. S, representative Mel Reynolds, and suggested that 29-year-old Jesse Jackson, Jr. run for her 13th district Illinois Senate seat in 1996 instead of running against her for Congress. On June 27,1995, Palmer announced she was running for Congress, the following week, newspapers reported that Palmer-supporter Barack Obama of Hyde Park—who had been announced as chairman of the $49. On September 19, Obama announced his Illinois Senate candidacy to an audience of 200 supporters at the Ramada Inn Lakeshore in Hyde Park-Kenwood, on November 7,1995, Obamas mother, Ann Dunham, died of metastatic uterine cancer at the age of 52 in Honolulu. Obama arrived in Hawaii the following day, remained for his mothers memorial service, on December 18—the last filing day for nominating petitions—Palmer held a press conference to announce she was running for re-election to the Senate, accepting a draft by more than 100 supporters. Palmer then drove to Springfield to file her nominating petitions, also filing nominating petitions on the last filing day were first-time candidates Gha-is Askia and Marc Ewell. On December 26, Obama campaign volunteer Ron Davis filed objections to the legitimacy of the petitions of Senator Palmer, Askia, Ewell. Obama therefore won the Democratic nomination unopposed, Obama was up for reelection in 1998, Illinois state senators serve one two-year term and two four-year terms each decade. In the March 17 primary, Obama won re-nomination unopposed, at the November 3 general election, Obama was re-elected to a four-year term as state senator for the 13th district with 89% of the vote, Yehudah received 11% of the vote. Obama won both the March 19 Democratic primary election and November 5,2002 general election for the newly configured 13th district unopposed, on January 8,1997, Obama was sworn in as senator. Early in his first term, the just-retired U. S, with Jones support, Obama helped shepherd through a sweeping law that banned most gifts from lobbyists and personal use of campaign funds by state legislators. During his first years as a senator, Obama was a co-sponsor of a bill that re-structured the Illinois welfare program into the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. Obama said Rush was a part of a politics that is rooted in the past, but while Obama did well in his own Hyde Park base, he didnt get enough support from the surrounding black neighborhoods. Starting with just 10 percent name recognition, Obama went on to get only 31 percent of the votes, losing by a more than 2-to-1 margin despite winning among white voters. After losing the primary for U. S. Congress to Bobby Rush, Obama worked to repair relations with politicians and clergy members
7.
United States Senate career of Barack Obama
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The United States Senate career of Barack Obama began on January 4,2005 and ended on November 16,2008. He resigned his seat in the U. S. Senate upon being elected President of the United States, Obama won the seat in an election against Alan Keyes who replaced Republican Primary election winner Jack Ryan. Prior to his election but after Ryan withdrew from the race, upon his election, he became the fifth African-American Senator in U. S. history, the third to have been popularly elected. As a Senator, he served on a variety of committees and his bill sponsorship and voting records indicates that he was a loyalist to the Democratic Party. He was considered to be among the most liberal by various analyses, in his first session, he was involved in immigration reform. Legislation bearing his name was passed for armament reduction and federal transparency as well as relief aid, in the first year of the 110th Congress, he worked on lobbying and campaign finance reform, election reform, climate control and troop reduction. In May 2002, Obama began considering a run for the U. S. Senate, enlisting political strategist David Axelrod that fall, before deciding to run, Obama met with Jesse Jackson Jr. who was known to be considering a bid for the seat. He said, Jesse, if running for the U. S. Senate I’m not going to run. Jackson told Obama he had decided not to run. Obamas candidacy was boosted by Axelrods advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and he received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival. Obamas expected opponent in the election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan. In August 2004, with less than three months to go before Election Day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Partys nomination to replace Ryan, a long time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination. Through three televised debates, Obama and Keyes expressed opposing views on stem cell research, abortion, gun control, school vouchers, and tax cuts. Obama was criticized by Keyes, as he had also been by rival pro-choice candidates in the Democratic primary, for a series of present votes on late-term abortion, the charge that Obamas present votes suggested he was not firmly pro choice was refuted by two lobbyists for pro-choice groups. In the general election of November 2004, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyess 27%, in July 2004, he wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts. After describing his maternal grandfathers experiences as a World War II veteran, bill programs, Obama spoke about changing the U. S. governments economic and social priorities. He questioned the Bush administrations management of the Iraq War, broadcasts of the speech by major news organizations launched Obamas status as a national political figure and boosted his campaign for U. S. Senate. With Obama facing nearly certain victory in his U. S, following the speech, Chris Mathews even went as far as predicting that Obama would become the first African-American president
8.
Presidency of Barack Obama
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The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20,2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,2017. Obama, a Democrat, took office as the 44th United States president following a victory over Republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2012 election, he defeated Mitt Romney to win re-election and he was the first African American president, the first multiracial president, the first non-white president, and the first president to have been born in Hawaii. Obama was succeeded by Republican Donald Trump, who won the 2016 presidential election, Obama also appointed Supreme Court Justices Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor, the latter of whom became the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. Democrats controlled both houses of Congress until Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives in the 2010 elections, following the elections, Obama and Congressional Republicans engaged in a protracted stand-off over government spending levels and the debt ceiling. In his second term, Obama took steps to combat climate change, signing an international climate agreement. Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term, the number of American soldiers in Afghanistan fell dramatically during Obamas second term, though U. S. soldiers remained in Afghanistan throughout Obamas presidency. The presidential transition period began following Obamas election to the presidency in November 2008, John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse co-chaired the Obama-Biden Transition Project. During the transition period, Obama announced nominations for his Cabinet, in November 2008, Congressman Rahm Emanuel accepted Obamas offer to serve as White House Chief of Staff. Obama was inaugurated on January 20,2009, succeeding George W. Bush, Obama officially assumed the presidency at 12,00 pm, EST, and completed the oath of office at 12,05 pm, EST. He delivered his inaugural address immediately following his oath, following his inauguration, Obama and the Senate worked to confirm his nominees to the United States Cabinet. Obama nominated several former Clinton administration officials to the Cabinet and to other positions, on April 28,2009, the Senate confirmed former Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services, completing Obamas initial Cabinet. In March 2016, Obama nominated Chief Judge Merrick Garland of the D. C. Circuit to fill Scalias seat, garlands nomination remained before the Senate for longer than any other Supreme Court nomination in history, and the nomination expired with the end of the 114th Congress. President Donald Trump is widely expected to appoint a successor to Scalia, Obamas presidency saw the continuation of battles between both parties over the confirmation of judicial nominees. Democrats continually accused Republicans of stalling nominees throughout Obamas tenure, after several nomination battles, Senate Democrats in 2013 reformed the use of the filibuster so that it could no longer be used on executive or judicial nominations. Obamas judicial nominees were significantly more diverse than those of previous administrations, with more appointments going to women, some of the first actions of Obamas presidency focused on reversing measures taken by the Bush administration following the September 11 attacks. Another order, Executive Order 13491, banned torture and other coercive techniques, on January 29, Obama signed a bill for the first time in his presidency, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 revised the statute of limitations for filing pay discrimination lawsuits. On February 3, he signed the Childrens Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act, on March 9,2009, Obama lifted restrictions on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research
9.
Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration
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His first term included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis, which began in 2007. These included a stimulus package, banking regulation, and comprehensive healthcare reform. Towards the end of his tenure, the U. S. 5% in the quarter of 2016. He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries, both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure, while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels. Conceptually, Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize, two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University. President Obama was inaugurated in January 2009, in the depths of the Great Recession, by early 2011, the economy began creating jobs consistently each month, a trend which continued through the end of his tenure. President Obama followed with the legislation that bears his name, the 2010 Patient Protection, by 2016, the law covered approximately 24 million people with health insurance via a combination of state healthcare exchanges and an extension of Medicaid. It lowered the rate of those without insurance from approximately 16% in 2010 to 9% by 2015. Throughout his tenure, healthcare costs continued to moderate, for example, healthcare premiums for those covered by employers rose by 69% from 2000 to 2005, but only 27% from 2010 to 2015. By 2017, nearly 70% of those on the exchanges could purchase insurance for less than $75/month after subsidies, no Republicans in the House and only a few in the Senate voted for the law. To address the excesses in the sector that precipitated the crisis, Obama signed the 2010 Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform. It also created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, however, it did not breakup the largest banks or separate investment and depository banking, as the Glass-Steagal Act had done. Only a few Republicans in Congress voted for the law, however, in the November 2010 elections, the Republicans won the House majority and reduced the Democratic majority in the Senate. He faced either a split or Republican Congress thereafter, limiting his economic legislation to mainly budgetary matters, next came the federal budget debates. The Great Recession had caused federal government revenues to fall to their lowest level relative to the size of the economy in 50 years, at the same time, safety net expenditures and stimulus measures caused expenditures to rise considerably. This drove the budget deficit up, creating significant debt concerns and this resulted in a series of bruising debates with the Republican Congress. Compared against a baseline where the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire on schedule in 2010 for all levels of income, compared against the prior years, it significantly reduced the deficit and limited future cost increases. This law and the recovering economy lowered the deficit back to the average relative to GDP by 2014
10.
Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration
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The Energy Policy of the Obama administration, stated on U. S. President Barack Obamas website, lists the guiding principles of the administration regarding energy and the environment. They include creating new clean energy jobs and technologies, making America more energy independent, clean Edge lists other recent policies of the Obama Administration to support the clean energy sector in the U. S. In his 2011 State of the Union Address, President Obama called for a goal, in January 2017, President Obama published an article arguing that private-sector incentives will help drive decoupling of emissions and economic growth. He calls this the irreversible momentum of clean energy, which he says may occur independently of the policy choices of the Trump presidency. One of President Obamas suggestions for cleaner energy options was the use of power plants. But after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan and its power plants, concerns have grown over the nuclear plants in California because, similar to Japan, they are also located on fault lines. In a speech on March 31,2010 at Andrews Air Force Base, the presidents plan includes initiatives such as raising fuel efficiency standards. The Center for a New American Security wrote recommendations on how to improve upon the security plan. Climate change policy of the Obama administration
11.
Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration
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The foreign policy of Barack Obama was the foreign policy of the United States during his administration. Obama named his chief rival for the nomination Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State during his first term, the Obama administrations foreign policy receive criticism across the political spectrum. Some even claimed that Obamas policy of appeasement was leading to a US retreat from the world scene, on the other hand, more dovish liberals such as Jimmy Carter and Dennis Kucinich accused him of cynicism and heavy-handedness. He would appoint General James L. Jones to serve as his National Security Advisor, with smart power, diplomacy will be the vanguard of our foreign policy. The 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict ended in an uneasy cease-fire on January 18,2009, in his inaugural address, Obama, elaborating on his foreign policy, suggested that he hoped to begin the process of withdrawing from Iraq and continuing to focus on the conflict in Afghanistan. He also mentioned lessening the threat through working tirelessly with old friends. He spoke about Americas determination to combat terrorism by proclaiming that Americas spirit is stronger and cannot be broken – you cannot outlast us, to the Muslim world, Obama extended an invite to a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. He also said we would be willing to extend a hand to those who cling to power through corruption, on his first full day as president, Obama called on Israel to open the borders of Gaza, detailing early plans on his administrations peace plans for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Obama and Secretary of State Clinton named George Mitchell as Special Envoy for Middle East peace, within less than a week in her new position, Secretary of State Clinton already called almost 40 foreign leaders or foreign ministers. She said the world was eager to see a new American foreign policy, weve got a lot of damage to repair. She did indicate that not every past policy would be repudiated and this edged out Presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush to make Obama the most traveled first year President. The administration appointed, or allowed to remain in office,2,465 ambassadors,110 of 150 ambassadorships were political in the Caribbean,259 out of 358 appointees in Western Europe were political. Career diplomats dominated all other areas including, North and Central America, South America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Middle East, East Asia, in Central Asia, all appointees were career. Instead they are considered to be part of the Near East when talking about United States foreign policy, depending on the source, these countries may or may not be included when African foreign policy is mentioned. Darfur, Eastern Congo, Ghana and Zimbabwe have all played a significant role in the United States Africa policy, some foreign policy analysts believed that conflicts in Sudan, Somalia, and eastern Congo would eclipse any other policy plans. Some foreign policy analysts have made the claim that this is the earliest in any U. S. administration that both the president and the secretary of state have visited Africa, the Administration had been interested in propping up the Transitional National Government in Mogadishu. One of the first actions of the Obama administration was to sign a memorandum of understanding with Kenya that would allow pirates captured off of Kenyas coast to be tried in Kenyan courts. Somali pirates took Richard Phillips, a captain of an American cargo ship, President Obama ordered the U. S. military to conduct a rescue mission to free Phillips who was held hostage by the pirates for five days
12.
Obama Doctrine
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The Obama Doctrine is a catch-all term frequently used to describe one or several principles of the foreign policy of U. S. President Barack Obama. It is still not agreed whether there was an actual Obama Doctrine, unlike precisely-defined policies such as the Monroe Doctrine or Bush Doctrine, the Obama Doctrine is not a specific foreign policy introduced by the executive. This has led journalists and political commentators to analyze what the exact tenets of an Obama Doctrine might look like, generally speaking, it is widely accepted that a central part of such a doctrine would emphasize negotiation and collaboration rather than confrontation and unilateralism in international affairs. This policy has been praised by some as a change from the interventionist Bush Doctrine. Others have drawn attention to its departure in tone from not only the policies of the Bush administration. The term Obama Doctrine was used long before the start of Obamas presidency, hilary Bok, guest-blogging for Andrew Sullivan at The Atlantics The Daily Dish, refuted Kirchicks representation of Obamas foreign policy views as a distortion. Later, in a debate with John McCain, Obama stated that the U. S. occasionally would have to consider it as part of our interests to carry out humanitarian interventions. He added that the United States would have to view our security in terms of a common security and this policy was quickly criticized by Dean Barnett of The Weekly Standard as naïve. Barnett argued that it was not a climate of fear that lay behind Islamic extremism, the comments were interpreted by some in the media, as well as by Obama himself, as a direct criticism of Obama. Bush spokeswoman Dana Perino, pressed for a clarification, stated that Bushs comments were not specifically pointed to one individual, have known that there are many who have suggested these types of negotiations. In 2008, the term Obama Doctrine was used by Lynn Sweet of the Chicago Sun-Times in a comment on a given by then-Senator Obama at the Woodrow Wilson Center on July 15. Not long after Obamas inauguration on January 20,2009, commentators began to speculate on the emergence of a distinct Obama Doctrine in action, critics, such as Pat Buchanan, quickly derided these policies and criticized them for weakening the United States foreign relations. In an op-ed, Buchanan argued that Obama was ceding moral high ground to regimes, in early April 2009, American journalist Marc Ambinder predicted that the president with time would have to take a more pragmatic stance on the legal status of detainees. The Obama Doctrine, in Drezners interpretation, was to foreign policies that had proven fruitless and unpopular, in order to focus on more important. On April 16, E. J. Dionne wrote a column for The Washington Post expressing a positive view of what he saw as the Obama Doctrine. The column came in the aftermath of the successful rescue of Captain Richard Phillips from Somali pirates. He defined the doctrine as a form of realism unafraid to deploy American power but mindful that its use must be tempered by practical limits and a dose of self-awareness. Later that month, at the Summit of the Americas in Trinidad and Tobago, in addition, President Obama expressed a desire for the United States to seek friendship with all, harkening back to Franklin Delano Roosevelts Good Neighbor Policy
13.
Social policy of the Barack Obama administration
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The Almanac of American Politics rated Barack Obamas overall social policies in 2006 as more conservative than 21% of the Senate, and more liberal than 77% of the Senate. In his write-in response to a 1998 survey, Obama stated his position as conforming with the Democratic platform. His presidential candidacy was endorsed by several groups that advocate for abortion, including NARAL Pro-Choice America. Obama said his opposition was because of language he felt might have interfered with a womans right to choose. Obama voted against a bill that would have made it a crime for anyone other than a parent to accompany a minor across state lines to obtain an abortion. Obama expressed displeasure with the Supreme Court ruling that upheld a ban on partial-birth abortions saying the ban didnt sufficiently consider the mothers health. He has, however, expressed support of bans on some late-term abortions, during the third debate during the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama further detailed his stance on abortion. Those are all things that we put in the Democratic platform for the first time this year, I think its always a tragic situation. We should try to reduce these circumstances, Obama voted for a $100 million education initiative to reduce teen pregnancy and provide contraceptives to young people. Obama was the only Democratic presidential candidate to issue a statement expressing his views on disability community issues. For example, he stated his intention to sign the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, addressing global warming, Obama stated, The issue of climate change is one that we ignore at our own peril. And unless we free ourselves from a dependence on fossil fuels and chart a new course on energy in this country. He has pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 by creating a market-based cap-and-trade system, Obama also has plans for improving air and water quality through reduced carbon emissions. Obama worked as a member of the US Senate Committee on Environment, during the presidential campaign Obama rejected John McCains proposed suspension of federal gas taxes claiming it would hurt consumers, hinder highway construction, and endanger jobs. Obama criticized the idea of a gas tax holiday as a ploy by his rivals designed to get them through an election and not actually help struggling consumers. Obama has stated, The bond that I would like to create between an Obama administration and the all across this country. is something that is going to be a top priority. Obama was given honorary membership into a Native American tribe, the Crow Nation, at a private adoption ceremony, Obama was given the Crow name One Who Helps People Throughout the Land. Obama opposes offering reparations to the descendants of slaves, I have said in the past – and Ill repeat again – that the best reparations we can provide are good schools in the inner city and jobs for people who are unemployed, Obama said
14.
Space policy of the Barack Obama administration
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The space policy of the Barack Obama administration was announced by U. S. President Barack Obama on April 15,2010, at a major space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center. He committed to increasing NASA funding by $6 billion over five years and completing the design of a new launch vehicle by 2015. He also predicted a U. S. -crewed orbital Mars mission by the mid-2030s, in response to concerns over job losses, Obama promised a $40 million effort to help Space Coast workers affected by the cancellation of the Space Shuttle program and Constellation program. The NASA Authorization Act of 2010, passed on October 11,2010, in November 2007, the Obama presidential campaign released a policy document delaying NASAs Constellation program by five years to fund education programs. There was concern that any delay would prolong the gap after the Space Shuttles retirement, other presidential candidates, including Hillary Clinton, did not support the delay. In January 2008, the Obama campaign revised its position, supporting the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle. However, the new policy was silent on the heavy lift Ares V rocket, Obama gave the first major space policy speech of his campaign in Titusville, Florida in August 2008. S. Their goal was to ensure the nation is on a vigorous, the review was announced by the Office of Science and Technology Policy on May 7,2009. The report was released on October 22,2009, the Committee judged the nine-year-old Constellation program to be so behind schedule, underfunded and over budget that meeting any of its goals would not be possible. The President removed the program from the 2010 NASA budget request, one component of the program, the Orion crew capsule, was added back to plans but as a rescue vehicle to complement the Russian Soyuz in returning Station crews to Earth in the event of an emergency. Moon First, with lunar surface exploration focused on developing the capability to explore Mars, a Flexible Path to inner Solar System locations, such as lunar orbit, Lagrange points, near-Earth objects and the moons of Mars, followed by exploration of the lunar surface and/or Martian surface. In his April 15,2010 space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center announcing the administrations plans for NASA, without the skill and experience that actual spacecraft operation provides, the USA is far too likely to be on a long downhill slide to mediocrity. Had Obama not canceled the Ares 5, we could have used it to perform a mission by 2016. But the President, while calling for such a flight, actually is terminating the programs that would make it possible, with current in-space propulsion technology, we can do a round-trip mission to a near-Earth asteroid or a one-way transit to Mars in six months. Holdren claims that he wants to develop a new electrically powered space thruster to speed up such trips, but without gigantic space nuclear power reactors to provide them with juice, such thrusters are useless, and the administration has no intention of developing such reactors. The Obama administration released its new formal space policy on June 28,2010, the NASA Authorization Act of 2010, passed on October 11,2010, authorized funds for NASA for fiscal year 2011–2013, and enacted many of his stated space policy goals. A total of $58 billion in funding is called for, spread across three years, the 2011 budget legislation, passed in April 2011, officially terminated the Constellation program. The passage of the budget frees NASA to start working on the new initiatives, the Obama administration cut NASAs planetary-sciences budget by 20 percent in 2013, as part of a restructuring plan, contrary to the recommendations of the National Research Council
15.
Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
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The 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama, then junior United States Senator from Illinois, was announced on February 10,2007 in Springfield, Illinois. At the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 27, Barack Obama was formally selected as the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 2008 and he was the first African American in history to be nominated on a major party ticket. On November 4,2008, Obama defeated the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, making him the President-elect and he was the third sitting U. S. Senator, after Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy, to be elected President. On June 3,2008, after the Montana and South Dakota primaries and his opponent in the general election, Republican John McCain, passed the delegate threshold to become the apparent nominee of his party on March 4. On June 7, Hillary Clinton, Obamas remaining opponent in the quest for the Democratic nomination, conceded defeat, over the first two weeks of July, the campaign ran a heavier schedule of fundraising events, drawing from former donors to Clintons campaign. Obama strategically had pictures made with financial experts Warren Buffett and Paul Volcker so the public would perceive him as having knowledge of Wall Street. Obamas vice presidential running mate had been a subject of speculation since the end of the primaries, on August 21,2008, Obama announced that he had made a selection for the VP spot, but would not reveal until August 23 who it was. Obamas campaign encouraged supporters to sign up for a text messaging system that would alert them the moment he announced his choice, on August 22, KMBC News of Kansas City spotted bumper stickers of an Obama/Bayh 08 ticket that were being printed in Lenexa, Kansas. Three sources close to a printing plant reported that such material was being produced. The image of the bumper sticker circulated on the internet, however, NBC News later quoted sources stating that Bayh had been informed by Obamas campaign that he was not the pick. According to an Associated Press report that same evening, Joe Biden was selected as Obamas candidate, the Associated Press report was confirmed several hours later, on August 23, on his official campaign website and by a mass text message to supporters. In July 2008 Obama traveled to Kuwait, Afghanistan, Iraq, Jordan, the West Bank, Israel, Germany, France, and Britain. On July 24,2008 he gave a speech at the Victory Column in Berlin before a crowd of estimated 200,000 to 240,000 people, there were three presidential debates between Obama and McCain. The first presidential debate was held on Friday, September 26,2008 at the University of Mississippi, Oxford and this debate was held in a traditional debate format. The second presidential debate was held on Tuesday, October 7,2008 at Belmont University, in Nashville and this debate was held in the town hall format. The third presidential debate was held on Wednesday, October 15,2008 at Hofstra University, in Hempstead and this debate was held in a seated, talk show format. On June 4, John McCain proposed a series of ten joint town hall meetings with Obama, hank Paulson, President Bushs Treasury Secretary, said Obamas comprehension of the financial crisis compared to McCain’s was as broad as night and day. McCain’s confidence vastly lowered when Obama questioned his ideas on the crisis in a meeting on September 25 at the White House with Bush
16.
United States presidential election, 2008
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The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party
17.
Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008
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On February 10,2007, Barack Obama, then junior United States Senator from Illinois, announced his candidacy for the presidency of the United States in Springfield, Illinois. On June 3,2008, he secured enough delegates to become the nominee of the Democratic Party for the 2008 presidential election. He was the first African-American in American History to be nominated by a major party, on November 4,2008, Obama won the presidential election to become the 44th President of the United States, succeeding George W. Bush. Obama announced his candidacy at the Old State Capitol building, where Abraham Lincoln delivered his House Divided speech in 1858, Obama was the main challenger, along with John Edwards, to Democratic Party Front-runner Hillary Clinton for much of 2007. Obama won the Vermont primary, however ended up losing Ohio, Obama then won the Wyoming caucus and Mississippi primary and later lost the Pennsylvania primary. After Obama won the North Carolina primary and narrowly lost the Indiana primary, on June 7, Clinton formally ended her candidacy and endorsed Obama, making him the partys presumptive nominee. On August 27, the Democratic Party of the United States nominated Barack Obama to run for the office of the President of the United States of America, a warmly received keynote address by Obama before the 2004 Democratic National Convention sparked expectations that he would run for the presidency. And in an October 2006 interview on the television program Meet the Press, Illinois Senator Richard Durbin and State Comptroller Daniel Hynes were early advocates for such a run. In December 2006, Obama spoke at a New Hampshire event celebrating Democratic Party midterm election victories in the first-in-the-nation U. S. presidential primary state, speaking at a Democratic National Committee meeting one week before the February announcement, Obama called for putting an end to negative campaigning. This cant be about who digs up more skeletons on who and we owe it to the American people to do more than that. On January 14,2007, the Chicago Tribune reported that Obama had begun assembling his 2008 presidential campaign team and his team included campaign manager David Plouffe and media consultant David Axelrod, who were partners at the Chicago-based political consulting firm AKP&D Message and Media. Communications director Robert Gibbs was previously press secretary for John Kerrys 2004 presidential campaign, Penny Pritzker headed the campaigns finance team. A number of Obamas top aides have backgrounds with former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle, Obamas economic advisors included chief Austan Goolsbee, who has worked with him since his U. S. Senate campaign, Paul Volcker, Warren Buffett, health economist David Cutler and Jeffrey Leibman. A larger group of 250 advisers is divided into subgroups of about 20 people and his legal affairs advisors include Martha Minow, Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. Christopher Edley Jr. Eric Holder, and Cassandra Butts. Obamas campaign was notable for use of a logo consisting of the letter O. It was designed by a team at Chicago design firm Sender LLC, in March 2007, the Obama campaign posted a question on Yahoo. Answers, entitled, How can we engage people in the democratic process. Which ultimately drew in over 17,000 responses, in March 2007, Obama traveled to Selma, Alabama, along with Hillary Clinton, coinciding with the 42nd anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery marches
18.
Presidential transition of Barack Obama
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The presidential transition of Barack Obama began when Barack Obama won the United States presidential election on November 4,2008, and became the President-elect. He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15,2008, the results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8,2009, and the transition ended when he was inaugurated at noon on January 20,2009. The Obama transition organization was called the Obama-Biden Transition Project, the transition team was convened during the height of the campaign, well before the outcome could be known, to begin making preparations for a potential administration. C. The transition project would not accept money from political committees or federal lobbyists. On November 5, Obama announced his transition team, which was organized as a nonprofit tax-exempt organization under U. S. federal tax code 501. In addition, Thomas Donilon and Wendy Sherman oversaw the transition of the State Department, seth Harris oversaw the transition in all of the labor, education, and transportation agencies with Edward B. Finally, John P. White and Michele Flournoy led the transition of the Defense Department, in mid-October, the George W. Bush administration convened a 14-member council to coordinate with and brief the winning campaigns transition team. The New York Times reported that White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten then planned to recruit his predecessor, Andrew Card, on November 6, Obama received his first classified intelligence briefing from Director of National Intelligence John Michael McConnell and Central Intelligence Agency Director Michael Hayden. Obama was expected to address a United Nations global warming summit in Poland in December or allow a representative such as Al Gore to present his policies. On November 10, Obama traveled to the White House and met with President Bush to discuss transition issues while First Lady Laura Bush took his wife Michelle on a tour of the mansion. NBC News reported that Obama advanced his agenda with Bush. Im not sure Ive ever seen an outgoing administration work as hard at saying the right thing, at the time of their election, President-elect Obama and Vice President-elect Joseph Biden were incumbent U. S. Senators from Illinois and Delaware respectively, Obama resigned from the Senate effective November 16,2008. Initially, it was thought that his replacement would be named by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich, since the term for the seat expired in January 2011, it would come up for its normal election in 2010 with no special election necessary. Blagojevich was expected to name Obamas immediate successor in the Senate by January 3,2009, although placed in federal custody and released on $4,500 bail, as long as he remained governor Blagojevich continued to have sole authority to make the appointment. Several Democrats, including Sen. Dick Durbin, asked the Illinois General Assembly to schedule a special election instead, Blagojevich appointed Roland Burris to fill Obamas vacated seat. Speaking through a surrogate, Obama called for Blagojevichs resignation on December 10, had Blagojevich resigned or been removed from office before making the appointment, the duty would have fallen to Illinois Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn, who would succeed Blagojevich as governor. However, Illinois Senate president Emil Jones said that he would call the Senate back into session to write a law that would result in Obamas replacement being determined in a special election. S
19.
First inauguration of Barack Obama
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The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States took place on Tuesday, January 20,2009. The inauguration, which set a record attendance for any event held in Washington, D. C. marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Barack Obama as President and Joe Biden as Vice President. Based on the attendance numbers, television viewership, and Internet traffic. A New Birth of Freedom, a phrase from the Gettysburg Address, in his speeches to the crowds, Obama referred to ideals expressed by Lincoln about renewal, continuity and national unity. Obama mentioned these ideals in his speech to stress the need for shared sacrifice, for the first time, the committee opened the entire length of the National Mall as the public viewing area for the swearing-in ceremony, breaking with the tradition of past inaugurations. Among the celebrations for the inauguration, the committee hosted a first-ever Neighborhood Inaugural Ball with free or affordable tickets for ordinary citizens, in accordance with Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution, Obama resigned from the United States Senate effective November 16,2008. He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15,2008, the results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8,2009. Obama also represented a change as the first man elected President who was born in the 1960s. He inherited what Peter Orszag termed an economic mess that became known as the financial crisis. According to a CNN poll, he embodied youthful energy and transition at a time of economic despair, the inauguration was planned primarily by two committees, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee. Although the election was scheduled for November 4,2008, the committee began construction of the inaugural platform on September 24,2008. The committee is overseen by the U. S. Senate Committee on Rules, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme, A New Birth of Freedom, a phrase from Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address from the Civil War era. In his reliance on the theme, Obama wanted to give Americans reassurance that today, as in Lincolns time. The congressional committee released the schedule of the January 20 inaugural events on December 17,2008. Obama decided to use his full name Barack Hussein Obama to follow the tradition, during the election campaign, Obamas detractors tried to use his middle name to imply falsely that he was a Muslim. The District of Columbia City Council passed legislation to enable bars, the co-chairs of the committee were William Daley, Penny Pritzker, John Rogers, Patrick Ryan and Julianna Smoot. The presidential committee set aside a section of the close to the U. S. Capitol for people holding reserved tickets for the inaugural event. To enable people in attendance to see and hear the swearing-in ceremony, despite criticism that such a large event could not be carbon-friendly, the presidential committee incorporated environment-friendly measures in its planning of the inaugural events
20.
