1.
Clothing
–
Clothing is fiber and textile material worn on the body. The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings and is a feature of all human societies. The amount and type of clothing worn depends on type, social. Some clothing types can be gender-specific, physically, clothing serves many purposes, it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns, Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a barrier, keeping infectious. Clothing also provides protection from ultraviolet radiation, there is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 170 millennia ago, another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 millennia. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42, the most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other layers are normally removed when entering a warm home. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials, Clothing performs a range of social and cultural functions, such as individual, occupational and gender differentiation, and social status. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of modesty, religion, gender, Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style. Clothing can and has in history been made from a wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to materials, to elaborate and exotic natural. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing, Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, however, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc. offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport, some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances
2.
Skirt
–
A skirt is the lower part of a dress or gown, covering the person from the waist downwards, or a separate outer garment serving this purpose. Most skirts are self-standing garments, but some skirt-looking panels may be part of another garment such as leggings, shorts, some fashion designers, such as Jean Paul Gaultier, have shown mens skirts. Modern skirts are made of light to mid-weight fabrics, such as denim, jersey, worsted. Skirts of thin or clingy fabrics are often worn with slips to make the material of the skirt drape better, a straw-woven skirt dating to 3900 BC was discovered in Armenia at the Areni-1 cave complex. Skirts have been worn by men and women from many cultures, such as the lungi, lehnga, kanga and sarong worn in South Asia and Southeast Asia, and the kilt worn in Scotland and Ireland. The earliest known culture to have females wear clothing resembling miniskirts were the Duan Qun Miao and this was in reference to the short miniskirts that barely cover the buttocks worn by women of the tribe, and which were probably shocking to observers in medieval and early modern times. In the Middle Ages, some upper-class women wore skirts over three metres in diameter at the bottom, at the other extreme, the miniskirts of the 1960s were minimal garments that may have barely covered the underwear when seated. Costume historians typically use the word petticoat to describe skirt-like garments of the 18th century or earlier, during the 19th century, the cut of womens dresses in western culture varied more widely than in any other century. Waistlines started just below the bust and gradually sank to the natural waist, skirts started fairly narrow and increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, then fullness was draped and drawn to the back by means of bustles. In the 1890s the rainy daisy skirt was introduced for walking or sportswear and it had a significantly shorter hemline measuring as much as six inches off the ground and would eventually influence the wider introduction of shorter hemlines in the early 20th century. Beginning around 1915, hemlines for daytime dresses left the floor for good, broomstick skirt, a light-weight ankle-length skirt with many crumpled pleats formed by compressing and twisting the garment while wet, such as around a broomstick. Bubble dress/skirt, a voluminous skirt whose hem is tucked back under to create a “bubble effect” at the bottom, Cargo skirt, a plain utilitarian skirt with belt loops and numerous large pockets, based on the military style of Cargo pants and popularised in the 1990s. Crinoline, a full skirt supported by hoops or multiple petticoats. Hobble skirt, a long and tight skirt with a hem narrow enough to impede the wearers stride Kilt-skirt. Though traditionally designed as womens wear, it is fashioned to mimic the appearance of a mans kilt. Leather skirt, a made of leather Lehenga, a long, pleated skirt, often embroidered, worn mostly as the bottom part of the Gagra choli in North India. Mini-crini, a version of the crinoline, designed by Vivienne Westwood in the mid 1980s. Poodle skirt, a circle or near-circle skirt with an appliqued poodle or other decoration Puffball skirt, popular in the mid-late 1980s when it was inspired by Westwoods mini-crini
3.