First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency
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The first 100 days of Barack Obamas presidency began with his inauguration on January 20,2009, as the 44th President of the United States with Joseph Biden as his Vice President. Obamas 100th day in office was April 29,2009, Obama began to formally create his presidential footprint during his first 100 days. Obama quickly began attempting to support for his economic stimulus package, American Recovery. The bill passed in the House on January 28,2009, by a 244–188 vote, and it passed in the Senate on February 10 by a 61–37 margin. Obama stated that he should not be judged by his first hundred days, The first hundred days is going to be important, troops, supporting the UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity, and lifting the 7½-year ban on federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. He also ordered the closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, though it remains open, as well as lifted some travel, at the end of the first 100 days 65% of Americans approved of how Obama was doing and 29% disapproved. According to Gallups First quarter survey in April, President Obama received a 63% approval rating, gallup began tracking presidential approval ratings of the first quarters since Eisenhower in 1953. President Kennedy received the highest in April 1961 with a 74% rating, Obamas 63% is the fourth highest and the highest since President Carter with a 69%. President Reagans first quarter had 60% approval in 1981, President George. H. W, Bush with 57% in 1989, President Clinton with 55% in 1993, and President George W. Bush with 58% in 2001. During the Great Depression, Roosevelt promised drastic initiatives within his first 100 days, the New Deal legislation he got passed set a standard of action that subsequent presidents have been measured against. Although it has significance, some analysts even make comparisons of the performances of presidents during their first 100 days of the second term. Obama and previous presidents have made statements that downplayed the significance of their first 100 days, John F. Kennedy once said his mission might never be accomplished, All this will not be finished in the first hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first thousand days, nor in the life of this administration, Obamas first 100 days were highly anticipated after he became the apparent presumptive nominee. In his first 60 Minutes post-election interview Obama said that he had been studying Roosevelts first 100 days, understanding the significance and symbolism of the first 100 days, Hillary Clintons campaign strategy included mapping out a first 100 days plan. During the first hundred days in office presidents are highly scrutinised, despite his attempt to downplay its significance, Obamas first 100 days were highly anticipated ever since he became the presumptive nominee. Several news outlets, such as Fox News and CBS News, commentators particularly weighed in on challenges and priorities within the fields of domestic and foreign policy, on economic issues, and on the environment. Even MSNBC. com, which didnt use portals, acknowledged the notability of Obamas first 100 days by including it in the titles of its stories. Clive Stafford Smith, a British human rights lawyer, expressed hopes that Obama would close Guantanamo Bay detention camp within the time period, the New York Times devoted a five-day series, which was spread out over two weeks, to anticipatory analysis of Obamas first hundred days
21.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
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The Affordable Care Act was designed to increase health insurance quality and affordability, lower the uninsured rate by expanding insurance coverage and reduce the costs of healthcare. It introduced mechanisms including mandates, subsidies and insurance exchanges, the law requires insurers to accept all applicants, cover a specific list of conditions and charge the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex. The ACA has caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance, increases in overall healthcare spending have slowed since the law was implemented, including premiums for employer-based insurance plans. The Congressional Budget Office reported in studies that the ACA would reduce the budget deficit. As implementation began, first opponents, then others, and finally the president himself adopted the term Obamacare to refer to the ACA. The law and its implementation faced challenges in Congress and federal courts, and from state governments, conservative advocacy groups, labor unions. The ACA includes provisions to take effect between 2010 and 2020, although most took effect on January 1,2014, few areas of the US health care system were left untouched, making it the most sweeping health care reform since the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. However, some areas were more affected than others, most of the coverage gains were made through the expansion of Medicaid, and the biggest cost savings were made in Medicare. Some regulations applied to the market, and the law also made delivery system changes that affected most of the health care system. Not all provisions took full effect, some were made discretionary, some were deferred, and others were repealed before implementation. Guaranteed issue prohibits insurers from denying coverage to individuals due to pre-existing conditions, States were required to ensure the availability of insurance for individual children who did not have coverage via their families. The law provides a 5% income disregard, making the income eligibility limit for Medicaid 138% of the poverty level. The State Childrens Health Insurance Program enrollment process was simplified, among the groups who remained uninsured were, Illegal immigrants, estimated at around 8 million—or roughly a third of the 23 million projection—are ineligible for insurance subsidies and Medicaid. They remain eligible for emergency services, eligible citizens not enrolled in Medicaid. Citizens who pay the penalty instead of purchasing insurance, mostly younger. Citizens whose insurance coverage would cost more than 8% of household income and are exempt from the penalty, citizens who live in states that opt out of the Medicaid expansion and who qualify for neither existing Medicaid coverage nor subsidized coverage through the states new insurance exchanges. Households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the poverty level were eligible to receive federal subsidies for policies purchased via an exchange. Subsidies are provided as an advanceable, refundable tax credits, additionally, small businesses are eligible for a tax credit provided that they enroll in the SHOP Marketplace
22.
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq
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The withdrawal of U. S. military forces from Iraq began in December 2007 with the end of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 and was completed by December 2011, bringing an end to the Iraq War. The number of U. S. military forces in Iraq peaked at 170,300 in November 2007, the withdrawal of U. S. military forces from Iraq was a contentious issue in the United States for much of the 2000s. The Bush Administration later sought an agreement with the Iraqi government and it included a deadline of 31 December 2011, before which all the United States Forces shall withdraw from all Iraqi territory. The last U. S. troops left Iraq on 18 December 2011, in 2014, the advance of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from Syria to Iraqs western provinces prompted the U. S. to intervene again, alongside other militaries, to combat ISIL. In the spring of 2007, surveys showed a majority in favor of setting a timetable for withdrawal. However, in this area responses can vary widely with the wording of the question. Surveys found that most preferred a gradual withdrawal over time to an immediate pullout, the issue was one on which John Kerry and George W. Bush differed in the 2004 U. S. presidential election. Kerry said in August 2004 that he would make the withdrawal of all U. S. forces from Iraq a goal of his first presidential term, however, he did not offer a deadline or a timetable, and proposed an increase in deployment size in the immediate future. In the debate, he said that he reiterated that withdrawal was a goal, in general, this is consistent with his earlier remarks. When questioned about troop strength, Bush and then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said that they were using the troops asked for by the general staff, on 17 November 2005 Representative John Murtha introduced H. J. Res. 73, a calling for U. S. forces in Iraq to be redeployed at the earliest practicable date to stand as a quick-reaction force in U. S. bases in neighboring countries such as Kuwait. In response, Republicans proposed a resolution that the deployment of United States forces in Iraq be terminated immediately, without any provision for redeployment, on 16 June 2006 the House voted 256–153 in a non-binding resolution against establishing a deadline for the withdrawal of troops from Iraq. Republican then-House Majority Leader John Boehner, who argued against a deadline, stated achieving victory is our only option, and we must not shy away. On the other hand, Democratic then-House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi argued that a deadline is necessary, and stated stay the course is not a strategy, its a slogan, and its time to face the facts. On 27 March 2007 Congress passed H. R.1591, however, President Bush vetoed the bill and the House of Representatives failed to override the veto. Congress then passed H. R.2206, which provided funding for the Iraq War through 30 September 2007 and was signed into law by President Bush on 25 May 2007, H. R.2206 included eighteen benchmarks for the Iraqi government to meet. On 9 May 2007 Representative Jim McGovern introduced H. R.2237 to the House, To provide for the redeployment of United States Armed Forces and defense contractors from Iraq. The bill failed with a vote of 255 to 171,13 of the Nays coming from Democrats representing districts won by John Kerry in 2004
23.
Death of Osama bin Laden
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The raid on bin Ladens compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, was launched from Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, other Pakistani militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, also vowed retaliation against the U. S. and against Pakistan for not preventing the operation. Legal and ethical aspects of the killing, such as his not being taken alive despite being unarmed, were questioned by others, also controversial was the decision not to release any photographic or DNA evidence of bin Ladens death to the public. In the aftermath of the killing, Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani formed a commission under Senior Justice Javed Iqbal to investigate the circumstances surrounding the attack, the resulting Abbottabad Commission Report was leaked to Al Jazeera on July 8,2013. Accounts of how bin Laden was located by U. S. intelligence differ, the White House and CIA director John Brennan stated that the process began with a fragment of information unearthed in 2002, resulting in years of investigation. This account states that by September 2010, these followed a courier to the Abbottabad compound. This story was corroborated by two U. S. intelligence officials speaking to NBC News, and had previously reported by intelligence analyst Raelynn Hillhouse. The Pakistani official informed U. S. intelligence that bin Laden had been located by Pakistani ISI in 2006, the official passed polygraph tests, after which the U. S. began local and satellite surveillance of bin Ladens Abbottabad residence. According to the retired senior U. S, according to the official, retired CIA officials emphasized the importance of bin Ladens courier to the press, because they were nervous over torture scrutiny and possible prosecution. In May 2015 the German newspaper Bild am Sonntag reported that Germanys Federal Intelligence Service was aware that bin Laden was in Pakistan with the knowledge of Pakistani intelligence services. The BND informed the CIA that bin Laden was in Pakistan, der Spiegel questioned the veracity of the report, produced in the midst of a scandal over BND and NSA collaboration. According to the official version of his identification from a U. S. Bin Laden was known not to use phones after 1998, when the U. S. had launched missile strikes against his bases in Afghanistan in August by tracking an associates satellite phone. The U. S. official had stated that by 2002, One of those claims came from Mohammed al-Qahtani, a detainee interrogated for 48 days more or less continuously between November 23,2002, and January 11,2003. At some point during this period, al-Qahtani told interrogators about a man known as Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti who was part of the circle of al-Qaeda. According to a U. S. official, in 2004 a prisoner named Hassan Ghul revealed that bin Laden relied on a trusted courier known as al-Kuwaiti, Ghul stated that al-Kuwaiti was close to bin Laden as well as Khalid Sheik Mohammed and Mohammeds successor Abu Faraj al-Libbi. Ghul revealed that al-Kuwaiti had not been seen in some time, when confronted with Ghuls account, Mohammed maintained his original story. Abu Faraj al-Libbi was captured in 2005 and transferred to Guantánamo in September 2006 and he told CIA interrogators that bin Ladens courier was a man named Maulawi Abd al-Khaliq Jan and denied knowing al-Kuwaiti
24.
Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)
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The following is a timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama from his inauguration as president of the United States on January 20,2009 to December 31,2009. Bush, planning to review everything still pending, in one of his first official acts, President Obama issues a proclamation declaring January 20,2009 a National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation. January 21 – President Obama revokes Executive Order 13233, which had been initiated by the Bush administration to limit access to the records of former presidents. At 7,35 EST on January 21, President Obama retakes the Presidential Oath of Office, again administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, before four print journalists. January 23 – President Obama ends the ban for groups that provide abortion services or counseling abroad. He orders the first two Predator airstrikes of his presidency, January 24 – President Obama produces his first weekly Saturday morning video address available on whitehouse. gov and YouTube, a policy compared to Franklin D. Roosevelts fireside chats. That night he gives his first formal interview as president to Al Arabiya, January 28 – President Obama makes his first visit to The Pentagon as President, meeting with Defense Secretary Robert Gates and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. January 29 – President Obama signs his first bill, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, Lilly Ledbetter, the plaintiff in the employment discrimination case Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. joined Barack and Michelle Obama at the signing ceremony. A military judge at Guantanamo Bay, in the case of Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, January 30 – President Obama signs a presidential memorandum launching the Middle Class Working Families Task Force to be led by Vice President Joe Biden. January 31 – President Obama speaks at the Alfalfa Club annual banquet, february 3 – President Obama nominates Senator Judd Gregg to be Secretary of Commerce, after Bill Richardson withdrew his nomination. Tom Daschle withdraws his nomination for Secretary of Health and Human Services, President Obama grants five television interviews accepting responsibility for the nomination mistakes and talks about the economic stimulus bill. February 4 – President Obama announces that companies receiving large amounts of federal bailout money through the Troubled Assets Relief Program must cap top executive pay at US$500,000, President Obama signs the Childrens Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 reauthorizing and expanding the Childrens Health Insurance Program. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar cancels 77 leases sold by the administration to oil and gas companies. February 5 – President Obama speaks at the National Prayer Breakfast, the Washington Post publishes an op-ed by President Obama entitled The Action Americans Need, which deals with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. He also takes his first trip as President on Air Force One to Williamsburg, President Obama overhauls the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, renaming it the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. February 6 – President Obama announces the creation of the Presidents Economic Recovery Advisory Board, President Obama also issues an executive order backing the use of union labor for large-scale federal construction projects. February 7 – Vice President Biden makes the administrations first major policy speech at the Munich Security Conference. Barack, Michelle, Malia and Sasha Obama make their first trip to Camp David, february 10 – President Obama travels to Fort Myers, Florida to discuss the Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the areas unemployment problems, and is joined by Governor Charlie Crist
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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2010)
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The following is a timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama, from January 1,2010 to December 31,2010. January 5 – President Obama holds a major security meeting in the wake of the attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253. January 7 – President Obama meets with former President Bill Clinton at the White House, January 13 – President Obama holds a press conference discussing the operations of US government organizations such as USAID and the Department of Defense in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake. January 14 – President Obama commits US$100,000,000 to help Haiti recover from the 2010 earthquake, while calling on former American Presidents George W. Bush, January 16 – Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and USAID Director Rajiv Shah travel to Haiti. January 17 – President Obama travels to Boston, Massachusetts to campaign for Martha Coakley in the Senate special election, January 21 – President Obama announces the Volcker rule and a host of other proposals for new banking regulation. January 22 – President Obama travels to Elyria, Ohio, visiting the Lorain County Community College, January 25 – President Obama hosts the Los Angeles Lakers at the White House for winning the 2009 NBA Finals. January 27 – President Obama delivers his first State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress, January 30 – Former President George H. W. Bush makes a social call on President Obama at the White House. February 1 – President Obama announces his proposal for the fiscal year 2011 federal budget, President Obama answers questions submitted by the public in a live session moderated by Steve Grove of YouTube, the session is broadcast from the White House and on YouTubes CitizenTube channel. February 2 – President Obama travels to Nashua, New Hampshire, february 3 – President Obama hosts a meeting of Governors in the State Dining Room. Afterwards, the President holds a Cabinet-level exercise in crisis-management in preparation for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, february 6 – President Obama speaks at a gathering of the Democratic National Committees Winter Meeting at the Capitol Hilton in Washington, D. C. February 9 – The Obamas host a concert of music from the era of the Civil Rights Movement at the White House to celebrate Black History Month, the concert marks the beginning of the 2010 White House music series. February 10 – President Obama holds an urban economy summit in the Oval Office with African-American leaders including Al Sharpton, Benjamin Jealous, february 11 – President Obama meets with senior representatives from the March of Dimes charity, discussing the effects of preterm birth. February 16 – President Obama announces $8.3 billion in loan guarantees to help Southern Company build two new nuclear reactors in Burke County, Georgia. President Obama also nominates career diplomat and former United States Ambassador to Algeria Robert Ford to be the first United States Ambassador to Syria since 2005, february 18 – President Obama meets with the Dalai Lama in the Map Room at the White House. February 25 – President Obama delivers opening remarks at his health care summit at Blair House. President Obama awards the National Medal of Arts and the National Humanities Medal to twenty recipients in a ceremony in the East Room of the White House. February 27 – The White House announces the naming of Julianna Smoot as Deputy Assistant to the President and Social Secretary, March 2 – Promoting his energy-related jobs proposals, President Obama addresses the faculty and students at the Savannah Technical College in Savannah, Georgia. March 8 – President Obama discusses health care reform at Arcadia University in Glenside, March 10 – President Obama travels to St. Louis, Missouri, where he discusses his plans for health care reform
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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2011)
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The following is a timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama, from January 1,2011 to December 31,2011. January 2 – President Obama signs the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, H. R.847, into law at his rental house, Plantation Estate. January 4 – President Obama signs 35 acts into law including the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act of 2010, January 10 – President Obama leads a national moment of silence for the victims of the 2011 Tucson shooting. French President Nicolas Sarkozy meets with President Obama at the White House in anticipation of Frances hosting of the G8, January 12 – President Obama has a morning meeting with Prime Minister Saad Hariri of Lebanon. January 19 – President and Mrs. Obama welcome Chinese President Hu Jintao to the White House for a state visit, January 21 – President Obama announces that Paul Volcker will be stepping down as an adviser to the Economic Recovery Advisory Board. January 25 – President Obama delivers his State of the Union Address to a joint session of Congress, february 1 – President Obama delivers remarks on the protests in Egypt. February 2 – President Obama signs the instrument of ratification for New START, february 3 – President Obama speaks at the National Prayer Breakfast. The President visits Penn State University to promote his Better Buildings energy conservation initiative, february 7 – The President speaks at a meeting of the United States Chamber of Commerce at the organizations headquarters near the White House. February 10 – President Obama travels to Northern Michigan University to promote the schools WiMAX system, february 11 – President Obama speaks about the revolution in Egypt following the resignation of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Jay Carney replaces Robert Gibbs as White House Press Secretary, february 14 – The President unveils his spending request for the 2012 federal budget. President Obama visits Parkville Middle School and Center of Technology in Baltimore County, Maryland, february 15 – President Obama presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to fifteen people in a ceremony at the White House. Hennessy—meet at the home of John Doerr to discuss the Presidents innovation initiatives, february 22 – The President speaks at the Winning the Future Forum on Small Business at Cleveland State University. February 23 – President Obama visits with wounded service members and their families at the National Naval Medical Center, President Obama delivers a televised statement on the situation in Libya. February 27 – The 2011 Governors Dinner is hosted by President Obama in the State Dining Room of the White House, the President makes an appearance in a pre-recorded clip shown during the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony. March 1 – President Obama meets with the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations in the State Dining Room of the White House, March 2 – President Obama presents the National Medal of Arts and the National Humanities Medal to awardees in a ceremony at the White House. The President signs a short-term budget extension bill to fund the government through March 18. March 3 – President Obama holds meetings and a conference with President Felipe Calderón of Mexico. March 7 – President Obama holds meetings and a conference with Prime Minister Julia Gillard of Australia
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Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012
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The 2012 reelection campaign of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was formally announced on April 4,2011. Along with his mate, Vice President Joe Biden, Obama was opposed in the general election by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney. The election took place on Tuesday, November 6,2012, Obamas campaign headquarters was in Chicago and key members of his successful campaign in 2008, such as Jim Messina and David Axelrod, returned to staff it. On the day of the announcement, the released a promotional video showing supporters of Obama organizing for the re-election effort. As The Guardian newspaper noted, this was the first U. S. presidential re-election campaign to use Facebook, between early-2011 and June 30,2012, the Obama campaign and supporters spent approximately $400 million, according to the Federal Election Commission. Obama won his bid by a margin of 51. 06–47. 21%. On January 20,2009, Barack Obama was inaugurated as the 44th President of the United States, on April 4,2011, President Obama officially announced his candidacy for re-election. The announcement was made via a video titled It Begins With Us. The President also filled out official forms with the FEC at that time, President Obama did not face a significant challenge in the Democratic primaries, with no other candidate on the ballot in all but seven states. On April 3,2012, Obama won the Maryland and District of Columbia primaries, on April 30,2012 the campaign announced that its slogan would be Forward. The campaign was based in Chicago in One Prudential Plaza, instead of in Washington, the decision to base the campaign outside of Washington was said have been taken so as to ensure grassroots support for the re-election. The campaign began accepting online donations on April 4,2011, in the first 24 hours after online donations began to be accepted, over 23,000 online donations of $200 or less were made. President Obama headlined his first campaign fundraiser in April 2011 in Chicago and he also headlined fundraisers in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York in April 2011. On April 29,2011, it was announced that Matthew Barzun, many sources claim that the campaign may be the first campaign in U. S. history to raise more than one billion dollars. In March 2011, Campaign Chairman Jim Messina asked a group of 450 top donors to raise $350,000, during the second fundraising quarter of 2011, the campaign raised a record amount of $86,000,000. As of May 3,2012, Obama and his team have held 130 fundraisers, from the beginning of the campaign to December 31,2011, more than 1.3 million individual donated to the campaign. The LGBT community had donated an amount so far to the campaign. As of March 31,2012, the campaign had raised $191.7 million, on May 10,2012, Obama attended a fundraiser in the Los Angeles home of actor George Clooney, which raised over $15 million
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United States presidential election, 2012