Overskirt
–
An overskirt, or peplum, is a type of elongated hem resembling a short skirt, worn to lie over another garment, either another skirt such as a petticoat or underskirt, or breeches. Overskirts may serve various purposes, ranging from protecting the underlying clothing from mud and dirt, overskirts have been popular as a clothing detail for both men and women during various periods of history. More recently, they are associated with womens jackets and blouses, included in closely fitted clothing, overskirts first came into fashion during the Victorian Era in 1867, after the pre-hoop and hoop periods of multiple petticoats and crinoline, and before the bustle period. A reduction in overall size was seen at this time. Fashion in ladies dresses changed from the wide, very lacy skirts, early skirts were often looped up for walking, showing a pretty petticoat underneath, which led to the introduction of the overskirt. There have been many predecessors to the fashionable overskirt, such as bibs, today, overskirts can be a separate article worn over shorts or another dress, or a continuation on a shirt or jacket of longer or pleated material. Popular modern overskirt fashion are sheer materials, tulle, and lace patterns that allow see through to garments beneath such as half-skirts, the term peplum originates with the ancient Greek peplos, a womens garment that had the same decorative detail as an overskirt
4.
Dress
–
A dress is a garment consisting of a skirt with an attached bodice. It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and hangs down over the legs, a dress can be any one-piece garment containing a skirt of any length. Dresses can be formal or informal, in many cultures, dresses are more often worn by women and girls. The hemlines of dresses vary depending on the whims of fashion, at that time, the most-often used English word for a womans skirted garment was gown. Only in the last few decades has gown lost its meaning of a womans garment in the United States in favor of dress. In the ancient world, for example Ancient Greece and Rome, from this developed the dress worn by women and male clothing such as cassocks and Fustanella worn by priests and soldiers respectively. An ancient Greek tunic, appearing on the Charioteer of Delphi inspired an early twentieth gown designer, dresses increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, then fullness was draped and drawn to the back. Dresses had a day bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping. Beginning around 1915, hemlines for daytime dresses left the floor for good, for the next fifty years fashionable dresses became short, then long, then shorter, then long. Since the 1970s, no one type or length has dominated fashion for long, with short and ankle-length styles often appearing side-by-side in fashion magazines. In most varieties of dress codes in Western cultures, a dress of an appropriate style is mandatory for women. They are also popular for special occasions such as proms or weddings. For such occasions they, together with blouse and skirt, remain the de facto standard attire for many girls, the Theory of Fashion Design, Wiley,1965. Picken, Mary Brooks, The Fashion Dictionary, Funk and Wagnalls,1957, tozer, Jane, and Sarah Levitt, Fabric of Society, A Century of People and Their Clothes 1770–1870, Laura Ashley Ltd. 1983, ISBN 0-9508913-0-4 ApparelSeach glossary of textile and apparel terms
5.
Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom
–
Court uniform and dress were required to be worn by those in attendance at the royal Court in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Specifically, court uniform was worn by those holding particular offices, a range of office-holders were entitled to wear it, with different grades of uniform specified for different grades of official. It is still today on state occasions by certain dignitaries both in the UK and abroad. Court dress, on the hand, is a stylized form of clothing deriving from fashionable eighteenth-century wear. For men, it comprises a matching tailcoat and waistcoat, breeches and stockings, lace cuffs and cravat, cocked hat, for women, a white or cream evening dress is directed to be worn, together with a train and other specified accoutrements. Male court dress is worn today as part of the formal dress of judges and Queens Counsel, and is also worn by certain Lord Mayors, parliamentary officials. Female court dress was at one time required wear for debutantes being presented at Court, precise descriptions, both of court uniform and of court dress, were laid down in an official publication called Dress Worn at Court which was published by the Lord Chamberlains Office. The 1937 edition remains authoritative for those circumstances in which court uniform or court dress are still required. Court dress was worn by all men not entitled to court uniform or military uniform on occasions of state where such were customarily worn, such occasions are now rare, but formerly they included state balls, evening state parties, courts and levées. It consists of a tail-coat with matching waistcoat and breeches, lace cuffs and jabot, silk stockings, buckled shoes, cocked hat, white gloves and a sword. At one time suits of various colours were to be seen, often gold or silver embroidery, but black is now the predominant colour. Peers robes were worn over normal dress, which gradually became stylised as the court suit and it was only from the late eighteenth century that court dress became fossilised. By the early to mid eighteenth century velvet was largely confined to court dress, Court dress was obligatory in Westminster Abbey for all not wearing official or lordly apparel. The first produced the court suit, a coat with tails, waistcoat and knee breeches, worn with stockings, and a formal court sword with a cut-steel hilt and embellishments. The court suit has undergone a number of changes since the eighteenth century, however, apart from changes in the cut of the sleeves and shoulders, there was little basic alteration until the third quarter of the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, dress worn at court comprised gold and silver stuff, brocades, velvets and cloth coats. They were always embroidered, and worn with waistcoats generally of a different colour- gold or silver brocade, damask, silk or satin, from the 1730s at least cloth was popular for court wear. By the 1780s dress was established as dark cloth or velvet, embroidered in silk or metal, single-breasted silk waistcoat, from 1810, the Lord Chamberlain laid down regulations for court dress
6.