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The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial American presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6,2012, as the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. Romney effectively secured the nomination by early May as the economy improved, the campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from new nominally independent Super PACs. The campaigns focused heavily on issues, debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession in terms of economic recovery. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social programs. Obama defeated Romney, winning both the popular vote and the college, with 332 electoral votes to Romneys 206. Obama carried all states and districts that he had won in the 2008 presidential election except North Carolina, Indiana, as such, his margin of victory decreased from 2008. Consequently, Obama became the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes, nonetheless, Obama also became the first two-term president since Ronald Reagan to win both his presidential bids with an absolute majority of the nationwide popular vote. Not since 1820 had three consecutive American presidents succeeded in securing two consecutive terms, september–October 2012, Early voting begins in some states and continue as late as November 5. November 6,2012, Election Day, at around 11,15 p. m. EST, November 7,2012, Romney concedes the election to Obama at around 1,00 a. m. November 10,2012, The electoral outcomes of all 50 states, Obama won 332 electoral votes while Romney won 206 electoral votes. December 17,2012, The Electoral College formally re-elects President Obama, January 3,2013, The 113th Congress is sworn in. January 4,2013, Electoral votes are counted before a joint session of Congress. The re-election of President Obama and Vice President Biden is certified, January 20,2013, President Obama and Vice President Biden take the oaths of office, Obamas second presidential term begins at noon. January 21,2013, The inauguration ceremonies are held, Florida, Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginias state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting, kansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without drivers licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID, Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including students, Blacks
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Second inauguration of Barack Obama
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The second inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States, marked the commencement of the second term of Barack Obama as President and Joe Biden as Vice President. A private swearing-in ceremony took place on Sunday, January 20,2013 in the Blue Room of the White House, a public inauguration ceremony took place on Monday, January 21,2013, at the United States Capitol building. The inauguration theme was Faith in Americas Future, a phrase that draws upon the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, the theme also stressed the perseverance and unity of the United States and echoed the Forward theme used in the closing months of Obamas reelection campaign. The presidential oath was administered to Obama during his swearing-in ceremony on January 20 and 21,2013 by Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts. In his second inauguration address, Obama proclaimed that freedom is a gift from God. He called for laws to combat climate change, enactment of immigration reform, Obama stated that more progress was needed on human rights and civil rights. He vowed to promote democracy abroad and stated that the United States must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, during the speech, Obama linked the Seneca Falls Convention, Selma to Montgomery marches and Stonewall riots. Approximately one million attended the inauguration, and millions more watched from around the world. The inauguration was planned primarily by two committees, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the 2013 Presidential Inaugural Committee, the committee began construction of the inaugural platform on September 20,2012. The committee is overseen by the U. S. Senate Committee on Rules, on January 7,2013, Louie Giglio was selected to deliver the benediction at the ceremony. Giglio at first accepted, but then withdrew in response to a controversy over a mid-1990s sermon in which he called on Christians to fight the “aggressive agenda” of the gay-rights movement. The substitution of Rev. Luis Leon, pastor of Saint Johns Church near the White House, was announced on January 15, myrlie Evers-Williams, widow of civil rights activist Medgar Evers delivered the invocation. On January 8,2013, Richard Blanco was named the poet for Barack Obamas second inauguration. He is the first immigrant, first Latino, first gay person, other positions were held by Jim Messina, who oversaw the Inaugural parade, Stephanie Cutter, Jennifer OMalley Dillon, Julianna Smoot, Rufus Gifford and Patrick Gaspard. On the evening of January 19,2013, Michelle Obama and Jill Biden hosted the Kids Inaugural, event at the Washington Convention Center in Washington, D. C. Katy Perry, Usher, and members of the cast of Glee honored military families in concert, other celebrity participants included Mindless Behavior, Far East Movement, and Nick Cannon, who served as emcee for the event. S. Since 1937, the 4-year term of the President and Vice President have ended and begun at noon on January 20, as prescribed by the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Because January 20,2013, fell on a Sunday, both Obama and Biden were officially sworn in privately, and then again the day in a public ceremony
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Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
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For the next 15 years, Iran will only enrich uranium up to 3. 67%. Iran also agreed not to any new heavy-water facilities for the same period of time. Uranium-enrichment activities will be limited to a facility using first-generation centrifuges for 10 years. Other facilities will be converted to avoid proliferation risks, to monitor and verify Irans compliance with the agreement, the International Atomic Energy Agency will have regular access to all Iranian nuclear facilities. The agreement provides that in return for verifiably abiding by its commitments, European Union, and United Nations Security Council nuclear-related economic sanctions. A nuclear weapon uses a material to cause a nuclear chain reaction. The most commonly used materials have been uranium 235 and plutonium 239, both uranium 233 and reactor-grade plutonium have also been used. Plutonium is almost nonexistent in nature, and natural uranium is about 99. 3% uranium 238 and 0. 7% U-235, therefore, to make a weapon, either uranium must be enriched, or plutonium must be produced. Uranium enrichment is also necessary for nuclear power. For this reason, uranium enrichment is a technology, a technology which can be used both for civilian and for military purposes. Key strategies to prevent proliferation of arms include limiting the number of operating uranium enrichment plants and controlling the export of nuclear technology. Iranian development of technology began in the 1970s, when the U. S. Atoms for Peace program began providing assistance to Iran, which was led by the Shah. Iran signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1968 as a non-nuclear weapons state, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was initially opposed to nuclear technology, and Iran engaged in a costly war with Iraq from 1980 to 1988. Starting in the later 1980s, Iran restarted its program, with assistance from Pakistan, China, and Russia. Iran began pursuing a nuclear fuel cycle capability by developing a uranium mining infrastructure and experimenting with uranium conversion. According to the nonpartisan Nuclear Threat Initiative, U. S. intelligence agencies have long suspected Iran of using its nuclear program as a cover for clandestine weapons development. Iran, in contrast, has insisted that its nuclear work is peaceful
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Cuban thaw
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The United States–Cuban Thaw is a warming of Cuba–United States relations that began in December 2014, ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the nations. In March 2016, Barack Obama became the first U. S. President to visit Cuba since 1928. On December 17,2014, U. S. President Barack Obama, the normalization agreement was secretly negotiated in preceding months, facilitated by Pope Francis and largely hosted by the Government of Canada. Meetings were held in both Canada and Vatican City, on April 14,2015, the Obama administration announced that Cuba would be removed from the United States State Sponsors of Terrorism list. With no congressional action to block this within the time period. This marked a departure by the United States from the Cold War conflict. On July 20,2015, the Cuban and U. S. interests sections in Washington, despite initial U. S. refusals, the prisoner swap eventually took place in December 2014 following the Presidents announcement of intent to move towards normalized relations. In addition to Gross, the swap included Rolando Sarraff Trujillo, additionally, in early January 2015, the Cuban government began releasing a number of imprisoned dissidents, as requested by the United States. On January 12,2015, it was reported that all 53 dissidents had been released, the prisoner swap marked the biggest shift in White House policy towards Cuba since the imposition of the embargo in 1962, and removed a key obstacle to bilateral relations. Since the exchange, Gross has become an advocate of normalization of relations. In his 2015 State of the Union Address to Congress, Obama called on lawmakers to lift the embargo against Cuba, in February 2015, Conan OBrien became the first American television personality to film in Cuba in more than half a century. In May 2015, the Minnesota Orchestra performed several concerts in Havana, Major League Baseball held talks about playing spring training games in Cuba in 2015, but lacked time to arrange them. MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred said on March 19,2015, that the league would play an exhibition game in Cuba sometime in early 2016. On March 22,2016, the Tampa Bay Rays played a game against the Cuban national team at Estadio Latinoamericano in Havana with Presidents Obama. Sun Country Airlines began operating flights between New Yorks John F. Kennedy International Airport and Havanas José Martí International Airport in March 2015. On May 5,2015, the United States granted approval to four companies to offer chartered ferry service between Miami and Cuba, in March 2016, Carnival Cruise Line received permission from Cuba to resume cruises from Miami to Havana for the first time in fifty years. Cuba, however, still prohibited the Cuban-born from returning by sea, between January and May 2015, the number of Americans visiting Cuba who had no family ties there was 36% higher than during the same months in 2014. A report by the Pew Research Center found that the number of Cubans entering the U. S. in 2015 was 78% higher than in 2014 and it has been said that the United States–Cuban Thaw was spurred by Cubas main international partner, Venezuela, experiencing sharp economic decline
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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2013)
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The following is a timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama, from January 1,2013 to December 31,2013. January 2 – President Obama signs the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act, January 2 – President Obama praises lawmakers after the House of Representatives votes to pass a Senate fiscal cliff measure, which included permanence for middle-class Bush tax cuts. January 11 – President Obama holds a joint press conference in Washington, January 14 – The President holds the last press conference of his first term. January 16 – President Obama outlines his gun-control proposals, January 19 – The President and First Lady take part in the national day of service by volunteering at Burrville Elementary School in Northeast, Washington, D. C. January 20 – Barack Obama is sworn into his term as President of the United States by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts at the White House. January 21 – The President, Vice President, and other government officials participate in ceremonies related to the second inauguration of Barack Obama. January 28 – The President and the Vice President meet with representatives from the Major Cities Chiefs Association, January 29 – Speaking at Del Sol High School in Las Vegas, President Obama addresses the issue of comprehensive immigration reform. February 4 – No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013 is signed into law by President Obama, february 4 – The President holds a roundtable discussion and delivers an address in Minneapolis outlining his gun control campaign. February 6 – President Obama attends the Senate Democratic Issues Conference retreat in Annapolis, february 7 – The President and First Lady attend the annual National Prayer Breakfast at the Washington Hilton in Washington, D. C. February 12 – President Obama delivers the State of the Union address, february 15 – Completing a three-city tour, the President addresses students at Chicagos Hyde Park Academy. February 22 – The President holds a meeting with Prime Minister Shinzō Abe of Japan. February 25 – President Obama speaks to the National Governors Association, March 1 – President Obama meets with Congressional Leadership on the sequester. March 1 – The President signs an order initiating the 2013 Sequestration March 7 – The President signs Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, March 20 – President Obama arrives in Israel, meets with Israeli President Shimon Peres and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and holds a press conference. March 22 – President Obama arrives in Amman, Jordan for extended bilateral meetings with King Abdullah II of Jordan, March 26 – Stanley Cup victors the LA Kings and MLS Cup victors the LA Galaxy visit the White House and meet with the President. April 2 – President Obama holds bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore, april 3 – The President speaks at the Denver Police Academy promoting common-sense measures to control gun violence. April 11 – President Obama presents his proposed 2014 budget to Congress, april 11 – The President meets with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. April 15 – The President greets NCAA football champions the Alabama Crimson Tide, april 16 – President Obama and Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Zayed of the United Arab Emirates have a working lunch at the White House. April 18 – President Obama speaks at a service for victims of the Boston Marathon bombings
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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2014)
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The following is a timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama, from January 1,2014 to December 31,2014. January 7 – President Obama delivers remarks on Emergency Unemployment Insurance, January 7 – President Obama signs a $1.1 trillion spending bill, H. R.3547, to finance the U. S. government through Sept 30,2014. January 14 – President Obama announces a sprawling reform that would begin the process of change in the National Security Agency, January 14 – The President honors the 2013 NBA Champions Miami Heat. January 17 – President Obama delivers a speech at the Department of Justice in Washington, DC, to announce the outcomes of a review of our intelligence programs, January 28 – President Obama delivers his annual State of the Union Address before a joint session of Congress. January 28 – During the State of the Union Address, the President announces his retirement savings account initiative called myRA, february 6 – The President and First Lady attend the annual National Prayer Breakfast. February 6 – President Obama meets with President Michel Martelly of Haiti, february 7 – H. R.2642, the Agriculture Act of 2014, is signed into law by President Obama in a ceremony at Michigan State University. February 10 – President Obama visits Monticello with French President François Hollande as part of the state visit to the United States. February 11 – The Obamas host a dinner at the White House for French President François Hollande. February 12 – President Obama signs an order to raise the minimum wage for federal contractors. February 14 – The President meets with farmers and local officials in Fresno, California, february 21 – President Obama meets with the Dalai Lama at the White House. February 21 – President Obama and Russian President Vladimir Putin hold a telephone conversation regarding the Ukrainian revolution among other topics. February 25 – President Obama meets with House Speaker John Boehner in a conversation in the Oval Office. March 1 – President Obama speaks by telephone with Russian President Vladimir Putin about Russias military movements in Ukraine, March 3 – President Obama holds a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel. March 4 – President Obama unveils his proposed 2015 budget and speaks about the situation in Ukraine. March 5 – The President delivers a speech at Central Connecticut State University calling on Congress to raise the minimum wage. March 6 – The President announces financial sanctions against individuals and entities responsible for the Russian intervention in Crimea or for stealing the assets of the Ukrainian people and he also condemns the scheduled Crimean referendum on joining Russia and speaks with Russian President Vladimir Putin by telephone. March 12 – President Obama holds a meeting with Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk of Ukraine. March 18 – President Obama awards the Medal of Honor to 24 minority U. S. Army veterans, March 24–25 – President Obama attends the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit in the Netherlands
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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2015)
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The following is a timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama, from January 1,2015 to December 31,2015. January 6 – President Obama holds a meeting with President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico. January 7 – The President remarks about the terrorist attacks in Paris, January 9 – President Obama proposed the Free Community College Plan making two years of community college free for those willing to work for it. January 12 − The President honors the 2014 NBA Champions the San Antonio Spurs, January 16 – President Obama holds a bilateral meeting and a press conference with Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom. January 19 − The President & First Lady honor Martin Luther King Jr. at the Boys & Girls Club in Washington, January 20 – President Obama delivers his annual State of the Union Address before a joint session of Congress. January 22 – President Obama holds a live interview with YouTube personalities Bethany Mota, GloZell Green, January 23 − Obama meets with Otto Perez Molina, President of Guatemala, Juan Orlando Hernandez, President of Honduras, and Salvador Sanchez Ceren, President of El Salvador. Later that day, the President delivers remarks at the U. S, January 27 − Obama meets with Kailash Satyarthi, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014. Later that day, the President and King Salman of Saudi Arabia hold a meeting in Riyadh. February 2 − President Obama honors the 2014 NHL Champion Los Angeles Kings, february 10 – The President meets with Ebola Response supporters and delivers remarks. February 12 – President Obama signs the Clay Hunt Suicide Prevention for American Veterans Act into law, february 13 – President Obama delivers remarks at the Cybersecurity and Consumer Fraud Summit in San Francisco, California. February 19 – The President delivers remarks at the White House Summit on Countering Violent Extremism, february 23 – President Obama delivers remarks to the National Governors Association. February 24 – President Obama holds a meeting with Emir Tamim bin Hamad al Thani of Qatar. February 27 – President Obama holds a meeting with President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia. March 3 – President Obama signs H. R.240, march 9 – The President holds a bilateral meeting with European Council President Donald Tusk. The President also signs Executive Order 13692 - Blocking the property, march 17 – President Obama holds a bilateral meeting with Taoiseach of Ireland, Enda Kenny. March 19 – The President signs an order, Planning for Sustainability in the Next Decade. Later that day, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla, march 24 – President Obama holds a bilateral meeting and a press conference with President Ashraf Ghani of Afghanistan. April 9 – The President holds a meeting with Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller of Jamaica in Kingston
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Barack Obama Presidential Center
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The Barack Obama Presidential Center is the planned presidential library of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. The center will be hosted by the University of Chicago, and will be located in Jackson Park on the South Side of Chicago, once completed, it will become the 14th site in the National Archives and Records Administrations presidential library system. The nonprofit Barack Obama Foundation was set up to oversee the creation of the Center, the Barack Obama Foundation board consists of, Chairman Marty Nesbitt, a close friend from Chicago, J. Barack Obama has a home in Hyde Park. The foundation was established in January 2014. The University of Chicago, the University of Illinois at Chicago, the University of Hawaii, a design advisory committee assisted in the selection of the architects. Two firms, New York-based Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and Chicago-based Interactive Design Architects, were chosen in June 2016 to jointly lead the design and engineering of the center. For the exhibition design, Ralph Appelbaum Associates, which worked on the National Museum of African American History, will lead a team including, Civic Projects, Normal, two parks near the University of Chicagos South Side campus, Jackson Park and Washington Park, were considered. On July 29,2016, the Foundation announced the selection of the Jackson Park site, the park, designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition, already houses the Museum of Science and Industry. Construction of the center is expected to be completed in 2020 or 2021, the architects said in February 2017 that construction of the centers library and museum would likely approach $300 million, and that the center would likely need an endowment of $1.5 billion. Until the site is ready, papers and artifacts from the Obama administration are being stored inside a facility in Hoffman Estates, Obama did not do major fundraising for the center while still in office. In 2017, Obama reportedly was set to engage in a fundraising effort for the center. Presidential Records Act Official website University of Chicago library announcement with videos National Archives and Records Administration website for the library
36.
Dreams from My Father
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Dreams from My Father, A Story of Race and Inheritance is a memoir by Barack Obama, who was elected as U. S. President in 2008. It explores events of his early years up until his entry into law school in 1988, Obama published the memoir in July 1995, when he was starting his political campaign for Illinois Senate. He had been elected as the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review in 1990, according to The New York Times, Obama modeled Dreams from My Father on Ralph Ellisons novel Invisible Man. After Obama won the U. S. Senate Democratic primary victory in Illinois in 2004 and he gave the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention and won the Illinois Senate seat in the fall. Obama launched his presidential campaign three years later, the 2004 edition includes a new preface by Obama and his DNC keynote address. Obama recounts his life up to his enrollment in Harvard Law School and he was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Barack Obama, Sr. of Kenya, and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, who had met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obamas parents separated in 1963 and divorced in 1964, when he was two, obama’s father went to Harvard to pursue his Ph. D. in economics. After that, he returned to Kenya to fulfill his promise to his nation, Obama formed an image of his absent father from stories told by his mother and her parents. He saw his father one more time, in 1971, when Obama Sr. came to Hawaii for a months visit, the elder Obama, who had remarried, died in a car accident in Kenya in 1982. After her divorce, Ann Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, a Javanese surveyor from Indonesia who was a student in Hawaii. When Obama was ten, he returned to Hawaii under the care of his grandparents for the better educational opportunities available there. He was enrolled in the grade at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school. Obama attended Punahou School from the 5th grade until his graduation from school in 1979. Obama writes, For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, there he met Ray, who was two years older and also multi-racial. He introduced Obama to the African-American community, upon finishing high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles for studies at Occidental College. He describes having lived a party lifestyle of drug and alcohol use, after two years at Occidental, he transferred to Columbia College at Columbia University, in New York City, where he majored in political science. Upon graduation, Obama worked for a year in business and he moved to Chicago, where he worked for a non-profit doing community organizing in the Altgeld Gardens housing project on the citys mostly black South Side. Obama recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program faced resistance from entrenched community leaders, during this period, Obama first visited Chicagos Trinity United Church of Christ, which became the center of his spiritual life
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The Audacity of Hope
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The Audacity of Hope, Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream is the second book written by then-Senator Barack Obama. In the fall of 2006 it became one on both the New York Times and Amazon. com bestsellers lists after Obama was endorsed by Oprah Winfrey. In the book, Obama expounds on many of the subjects that became part of his 2008 campaign for the presidency, the book advance from the publisher totalled $1.9 million contracted for three books. Obama announced his successful presidential campaign on February 10,2007. The title of The Audacity of Hope was derived from a sermon delivered by Obamas former pastor, Wright had attended a lecture by Dr. Frederick G. Sampson in Richmond, Virginia, in the late 1980s, on the G. F. To take the one string you have left and to have the audacity to hope, thats the real word God will have us hear from this passage and from Watts painting. While a Senate candidate, Obama delivered the address at the 2004 Democratic Convention. In the less than twenty minutes it took to deliver the speech, Obama was catapulted to sudden fame, in 2006, Obama released The Audacity of Hope, a book-length account that expanded upon many of the same themes he originally addressed in the convention speech. The book is divided into nine chapters, the Chicago Tribune credits the large crowds that gathered at book signings with influencing Obamas decision to run for president. Spanish and German translations were published in June 2007, the French edition, the Croatian edition was published in October 2008. The book remained on the New York Times Best Seller list for the 30 weeks since publication, the audiobook version won the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album. A number of blogs and newspapers repeated inaccurate rumors that the contains the passage. The actual quote does not mention Muslims at all, referring instead to Arab, english, The Audacity of Hope, Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, Hardcover Crown Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9. Paperback Edinburgh, Canongate Press, ISBN 978-1-84767-083-0, Audio CD, RH Audio, Abridged edition, ISBN 978-0-7393-3408-9. Large print Random House Large Print, ISBN 978-0-7393-2665-7, Large print Paragon Press, ISBN 978-1-4084-1424-8. Bengali, Daya ayaḍāsiṭi aba hopa, āmerikāra cirāẏta svapnera punrujjibana bhāvanā, translated by Māsumura Rahamāna Khalilī and Māsuma Billāha, Aṅkura Prakāśanī, bulgarian, Дързостта на надеждата / Dŭrzostta na nadezhdata Сиела, Sofii︠a︡, Siela, ISBN 978-954-28-0354-6. Chinese, Wú wèi de xī wàng, translated by Luo Xuanmin, Jing Wang and Yin Yin Law Press at Beijing, chinese, Yǒng wǎng zhí qián, translated by Joyce Chen and Xun Pan, Business Weekly Publications, Taipei, ISBN 978-986-6571-28-2. Croatian, Odvažnost nade, razmišljanja o obnavljanju američkog sna, translation, Profil, ISBN 978-953-12-0937-3, tanker om generobringen af den amerikanske drøm, translated by Niels Ivar Larsen, Information 2008, ISBN 978-87-7514-195-1
38.