Evening gown
–
An evening gown is a long flowing womens dress or gown usually worn to a formal affair. It ranges from tea and ballerina to full-length, Evening gowns are usually made of luxurious fabrics such as chiffon, velvet, satin, organza, etc. Silk is a fibre for many evening gowns. It corresponds to both mens wear for black tie events and mens formal wear for white tie events. Wool, in various weaves, was the most dominant fabric for dresses, rich fabrics and fibres were usually the domain of the nobility, and clothing was still used as an identifier of social rank and status. The dawn of the Renaissance slowly changed the social rank system. The art of weaving silk was firmly established in the Mediterranean around 1400, dresses for court balls and similar festivities were often made of intricately woven silk and trimmed with expensive furs to highlight the wearers social status. The vibrant court life of the 16th and 17th centuries with its focus on art, literature, elaborate dinners, dances, and theatre productions allowed fashionable ladies to showcase their finery. The Italian Renaissance courts were the pinnacle of style and elegance in Europe, rich silk weaves, such as satin, taffeta and velvet created luxurious gowns. In the 18th century, formal dress started as the mantua, the farthingale so popular during the 16th/17th centuries, evolved into the pannier to give dresses and skirts extra volume and the desired court silhouette. Starting with the late 18th century, the evening or ball gown emerged, as balls and formal dances were no longer the sole domain of royals. The French Revolution had caused social upheaval, and firmly cemented the place of upper-middle, a common silhouette for evening wear, just as for day wear, was the high-waisted Empire or Regency dress. Evening versions featured lower necklines, short sleeves and elaborate fabrics, during the Edwardian era, or Belle Epoque, the s-shaped figure was fashionable, which included a very narrow waist. Immediately preceding and during World War I, lines became looser, later, in the 1920s, the hemlines of evening gowns rose and cuts were very simple to match the new life style of the Flapper era. The 1930s introduced bias cuts and artificial fibres, along with the Empire cut, over the years the sheath, mermaid, A-line, and trumpet shapes became popular. Also, the dropped waist and princess styles were popular, depending on the era, grace Kelly is noted for wearing understated evening gowns. Today, the gown comes in different silhouettes and even lengths. Evening gowns are worn at various semi-formal black-tie functions, including dinners, opera and theatre premieres, formal dances, evening wedding receptions
7.