2009 Nobel Peace Prize
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The 2009 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United States President Barack Obama for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples. The Nobel Committees decision drew mixed reactions from US commentators and editorial writers across the political spectrum, Obama accepted the prize in Oslo on December 10,2009. Obama is the fourth President of the United States to have awarded a Nobel Prize. The winner is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee from nominations submitted by members and others. Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize closed just 11 days after Obama took office, there were 205 nominations for the 2009 award, which included Chinese and Afghan civil rights activists and African politicians. Colombian Senator Piedad Córdoba, Afghanistans Sima Samar, Chinese dissident Hu Jia, the five members of the Nobel Committee are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to roughly reflect the party makeup of that body. The chairman of the Committee was Thorbjørn Jagland, former Norwegian Labor Party prime minister, the panel met six or seven times in 2009, beginning several weeks after the February 1 nomination deadline. The winner was chosen unanimously on October 5, but was initially opposed by the Socialist Left, Conservative and Progress Party members until strongly persuaded by Jagland. Jagland said We have not given the prize for what may happen in the future and we are awarding Obama for what he has done in the past year. And we are hoping this may contribute a bit for what he is trying to do. Obama was the main reason. We want to embrace the message that he stands for and he stated that he does not feel he deserved the award, and that he did not feel worthy of the company the award would place him in. Throughout history, the Nobel Peace Prize has not just been used to honor specific achievement, its also used as a means to give momentum to a set of causes. And that is why I will accept this award as a call to action — a call for all nations to confront the challenges of the 21st century. The United States, he said, is a country thats responsible for ending a war and working in theater to confront a ruthless adversary that directly threatens the American people. He did not take questions from reporters after giving his statement, Obama announced early that he would donate the full 10 million Swedish kronor monetary award to charity. The largest donations were given to the housing charity Fisher House Foundation who received $250,000, eight organizations which support education also received a donation. $100,000 was donated to Africare, and the Central Asia Institute, there was widespread criticism of the Nobel Committees decision from commentators and editorial writers across the political spectrum. The New York Times published an editorial which said the prize was a implicit condemnation of Mr. Bushs presidency
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Timeline
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A timeline is a way of displaying a list of events in chronological order, sometimes described as a project artifact. Timelines can use any time scale, depending on the subject, most timelines use a linear scale, where a unit of distance is equal to a set amount of time. This time scale is dependent on the events in the timeline, a timeline of evolution can be over millions of years, whereas a timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks can take place over minutes. While most timelines use a linear timescale, for large or small timespans. Historically, timelines were static images, and generally drawn or printed on paper, timelines relied heavily on graphic design, and the ability of the artist to visualize the data. Timelines, no longer constrained by space and functional limitations, are now digital and interactive. ChronoZoom is an example of computer aided interactive timeline software, timelines are often used in education to help students and researchers with understanding the order or chronology of historical events and trends for a subject. When showing time on a scale on an axis, a timeline can be used to visualize time lapses between events, durations, and the simultaneity or overlap of spans and events. Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey a sense of change over time, wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies, in these cases, timelines are used to help team members to know what milestones need to be achieved and under what time schedule. For example, in the case of establishing a timeline in the implementation phase of the life cycle of a computer system. British Library interactive timeline Port Royal des Champs museum timeline
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President-elect of the United States
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An incumbent president who has won re-election is generally not referred to as a president-elect, as they are already in office and is not waiting to become president. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, the procedure is also regulated by federal and state laws. Under federal Law, the presidential electors must be appointed, in state, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November. Thus, all states appoint their electors on the date, in November. However, the manner of appointment of the electors is determined by the law of each State, at the conclusion of their meetings, the electors of each state and of the District of Columbia then execute a certificate of vote, declaring the vote count in each meeting. To each certificate of vote, a certificate of ascertainment is annexed, each states certificate of ascertainment is the official document that declares the names of the electors, certifying their appointment as members of the Electoral College. The electors in each state and of the District of Columbia then send the certificates of vote, with the certificates of ascertainment. No constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their states popular vote, popular vote does not declare the presidency, Electoral College vote does. Even if popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876,1888,2000. Two congressional reports found that the president-elect is the winner of the majority of electoral ballots cast in December. The CRS report quotes the 1933 U. S and it is immaterial whether or not the votes have been counted, for the person becomes the president-elect as soon as the votes are cast. Both reports make clear that becoming president-elect is contingent upon winning a majority of the votes cast. The U. S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the Congress would have no discretion would declare that the candidate had received a majority of the votes. The section also provides that if the president-elect dies before noon on January 20 and it might have been a possibility on several other occasions as well. In January 1853, President-elect Franklin Pierce survived an accident that killed his 11-year-old son. Four years later, President-elect James Buchanan battled a serious illness contracted at the National Hotel in Washington, additionally, on February 15,1933, just 23 days after the Twentieth Amendment went into effect, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survived an assassination attempt in Miami, Florida. The amendments provision moving inauguration day from March 4, to January 20, would not take effect until 1937, recent presidents-elect have assembled transition teams to prepare for a smooth transfer of power following the inauguration. Section 3 of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 was enacted to help smooth transitions between incoming and outgoing presidential administrations, the president-elect assumes office as the next president of the United States upon the expiration of the term of the previous officeholder at noon on January 20
41.
Executive order (United States)
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Executive orders are orders issued by United States Presidents and directed towards officers and agencies of the Federal government of the United States. Executive orders have the force of law, based on the authority derived from statute or the Constitution itself. The ability to such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power. The United States Constitution does have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders, the term executive power in Article II, Section 1, Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear. The term is mentioned as direction to take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed and is part of Article II, Section 3, the consequence of failing to comply possibly being removal from office. The U. S. Specifically, such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be handled through legislation. Other types of orders issued by the Executive are generally classified simply as administrative rather than executive orders. Initially they took no set form, consequently, such orders varied as to form and substance. The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states, The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the department by its boss. Until the early 1900s, executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented and this changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907, starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20,1862, by President Abraham Lincoln. President Trumans Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer,343 US579 placed all steel mills in the country under federal control. This was found invalid because it attempted to make law, rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution, Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders. Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clintons second term in office, however, all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress. President Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt,1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge, Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders. Prior to 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president, and the lowering of flags to half-staff. President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6,1933, declaring a bank holiday, Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and gold certificates
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Gun politics in the United States
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Gun politics is an area of American politics that is primarily defined by the actions of two groups, gun control and gun rights activists. These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of gun control on crime and public safety. It has been estimated that U. S. civilians own 270 million to 310 million firearms, Gun control supporters say that broad or unrestricted gun rights inhibit the government from fulfilling that responsibility. Gun rights supporters promote firearms for self-defense, hunting, sporting activities, Gun legislation, or non-legislation, in the United States is augmented by judicial interpretations of the Constitution. In 1791, the United States adopted the Second Amendment, the effect of those two amendments on gun politics was the subject of landmark U. S. Supreme Court decisions in 2008 and 2010, that upheld the right of individuals to possess guns for self-defense. A connection between shooting skills and survival among rural American men was in many cases a necessity and a rite of passage for those entering manhood, the militia/frontiersman spirit derives from an early American dependence on arms to protect themselves from foreign armies and hostile Native Americans. Survival depended upon everyone being capable of using a weapon, prior to the American Revolution there was neither budget nor manpower nor government desire to maintain a full-time army. Therefore, the armed citizen-soldier carried the responsibility, service in militia, including providing ones own ammunition and weapons, was mandatory for all men. Yet, as early as the 1790s, the mandatory universal militia duty evolved gradually to voluntary militia units, throughout the 19th century the institution of the organized civilian militia began to decline. Closely related to the tradition is the frontier tradition, with the need for self-protection pursuant to westward expansion. Most American school children learn about the tyranny of King George III, two direct attempts to disarm the colonial militias fanned what had been a smoldering resentment of British interference into the fires of war. The Gunpowder Incident was eventually settled by paying the colonists for the powder, according to historian Saul Cornell, states passed some of the first gun control laws, beginning with Kentuckys law to curb the practice of carrying concealed weapons in 1813. As noted by Cornell, Ironically, the first gun control movement helped give birth to the first self-conscious gun rights ideology built around a right of individual self-defense. The right to arms in defense of themselves and the state was interpreted as an individual right. This case has been described as about a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons was violative of the Second Amendment, the first state court decision relevant to the right to bear arms issue was Bliss v. Commonwealth. The Kentucky court held that the right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves, also during the Jacksonian Era, the first collective right interpretation of the Second Amendment arose. The two early state court cases, Bliss and Buzzard, set the fundamental dichotomy in interpreting the Second Amendment, i. e. whether it secured an individual right versus a collective right. With the Civil War ending, and the question of the rights of freed slaves to carry arms, in response to the problems freed slaves faced in the Southern states, the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted
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