Wedding dress
–
A wedding dress or wedding gown is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. Color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion, in Western cultures, brides often choose white wedding dress, which was made popular by Queen Victoria in the 19th century. In eastern cultures, brides often choose red to symbolize auspiciousness, weddings performed during and immediately following the Middle Ages were often more than just a union between two people. They could be a union between two families, two businesses or even two countries, many weddings were more a matter of politics than love, particularly among the nobility and the higher social classes. Brides from wealthy families often wore rich colors and exclusive fabrics and it was common to see them wearing bold colors and layers of furs, velvet and silk. Brides dressed in the height of current fashion, with the richest materials their families money could buy, the poorest of brides wore their best church dress on their wedding day. The amount and the price of material a wedding dress contained was a reflection of the social standing. This was not a trend, however, prior to the Victorian era. White became an option in 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. The official wedding portrait photograph was published, and many brides opted for white in accordance with the Queens choice. Even after that, for a period, wedding dresses were adapted to the styles of the day, for example, in the 1920s, they were typically short in the front with a longer train in the back and were worn with cloche-style wedding veils. This tendency to follow current fashions continued until the late 1960s, today, Western wedding dresses are usually white, though wedding white includes shades such as eggshell, ecru and ivory. About 75 percent of wedding dresses on the market are strapless dresses or sleeveless, however, the sleeved wedding gown as well as wedding gowns with straps have both become more popular in recent years. Many wedding dresses in China, India, Pakistan and Vietnam are red, nowadays, many women choose other colours besides red. In modern mainland Chinese weddings, the bride may opt for Western dresses of any colour, in modern Taiwanese weddings, the bride generally picks red or white silk for the wedding gown material, but most will wear the red traditional garment for their formal wedding banquets. Traditionally, the father of the bride is responsible for the banquet hosted on the brides side. Thus out of respect for the elders, wedding banquets are usually done formally and traditionally, red wedding saris are the traditional garment choice for brides in Indian culture. Sari fabric is also traditionally silk, over time, colour options and fabric choices for Indian brides have expanded
8.
Cappa magna
–
The cope is a liturgical vestment, more precisely a long mantle or cloak, open in front and fastened at the breast with a band or clasp. It may be of any liturgical colour, a cope may be worn by any rank of the clergy, and also by lay ministers in certain circumstances. If worn by a bishop, it is accompanied by a mitre. The clasp, which is highly ornamented, is called a morse. In art, angels are shown wearing copes, especially in Early Netherlandish painting. There has been little change in the character of the vestment from the earliest ages. Then as now it was made of a piece of silk or other cloth of semicircular shape, both are similar in form and origin to the Orthodox phelonion. The only noticeable modification which the cope has undergone lies in the disappearance of the hood, the earliest mention of a cappa is by St. Gregory of Tours, and in the Miracula of St. Furseus where it seems to mean a cloak with a hood. Moreover, the word more than once in Alcuins correspondence. But in the case of a cappa or cope, this period of specialization seems to have been delayed until much later and it may be that their use in choir was believed to add to the decorum and solemnity of the Divine Office, especially in the winter season. In 831 one of the Saint-Riquier copes is specially mentioned as being of chestnut colour and this, no doubt, implies use by a dignitary, but it does not prove that it was as yet regarded as a sacred vestment. Still, a cope was even then considered a vestment that might be used by any member of the clergy from the highest to the lowest. In this movement the Netherlands, France, and Germany had taken the lead, the custom spread to the secular canons of such cathedrals as Rouen, and cantors nearly everywhere used copes of silk as their own peculiar adornment in the exercise of their functions. Meanwhile, the old cappa nigra, or cappa choralis, a cape of black material, open or partly open in front. Whereas the copes hood had long become a non-functional decorative item. On the other hand, it is worth a note that the cappa clausa, or close cope, was simply a cope or cape sewn up in front for common outdoor use. The wearing of this, says Bishop, instead of the cappa scissa, under all these different forms the cope has not substantially changed its character or shape. The cope is a vestment for processions worn by all ranks of the clergy when assisting at a liturgical function, at a Pontifical High Mass the cope was worn by the assistant priest, a priest who assists the bishop who is the actual celebrant
9.
Cardinal (Catholicism)
–
A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, the duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia, a cardinals primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante, the governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the clergy of Rome. The term was applied in this sense as early as the century to the priests of the tituli of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Pauls Cathedral. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean principal, eminent, or superior. The name was given to the senior priest in each of the title churches of Rome. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome, by decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V, in the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, in early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs
.jpg)
.jpg)
_LACMA_M.83.161.213.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
